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Illinois 



HISTORICAL 



Editors : 

NEWTON BATEMAN, LL. D. 
PAUL SELBY, A. M. 




Bond County 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



Editor: 

WARREN E. McCASLIN 



i LLUSTRATED 



CHICAGO 

MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY 

1915 



Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois 

Copyright 1899-1900-1905-1912-1914 

By 

Munsell Publishing Company 



ILLINOIS 

I'opuliition Den- 
sity per square 
mile, by counties, 
indicated by fig- 
ures anti shadinK 




— io £^<3c/i ScfUtsre 
Q 50 to lOO 

@ JOO to 200 

I O^ei- 20O 

'^veT<3ge Density 

93. S 

UltS. Qovemmeni 
Census ISIO 




J\\^i3<^^^^ZT^MX^' 



PREFACE. 



Why publish this book? There should be niiiny and strong reasons to warrant such sn 
nndertaking. Are there sucli reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have 
induced the publishers to make tliis venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a 
distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should 
receive attention. 

In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is 
abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of 
all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- 
nois, for the following, among many other reai5ons: Because of its great prominence in the 
early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the 
Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, duo to or resulting from its early 
French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- 
tional promiiience — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its 
vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and ju'ists whom it has 
furnished to the Government, and its gi'and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on 
the Slavery question. 

This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its 
essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume 
devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most 
carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting 
material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- 
fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been 
gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible 
to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- 
pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information 
within the smallest practicable space. 

And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief 
that it was needed; that no other book filled the jilace it wiis designed to occupy, or fur- 
nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of 
Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtheiance of those ends, 
the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, persjiicuitv, 
conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. 
The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of 
the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources 
connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to 
scholars, officials, and other special cla-sscs; a book convenient for reference in tlie school, 
tae «»flSce, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant ana 

3 



4 PEEFACE. 

long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words 
for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity 
and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. 
Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are 
many of this character — it is handled accordingly. 

As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather tlian the chronological, 
as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is con.sidered 
separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass 
from subject to sul)ject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and 
order to complexity and confnsion. 

Absolute freedom from error or defect in all eases, in handling so many thousands of 
items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, 
in complicated ciises, some element may j)ossibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every 
statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and 
the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. 

Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of 
mention, for tlieir close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- 
ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- 
tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their suj)posed personal deservings in other respects. It 
is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be 
disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and 
legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission 
of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. 
Perhaps no more delicate and diflicult task has confronted the editors and publishers than 
the selection of names for this part of the work. 

While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted 
that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not 
appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not 
deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. 

And so, witii cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully 
assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and theii 
uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted 
the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- 
cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom 
especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to 
Hon. Harvey T?. Kurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, 
encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, 
the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of 
details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good jieople of the State, 
for whom it has been prepared, in tlie earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found 
instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. 







A^-VA^ w 



PREFATORY STATEMENT. 



Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and 
ready for the press, Dr. Newton Batenian, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, 
has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before tlie public, it 
therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. 

As explained by Dr. Batenian in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation 
of a "Historical Encyclojiedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, 
the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French 
explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, 
under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras 
in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti- 
tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans have 
taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military 
organizations engaged in the Civil War of 18(31-05, and the War of 1808 with Spain; lists of 
State officers, United States Senators and ilembers of Congress, with the terms of each; the 
organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and 
educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which 
have marked the progi'ess of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early 
newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical 
information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — 
all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- 
tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business 
man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. 

While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been 
wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- 
stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and 
particular periods or classes. IJich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character 
of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, ujjon the judicial 
bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon 
the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attemj^t to gather 
together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and 
upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring 
patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction 
that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of 
many men most prominent in public affairs during the ])eriod to which they belonged, it is 
still believed that what has been accomplished will be fouiul of jtermanent value and be 
appreciated by those most deeply interested in this jjhase of State history. 

The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable 
feature of the work; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 

5 



6 P K E F A T O R Y S T A T E M E N T . 

elaboration of narrative. The object lias been to present, in simple language and concise 
form, facts of history of interest or value to tiiose who may choose to consult its pages. 
Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been 
spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. 

In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- 
dinary development of tho State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given 
to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has 
been intimately interwoven with that of tho State, and its progress in wealth and pojiulation. 

In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I 
should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John 
M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; 
to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum, 
Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the jjrin- 
cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State 
Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Liljrary, for 
special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different 
parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special 
topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been 
attained in the work. 

In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and 
associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was 
deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and 
immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. 

Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time 
of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time 
prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of 
tlie public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which ne 
brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in tho last stages of prepara- 
tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many wlio have held his scholarship 
and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- 
nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its 
merit. 

With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my 
hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prep;u'a- 
tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- 
versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart 
won the love and confidence of all witli whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my 
privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. 




^'^^^L^^^J^d.oA^ ^,;^a^:^ 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Abraham Lincoln {Frontispiece) 1 

Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 

Asylum for Feeble-Miuded Children, Lincoln 237 

Bateman, Newton (Portrait ) 3 

Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 

"Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 

Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 

Chicago Drainage Canal 94 

Chicago Historical Society Building 394 

Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 

Chicago Public Buildings 395 

Chicago Thoroughfares 89 

Chicago Thoroughfares 93 

Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 

Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 

Day after Chicago Fire 93 

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 

Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 

First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 

Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 

Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 

Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 

General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 

Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 24G 

House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 

House of Chief Ducoign, tlie la.st of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 

Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 

Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 85 

Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quiiicy 438 

Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 

Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia 240 

Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240 

Illinois State Capitol (Third) , Springfield 240 

Illiuois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 

Illinois State Building, "World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 COl 

Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 30() 

Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 

Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 



8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 

Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (189:5) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 

Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 

Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 18'J3) 314 

La Salle (Portrait) 246 

Library Building, University of Illinois 334 

Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 

Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 

Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 

Map of (i rounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 

Map of Illinois Follotuing Title Page 

Map of Illinois Uiver Valley " " " 

McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 

Monuments iu Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 

Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 

Newberry Library, Chicago 394 

Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 

Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 

Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 

Pierre Menard Mansion, Karikaskia (189:5) 314 

Eemnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 

Scenes in South Park, Chicago 004 

Seiby. Paul (Protrait) 5 

Sheridan Road and on the Bouleviirds, Chicago 121 

Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 

Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 

Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for IncuraliU' Insai:e, Chester 492 

University Hall, University of Illinois 150 

University of Chicago 363 

University of Illinois, Urbana. ((!roup of Buildings) 540 

University of Illinois, Urbana. ((iroup of Buildings) 541 

View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois • 281 

View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 

Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 

Views of Drainage Canal 96 

Views of Drainage Canal 97 

War Eagle (Portrait) 246 

Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 

World's Pair Buildings 605 



PREFACE 



Book-making is an exjiensive proposition, and the limited sale which a work 
treating of a single county alone would obtain, would inevitably involve a heavy 
financial responsibility. The publishers of that excellent work, "The Historical 
Encyclopedia of Illinois," having deemed it practicable to produce a special Bond 
County edition of that work — embracing, as a feature of added interest and value, 
an outline history of l)0nd County — and I have been requested to undertake the 
preparation of that portion of the volume. While keenly realizing my lack of 
experience for such a task, I have, nevertheless, complied with the request, trust- 
ing my efforts will be appreciated by those who read the work. It has been my 
purpose to treat only of those historical facts which I believe to be of vital import- 
ance to the public in general, eliminating therefrom any trace of fiction and 
founding my work on facts. To write an exhaustive history of Bond County 
would entail much time and research and I have dealt with the historical facts as 
I have been able to secure them from records, and I am very grateful to all who 
were generous enough to assist in the work. 

The business management of the enterprise rests with the publishers, who have 
had a long experience in the publication of works of this character, and to whom 
credit is due for the thoroughly excellent form of a combined work of such inter- 
est to the citizens of Bond County. Judged by the literary and artistic quality of 
the Historical Encyclopedia, and the experience of those gentlemen who have had 
charge of the biographical department, so inseparably connected with the history 
of the County's development and progress, I feel confident that the volume will 
have a permanent value. 

Dedicated to the men and women who underwent the privations of pioneer 
days. 

Very truly, 



INDEX 



INTRODUCTORY 

Location — Area — Population — County before Settlement — Water 

Courses — Elevation — Original Timber — Saline Springs 617-618 



INDIAN HISTORY 

The Cox Massacre — Traditions — Thomas Higgins — A White Man's 

Bravery — The Rescuing Party — Indian Relics 618-620 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS 

Early Settlers — Hardships and Dangers — Development under Hardships 
— Pastimes and Amusements — Real Neighbors — Roads — Modes of 
Travel 620-622 



COUNTY ORGANIZATION 

Organization — Original Boundaries — Present Boundaries — Territorial 
Representation — Later Divisions — Changes in County Seat — Govern- 
ment Land System — Court Houses — Jail Buildings — County Officials 
— Sheriffs — County Treasurers — County Judges — State's Attorneys 
— County Clerks — Surveyors — Circuit Clerks — County Superintend- 
ents of Schools — Coroners 622-624 



MILITARY HISTORY 

The Black Hawk War — The Mexican — List of Volunteers — The Civil 

W'ar — The Spanish-American War — Militia 624-626 



COURTS, BENCH AND BAR 

First Circuit Court — Early Courts — The First Prisoner — Original Juris- 
diction of Courts— Court Sessions — The Bench and Bar 626-627 



RAILROADS 

Early Projects — Discouraging Conditions — St. Louis, Terre Haute & Van- 
dalia Railroad — Voting in Favor of Project — First Passenger Train 
— History of First Road — Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad — Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western Railroad — Other Projects — Proposed Suburban 
Line 627-628 



THE PRESS 

The Protestant Monitor — The Barn Burner — The Western Fountain — 
The Greenville Journal — The American Courier — The Greenville 
Advocate — The Greenville Sun — The Greenville Item 629 



AGRICULTURE 

Stock Raising — Com Is King — Land Values — General Conditions — Oil 

and Gas History — The Farmers Equity Union 629-630 



TOWNSHIP HISTORY 

Township Organization — First Board of Supervisors — Town of Tamalco 
— First Settlers — Village of Tamalco — Hoopdale — New Keysport — 
Town of Pleasant Mound — Fairview — Smithboro — Town of Mul- 
berry Grove — Zion Spring — Mulberry Grove Village — Woburn — 
Town of Mills — Dudleyville — Wisetown — Town of La Grange — Vil- 
lage of Ayers — Elm Point — Town of Burgess — Pocahontas Village 
— Millersburg — Pierron — Town of Central — Greenville — Origin of 
Name — First Settlements — Early History — Early Events — Civic 
History — Historical Growth — Public Schools — Greenville College — 
Postoffice — Greenville Today — Fires — Fire Department — Carnegie 
Library — Greenville Churches — Bond County Monument — Clubs 
and Fraternities — Town of Old Ripley — Mt. Nebo Primitive Baptist ■ 
Church — Reminiscences — New Berlin — Town of Shoal Creek — 
Bethel Church — Pleasant Prairie Presbyterian Church^ — The Village 
of Augusta — The Village of Reno — Harrisville — The Village of Don- 
nellson — The Village of Panama — Sorento — Sorento Schools — So- 
rento Societies 631-648 



BOND COUNTY SONG 
648-649 

BIOGRAPHICAL 

The Part of Biography in General History — Citizens of Bond County and 
Outlines of Personal History — Personal Sketches Arranged in Ency- 
clopedic Order 651 -789 



PORTRAITS 



Allen, Win. A 654 Meyer, Henry A 7.' 

Board of Supervisors of Bond County, Mulford, Mary H 720 

111. Elected April 8, 1889 642 Kp„,,,_ x,,„, j „(, 

De Moulin, Edward 668 r^,„,,, £„.., y 730 

Dixon, Cassius C 680 

Sanner, George 740 

Dixon, Fannie M 680 

.Sanner. Mrs. Mary 740 

Ingram, Wm. M 690 

Tlionipson, Moses E. and Family 750 

Ingram, Nellie L 690 

,. V TT ,.„„ Tiscliliauser, John (age 19) 760 

Kcrsch, Henry 700 ' * *' i ■ • 

Kersch, Anna M 700 Tiscliliauser, John 760 

McCaslin. Warren E 616 Tischhauser, Mrs. John 760 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Bond County Court House. Greenville. Ill 616 

Bond County Soldiers' and Sailors' .Monument, (.ireenville. Ill 624 

Carnegie Library, Greenville, 111 g28 

Central School Building, (ireenville. Ill g28 

Greenville College 634 

Greenville College Auditorium g34 

Map of Bond County jg 



Historical Jiliicyclopedia of Illinois. 



ABBOTT, (Lient.-(iov.) Edward, a British 

ollicer, wlio was coininanciant at Post Vinrennes 
(called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the 
time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- 
kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at 
least nominally, over a part of the "'Illinois 
Country." Ten days after the occupation of Kas- 
kaskia. Colonel Clark, having learned tliat 
Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at 
Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard 
except that furnished by the inhabitants of the 
village, took advantage of his absence to send 
Pierre Gibault. the Catholic V'icar-General of Illi- 
nois, to win over the people to the American 
cause, which he did so suticessfully that they at 
once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- 
can flag was run up over the fort. Although 
Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of 
the British for a time, tlie manner of its occupa- 
tion was as much of a surprise to the British as 
tliat of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the 
completeness of CIark"s triumph. (See Clark, 
Col. George Rogerx, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- 
ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more 
humane character than the mass of British 
officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General 
Carleton about this time, protesting strongly 
against the employment of Indians in carrjing 
on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, 
on the ground of liumanity, claiming that it was 
a detriment to the British cause, althougli he 
was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel 
Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recajj- 
ture Vincennes. 

ABINGDON, second city in size in Knox County, 
at tlie junction of the Iowa Central and the 
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 
miles south of Galesburg, with winch it is con- 
nected by electric car line: has city waterworks, 
electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile 
works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks. 



three weekly papers, public library, fine high 
school building and two ward .schools. Hedding 
College, a flourishing institution, under auspices 
of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population 
(1900), 2,033; (1010), 2,464. 

ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer 
and companion of La Salle, who came to the 
"Illinois Covmtry" in 1780, and accompanied 
Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois 
River to its mouth and then ascended tlie Mis- 
sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. 
Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They 
were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom 
the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- 
covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to 
Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) 

ACKERMAN. William K., Railway President 
and financier, was born in New York Citj-, Jan. 
20, 1833, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary 
ancestrj-, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- 
man, having served as Captain of a company of 
the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with 
"Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony 
Point during the Revolutionary War, while his 
father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the 
War of 1813. After receiving a high school edu- 
cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in 
mercantile busiTiess. biit in 1853 became a clerk 
in the financial department of the Illinois Central 
Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the .service of 
the Company in 1860. he successively filled the 
positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, 
until Jul}', 187(>, when he was elected Vice-Presi- 
dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, 
voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 
1883, though serving some time longer in the 
capacity of Vice-President. During the progress 
of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
(1802-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the 
Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago 
under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 



9 



10 



IIISTOKKAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



(1893-95). He wa.s an active monilx-r of the Chicaco 
Historical Society, and rendered valuable sc-rvice to 
railroa.l hist„r>- In- tlie issue of two brochures on 
the "Karly History of Illinois Railroads." and a 
'• Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Railroad - 
Died Feb. 7, 190.'). 

AD.IMS. John. LL.n,, educator and pnilan- 
thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. IS. 
1T72; graduated at Yale College in 1T9.5; taught 
for several years in his native place, in Plain- 
field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In ISIO he 
became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- 
dover, Mass.. remaining there twenty-three 
years. In a.idition to his educational duties lie 
participated in the organization of several great 
charitable associations which attained national 
importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy 
m 1833, he removed to Jacltsonville. 111., where, 
four years afterward, he tecame the third Prin- 
cipal of Jacksonville Female Academ v, remaining 
SIX years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- 
can Sunday School Union, in the course of the 
next few years founding several hundred Sunday 
ScIkjoIs in ilifTerent parts of the State. He r^ 
ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 
t8o4. Died in Jacksonville, April 34, 1863 The 
subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William 
Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbvterian 
clergyman of New York and for seven vears ( 1873- 
80) President of Union Theological Seminary 

ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer "wius 
bom at Londonderry, X. H., March 11, 1,S34 the 
son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- 
lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and 
Twenty. first New York Volunteers during the 
Civil \\ ar. M r. Adams was educated at Gorham, 
Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to 
New York City, he engaged as clerk in a drv- 
g«>ds hoase at §1.50 a year. He next entered the 
office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers 
and in 18.58 came to Chicago to represent the 
hou.se of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became 
associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of 
Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of 
Crerar. Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & 
Wcstlake Co., have done a large business in the 
manufacture of railway supplies. .-Vfter the .leath 
of Mr Crerar, Mr. Adams became principal mana-er 
of the concern -s vast manufacturing business. 
Died Sept. 18, 1904. 

ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- 
cator, was born at Brunswick. Me.. Dec 19 1806 
and e.lucated at Bow.ioin College, where he 
graduated in both the .lepartments of literature 
and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a 



physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the 
chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and 
•Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- 
ville. 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- 
fes.sor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
Medical Department of the same institution and 
during his connection with the College gave 
instruction at different times in nearly' every 
branch embraced in the college curriculum 
including the French and German languages' 
Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- 
age m his adherence to principle, he was a man 
of singular modesty, refinement and amiability 
in private life, winning the confidence and e.ste6m 
ot all with whom he came in contact, especially 
the students who came under his instruction V 
profound and thorough scholar, he posse.ssed a 
refined and exaited literary taste, which was 
Illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- 
tific and literary periodicals. Among productions 
of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- 
ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in 

.!o.!?"P*"'"''' ^'^'^'ions;" oontributions to the 
Biblical Repository" (1844): "Auguste Comte 
and Positivism" ("New Englander." 1873), and 
Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- 
*"r" ^'l^.'Sion and Science" ("New Englander," 
18,0) His connection with Illinois College con- 
tinued until liis death, April, 1877-a period of 
more than thirty-eight years. A monument to 
his memory Jias been erected through the grate- 
ful donations of his former pupils. 

ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- 
gre.s.sman, born at Keene. N. H., June 18, 1840- 
was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane 
Law School, Cambridge. Mass., giaduating at the 
former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi, 
cago, «-^iere. after some time spent as a teacher 
.n the Chicago High School, he engaged in the 
practice of his profession. His first post of pub- 
lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to 
which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was 
cho.sen. as a Republican, to represent the Fourth 

iS's. T-«« '" ^«"«'-'^«-^' --^"d re-elected in 
1884, 80 and 88. In 1890 he was again a candi- 
date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry 
He IS one of the Trustees of the Newberry 
Library. ■' 

AI)A.MS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in 
Hirt ford Conn.. Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego 
Comity N Y in 1809. and. in 1821, removed to 
Springfield. 111., being the first lawyer to locate 
n the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- 
tensive practice for the time; in 1823 waselected 
a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Wirme- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



11 



bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate 
Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. 

ADAMS COUMTY, an extreme westerly county 
of the State, situated about midway between its 
northern and southern extremities, and bounded 
on the west by the Mississippi River. It was 
organized in 1825 and named in honor of Jolin 
Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given 
to tlie county seat. The United States Census of 
1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- 
tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile 
and well watered, the surface diversified and 
liilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and 
its climate equable. Tlie wealth of the count}' is 
largely derived from agriculture, altliough a 
large amount of manufacturing is carried on in 
Quincy. Pop. (10(1(1), (;7,(V)S; (1910), 64,488. 

ADD.VMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at 
Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 
1823; educated at Traj)pe and Ujiper Dublin, Pa., 
and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, 
which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. 
Addahis came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, 
Stephenson Comity, purchased a tract of land 
and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. 
In 1854 lie was elected to the State Senate from 
Steplienson County, serving continuously in tliat 
body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as 
a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 
he established the Second National Bank of Free- 
port, of which he continued to be the president 
until his death, Augu.st 17, 1881.— Miss Jane 
( Addams), philanthropist, the founder of tlie "Hull 
HoiLse, " Cliicago, is a daughter of Sir. Addams. 

ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of 
Evangelical Lutlieran College, Normal Scliool 
and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and 
public sehool. Po;i. (lOOO), ,j91; (1910), .j79. 

ADJUTAXTS-GEXERAL. The office of Adju- 
tant-General for tlie State of Illinois was first 
created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 186.5. 
Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position 
was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties 
(except during the Black Hawk War) and its 
emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- 
cum!)ent was simply the Chief of the Governor's 
Staff. In 18G1, the post became one of no small 
importance. These who held the office during 
the Territorial period were : Elias Rector, Robert 
Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson ami Wm. Alex- 
ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State 
up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties 
(which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- 
charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21; Elijah C. 
Berry, 1831-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses 



K. Anderson, 18.39-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-01. 
Coianpl Mather having resigned to enteractive service, 
Judge A. C. Fuller filled the office until January 
1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 
1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until 
his death in 1869. The Legislature of l.S(>9, taking 
into consideration that all the Illinois volunteers 
had been mustered out, and that the duties of the 
.\djutant-Gencral had been materially lessened, 
reduced the proportions of the department and 
curtailed the appropriation for its support. Since 
the adoption of the military code of 1877, the 
Adjutant-General's office has occupied a more 
im|)ortant and conspicuous position among the 
ilepartments of the State government. The follow- 
ing is a list of those who have held office since 
General Haynie, with the date and duration of 
their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 
1809-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram 
Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84, Joseph 
W. Vance, 1884-91; Jasper N. Reece, 1891-93; 
Albert Orendorff, 189.3-96, C C. Hilton, 1896-97; 
Jasper \. Reece, 1897-1902 (deceased); James B. 
Smith, 1902-03; Thomas W. Scott, 1903-09 
(deceased); Frank S. Dick.son (acting), 1909 — . 

AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an 
agricultural State. A large area in tlie eastern 
portion of the State, because of the absence of 
timber, was called by the early settlers "the 
Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge 
beginning in Jackson County and running across 
the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of 
Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending 
from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are 
of a fertility seemingly inexhaitstible. The cen- 
tral portion of the State is best ailapted to corn, 
and the southern and southwestern to the culti- 
vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of 
the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- 
land jirairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. 
In 1909 Illinois surpassed all other States in the 
production of oats and corn, the former amoimting 
to 159,(104,000 l)ushels (from 4,346,000 acres, vahie 
.160,441,00(1), and the latter to 369,770,000 
bushels (from 1(1,.300,0()0 acres, value $192,2,80.- 
000), Iowa being second in both of these lines. 
In wheat rai.sing Illinois ranked eighth, the 
total amounting to 1,810,000 acres and 31,- 
494,000 bushels, value $32,754,000. As a live-stock 
producing State for many years it held the highest 
rank, esijecially in horses and cattle, but while it 
is now surpassed by some of the younger grazing 
States, more attention proportionably is given in 
Illinois to lireeding the higher classes of stock with 
great success. 



12 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPP]DIA OF ILLINOIS. 



A(iRU ILTIRAL DEPAKTMEM. The IIU- 
nois State Agricultural Society organized in 1853 
with James N. Brown, of Sangamon, first President: 
Simeon Francis. Kecording Secretary; William 
Kennicott, Corresponding Secretary, and John 
Williams, Treasurer: by act of the Legislature, 
April 15, 1872, became The Illinois State Agri- 
cultural Dejiartment. For forty years State Fairs 
were held annually (except two years during the 
Civil War), at different jioints, usually at the same 
place for two successive years. In January, 1894, 
the State Board decided to locate the Fair per- 
manently on grounds just north of the city of 
Springfield, donated by the city and Sangamon 
County, anil all Fairs liave since been held there. 
These groumls, embracing an area of 150 acres, are 
su])i)lied with substantial buildings constructed of 
stone, brick, steel and glass, to which additions have 
been made every year, until they are the most 
extensive and best equipped of their kind in the 
country, the increase in receipts and attendance, as 
well as exhibits of agricultural products, live .stock, 
implements and mechanic arts keeping pace with 
other ini|irovements. The administrative Board 
consists of the President and a Vice President from 
each Congressional District (now 25 in number), 
chosen by delegates from the County Societies 
within the respective districts, with a Secretary and 
a, Treasurer, elected biennially but not members of 
the Board. It has amjile office room in the State 
Capitol, where therecordsanda large library are kept, 
and lilieral aj)propriations are made for its support. 
Nearly fifty volumes of annual reports of Trans- 
actions of the Board (1911) have been published. 

AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal 
clergyman, born of Presbj'terian parentage, in 
Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- 
cated in the common schools, and, at the age 
of 16, began teaching, later j)ursiung a classical 
course in institutions of Virginia and North 
Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a 
brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling 
in that State, he began the study of law and was 
admitted to the bar in 1817. Two j'ears later he 
began the publication of a paper called "The 
Star," which was continued for a short time. In 
1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist 
church, and a few months later began preaching. 
In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year 
spent in work as an evangelist, he assiuued the 
Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, 
remaining during 1833-34; then established a 
"manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which 
he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 
1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding 



Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In 
the latter year he was again appointed to the 
Presidency of McKendree College, where he 
remained five years. He was then (1857) tran.s- 
ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year 
later was compelled by declining health to assume 
a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois 
about 1865, he ser^-ed as Presiding Elder of the 
Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but 
was again compelled to accept a superannuated 
relation, making Jacksonville his home, where 
he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- 
Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- 
lical Chronology," to which he had devoted manj- 
previous years of his life, and which gave evi- 
dence of great learning and vast research. Dr. 
Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- 
sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit 
orator and logician he probably had no superior 
in the State during the time of his most active 
ser\-ice in the denomination to which he belonged. 

AKIJf, Edward C., lawyer and Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and 
educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann 
Arbor, Mich. For foiu- years he was paying and 
receiving teller in the First National Bank of 
Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and 
has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he 
entered upon his political career as the Republi- 
can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was 
elected bj' a majority of over 700 votes, although 
the city was usuallj' Democratic. The follow- 
ing year lie was the candidate of his party for 
State's Attorney of Will County, and was again 
elected, leading the State and county ticket bj- 
800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 
1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee 
for Maj'or of Joliet. and, although opposed by a 
citizen's ticket headed by a Reijublican, was 
elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- 
sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was 
in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General 
on the Republican State ticket by a plurality 
over his Democratic opponent of 132.248 and a 
majority over all competitors of 111,2.55. His 
legal abilities are recognized as of a very high 
order, while his personal popularity is indicated 
by his uniform succe.ss as a candidate, in the 
face, at times, of strong ])olitical majorities. 

ALB.WY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- 
ciited on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Rjiilway (Rock Island 
brancli). Pop. (ISOO), CU; (1900), ()21; (1910), 618. 

.VLBION, county-seat of Edwards County, 
on Southern Railwaj-, midway between St. Louis 



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KXPEHIMEXT FARM (THi: \ l.\i;VAia)| r.\l\ i;KSITV of ILIJNOIS. 




EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULT1\ ATli >X i FXIN KHSFIV OF ILLINOIS. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



13 



and Louisville; seat of Soutliern Collegiate In- 
stitute; has plant for uianufac-ture of vitrified 
shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, 
flouring mills, and is important shipping point 
for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; 
has five ehurclies and splendid public schools. 
Population (1900). 1,162; (1910); 1,2S1. 

ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- 
oonda. 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and 
held various ofSces in Kentucky and Mississippi, 
including member of the Legislature in each; 
was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- 
tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed 
a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, 
but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis 
because his fidelity to the rebel cause was 
doubted. At the close of the war he was one of 
the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was 
elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 
1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he 
was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two 
years later elected United States Senator, serving 
until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. 

ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born 
at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of 
William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- 
gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago 
in 1861, attended the pubUc schools and the Chi- 
cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- 
laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, 
receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he 
engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. 
Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a 
member of the Board of County Commissioners 
of Cook County, serving as President of that body 
during the reform period of 1887; was also a 
member of the County Board of Education and 
Chairman of the Chicago Citizens" Committee, 
appointed from the various clubs and commer- 
cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- 
mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From 
May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner 
of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned 
his office, having been elected (Nov., 1893) a 
member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the 
Republican ticket, from the First Congressional 
Di.strict; .was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the 
close of the Fifty-fourth Congre.ss. In 1898 he 
was appointed to a position in connection with 
the office of Comptroller of the Currency at 
Washington. 

ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- 
man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. 
His early common school training was supple- 
mented by private tuition in higher branches of 



mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in 
an academy. Until he had reached the age of 20 
years he was engaged in farming and teaching, 
but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile 
pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, 
wliere, in addition to merchandising, he engaged 
in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, 
and where he also held several important offices, 
being Superintendent of Schools for three years, 
Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors 
one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- 
ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he 
embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 
1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 
1876, chosen to lepresent his district (tlie First) in 
Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, 
and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis., 
Dec. 3. 1885. 

ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in 
the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal 
region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also 
extensively carried on, and large quantities of 
these commodities are shipped here; lias two 
newspapers and ample school faciiities. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,001; (1900), 2,081; (1910), 2,144. 

ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and 
stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, 
Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six 
years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. 
Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres 
of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of 
Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of 
the richest stock-farms in the State. After the 
war he became the owner of the celebrated 
"Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres 
on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in 
Champaign County, to which he transferred his 
stock interests, and although overtaken by re- 
verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. 

ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in 
Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated 
with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while 
still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, 
serving under the command of General Jackson 
until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered 
upon the campaign against the Seminoles in 
Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar ('ounty, 
111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural 
pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster 
there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the 
County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. 
In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, 
Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois 
State Militia; in 18.30 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- 
ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 



14 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second 
Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of 
the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was 
elected by the Legislature a member of the first 
Board of Conmiissioners of Public Works, serving 
until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. 
ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, 
came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- 
zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, 
while practicing his profession as a physician, 
acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of 
America, which was located on the Ohio River, 
on the first high ground above its junction with 
the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat 
of Alexander Count}', which was organized in 

1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find 
him a Representative in the Second General 
Assembly from Pope County, and two years later 
Representative from Alexander County, when he 
became Speaker of the House during the session 
of tlie Third General Assembly. Later, he 
removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, 
where he died, though the date and jjlace of his 
death are unknown. 

ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern 
county of the State, being bounded on the west 
by the Mississipppi. and south and east by the 
Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 220 
square miles and its population, in 1890, was 10,- 
563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- 
ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave 
it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of 
the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to 
tlie Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. 
Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and 
Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- 
ica), and Humplire3-s (near Caledonia). In 1818 
Sliadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. 
Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres 
in the central and northern jiart of the county, 
and incorjwrated the "City and Bank of Cairo." 
The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 
1818 (on Coni)-ges' death) the land reverted to the 
Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. 
Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- 
feited bank tract and the title thereto be(!ame 
vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Comjiany," 
which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, 
extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The 
county was organized in 1810; the first county- 
seat being America, which was incorixirated in 

1820. Pup. (1000), 10,381; (1010), 22, 711. 
ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located 

at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the 
luanagement of the .Mcxian Brothers, a monastic 



order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was 
originally opened in a small frame building, but a 
better edifice was erected in 1808, only to be de- 
stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following 
year, through the aid of private benefactions and 
an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re- 
lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital 
was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- 
ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor 
male patients are admitted, and these are received 
without reference to nationality or religion, and 
absolutel}' without charge. The present medical 
staff (1896) comprises fourteen pliysiciansand sur- 
geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- 
mural transit line having unfitted the building for 
hospital uses, the Northwestern Railway Company 
purchased the site and buildings for $250,000. The 
present location is Racine and Beldcn Avenues. 

ALEXIS, in Mercer and Warren Counties, on the 
Rock Island & .St. Louis Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & (Juincy Railway, 12 miles east of 
norih from Monmouth. It has manufactures of 
brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- 
ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. 
Pop. (1890), 562; (1900), 915; (1910), 829. 

ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes. 
Originally tlieir territory extended from about 
latitude 37" to 53° north, and from longitude 25 ' 
east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. 
Branches of the stock were found by Cartierin 
Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in 
New England and by Catholic missionaries in the 
great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- 
cipal of their five confederacies embraced the 
Illinois Indians, who were found within the 
State by the French when the latter discovered 
the comitry in 1673. They were liereditary foes 
of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory 
was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, 
other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- 
nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, 
were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominee.s, 
and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of 
life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the 
cha.se, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers 
of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. 
Various dialects of their language have been 
reduced to granunatical rules, and Eliot's Indian 
Bible is published in their tongue. The entire 
Algonquin stot-k extant is estimated at about 
95,000, of wliom some 35.000 are within the Ignited 
States. 

ALLEN, William Jushiia, jurist, was born 
June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- 
ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



15 



infancy he was brouKiit bj- his parents to Soutli- 
ern Illinois, where his father. M'illis Allen, be- 
came a Judge ami member of Congress. After 
reading law with his father and at the Louisville 
Law School, young Allen was admitted to the 
bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) 
at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. 
In 1855 he was appointed United States District 
Attorney for Illinois. Init resigned in 1859 and re- 
sumed private practice as partner of John A. 
Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit 
Judge to succeed his fatlier, who had died, but he 
declined a re-election. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Conventions of 18G3 and 18(ii), serv- 
ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and 
as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of 
Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to 
every National Democratic Convention, being 
chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1870. He 
has been four times a candidate for Congress, and 
twice elected, serving from 18G2 to 1865. During 
this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai 
policy of the Government. lu 187-1-75, at the 
solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook 
the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- 
detta" wliich had broken out among his former 
neiglibors in Williamson County, and, by Ids fear- 
less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to 
justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, 
Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 
was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed 
Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the 
United States District Court for the Southern 
District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. 

ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who 
removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and 
engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen 
Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- 
resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, 
and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, 
although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen 
Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, 
and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. 
He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
and served two terms in Congress (1851.55). On 
March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the 
Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three 
months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- 
ceeded him in the latter office. 

ALLERTOJJ, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and 
capitalist, was bom of Pilgrim ancestry in 
Dutchess County, N. Y., May 26, 1829. His 
youth was spent with his father on a farm in 
Yates Countv. N. Y.. but about 1852 he engaged 



in the live-stock business in Central and Western 
New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations 
to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to 
New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He 
was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago 
Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- 
burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in 
yards at Baltimore, Philadelpliia, Jersey City and 
Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and 
a Director of the First National Bank of Cliicago, 
a Director and stockholder of tlie Chicago City 
Rjiilway (the first cable line in that city), the 
owner of an extensive area of highly improved 
farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large 
tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable 
and productive mining properties in the Black 
Hills. A zealous Republican in j)oIitics, he is a 
liberal supporter of the measures of tliat party, 
and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- 
didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to 
Carter H. Harrison. 

ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called 
"The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was 
born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 
1658, and later explored the country around 
Lakes Superior and Michigan, establisliing the 
mission of La Pointe, near whore Ashland, Wis., 
now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green 
Bay, in 1609. He learned from the Indians the 
existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, 
and was the first to communicate the informa- 
tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report 
was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He 
succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at 
Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he 
preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 
he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and 
Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. 

ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Ledyard, New London Count}', 
Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- 
ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert 
Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New 
London. He grew up on a farm, i-eceiving his 
early education in a country school, supple- 
mented by access to a small public library, from 
which he acquired a good degree of familiarity 
with standard English writers. In 1837 he 
entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, 
Conn., where he distinguished himself as a 
mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist 
and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- 
mediately engaged as a teacher of niathomatic! 
in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., 
and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 



16 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the 
Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. From 1848 to 1854 lie served as Princi- 
pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at 
East Greenvrich, R. I., wlien he was appointed 
Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island 
—also serving the same year as a Visitor to West 
Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 
he filled the chair of Ancient Langiiages in tlie 
State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- 
cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyau Female 
College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) 
becoming President of McKendree College at 
Lebanon, III., where he remained until 1874. 
That position he resigned to accept tlie Presi- 
dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University 
at Carbondale, whence lie retired in 1893. Died 
at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. 

ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting 
point of the Vandalia. Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 
Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, 
being midway and liigliest point between St. 
Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 
1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- 
growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, 
two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a 
large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- 
tories, besides churdios, good schools and one news- 
paper. Population (1000), 1,3.35; (1910), 1,328. 

ALTOELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- 
ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- 
hood accompanied his parents to America, the 
family settling in Ohio. At the age of 10 he 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth 
Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war 
His legal education was acijuired at St. Louis and 
Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was 
Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that 
State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he 
devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he 
led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for 
Congress in a strong Republican Congressional 
district, and in 188G was elected to the bench of 
the Superior Court of Cook Count}', but resigned 
in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- 
tion of 1893 nominateil him for Governor, and he 
was elected the following November, being the 
tii-st foreign-lwrn citizen to hold that office in the 
history of the State, and the first Democrat 
elected since 1853. In 189C> he was a prominent 
factor in the Democratic National Convention 
which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- 
dent, and was also a candidate for re-election as 
Governor. I)ut was dofoatcd liy John H. Tanner, tlie 
Republican noinincr. Diid March 12. 1002. 



ALTON, principal city in Madison County 
and important commercial and manufacturing 
point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of 
St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French 
trading-post about 1807, the town proper being 
laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal 
business houses are located in the valley along 
the river, while the residence portion occupies 
the bluHs overlooking tlie river, sometimes rising 
to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has 
extensive glass works employ'ng (1903) 4,000 
hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- 
tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min 
ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides 
several banks, numerous churches, schools, and 
four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- 
ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoj-, who 
fell wliilo defending his pre.ss against a pro-slav- 
ery mob in 1837, was erected in Alton Cemetery, 
1890-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the State 
and citizens of Alton. Has 3 daily and 4 weekly 
papers. Pop. (1900), 14,210; (1910), 17,528. 

ALTOX PENITEXTIARY. The earliest pun- 
isliments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- 
nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for 
a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, 
from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner 
of nerve, strength and mental resource. The 
inadequacy of such places of confinement was 
soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any 
increase of taxation prevented the adoption of 
any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 
acres of saline lands was made to the State by 
Congress, and a considerable portion of the money 
received from their sale was appropriated to the 
establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. 
The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831, 
an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made 
from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was 
ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of 
stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions 
were made from time to time, but by 1857 the 
State determined upon building a new peniten- 
tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern 
Penitcnfiiiri/). .and, in 1860, the last convicts were 
transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison 
was conducteii on what is known as "the Auburn 
plan" — associated labor in silence by day and 
separate confinement by night. The manage- 
ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- 
nished supplies, employed guards and exercised 
the general powers of a warden under the super- 
vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, 
anil who handled all the products of convict 
labor. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



17 



ALTON RIOTS. (See Lnvejotj. Elijah Par- 
rish.) 

ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C, B. & Q. 
R. K., 11) miles nortlieast of Galesburg; lias an 
endowed public libraiy, electric light system, 
cement sidcwalk.s, broom factory, several churches 
and good schools. Pop. (1900), 0:«; (1910), 528. 

ALTON & SANWAMON RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago (£• Alton Railroad.) 

AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at 
junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail- 
roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has 
artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- 
tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric 
lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two 
newspapers, seven churches, graded and high 
schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric 
Ry. from De Ivalb to Dixon; has extensive bridge 
and iron works. Pop. (1900), 1,826; (1910), 1,749. 

AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, 
May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State 
University, where he joined the M. E. Church. 
In 1828 he left college and became Principal of 
the Seminary at Lebanon, HI., which afterwards 
became McKendree College. While there he 
received a license to preach, and, after holding 
various charges and positions in the church, in- 
cluding membership in the General Conference 
of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected 
Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred 
in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. 

ANDERSON, (ialusha, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; 
graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at 
the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent 
ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, 
Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in 
Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 
to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was 
then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- 
sity, remaining eight j-ears, .when he again be- 
came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after 
assumed the Presidency of Denison Universit}% 
Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago 
University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics 
and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds 

ANDERSON, Georije A., lawyer and Congress- 
man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va., March 
11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by 
his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- 
ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying 
law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled 
at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880. 
In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the 



Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without 
opposition. The following year he was the suc- 
cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which 
was his last public service. Died at Quincy, 
Jan. 31, 1896. 

ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in 
Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on 
a farm, and after receiving a common-school 
education, entered Monmouth College, but left 
early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained 
the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he 
served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, 
was elected Representative in the General 
Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on 
the Republican "steering committee" during the 
session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- 
Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and 
was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. 

ANDERSON, Stiuson H., Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; 
came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, 
at an early age, began to devote his attention to 
breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk 
War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year 
was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth 
General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In 
1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the 
ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after 
the close of his term entered the United States 
Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity 
taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. 
Still later he served under President Polk as 
United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held 
the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary 
at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — 
William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, 
was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; 
attended the common schools and later studied 
surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson 
County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- 
ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 
he was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly and re-elected in 18.58. In 1861 he 
entered the volunteer service as a private, was 
promoted through the grades of Captain and 
Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the 
close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential 
Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member 
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to 
fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty- 



18 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 
1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- 
dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- 
tinuing in that position four years, when he 
retired to private life. Died .\ugust 28, 1901. 

ASDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Rutland. Jefferson Count}', 
N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton 
County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a 
student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but 
graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 
1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the 
Methodist ministry, and, in 18.50, founded the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of 
which he became a Professor; later re-entered 
the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, 
Decatur. Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, 
meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois 
Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and 
temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 
he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and 
stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 
1872 to 'lo was Pre.sident of Indiana Asbury Uni- 
versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, 
Jan. 17, 1887. 

ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois 
Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center 
of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, 
and largest shipping-point for these commodities 
on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice 
plant, potter}' and lime manufactories, two banks 
and two newspapers. Tlie Southern (111.) Hos- 
pital for the In.sane is located here. Population 
(1890), 2,29.i; (1900), 2,618; (1910), 2,809. 

ANTHOXY, Elliott, jurist, was bom of New 
England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga 
County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on 
the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- 
tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years 
were sjjent in labor on a farm, but after a course 
of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 
1847 he entered the .sophomore class in Hamilton 
College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 
1850. The ne.xt year he began the study of law, 
at the same time giving in.struction in an Acad- 
emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- 
land as one of his pupils. After admission to the 
bar at Oswego, in 18.51, he removed West, stop- 
ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following 
year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A 
Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 18.58 was elected 
City Attorney, and, in 18G3, became solicitor of 
the Galena & Chicago Union Riiilroad (now the 
Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony 
served in two State Constitutional Conventions — 



tliose of 1862 and 1869-70— teing chairman of the 
Committee on Executive Department and mem- 
ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. 
He was tlelegate to the National RepubUcau Con- 
vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a 
Judge of the Superior Court of Cliicago, and was 
re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he 
resumed the practice of his profession, being 
chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge 
Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- 
rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member 
of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago 
Public Library; al.so served as President of the 
State Bar As.sociation (1894-9.5), and delivered 
several important historical addresses before that 
body. His other most important productions 
are volumes on "The Constitutional History of 
Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and 
".Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of 
his last term upon the bench, he spent several 
months in an extended tour through the princi- 
pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, 
after a protracted iUness, at his home at Evans- 
ton, Feb. 24, 1898. 

AMI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CO>VE>'. 
TIO\, a political body, which convened at 
Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion 
of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper 
published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- 
mulating a policy in opposition to the principles 
of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors 
were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray 
of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of 
"The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The 
Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The 
Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The 
Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The 
Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- 
zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. 
C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. 
Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. 
Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul 
Selby of ' 'The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby 
was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- 
tary. The convention adopted a platform and 
recommended the calling of a State convention 
at Bloomington on May 29, following, apiwinting 
the following State Central Committee to take the 
matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. 
Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J. 
Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William 
H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- 
tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville; D. L. Phil- 
lips. Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and 
Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



19 



nam Lincoln was present and participated in the 
consultations of the committees. All of these 
served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- 
ner, the two former declining on account of ab- 
sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by 
the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial 
Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac 
C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- 
tion of 1S66. ) 

APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess 
County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles 
east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 
626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576; (1910), 581. 

APPLINOTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born 
in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 
emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- 
lowed successively the occupations of farmer, 
blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally 
becoming the foimder of the town of Polo. Here 
he became wealthy, but lost much of his property 
in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he 
was elected to the State Senate, and, during the 
session of 1859, was one of the members of that 
body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip 
fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of 
the earnest supporters of the Government in its 
preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The 
latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh 
Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned 
Major, being some time in command at Bird's 
Point, and later rendering important service to 
General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. 
He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863, 
while obeying an order to charge upon a band of 
rebels concealed in a wood. 

APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of 
the counties of the State into Districts for the 
election of members of the General Assembly 
and of Congress, which will be treated under 
separate heads: 

Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- 
ment was provided for by the Constitution of 
1818. That instrument vested the Legislature 
with power to divide the State as follows: To 
create districts for the election of Representatives 
not less than twenty-seven nor more than thirty- 
six in number, until the population of the State 
should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- 
torial districts, in number not less than one-third 
nor more than one-half of the representative dis- 
tricts at the time of organization. 

The schedule appended to the first Constitution 
contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- 
tors and Representatives. The first fifteen 
counties were allowed fourteen Senators and 



twenty-nine Representatives. Each county 
formed a distinct legislative district for repre- 
sentation in the lower house, with the number of 
members for each varying from one to three; 
while Johnson and Franklin were combined in 
one Senatorial district, the other coimties being 
entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- 
ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. 
Before an election was held under the last, how- 
ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, 
and considerable changes were effected in this 
regard. The number of Senators was fixed at 
twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy- 
five, until the entire population should equal 
1,000,000, when five members of the House were 
added and five additional members for each 500,- 
000 increase in population until the whole num- 
ber of Representatives reached 100. Tliereafter 
the number was neither increased nor dimin- 
ished, but apportioned among the several coun- 
ties according to the number of white inhabit- 
ants. Should it be found necessary, a single 
district might be formed out of two or more 
counties. 

The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four 
Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- 
tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the 
number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, 
and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- 
atorial districts remained unchanged, but their 
geographical limits varied imder each act, while 
the number of members from Representative 
districts varied according to population. 

The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- 
mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its 
adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of 
State upon the basis of the United States Census 
of 1870. Under the apportionment thuis made, 
as prescribed by the schedule, the State was 
divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each 
electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- 
sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- 
bers varying from one to ten for the several 
districts, according to population. This arrange- 
ment continued in force for only one Legislature 
— that chosen in 1870. 

In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- 
tion the State in accordance with the principle of 
"minority representation," which had been sub- 
mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- 
tion and adopted on a separate vote. This 
provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one 
districts, each being entitled to one Senator and 
three Representatives. The ratio of representa- 
tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 



20 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing the entire population by 153 and each county 
to be allowed one Representative, provided its 
population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- 
ties having a population etiuivalent to one and 
three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two 
Representatives; while each county with a larger 
population was entitled to one additional Repre- 
sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated 
in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments 
were made on this princi])Ie in 1873, '82 and '93. 
Members of the lower house are elected bienni- 
ally; Senators for four years, tliose in odd and 
even districts being chosen at each alternate 
legislative election. The election of Senators for 
the even (numbered) districts takes place at the 
same time with that of Governor and other State 
officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- 
mediate periods. 

CoxGUESSlONAL. — For the first fourteen years 
of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one 
Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- 
ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 
(by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into 
three districts, the first election luider this law 
being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. 
At that time Illinois comprised fifty-flve coun- 
ties, which were apportioned among the districts 
as follows. First — Gallatin, Pope, John.son, 
Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, 
Randolph, Monroe. Washingtoit St. Clair, Clin- 
ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, 
Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, 
Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Faj^ette, Montgomery, 
Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- 
ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, 
Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La 
Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, 
McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, 
Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. 

The reapportionment following the census of 
1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the 
first election of Representatives thereunder 
occurred on the first Mondaj- of the following 
August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- 
ated (making ninety -six in all) and the nmnber 
of districts was increased to seven as follows. 
First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, 
Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, 
Madison ; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, 
Williamson. Gallatin. Franklin, White. Wayne, 
Hamilton, Wabash, 5Ia.s.sac. Jefferson. Edwards, 
Marion: Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper. 
Fayette, Crawford. EflSngham, Christian, Mont- 
gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles, Clark, Clay, 
Edgar. Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth— Lake, 



McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page. 
Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, 
Livingston, Champaign, VermiUon, McLean, 
Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, 
Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully 
organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, 
Macoupin; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, 
Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, 
Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, 
AVarren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh 
— Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, 
Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. 
The next Congressional apportionment (August 
22, 18.52) divided the State into nine districts, as 
follows — the first election under it being held the 
following November: First — Lake, McHenry, 
Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- 
roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De 
Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — 
Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, 
Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- 
paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, 
Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, 
Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell: Fifth 
— Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler. Pike, Mc- 
Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, 
Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- 
ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; 
Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, 
Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- 
ham, Jasper, Clay, La\\Tence, Richland, Fayette; 
Eiglith — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, 
Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- 
ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, L^nion, 
Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- 
son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, 
Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash. 

The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was 
entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through 
an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, 
created only thirteen districts. This was com- 
pensated for by providing for the election of one 
Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts 
were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — 
McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and 
Kane: Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- 
side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee: Fourth — Adams, Han- 
cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; 
Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, 
Bureau. Henry: Sixth— La Salle. Gnmdy, Ken- 
dall. Du Page, Will, Kankakee: Seventh — 
Macon. Piatt, Champaign, Douglas. Moultrie. 
Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Irotiuois, 
Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan. De Witt. Mc- 
Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth — 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



21 



Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Kke, McDonough, 
Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- 
houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, 
Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- 
ette, Richland, Jasper. Clay, Clark, Crawford, 
Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, 
Wayne, Jefferson ; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison, 
Clinton, Monroe. Washington, Randolph; 
Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union. Perry, 
Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, 
Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, 
Wabash. 

The next reapportionment was made July 1, 
1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- 
lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago 
and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the 
county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to 
Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards 
Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder 
of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — 
Kane, De Kalb, McHenrj-, Boone, and Winne- 
bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, 
Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, 
Putnam, Bureau. Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- 
dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee. Iroquois, 
Ford, Marshall. Livingston. Woodford ; Ninth — 
Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, 
Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, 
Schuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, 
Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, 
Jlenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth — 
Mason, Tazewell. McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four- 
teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, 
Vermilion ; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark. Cumber- 
land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, 
Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery, 
Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton. Marion, 
Clay; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St. 
Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, 
Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex- 
ander, Pope. Massac. Pulaski; Nineteenth— 
Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, 
Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, 
Hamilton. 

In 1882 (by Act of April 39) the number of dis- 
tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- 
aries determined as follows: First — Wards First 
to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen 
towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to 
7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards 
i)th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth 
— The remainder of the City of Chicago and of 
the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake. McHenry. 
Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago. 
Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; 



Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry. Bureau, Put- 
nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall Grundy, Du 
Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee. Iroquois, 
Ford. Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — 
Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock 
Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, 
McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown, 
Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun. Jersey; 
Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- 
mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, 
De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — 
Coles, Edgar, Douglas. Vermilion, Champaign; 
Sixteenth — Cmnberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, 
Crawford, Richland, LawTence, Waj'ne, Edwards, 
Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, 
Jloultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- 
eenth — Bond. Madison. St. Clair. Monroe. Wash- 
ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton Jefferson, 
Saline. FrankUn, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- 
din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, 
Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, 
Pulaski. Massac. 

The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- 
led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- 
portionment, however, was made until June, 
1893. two members from the State-at-large being 
elected in 1893. The existing twenty two Con- 
gressional districts are as follows: The first 
seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and 
Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- 
trict; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du 
Page, Kendall. Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne- 
bago. Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; 
Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, 
Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, 
Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- 
kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- 
Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- 
teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, PVlton, 
Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Henderson, War- 
ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, 
Schuyler; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, 
Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; 
Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, 
Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery, 
Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — 
Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham, 
Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- 
eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- 
wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, 
Hardin; Twenty-first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- 
ington, St. Clair, Monroe, Randolph, Perry; 
Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, 
Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, 
Massac. (See a-lso Representatives iv Congress.) 



22 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was bom in 
Warren County. Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- 
tucky at an earh' day, where he remained until 
1S17, when his family removed to Illinois, finally 
settling in what is now Clark County. Although 
pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became 
one of the most prominent and influential men in 
that part of the State. On the organization of 
Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the finst 
County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former 
office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he 
was elected to tlie lower branch of the General 
Assembly, and two years later to the State 
Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight 
years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking 
out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he 
served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; 
rt'as appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a 
jnemter of the first Board of Commissioners of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was 
returned a second time to the House of Repre- 
sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the 
same body. Two years later (1848) he was again 
elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18.52, and 
In 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate 
for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. 
Although Allen received the certificate of elec- 
tion. Archer contested his right to the seat, with 
the result that Congress declared the seat vacant 
and referred the question back to tlie people. In 
a new election held in August, 18.5(5, Archer was 
defeated and Allen elected. He held no public 
office of importance after this date, but in 1856 
was a delegate to the first Republican National 
Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was 
an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, 
whose zealous friend and admirer he was. for the 
office of Vice-President. He wa-s al.so one of the 
active promoters of various railroad enterprises 
in tliat section of the State, especially the old 
c'hicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected 
southward from the City of Chicago. His con- 
nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was 
the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, 
a somewhat famous thorouglifare in Chicago. 
fle was of tall stature and great energy of cliar- 
acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- 
municated itself to others. A local liistory has 
said of him that "lie did more for Clark Comity 
than any man in his day or since," although "no 
consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever 
given him for his services." Colonel Archer was 
one of the founders of Marsliall, the county -seat 
of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- 



ated with liim in the ownership of the land on 
which the town was laid out. His death oc- 
curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the 
age of 78 years. 

AKCOLA,incorporated city in Douglas County, 
158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois 
Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- 
road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing 
region in the world; has city waterworks, with 
efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, 
telephone system, grain elevators and broom- 
corn warehouses, two banks, two newspapers, nine 
churches, library building and excellent free school 
system. Pop. (1900), 1,995; (1910), 2,100. 

ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at 
Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, 
Prussia. Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education 
and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile 
business in his native country. In 1827 lie came 
to the United States and, after spending two 
years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, wliere 
he was engaged for a short time in the lead 
trade. He took an early opportunity to become 
naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few 
months later, went into merchandising and real 
estate; also became a contractor for furnishing 
supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk 
War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous 
and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- 
cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois 
Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of 
the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending 
from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's 
Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a 
special charter froni the Legislature in 1836. He 
had a survey of the line made, but the hard times 
prevented the beginning of the work and it was 
finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile 
business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles 
southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to 
a tract of land near the Morgan County line 
which he had bought in 1833, and on which the 
present village of Arenzville now stands. This 
became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- 
munity composed largely of Germans, among 
whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming 
the mercantile business here, he continued it 
until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable 
part of liis possessions. An ardent Whig, he was 
elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- 
teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan 
County, and during the following session suc- 
ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which 
a strip of territory three miles wide in tlie north- 
ern part of Morgan County, including the village 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



23 



or Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, 
was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass 
County. In iy.53 Mr. Arenz visited his native 
land, by appointment of President FiUmore, as 
bearer of dispatdies to the American legations at 
Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders 
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53, 
and served as the Vice-President for his district 
until his death, and was also the foimder and 
President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- 
ety. Died, April 2, 1856. 

ARE>'ZVILLE, a village of Cass County on the 
Rock I.'iland-Beardstown Division of the C, B. & Q. 
Ry., about 10 miles south of Beardstown; first 
settlers German. Pop. (1910), 518. 

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a 
village of Cook County, on tlie Chicago & North- 
western Railway, 32 miles northwest of Chicago; 
is in a dairj'ing district, has cheese and can factories, 
besides a sewing machine factory, hotels and 
churches, a graded school, a bank and one news- 
paper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 1,424; 
(1900), 1,380; (1910), 1,943. 

ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of 
Trade ojierator and capitalist, was born at Stock- 
bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. 
After receiving the benefits of such education as 
the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out 
across the Plains to California, where he re- 
mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- 
cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon 
after embarked in the commission business in 
Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he 
formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton 
in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- 
tion with liis brothers — H. O. Armour having 
already built up an extensive grain commission 
trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive 
packing and commission firm of Armour & 
Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City 
and Chicago, their headquarters being removed 
to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. 
Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- 
thodical business man, giving as many hours 
to the superintendence of business details as the 
most industrious day-laborer, the result being 
seen in the creation of one of the most extensive 
and prosperous firms in the country. Jlr. 
Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- 
strated in a munificent manner by his establish- 
ment and endowment of the Armour In.stitute 
(a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost 
of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour 
Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased 
brother. .J(isei)h F. Armour. Died Jan. 0, 1901. 



ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in 
Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of 
a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents 
in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent 
his childhood and early youth. His father was a 
native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob 
Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and 
dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came 
to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later 
joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now 
Marshall) County, all finally removing to La 
Salle County, where they were among the earli- 
est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, 
where he continued to reside over fifty years, 
when he located in the village of Sheridan, but 
early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in 
Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk 
War, has been a prominent and influential farm- 
er, and. in the later years of his life, has been 
a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his 
local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of 
the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm- 
strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon 
the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) 
Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 
1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his 
father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at 
the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. 
Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family 
to Illinois, locating a few montlis later in La 
Salle Cotinty. In 1832 he served with his older 
brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was 
identified with the early steps for the construc- 
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- 
coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, 
where he resided several years. He then returned 
to tlie farm near the present village of Seneca, 
where he had located in 1833, and where (with 
the exception of his residence at Utica) he 
resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 
1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower 
branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, 
also served in the Constitutional Convention of 
1847and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic 
candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen 
Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as 
Representative from La Salle County, he served 
in that body until 1SG8, proving one of its ablest 
and most influential members, as well . as an 
accomplished parliamentarian. Mr. Armstrong 
was one of the original promoters of the Kan- 
kakee & Seneca Railroad. Died Jan. 29, 1902.— 
William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this 
family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 
2.5, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 



24 



IIISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



family in 1831, and resided in I^a Salle County 
iiiilil 1H41, meanwhile serving two or three terms 
JUS Sheriff of the county. Tlie latter year lie was 
appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the 
county-seat of the newly-organized county of 
Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and 
the first iHjrinanent settler of the town of Grundy 
— later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. 5Ior- 
ris. of Quincy, 111. at that time one of the Com- 
missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
Here Mr. Armstrong was agiiin elected to the 
ofKce of Slu>riff. serving several terms. So ex- 
tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that 
he was ix)pularly known as "The Emi)eror of 
Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850.— Joel W. (Arm- 
strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking 
County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood 
to I>a Salle County, 111. ; serveil one term as 
County Recorder, was member of the Board of 
Su])orvisors for a numlier of yejirs and the first 
Postmsister of his town. Died. Dec. 3, 1871. — 
I'erry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of 
this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick- 
ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La 
Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportmiities for 
acquiring an education in a new country were 
limited, hut between work on the farm and serv- 
ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a 
short term in an academy and as a teacher in 
Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself 
for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- 
ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was 
compelled to abanilon his plan of obtaining a col- 
legiate educ^ition and returned home at the end 
of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, 
mejvnwhile teiu-hing district sc1kh)1s in the winter 
and working on his mother's farm during the 
crop season, until 1843, when he located in Mor- 
ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and 
was appointed I'ostniiuster. He h;is lieen in pub- 
lic position of some sort ever since he reached his 
majority, including the offices of School Trustee, 
Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, 
County Clerk (two termsl. Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 18G3, and two terms as 
Representative in the Gener^iJ Assembly (1803-64 
and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- 
eral Assembly he took a conspicuous ])art in the 
revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 
1870, framing some of the most importiint laws 
on the statute book, while participating in the 
preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell 
lo his lot to draw up the original charters of the 
Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and 
the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He 



has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and 
JIasonic circles, having been Grand Master of the 
first named order in the State and being the old- 
est 33d degree Miison in Illinois ; was admitted to 
the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme 
Court of the United States in 1868, and has been 
Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive 
years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do 
some literary work, as shown by his history of 
"The Sauks and Black Hawk War,'" and a num- 
ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- 
ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one 
of which is the story of liis first trip from 
Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he 
accompanied his oldest brother (WilUam E. 
Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- 
team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the 
trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that 
there were but three white families in Chicago 
at that time, but a large number of Indians 
mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian 
origin. 

ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, 
being descended from one of tTie companions of 
Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources 
at an early age, he was largely "self-niivde." 
He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to 
Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, 
but resigned before the close of the year and was 
admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon 
established a reputation as a lawyer, and served 
for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 
Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- 
ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on 
the Polk ticket, but the re])eal of tlie Missouri 
Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- 
sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- 
soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by 
which he wjis sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. 
While in Congress he prepared and delivered an 
exhaustive argument in support of the right of 
confiscation by the General Government. After 
the exjiiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. 
Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided 
until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- 
arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of 
repute. Among his best known works are his 
"Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of 
Benedict Arnold." 

ARRIMJTOX, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer 
and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, 
September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- 
ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



25 



received on trial as a Methcxiist preaclier and 
became a circuit rider in Indiana; during 1832-33 
served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much 
celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the 
study of law, and having been admitted to the 
bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, 
where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, 
was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- 
tor. Later he removed to Texas, wliere he served 
as Judge for six years. In 185G he removed to 
Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, 
where he attained distinction as a lawj-er, dying 
in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- 
plished scholar anil gifted writer, having written 
much for "The Democratic Review" and "The 
Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature 
of "Charles Sunimerfield," and was author of an 
"Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the 
mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and 
which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote 
with great effect. A volume of his poems with a 
memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. 

ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, 
on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles 
east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and 
stock region; has one newspaper. Population 
(1890), 420; (1900), 317; (1910), 366. 

ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas 
Counties, at junction of Chii^ago & Eastern Illi- 
nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia 
Line; is center of broomcorn belt; has two 
banks, a weekly newsjjaper. Population (1900), 
858; (1910), 1,080. 

ASAY, Edward (J., lawyer, was born in Phila- 
delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private 
schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the 
South, but in 18.53 retired from the ministry and 
began the study of law, meantime devoting a part 
of his time to mercantile business in New York 
City. He was admitted to the bar in 18,56, remov- 
ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up 
a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker 
and became eminent, especially as a criminal 
lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat 
and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris 
and others during their trial for conspiracy in 
connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- 
vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- 
tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen 
months, making a second visit in 1882. His later 
years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle 
County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. 

ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- 
son (MOW Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 



1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- 
ney on horseback and iinally locating in Quincj', 
where he soon after began the study of law with 
the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the 
bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. 
Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States 
Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's 
Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was api)ointed 
by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Ijviid 
Office, and, in 1864-65, .served by a])pointnient of 
President Lincoln (who was his <-Iose personal 
friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- 
trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain." 
by which he was widely known among his 
friends. Later he served for several years as 
Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was 
his last official position. Originally a Kentucky 
Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders 
of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- 
operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, 
Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning an<l others 
of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham 
Lini'oln, with whom he was a frequent corre- 
spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and 
Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the 
credit of having suggested one of the famous 
questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas 
which gave the latter so much trouble during 
the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain 
Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued 
to reside vintil his death, Nov. 19, 1896. 

ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 
miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 
miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of 
a ricli agricultural region, and is an important 
shipping point for grain and stock. It has a 
bank, three churt-hes and a weekly newspajier. 
Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 
609; (1S90), 1,045; (1900), 1,201; (1910), 1,096. 

ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at 
intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & 
Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of 
St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing 
region; has some uianufactures. electric light 
plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- 
lation (ISOO"), 1,(«5; (1900), 9.5;i; (1910), 913. 

ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
way, 9 miles east of Charle.ston; has a newspaper 
and consiiierable local trade. Population (1890), 
446: (1900), 487; (1910), 511. 

ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- 
cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 



26 



mSTUKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 
646; (1890), 6S0; (1900), 756; (1910), 779. 

ASPINWALL, HomiT F., fiirmer and legisla- 
tor, was born in Stephenson County, 111., Nov. 15, 
1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, 
in early life, spent two years in a wholesale 
notion store, later resuming the occupation of a 
farmer. After holding various local offices, in- 
cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- 
ors of Stephenson County, in 1893 Mr. Aspinwall 
was elected to the State Senate and reelected in 
1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- 
American War in 1898, he was appointed by 
President SleKinley Captain and Assistant 
Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but 
before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- 
tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- 
visional Regiment. When it became evident that 
the regiment would not be called into the service, 
he was as.signed to the command of the "^Mani- 
toba," a large transport steamer, which carried 
some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- 
out a single accident. In view of the approach- 
ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly, 
it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. 
Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was 
refused, a 20-days' leave of absence being granted 
instead. A discharge was finally granted about 
the middle of February, when he resumed his 
seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and 
operates a large farm near Freeport. 

ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by 
west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. 
It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min- 
ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a 
public school, one weekly paper and several manu- 
factories. Pop. (1900), 1,702; (1910), 1,918. 

ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock 
Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ; 
has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- 
phone exchange, three large grain elevators, 
pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, 
one weekly paper, city hall and park, and good 
schools; is in a coal region; has some manufacturing. 
Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684; (1910), 1,357. 

ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA Ffi RAIL- 
WAY COMPANY. This Company operates three 
subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa 
Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 
Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- 
road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a 
through line between Chicago and Kansas City, 
with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, III, hav- 
ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of 



whicli 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and 
income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were 
$1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed 
charges amounted to $2,360,706. The acciunu- 
lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 
1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali- 
zation of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251. 
The parent road was chartered in 1859 imder the 
name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 
1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main 
line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. 
The largest number of miles operated was in 
1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road 
was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, 
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Companj- (its present 
name), which succeeded bj' purchase under fore- 
closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- 
chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 
6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers 
of the system (1898) are: 

^Udace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, 
New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C. 
M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; 
E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General 
Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- 
dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- 
urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, 
New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, 
New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, 
New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, 
New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, 
Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, 
Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; 
H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Toi)eka; 
W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, 
Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic 
Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant 
Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. 
Hodges, General Purcliasing Agent, Chicago; 
James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- 
cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; 
Jolin Player, Superintendent of Slachinery, 
Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car 
Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal 
Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent 
of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus. General 
Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight 
Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, A.ssistant General 
Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General 
Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General 
Baggage Agent, Chicago. 

ATHENS, an incorporated citj' and coal-mining 
town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



27 



& St. Louis R. R., north by northwest of Spring- 
field. It Is also the center of a prosperous agri- 
cultural and stock-raising district, and large 
numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- 
cago market. The place has an electric lighting 
plant, brickyards, two machine sliops, two grain 
elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good 
Bchools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in 
Central Illinois. Pop. (1900), 1,535; (1910), 1,340. 
ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was 
bom near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 183C; came with 
his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm 
till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary, 
Movmt Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's 
trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna 
Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began 
the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing at 
Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but 
resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a 
private soldier in Stephenson County. He served 
as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers 
(three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same 
rank for three years and took part in the capture 
of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- 
ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. 
Forced to retire temporarily on account of his 
health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in 
Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- 
onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 
1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in 
the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army 
of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- 
man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently 
cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General 
for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the 
war, by special order of President Lincoln, was 
brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen- 
eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of 
editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for 
nearly twenty -four years, he served as Post- 
master of that city. He took a prominent part 
in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- 
diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President 
of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- 
tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 
1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, 
one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. 

ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles 
east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a 
bankandancw-'ipaper. Pop. (1900), 762; (1910), 80.j. 

ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles .southwest of 
Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie 



and the surrounding region is rich in coal, aa 
well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- 
ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- 
tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a 
weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is 
the headquarters of the Union Agricultural Society 
established 1860. Pop. (1900), 1,270; (1910), 1,367. 
ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of 
Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and 
three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on 
the Quincy & Louisiana Divi.sion of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- 
teresting history. It was settled by Col. William 
Ross and four brothers, who came here froua 
Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or 
early in 1820, making there the first settlement 
within the present limits of Pike County. The 
town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the 
next year the county-seat was removed thither 
from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun Count}' — but 
which had been the first coimty-seat of Pike 
County, when it comprised all the territory lying 
north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- 
sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. 
Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when 
the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. 
During a part of that time it was one of the 
most important points in the western part of the 
State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. 
It now has only a postoffice and general .store. 
The popvilation, according to the census of 1890, 
was 52. 

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a 
list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the 
Territorial and State Governments, down to the 
present time (1899), with the date and duration of 
the term of each incumbent : 

Tereitorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- 
cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden. Dec. 30 to 
April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to 
October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; 
William Mears, 1813-18. 

State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 
1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- 
wood, 1821-33; James Turney, 1823-29; George 
Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Ninian 
W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
1835-36; Walter B. Scales, 1836-37; Usher F. 
Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- 
litTe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840 43; 
James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- 
bell, 1846-48. 

The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for 
the continuance of the office, and for nineteen 
years it remained vacant. It was re-created. 



28 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and 
on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby 
appointed Robert G. IngersoU, of Peoria, to dis 
charge the duties of the position, which he con- 
tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents 
of the office liave been : Wasliington Bushnell, 
1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart- 
ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 
1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897-1901; Howland J. 
Hamlin, 1901-05; \Vm. H. Stead, 1905—. Under 
the Constitution of 1818 the office was filled by 
appointment by the Legislature; under that of 
1848, it ceased to exist until re-created by act of 
the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made 
a constitutional oflice to be filled by popular 
election for a term of four years. 

ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and 
partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, 
Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca- 
tur. Tlie region is agricultural and fruit-grow- 
ing ; the town has two banks, an excellent school 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 698; (1910), 659. 

ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at 
Millburj-, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full 
course in architecture at Harvard Scientific 
School, and, after graduation, received prizes for 
public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and 
a number of other cities, besides furnishing 
designs for some of the finest private residences 
in the country. He was associated with D. H. 
Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian 
Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the "World's 
Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- 
ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- 
style," the "Terminal Station" and other 
prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his 
highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, 
Dec. 19, 1895. 

AUBDRJf, a village of Sangamon County, on 
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of 
Springfield ; lias some manufactories of flour and 
farm implements, besides tile and brick works, 
two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, 
several churches, a graded school and a weekly 
newspaper. l\,p. (1900), 1,2S1; (1910), 1,814. 

AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The 
Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- 
torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812 16; 
Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Black well, (.\pril 
to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under 
the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public 
Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, 
witliout limitation of term; but by the Constitu- 
tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made 
elective by the people for a term of four years. 



The following is a list of the State Auditors 
from the date of the admission of the State into 
the Union down to the present time (1899), with 
the date and duration of the term of each: 
Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 
1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 
1841-43; William Lee D. Ewiug, x843-46; Thomas 
H Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; 
Orlin 11. Minei, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 
1869 77; Tliomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. 
Swigert, 1881-89- C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David 
Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — . 

AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, 
Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. 
Wagons and brick are the principal man\ifac- 
tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, 
three churches and a graded school. The sur 
rounding country is a fertile agricultural region 
and abounds in a good quality of bituminous 
coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral 
paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 
1,077; (1900), 1,149; (1910), 1,146. 

AUGUST ANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran 
denomination, located at Rock Island and founded 
in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- 
partments, a theological school is connected with 
the institution. To the two first named, young 
women are admitted on an equality with 
men. More than 500 students were reported in 
attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being 
women. A majority of the latter were in the 
preparatory (or academic) department. The col- 
lege is not endowed, but owns property (real 
and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a 
library of 12.000 volumes. 

AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- 
ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- 
west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine 
water-power and many successful manufactories, 
including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, 
cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- 
ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage 
factories, stove and smelting works, establish- 
ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, 
and wood-working niacliinery. The city owns 
water- works and electric light plant; has six 
banks, three daily and several weekly papers, 
some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and 
handsome public library building; is connected 
by interurban electric lines with the principal 
towns and villages in the Fox River valley. 
Pop. (1S90), 19,688; (1900), 24.147; (1910), 29,807. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLIAOLS. 



29 



AUSTIN, a former western suburb of the city of 
Chicago on the line of the Chicago & Northwestern 
II. Iv.; was annexed to the city of Cliicago in 1899. 

AVERYVILLE, a \-illage of Peoria County, lying 
north of the city of Peoria and on the Illinois River; 
is an important manufacturing point, especially in 
the line of agricultural implements. Population 
(1900), 1,573; (1910), 2,668. 

AUSTIN COLLEGE, aco-educational institution, 
was founded at Effingham in 1890, by Edward 
Austin and brother, but about 1904 the property 
came into possession of Prof. Lewis H. Bissell, and 
now constitutes a part of the Bissell Photo-engrav- 
ing College. 

AUSTRALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for 
popular elections, thus named because it was 
first brought into use in Australia. It was 
adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 
1891, and is applicable to the election of all public 
officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- 
ors, members of Boards of Education and officers 
of road districts in counties not under township 
organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- 
tion of c flScers (except those just enumerated) 
are required to be printed and distributed to the 
election officers for use on the day of election, at 
public cost. These ballots contain the names, 
on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted 
for at such election, such names having been 
formally certified previously to the Secretary of 
State (in the case of candidates for offices to be 
voted for by electors of the entire State or any 
district greater than a single county) or to the 
County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding 
officer and secretary of the convention or caucus 
making such nominations, when the party repre- 
sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate 
vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- 
eral election. Other names may be added to the 
ballot on the petition of a specified number of the 
legal voters under certain prescribed conditions 
named in the act. The duly registered voter, on 
presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of 
the official ticket by one of the judges of election, 
upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- 
ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for 
his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- 
umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if 
he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the 
same party, or by a similar mark before the name 
of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in 
case he desires to distribute his support among 
the candidates of different parties. The object of 
the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the 
ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- 



tation or interference by others in the exercise of 
liis right of suffrage. 

AVA,atown in Jackson County (incorporated 
as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad 
(Cairo & Su. Louis Division), T.l miles south- 
southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and 
a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 984; (1910), 780. 

AVON, village of Fulton County, on C, B. & Q. 
R. R., 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drainpipe 
works, flouring mill, factories of steam and hot- 
water heaters, two banks and one newspaper; 
agricultural fair held here annually. Population 
(1900), 809; (1910), 86.5. 

AVER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in 
Kingston, N. H., April 23, 182.5, graduated at 
Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane 
Law School (Harvard University), was admitted 
to the bar and began practice at Manchester, 
N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- 
sliire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney 
for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica- 
go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers 
then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel 
in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised 
city charter. After the close of his official career, 
he was a member for eight years of the law firm of 
Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the 
firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general 
practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, 
finally becoming General Counsel and a jiotent factor 
in its management. Difd .\pril 6, 1903. 

AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, 
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1833; 
came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 
1830, and was educated there, graduating from 
Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. 
Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox 
College at Galesburg, and Rev. Tliomas K. 
Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- 
lege he became the partner of Ins father (David 
B. Ayers)as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- 
pliia. who was tlie owner of a large body of Illi- 
nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers 
succeeded to the management of the business, 
about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands 
coming under liis charge. In December, 1853, 
with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- 
ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- 
.sonville, for tlie sale of excliange, but which 
finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been 
continued ever since, being recognized as one of 
the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 
1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York 
capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers" Rail- 



30 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- 
wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia 
and Slount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the 
Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. 
Avers had no connection with it in his later 
years. Other business enterprises with which 
he was connected were the Jcaksonville Gas Com- 
pany (now including an electric light and 
power plant), of which he was President for forty 
years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped 
out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufactme, 
coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a 
body of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County, 
known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander, 
an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become 
heavily involved during the years of financial 
revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr. 
Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000, 
were discharged within the next two years. Mr. 
Avers had been an earnest Re|iublican since the 
organization of that party and, during the war, 
rendered valuable service in assisting to raise funds 
for the support of the operations of the Christian 
Commission in the field. He was also active in 
Sunday School, benevolent and educational work, 
ha\-ing been for twenty years a Trustee of Illinois 
College, of which he had been an ardent friend. 
In 1846 he was married to Miss Laura Allen, 
daughter of Rev. John Allen, D.D., of Huntsville, 
Ala., and was father of four sons and four daughters. 
Died Sept. 30, 1902. 

BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, 
N. Y., Jan. 20, 1828, the son of a member of Con- 
gress from that State ; at the age of 18, having 
lost his father by death, came West, and soon 
after engaged in mercantile business in partner- 
ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he 
was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- 
Nebraska Whig, to the lower brancli of the Nine- 
teenth General Assembly, and, in the following 
session, took part in the election of United States 
Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman 
Trumbull. Although a personal and political 
friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter 
of policy, cast his vote for his townsman, William 
Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- 
trict, until it was apparent that a concentration 
of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was 
necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat. 
In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the 
Fourth District, and, in 1863. was commissioned 
by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred 
and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. 
Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in 



the Republican National Convention of 1868, 
which nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
dency, and the same year was made Chairman of 
the Republican State Central Committee, also 
conducting the campaign two years later. He 
identified himself with the Greeley movement in 
1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his 
party and restored to his old position on the State 
Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among 
business enterprises with which he was con- 
nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda 
branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the 
erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., 
which was imdertaken, in conjunction with 
Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, about 
1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm 
received over 3,000.000 acres of State lands in the 
"Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel 
Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which 
continued to be his home until his death from 
apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899. 

BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at 
Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; 
began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 
went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to 
Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili- 
tary company called the Springfield Greys, com- 
manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of 
which he was First Lieutenant. This company 
became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- 
nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's 
first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook 
having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded 
him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- 
ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- 
Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to 
the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service 
rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was 
compelled to resign on account of impaired 
health. Died at St. Paul, Minn., Jan. 12, 1911. 

BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born 
at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to 
Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, 
in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County: in 1879 
was admitted to the bar and held various minor 
offices, including one term as State's Attorney. 
In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the 
State Senate and re-elected four years later, but 
finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July 
6. 189G. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized 
abiUty. as shown by the fact that, after the death 
of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his 
colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy 
on the deceased statesman. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



31 



BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was 
born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 34, 1819. After pas- 
sing through the common schools of Barren 
County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at 
Baoon College, graduating in 1840. Later he 
read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. 
In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, III., 
confining himself exclusively to professional work 
until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, 
by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 
188.5 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the 
Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. 

BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, 
was born at Middlebur}-, Wyoming County, N. Y., 
June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) 
University in 1854, and was admitted to the 
bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he 
removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up 
a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a 
Representative in the Twenty-fifth General 
Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was 
especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- 
lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on 
the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a 
Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and 
re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 
1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to 
the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding 
Justice from June, 1879, to June, 1880, and from 
June, 1881, to June, 1882. In 1879 he received 
the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of 
Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected 
to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in 
office, Oct. 16, 1895. 

BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was 
bom in the Island of Jersej', Maj' 8, 1787; after 
gaining the rudiments of ah education in his 
mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- 
edge of English and some proficiency in Greek 
and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, 
when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. 
In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- 
ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a 
half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe 
(then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole 
owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- 
zette" and consolidated the two papers under the 
name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian 
Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- 
time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- 
ness, also serving one term in the Legislature 
(1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the 
Court of Common Pleas for Ross Coimty. In 
1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge 



of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as 
Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive 
years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- 
nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- 
ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The 
Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted 
alone or in association with various partners until 
1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the 
book and job branch of the business. He served as 
Representative from Madison County in the Thir- 
teenth General Assemblj' (1842-44). As a man 
and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the 
highest respect, and did much to elevate the 
standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- 
graph," during the period of his connection with 
it, being one of the leading papers of the State. 
His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the 
result of injuries received the day previous, by 
being thrown from a carriage in which he was 
riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of 
the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, 
August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 
111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, 
and learned the printing trade in the office of 
"The Telegraph," under the direction of his 
father, afterwards being associated with the 
business department. In 1855, in partnership 
with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the 
proprietors and business manager of "The State 
Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War 
he received from President Lincobi the appoint- 
ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, 
serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank 
of Major. After the war he returned to journal- 
ism and was associated at different times with 
"The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," 
as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; 
in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, 
Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., 
remaining four years. Prior to 1S99 he removed 
to San Diego, Cal., there engaged in newspaper 
work, and, under the administration of President 
McKinley, was Special Agent of the Treasury 
Department. Died March 12, 1905. — Preston 
Heath (Bailhache), another son, was born 
in Columbus, Ohio, February 21, 1835; served as 
a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a 
Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- 
tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- 
ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the 
interest of sanitary and hospital service. At 
present (1899) he occupies a prominent position 
at the headquarters of the United States Marine 
Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee 
(Bailhache), a third son, bom at Alton, 111., April 



32 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



12, 1839 ; at the beginning of tlie Civil War was 
employed in the State commissary service at 
Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the 
Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at 
Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of 
disease and exposure in the service. 

BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United 
States Senator, was bom at East Haddam, Conn. , 
Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York 
in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- 
hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 
1816, and three years later was admitted to the 
bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- 
tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence 
in his profession and was made Probate Judge of 
Kandolph County. His opposition to the intro- 
duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- 
sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 
1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United 
States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of 
Senator McLean, but he served only one month 
when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, 
who was elected by the Legislature. He was 
United States District Attorney from 1833 
to 1841 (the State then constituting but 
one district), and thereafter resumed private 
practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. 
— Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- 
ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 
1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- 
leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered 
Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom 
in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- 
ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, 
Hon. David J Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an 
Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of 
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the 
subsequent session of the General Assembly, was 
one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose 
uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- 
bull resulted in the election of the latter to the 
United States Senate for the first time — the others 
being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the 
House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards 
United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- 
man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the 
Secretaries of the Republican State Convention 
held at Bloomington in May, 18.50, was a Repub- 
lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and. in 1865, 
became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving 
until 1881. In 1870 he presided over tlie Repub- 
lican State Convention, served as delegate to the 
Republican National Convention of the same 
year and was an unsuccessful candidate for 
Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. 



Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver 
the address on occasion of the unveiling of the 
statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the 
capitol grounds at Springfield, in Januarj-, 1888. 
About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at 
Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), 
second son of David Jewett Baker, was bom at 
Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- 
leff College in 1847; read law with his father two 
years, after which he entered Harvard Law 
School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had 
become associated with William H. Bailhache, in 
the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph." 
and, in July, 1855, they purcha,sed "Tlie IlUnoia 
State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. 
Baker assumed the editorship, remaining xintil 
1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States 
Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until 
the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received 
the appointment from President Grant of Consul 
to Buenos Ayres, .South America, and, assuming 
the duties of the office in 1874, remained there 
for twenty-three years, proving himself one of 
the most capable and efficient officers in the con- 
sular service. On the evening of the 20th of 
June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a 
railway train already in motion at the station in 
the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, 
receiving injuries which neces.sitated the ampu- 
tation of his right arm, finallj- resulting in his 
death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, 
following. His remains were brought home at 
the Government expense and interred in Oak 
Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- 
ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing 
a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres 
and foreign representatives in that city express- 
ive of their respect for his memory. — David 
Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett 
Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; 
graduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of 
that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- 
tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, 
in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth 
Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act 
of March 28) having divided the State into 
twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the 
Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, 
he resigned to accept an appointment on the 
Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, 
deceased, but at the close of his term on the 
Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit 
Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



33 



served for several years on the Appellate Bench. 
In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bencli by 
resignation and was elected a Justice of the 
Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, 
in 1897, he was a candidate for reelection, but 
was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after 
retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to 
Cliicago and engaged in general practice, in 
partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He 
fell dead almost instant!}' in his office, March 13, 
1899. In all, Judge Baker liad spent some thirty 
years almost continuously on the bench, and liad 
attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and 
a jurist. 

BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and 
United States Senator, was born in London, 
Eng.. Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while 
yet in liis minority, first locating at Belleville, 
afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to 
Sangamon Coimty, the last of which he repre- 
sented in the lower house of the Tenth General 
Assembl_y, and as State Senator in the Twelfth 
and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as 
a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned 
in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the 
Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in tlie 
Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in 
command of the brigade, when the latter was 
wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected 
to Congress from the Galena District; was also 
identified with the construction of the Panama 
Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1802, but 
'ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected 
to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he 
resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union 
army, commanding a brigade at the battle of 
Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. 

BAKER, Jehu, lawyer and Congressman, was 
born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At 
an early age he removed to Illinois, making his 
home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- 
ceived his earl}' education in the common scliools 
and at McKendree College. Althougli he did 
not graduate from the latter institution, he 
received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. 
in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time 
he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the 
study of law. From 1861 to ISCj he was Master 
in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 
1869 he represented the Belleville District as a 
Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and 
from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in 
Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term 
of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- 
ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) 



from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated 
for reelection, in 1888, by William S. Forman, 
Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified 
liimself with the Free Silver Democracy and 
People's Party, he was elected to Congress from 
the Twentieth District over Everett J Murphy, 
the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 
lis99. He was author of an aimotatf<l edition 
of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of 
the Romans." Died Marcli 1, 190.3. 

BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- 
tor, was born in Utchfield County, Conn., March 
8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- 
try school, continuing this occupation for several 
years during the winter months, while working 
on his father's farm in the summer. He then 
started a store at New Milford, wliich he man- 
aged for three years, when he sold out on account 
of his health and began farming. In 1833 he 
came west and purchased a considerable tract of 
Government land in La Salle County, where the 
village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing 
thither with his family the following year. He 
served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- 
secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and 
as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La 
Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected 
as a Republican to the House of Representatives, 
was re-elected to the same oflJice in 1866, and to 
the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He 
was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first 
Board of Public Charities, serving as President of 
the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- 
tory of La Salle County," which contains much 
local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 
1895. 

BALDWIX, Tlieron, clergyman and educa- 
tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; 
graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two 
years' stud)' in the theological school there, was 
ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming 
one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or 
"Western College Society," of wliich he was Cor- 
responding Secretary during most of his life. He 
was settled as a Congregationali.st minister at 
Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- 
curing the charter of Illinois College at Jaclcson- 
ville, of which he was a Trustee from its 
organization to his death. He served for a 
number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the 
Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 
1838, became the first Principal of Jlonticello 
Female Seminarj', near Alton, which he con- 
ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 
10, 1870. 



34 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of 
Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- 
vember, 1822. He located at La Porte, Ind., 
about 1841, where he learned and pursued the 
carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, 
remaining two years, when he returned to La 
Porte ; in 18o3 removed to Chicago and embarked 
in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 
1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard 
served several years as one of the Commissioners 
of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- 
man of the City of Chicago, and again in the 
latter office, 1894-96. Died June 27, 1905. 

BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop 
of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- 
varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges 
of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass. , and of St. 
Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, 
Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 18.53, and 
consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- 
istration was successful, but regarded by his 
priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- 
ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance 
of clergy and laity. His most important literary 
work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first 
edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and 
enlarged"), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 1.5, 1886. 

BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN 
RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the 
Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two 
principal divisions, the first extending across the 
State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the 
second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- 
ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total 
mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 
miles, of which 147^ are in Illinois, and of the 
latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The 
main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- 
sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 
1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It 
was constructed by two companies, the section 
from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State 
line being known as the Eastern Division, and 
that in Illinois as the Western Division, the 
gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but 
reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm 
of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, 
were the principal financial backers of the enter- 
prise. The line was completed and opened for 
traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the road 
became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- 
vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 
1860, while the Western Division was sold under 
foreclosure, in 18G2, and reorganized as the Ohio 
& Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois 



Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- 
ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in 
November of the same year, the two divisions 
were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & 
Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division 
was the result of the consolidation, in December, 
1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern 
and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each 
having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- 
ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- 
nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name 
the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 
1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 
1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 
1. 1875, passed into the hands of tlie Ohio & Mis- 
sissippi Railwaj' Company. In November, 1876, 
the road was again placed in the hands of a 
receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. 
— In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was 
consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western Railroad, which was the successor of the 
Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, 
the reorganized Company taking the name of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- 
pany. The total capitalization of the road, as 
organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several 
branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go 
to increase the aggregate mileage, but being 
wholly outside of IlUnois are not taken into ac- 
count in this statement. 

BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL- 
ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in 
Illinois. The principal object of the company's 
incorporation was to secure entrance for the 
Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital 
stock outstanding exceeds §1,500,000. The total 
capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) 
is §20,329,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross 
earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were 
$3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,452. 
The income and earnings for the portion of the 
line in Illinois for the same period were $209,808 
and the expenses §208,096. 

BA\GS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin 
County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- 
hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after 
a year in an institution at Rochester, came to 
Chicago in 1844, later spending two j'ears in farm 
work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- 
ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for 
two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent 
a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., 
meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. Is 
1851 he began practice, was elected a Judgt 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



35 



of the Circuit Coiirt in 1859 ; served one session 
as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- 
pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, 
was appointed by President Grant United States 
District Attorney for the Northern District, 
remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was 
also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State 
Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854 ; 
in 1863 presided over the Congressional Conven- 
tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress 
for the first time ; was one of the charter members 
of the "Union League of America," serving as its 
President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the 
National Convention which nominated General 
Grant for President for the first time. After 
retiring from the office of District Attorney in 
1879, he removed to Chicago, where he was engaged 
in practice until his death. June 23, 1902. 

BANKSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- 
lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver 
Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south 
of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently 
removed to Washington County. He was a Col- 
onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a 
Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In 
1823 he was elected to the State Senate from 
Washington County, serving four years, and at 
the session of 1833-33 was one of those who voted 
against the Convention resolution which had for 
its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- 
sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 
18.53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. 

BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- 
tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who 
located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- 
lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and 
Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist 
church within the limits of the State. Five 
churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- 
bers, formed an association in 1807. Several 
causes, among them a difference of views on the 
slavery question, resulted in the divi.sion of the 
denomination into factions. Of these perhaps 
the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- 
ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John 
M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1833 until 
his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, 
imtil it had some 250 churches, with about 7,500 
members. These were under the ecclesiastical 
care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac 
McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at 
Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years 
later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first 
Baptist society in what was then an infant set- 



tlement. By 1890 the ntunber of Associations 
had grown to forty, with 1010 churches, 891 
ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- 
logical Seminary was for some time supported at 
Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed b}' the 
University of Chicago, becoming the divinity 
school of that institution. The chief organ of the 
denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- 
lished at Chicago. 

BARBER, Hiram, was born in Waixen County, 
N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he 
accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which 
State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- 
ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at 
Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law 
School, and was admitted to practice. After 
serving one term as District Attorney of his 
county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant 
Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in 
the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, 
was elected to Congress by the Republicans of 
the old Second IlUnois District. His home is in 
Chicago, where he holds the jwsition of Master in 
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. 

BARCLAY, a village in Sangamon County, on 
the line of the Illinois Central Railroad, 9 miles 
northeast of the city of Springfield; in a coal-mining 
district. Population (1910), 252. 

BARJfSBACK, George Frederick Jnlins, pio- 
neer, was bom in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came 
to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- 
tucky, where he became an overseer; two or 
three years later visited his native country, suf- 
fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel; 
returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 
1809, when he removed to what is now Madison 
(then a part of St. Clair) Cotmty, 111. ; served in 
the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until 
1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he 
bought a plantation in St. Francois Coimty, Mo. 
Suksequently becoming disgusted with slavery, 
he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, 
locating on a farm near EdwardsviUe, where he 
resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsbaok 
served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from 
Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor 
of Madison Coimty.— Julius A. (Barnsback), his 
son, was bom in St. Francois County, Mo., May 
14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, 
Madi.son County; was elected Sheriff in 1860; in 
1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company 
in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- 
teers (100-days' men) ; also served as a member of 
the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865). 



36 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 
1840. When he was but two years old his family 
removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed 
his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- 
tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, 
Mich., and at the Michigan State University at 
Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last 
named at the end of the sophomore year, he 
taught si-hool at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- 
sical studies. In 1803 he was admitted to the bar 
at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office 
at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office 
of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago 
in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench 
of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- 
ration of his term he resumed private practice. 

BARRERE, Granville, was bom in Highland 
County, Ohio. After attending the common 
schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- 
gusta, Ky., and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted 
to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- 
tice of law in Fulton County, 111,, in 1856. In 
1872 he received the Republican nomination for 
Congress and was elected, representing his dis- 
trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his 
term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 
lU., Jan. 13, 1889. 

BARRIXGTOX, a viUage located on the north- 
em border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, 
at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern 
and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles 
northwest of Cliicago. It has banks, a local paper, 
several cheese factories and a milk-bottling plant. 
Pop. (1S90), 848; (1900), 1.UV2: (1910), 1,444. 

BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman 
and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 
11, 1847; graduated at Moimt Olivet College in 
1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and 
Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, 
where he spent two and a half years in mission- 
ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) 
accepted a call to the First Congregational 
Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a 
year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, 
visiting Europe, Egj-pt and Palestine, during a 
part of the time supplj-ing the American chapel 
in Paris. On his return to the United States he 
spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and 
East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he 
assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian 
Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a 
world-wide celebrity bj- his services as Chairman 
of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the 
"World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the 



World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 
1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- 
turer on Comparative Religions,under lectureships 
in connection with the University of Chicago en- 
dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, 
established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated 
a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on 
alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- 
versity. Courses were delivered at the University 
in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes 
of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it 
necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in 
the spring of 1896. After spending the summer 
in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round- 
the-world tour began at London in the latter part 
of November, 1896, ending with his return to the 
United States by way of San Francisco in May, 
1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party 
of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, 
the tour embracing visits to the principal cities 
of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and 
Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India 
during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to 
the United States he lectured at the University 
of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of 
the country, on the moral and religious condition 
of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered 
the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which 
he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 
1S99. Died June 3, 1902. 

BARRT, a city in Pike County, founded in 
1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of 
Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. 
The surrounding country is agricultural. The 
city contains flouring miUs, pork-packing plant" a 
large creamery; also has two local papers, two 
banks, three churches and a high school, besides 
schools of lower grade. Population (1890), 1,354; 
(1900), 1,643; (1910), 1,647. 

BARTLETT, Adolphns Clay, merchant, was 
born of Revolutionaiy ancestry at Stratford, 
Fulton Count}', N. Y., June 22, 1844; was educated 
in the common schools and at Danville Academy 
and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming 
to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment 
of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., 
now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, 
a few years later, he became a partner, and later 
Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett 
has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and 
a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and 
the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being 
identified with various other business and benevo- 
lent associations. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



37 



BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, 
was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent 
his boyhooil on a farm imtil 17 j-ears of age, mean- 
while attenUing the common schools; prepared 
for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, 
entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a 
year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, 
Conn., he entered upon the studj- of theology 
at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for 
the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- 
ary department of the college. Then coming to 
Illinois (1833). he cast his lot with the "Yale 
Band," organized at Y'ale College a few years 
previous ; spent five years in missionary work in 
Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- 
nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, 
exploring new settlements, fovmding churches 
and introducing missionaries to new fields of 
labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 
1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First 
Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation 
continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- 
ice as the Agent of the American Missionary 
Association of the Congregational Church, he 
accepted a call to the Congregational Church at 
Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when 
he took charge of the Congregational Church at 
Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- 
able period as a member of the Executive Com- 
mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society; 
was also prominent in educational work, being 
one of the founders and, for over twenty-five 
years, an officer of the Chicago Theological 
Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of 
the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, 
Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. 
in 1869. Dr. Basconi died at Princeton, ID., 
August 8. 1890. 

BATAYIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox 
River and branch lines of the Chicago & Nortli- 
western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroads, 3.5 miles west of Chicago; has water 
power and several prosperous manufacturing 
establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. 
The city has fine water-works supplied from an 
artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric 
street oar lines with interurban connections, two 
weekly papers, eight cluirches, two public 
schools, and private hospital for insane women. 
Population (1900), 3,871; (1910), 4,436. 

BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator 
and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- 
pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., 
July 27, 1S22. of mixed English and Scotch an- 



cestry ; was brouglit by his parents to Illinois in 
1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- 
tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois 
College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- 
self during his college course who'ly by his own 
labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- 
tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane 
Theological Seminary, but was compelled to 
withdraw on account of faiUng health, when he 
gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his 
life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal 
of an English and Classical Scliool in St. Louis, 
remaining there two years, when he accepted the 
Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- 
lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that 
position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- 
sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the 
principalship of the main public school of that 
city. Here he remained seven years, during four 
of them discharging the duties of County Super- 
intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the 
fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville 
Female Academy, but the following year was 
elected State Superintendent of Public Insti-uc- 
tion, having been nominated for the office by the 
Republican State Convention of 1858, wliich put 
Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United 
States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- 
tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- 
tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years 
(1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election 
in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office 
by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but 
was not formally nominated by a State Conven- 
tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- 
mon school system was developed and brought to 
the state of efficiency which it has so well main- 
tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of 
biennial reports, portions of which have been 
republished in five different languages of Europe, 
besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," 
originally published by authority of the General 
Assembly, and of which several editions have 
since been issued. This volume has been recog- 
nized by the courts, and is still regarded as 
authoritative on tlie subjects to which it relates. 
In addition to his official duties during a part of 
this period, for three years he served as editor of 
"The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- 
mittee of three wliicli prepared the bill adopted 
by Congress creating the National Bureau of 
Education. Occupying a room in the old State 
Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an 
office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- 
dacy of the latter for tlie Presidency, in 1860, a 



38' 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



close intimacy sprang up between the two men, 
which enabled the "Schoolmaster," as Mr. Lin- 
coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an 
insight into the character of the future emanci- 
pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, 
and of which he gave evidence by his lectures 
full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent 
appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr 
President." A few months after his retirement 
from the State Superintendencj- (1875), Dr. Bate- 
nian was offered and accepted the Presidency of 
Knox College at Galesburg, remaining vmtil 1893, 
when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. 
This, after having been repeatedly urged upon 
the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body 
immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed 
him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental 
and Moral Science, imder which he continued to 
discharge his duties as a .special lecturer as his 
health enabled him to do so. Diuring his incum- 
bency as President of Knox College, he twice 
received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State 
University and the Chancellorship of two other 
important State institutions. He also served, by 
appointment of successive Governors between 1877 
and 1891, as a member of the State Board of 
Health, for four years of this period being Presi- 
dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- 
man, imexpectedly and without solicitation on his 
part, received from President Hayes an appoint- 
ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and 
test the fineness and weight of United States 
coins, in accordance with the provisions of the 
act of Congress of June 23, 1874, and discharged 
the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. 
Never of a very strong physique, which was 
rather weakened by his privations while a stu- 
dent and his many years of close confinement to 
mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. 
Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble 
which finally developed into "angina pectoris," 
or heart disease, from which, as the result of a 
most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- 
burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the 
most profoimd sorrow, not only among his a.ssoci- 
ates in the Faculty and among the students of 
Knox College, but a large number of friends 
throughout the State, who had known liim offi- 
cially or personally, and had learned to admire 
his many noble and beautiful traits of character. 
His funeral, which occurred at Galesbui-g on 
Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of 
sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- 
formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of 
matter for this volume, in which lie manifested 



the deepest interest from the time of his assump- 
tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the 
time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- 
ing that his work in this field was practically 
complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, 
first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, 
who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 
1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts 
(but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville 
Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878. — 
Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman 
by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, 
March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and 
later from the law department of Columbia, Col- 
lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his 
studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally 
becoming Professor of Administrative Law and 
Government in Columbia College — a position 
especially created for him. He had filled this 
position a little over one year when his career — 
which was one of great promise — was cut short by 
death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- 
man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S. 

BATES, Clara Doty, author, was bom at Aim 
Arbor, Mich., Dec. 23, 1838; published her first 
book in 1868; the next year married Morgan 
Bates, a Cliicago publisher; wrote much for 
juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, 
some of the most popular among the latter being 
"Blind Jakey" (1868) and "Jisop's Fables" in 
verse (1873). She was the collector of a model 
library for children, for the World's Columbian 
Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. 

BATES, Erastns Newton, soldier and State 
Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 
1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- 
flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by 
his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- 
ward died. For several years he lived with an 
uncle, preparing himself for college and earning 
money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- 
ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and 
commenced the study of law in New York City, 
but later removed to Minnesota, where he served 
as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. 
In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- 
menced practice there in August, 1863; was com- 
missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois 
Volunteers, being successively promoted to the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and 
finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen 
months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from 
Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later 
exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- 



HISTORICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



39 



ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 186G he was 
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State 
Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office 
under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving 
until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, 
Minn., May 29, 1898, and was biu-ied at Spring- 
field. 

BATES, (ieorge C, lawyer and politician, was 
born iu Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to 
Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United 
States District Attorney for that State, but re- 
moved to Cahfornia in 1850. wliere he became a 
member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" 
at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first 
Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he 
practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was 
appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving 
two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., 
where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an 
orator of much reputation, and was selected to 
express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to 
Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, 
after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- 
las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which 
he performed in an address of gi'eat eloquence. 
At an early day he married the widow of Dr. 
Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- 
ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife 
being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white 
settler of Chicago. 

BATH, a village of Mason County, on the 
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. 
Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- 
lation (1890), 384; (1900), 330; (1910), 475. 

BATLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on 
the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles 
southeast of Quincy; has one newspaper and wagon 
. factory. Pop. (1900), 340; (1910), 38.5. 

BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a 
private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last 
two years of the Civil War, and graduated from 
Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting 
himself during his college course by work upon a 
farm and teaching. After serving three years as 
County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange 
County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and 
entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the 
northern part of the State. He served for some 
time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of 
Sterling, afterwards served as Principal of the 
Township High School until 1898, when he was 
elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction 
and re-elected in 1902, serving two consecutive terms. 
On retirement from the Superintendent's office in 



1907, he became Principal of the State Normal 
School at Macomb, 111., but died August 20, 1911. 

BEAKI), Thomas, pioneer and founder of the 
city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, 
Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to 
Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed 
to IlUnois, living for a time about Edwardsville 
and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of 
the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- 
lished there the first ferry across the Illinois 
River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch 
March of Morgan Coimty, he entered the land on 
which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at 
Beardstown, in November, 1849. 

BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the 
Illinois River, being the intersecting point for 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- 
cago, Burhngton & Quincy Railways, and the 
northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 
miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of 
Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was 
named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- 
wards established the first ferry across tlie Illi- 
nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by 
Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, 
and, during the Black Hawk War of 1833, it 
became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- 
nois volunteers. The city has six churches and 
three schools (including a high school), two banks 
and two daily newspapers. Several branches of 
manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and 
saw mills, cooperage works, extensive fishing and 
packing interests, two button factories, one shoe 
factory, large machine shops, and others of less 
importance. The river is spanned here by a fine 
railroad bridge, costing some $300,000. Pop. (1890), 
4,226; (1900), 4,827; (1910), 6,107. 

BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per- 
manent settler on tlie site of Chicago, was bora 
at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on 
Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his 
first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- 
waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ho 
visited Cliicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin 
there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 
1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- 
boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becama 
agent of the jVmerican Fur Company, having 
charge of trading posts at Slackinaw and else* 
where. After 1823 he occupied tlie building 
known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear- 
bom, which had belonged to the Government, 
but removed to a farm on the DesPlaines in 1840. 
Out of the ownership of this building grew his 
claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 



40 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn 
reservation. The claim was allowed by tlie Land 
Office officials and sustained by the State courts, 
but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the 
United States after long litigation. An attempt 
was made to revive this claim in Congress in 
1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a 
Senate Committee of which the late Senator 
Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien 
was evidently a man of no little prominence in 
his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens 
to the Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed 
by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for 
Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned 
Brigadier-General. In 18.58 he removed to Nash- 
ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. — Mark 
(Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, 
was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 
1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in 
which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he 
erected the first frame building in Chicago, which 
was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he 
kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- 
chandising, but was not successful, ran the first 
ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago 
River, and served for many years as lighthouse 
keeper at Chicago. About 183-t the Indians trans- 
ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on 
the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- 
wards, he received a patent which had been 
signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- 
ously been ignorant of its existence. He was 
married twice and had a family of twenty-two 
children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. 
— Mador'e B. (Beaubien), the second son of 
General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born 
on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined 
his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist 
Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; 
was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, 
but failed as a business man; served as Second 
Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the 
Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant 
of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a 
white woman, from whom he separated, after- 
wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- 
nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at 
Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for 
many years the official interpreter of the tribe 
and, for some time, one of six Commissioners 
employed by the Indians to look after their 
affairs with the United States Government. — 
Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- 
bien by his white wife, was born in one of the 
buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 



1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his 
farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago 
in 1863, and for years past has been employed on 
the Chicago i)olice force. 

BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born 
in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught 
school at North Bend, the home of William Henry 
Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton; 
served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48 ; later led a 
Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- 
break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago 
County, 111., where he had purchased a large 
body of land. He was a man of uncompromising 
loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner 
of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln 
and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- 
paign which resulted in Grant's first election to 
the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. 
A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. 
John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary 
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, 
during the World's Columbian Exposition, 
Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's 
Fair Commissioners. 

BECKER, Charles St. N., ex-State Treasurer, 
was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought 
to this country by his parents at the age of 11 
years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. 
Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth 
Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea 
Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was 
found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 
1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, 
and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the 
St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several 
terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 
he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican 
ticket. Died Jan. 2, 1908. 

BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- 
dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law 
and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., 
where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he 
removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was 
appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the 
Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months 
of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had 
resigned. On retiring from the bench lie re- 
sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. 

BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and 
author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5, 1833. 
Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- 
neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the 
founders of the city of Danville, was a native of 
Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



41 



his mother being, in lier girlliood, Hannah York, 
one of the survivors of the famous Wjoining 
massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, 
in company with his brother George, descenJed 
the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash 
to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally 
locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 
111. A year later lie removed to the vicinity of 
the present site of the city of Danville. Having 
been employed for a time in a surveyor's 
corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, 
on the organization of Vermilion County, served 
for a time as Countj" Surveyor by appointment of 
the Governor, and was also employed by the 
General Government in surveying lands in tlie 
eastern part of the State, some of the Indian 
reservations in that section of the State being 
set off by him. In connection with Guy W. 
Smith, then Receiver of Public Jloneys in the 
Land OfSce at Palestine, 111., he donated the 
ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion 
County was located, and it took the name of Dan- 
ville from his first name— "Dan. " In 1830 he 
was elected Representative in the State Legisla- 
ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, 
and Vermilion Counties, then including all that 
section of the State between Crawford County 
and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. 
Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left 
fatherless at less tlian three years of age, received 
only such education as was afforded in the com- 
mon scliools of that period. Nevertheless, he 
began the study of law in tlie Danville office of 
Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice 
in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. 
He continued in their oflSce and, on the removal 
of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded 
to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. 
Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the 
Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. 
Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of 
the latter. While engaged in the practice of his 
profession, Mr. Beckwith was for o\'er thirty 
years a zealous collector of records and other 
material bearing upon the early history of Illinois 
and the Northwest, probably becoming the owner 
of one of the most complete and valuable 
collections of Americana ia Illinois; was also 
the author of several monographs on historic 
themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The 
Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic 
Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- 
gus Series," be.sides having edited an edition of 
"Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the 



same firm), which he had enriched by the addition 
of valuable notes. During 1895-90 he contributed 
a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago 
Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and 
Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by 
(Ji)vernor Fifer a member of tlie first Board of 
Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 
serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, 
and was re-appointed to the same position by 
Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being 
cho-sen I'rpsidont of tlie Board. Died Dec. 22, 1903. 
BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway 
solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., 
August 37, 1829. but, in 1836, removed with his 
family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived 
upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. 
Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan 
University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to 
Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, 
and began the study of law in the office of his 
brother, Edwin Beeclier, being admitted to prac- 
tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the 
organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- 
road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood 
on the Illinois Central in EfHngham County. 
This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two 
later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- 
ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois 
Southeastern, under which name it was con- 
structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This 
line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time 
as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards- 
town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore 
& Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- 
nois Southeastern Company having fallen into 
financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was 
appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, 
had control of its operation as agent for the bond- 
holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the 
Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the 
Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became 
General Counsel of the controlling corporation, 
so remaining until 1888. From that date he con- 
tinued to be one of the as.sistant counsel of the 
Baltimore & Ohio system. His later home was in 
Cincinnati, although for over a quarter of a century 
he had been prominently identified with one of the 
most important railway enterprises in Southern 
Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher had always been 
a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne 
County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for 
Lincoln in 18G0. He was also a member of the 
Republican State Central Committee of Illinois 
from 18G0 for a period of ten or twelve years. 
Died April 11, 1904. 



42 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergyman and 
educator, was boru at East Hampton, L. I., 
August 27, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher 
and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated 
at Yale College in 1822, taught for over a year at 
Hartford, Conn., studied theolog}', and after a 
year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 
1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street 
Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 
he became President of Illinois College at 
Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he 
resigned and returned to Boston, serving as 
pastor of the Salem Street Church in that 
city until 1856, also acting as senior editor of 
"The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 
he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- 
gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing 
until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where 
he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 
89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- 
gational Church. While President of Illinois 
College, that institution was exposed to much 
hostile criticism on account of his outspoken 
opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- 
tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- 
Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of 
the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his 
brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most 
powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, 
and, in connection with his able associates in the 
faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give 
that institution a wide reputation as a nursery 
of independent thought. Up to a short time 
before his death, he was a prolific writer, his 
productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- 
tributions on a variety of subjects) including 
nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- 
tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles 
and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); 
"A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the 
Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" 
(1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal 
Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number 
of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery 
topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. 

BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest 
son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of 
Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East 
Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- 
dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, 
occupying pulpits at Newport. R. I., Batavia, 
N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in 
his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- 
ters in that city, June 23. 1889. 

BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist 



Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham 
County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who 
was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 
1805, but remained there only two years, when he 
removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed 
but poor educational advantages here, obtaining 
his education chiefly by liis own efforts in what 
he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he 
entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, during the next ten years traveling 
different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was 
appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War 
coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to 
Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in 
Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, 
occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- 
niscences of his early history. A volume of this 
character published bj' him, was entitled "Pages 
from the Early History of the West and North- 
west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895, 
in the 95th year of liis age. 

BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of 
German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 
27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at 
Springfield, where he carried on the grocery 
business for five years, then removed to Chicago 
and engaged in the lumber trade in connection 
with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large 
lumber manufacturing business at Sluskegon, 
Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 
Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- 
vesting largely in west side real estate in the city 
of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, 
making him one of the most wealthy real estate 
owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. — Jacob 
(Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in 
Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 
1842, first began working as a carpenter, but 
later engaged in the grocery business with his 
brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 18-14 removed to 
Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four 
years later, when they engaged largely in the 
lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business 
in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate 
investments. He was a liberal contributor to 
religious, educational and benevolent institutions. 
Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. 

BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was 
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated 
at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in 
the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served 
in the army of tlie Cumberland, first as Lieuten- 
ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth 
Iowa Cavalry, still later being ujwn the staff of 
Gen. E. M. MoCook, and taking part in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



43 



Atlanta and Nasliville campaigns. While a 
prisoner iu the hands of the rebels he was placed 
under tire of the Union batteries at Charleston, 
Coming to Chicago iu 1860, he served as Principal 
in various public schools, including tlie North 
Division High School. He was one of the earli- 
est advocates of manual training, and, on the 
establishment of the Chicago Manual Training 
School in 1884, was appointed its Director^a 
position which he has continued to occupy. 
During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe bj' 
appointment of tlie Government, to investigate 
the school systems in Eurojiean countries. 

BELKN.4 P, Hugh Reid, e.x-Member of Congress, 
was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being 
the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- 
tary of War under President Grant. After 
attending the public schools of his native city, 
he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, 
Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when 
he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, where he remained twelve years in 
various departments, finally becoming Chief 
Clerk of the General Manager. In 1893 he retired 
from this position to become Superintendent of 
the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. 
He never held any political position until nomi- 
nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth 
Congress, in the stronglj- Democratic Third Dis- 
trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed 
a plurality of thirty-one votes for his Democratic 
opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved 
him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- 
tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously 
awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected 
from a District usually strongly Democratic, 
receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was 
defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- 
ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- 
ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army 
from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. 
BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence 
County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel 
and Indiana State University at Bloomington, 
graduating from the law department of the 
latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited 
"The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52 
becoming joint owner and editor of the same 
with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- 
ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne 
County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel 
and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. 
Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief 
Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 
1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County 



Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the 
same office in 1894. He was also President 
of the Illinois Southern Railroad Coirfjiany 
until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes 
Road in 18G7 ; later became President of the St. 
Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a jjart of the 
Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and 
securer! the construction of the division frona 
Princeton, Ind.. to Albion, 111. In 1876 lie visited 
California as Special Agent of the Treasury 
Deijartment to investigate alleged frauds in the 
Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 
was an imsuccessful candidate for Congress on 
the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic 
Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same 
year, a member of the Republican State Central 
Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, 
officiated by appointment of President Garfield, 
as Commissioner to examine a section of the 
Atlantic &' Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. 
Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known 
in the southeastern part of the State as the 
"Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." 

BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair 
County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south 
of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest 
towns in the State, having been selected as the 
county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies 
in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- 
ing district and contains numerous factories, includ- 
ing agricultural implements, flouring mills, a nail 
mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has five 
newspaper establishments, of which four issue both 
daily and weekly editions. Its commercial and 
educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its 
population is largely of German descent. Popula- 
tion (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484, (1910), 21,122 
BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN 
RAILROAD. (See LouinriUe. Evansville A- St. 
Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 

BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, 
a short line of road extending from Belleville to 
East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered 
Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton 
& Terre Haute Railro.ad Companj', June 1, 1883. 
The annual rental is $30,000, a sum equivalent to 
the interest on the bonded debt. The cajiital 
stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt §485,- 
000. In addition to these sums the floating debt 
swells the entire capitalization to §995,054 or $57,- 
317 per mile. 

BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, 
a road 50.4 miles in length nmning from Belle- 
ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 
1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 



44 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & 
Terre Haute Railroad Company for 480 years, and 
has since been operated bj' that corporation in 
connection with its Belleville branch, from East 
St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road 
intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and 
the Sha«Tieetown branch of the St. Louis & 
Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville 
& Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital 
stock (1895) is .$1,000,000 and its bonded debt 
$550,000. The corporate oflice is at Belleville. 

BELLEVILLE & ILLINOISTOWN RAILROAD. 
(See St. Louis, Alton &■ Teii-e Haute Railroad.) 

BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLIXOIS 
RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- 
ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles 
in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and 
completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects 
with the Illinois Central and forms a short line 
between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1,1866, it was 
leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital 
stock is $1,693,000" and the bonded debt $1,000,- 
000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 

BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on 
the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 
miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 
350; (1890), 487, (1900), 624; (1910), 550. 

BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, 
THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 33, 1883, and 
the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & 
Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total 
trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- 
poundsteel rails) is 93.36 miles, distributed as fol- 
lows : Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & 
St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- 
man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; 
second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. 
The cost of construction has been $534,549; capi- 
tal stock, §1,300,000. It has no funded debt. 
The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, 
were S556,847, the operating expenses §378,013, 
and the ta.xes S5 1,009. 

BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- 
kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & 
Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest 
of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rookford ; is con- 
nected with the latter city by electric railroad. 
The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, 
and three banks (two national). One daily and 
one semi-weekly paper are pulilished here. Bel- 
videre also has very considerable manufacturing 
interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- 
chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large 



milk-condensing factory and two creameries. 
Pop. (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937; (1910), 7,253. 

BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- 
section of main line and Chicago Division of 
Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 
166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- 
cultural and stock-raising district; has three 
grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec- 
tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and 
a weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,484; (1910), 1,.530. 

BENJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at 
Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 
29, 1833 ; was educated at Amherst College, Am- 
herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- 
ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst 
and, in 18.50, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on 
an examination certificate furnished by Abraham 
Lincoln, lie was licensed to practice. The first 
public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of 
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in 
shaping the provisions of the new Constitution 
relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen 
County Judge of McLean County, by repeated 
re-elections holding the position until 1886, when 
he resumed private practice. For more than 
twenty years he has been connected with the law 
department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; 
is also the author of several volumes of legal 
text-books. 

BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic 
Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by 
special charter and opened in the autumn of 
1868. Its first sessions were held in two large 
rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, 
and there were thirty matriculates. More com- 
modious quarters were secured the following 
year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, 
in which all the college property was destroyed. 
Another change of location was made in 1874. 
In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a 
new college building, in connection with a hos- 
pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. 
A free dispensary is conducted by the college. 
The teaching faculty (1890) consists of nineteen 
professors, with four assistants and demonstra- 
tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal 
terms with men. 

BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- 
cago, Dec. 8, 1844. but removed with his family, 
in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, 
two years later, he became an apprentice to the 
printing biLsiness in the oHice of "The Whiteside 
Sentinel."' In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



45 



in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100- 
days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his tenn 
of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at 
Savannah, Ga., in January, 1806, with the rank 
of Second Lieutenant. Then resmning his voca- 
tion as a printer, in July, 1807, he purchased the 
office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he 
learned his trade, and has since been tlie editor of 
that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged 
in writing a "History of Whiteside County." 
He is a charter member of the local Grand Armj' 
Post and served on the staff of the Department 
Commander; was Assistant Assessor of Internal 
Revenue during 1870-73. and. in 1878, was elected 
as a Republican to the State Senate for White- 
side and Carroll Counties, serving four j'ears. 
Other positions held by him include the office of 
City Alderman, member of the State Board of 
Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner 
of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93), member of 
the Republican State Central Committee and (1911) 
is serving as U. S. Pension Agent. 

BENTOX, county seat of Franklin County, on 
111. Cent, and Chi. & E. III. railroads; has electric- 
light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- 
torj-, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and 
tile works, extensive coal mines in vicinity; has two 
weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 1,341; (1910), 2,675. 

BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, 
was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and 
educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- 
ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His 
father, James Berdan, Sr, , came west in the fall 
of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York 
Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited 
the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 
111., but died soon after his return, in part from 
exposure incurred during his long and arduous 
winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his 
son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same 
region, and Jacksonville became his home for the 
remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- 
read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle 
and sound culture, with pure literary and social 
tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, 
his refinement of character and dislike of osten- 
tation made him seek rather the association and 
esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he 
was elected County Judge of Morgan County, 
serving by a second election until 1857. Later 
he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica 
& Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of 
construction), serving until it was merged into 
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, 



now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- 
vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also 
served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois 
College. In the latter years of his life he was, for 
a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- 
ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge 
Berdan was the ardent jjolitioal friend and 
admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- 
mate friend and frequent correspondent of the 
poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, 
during a long period of his life, of a number of 
other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, 
the nephew uiul liiographer of Washington Irving, 
was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a 
favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- 
ville, August 24, 1884. 

BERGEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, 
was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; 
studied theology, and, after two years' service as 
tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of 
a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828 
came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the 
erection of the first Protestant church in the 
central part of the State, of which he remained 
pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 
17, 1872. 

BERGGREJf, Aii^iistuit W., legislator, Ijorn in 
Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United 
States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, 
Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- 
burg; held various offices, including that of 
Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator 
(1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the 
Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State 
penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many 
years the very able and efficient President of the 
Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and 
is now its Treasurer. 

BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in 
France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He 
labored among the Tamaroas. being in chargeof the 
mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. 

BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was 
born in McDonough County, III, Feb. 10, 1853; 
early left an orphan and, after working for some 
time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock 
County, where he read law and was admitted to 
the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of 
Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the 
State Senate in 1888 and '93, and, in 1891, took a 
prominent part in securing the enactment of the 
compulsory education clause in the common 
school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- 
lican St.ate Convention of 1896, the same year was 
a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 



46 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic 
competitor, who was declared elected by 104 
plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the 
first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, 
the seat was awarded to Mr. Beny on the ground 
of illegality in the rulings of the Secretarj- of 
State affecting the vote of his opponent. 

BERRY, (Col.) William W., la%vyer and sol- 
dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 33, 1834, and 
educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being thee 
in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, 
at the age of 33, began practice at Louisville, Ky., 
being married two years later to Miss Georgie 
Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered 
the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the 
Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in 
the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the 
sea with Sherman and, during the period of his 
service, receiving four wounds. After the close 
of the war he was offered the position of Gov- 
ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining 
not to go further west than Illinois, declined. 
For three years he was located and in practice at 
Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, 
where he afterwards resided. He always took a 
warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, 
was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of 
the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- 
mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of 
the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- 
ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he 
believed tliat the young minds should take an 
active part in politics. He was one of the com- 
mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to 
locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, 
and, after spending six months inspecting vari- 
ous sites offered, the institution was finally 
located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox 
College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was 
frequently urged by his party friends to run for 
public office, but it was so much against his 
nature to ask for even one vote, that he would 
not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, 
much regretted. May 6, 1895. 

BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- 
ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- 
ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight 
years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in 
real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- 
pointed Postmaster of that city (1843 and 1861) 
and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- 
cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of 
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the 
Whig National Convention of 1853; a State 



Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- 
ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 

1872, while prosecuting a claim against the 
Government for the construction of gunboats 
during the war. 

BERWTN, a city (suburb of Chicago) on the 
Chicago, BurUngton & Quincy and the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroads; is a popular residence section; has 
one local paper. Pop. (1910), 5,841. 

BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on 
Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- 
east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- 
paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American 
born. (1S90). 6SS; (1900), S73; (1910), 859. 

BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- 
tion for j'oung ladies at Springfield, 111., founded 
in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- 
ducted it for some twenty j'ears, imtil her death. 
Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- 
ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at 
§23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the 
preparatory and classical branches, together with 
music, orator}' and fine arts. 

BEYERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, 
was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1838; 
served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as 
Secretary of the Commission which built the 
State Capitol. His later years were spent in 
superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, 
De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. 

BEYERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born 
in Greenwich, N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi- 
nois. 1842, and, after spending some two years in 
Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, 
went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching 
while studj'ing law. Having been admitted to 
the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- 
ing at Sycamore, but three j'ears later established 
himself in Chicago. During the first year of the 
war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- 
nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- 
tain and still later Major; two years later 
became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, 
which he commanded to the close of the war, 
being mustered out, February, 1866, with the 
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war 
he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four 
years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, 
and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large 
to succeed General Logan, elected to the United 
States Senate: resigned this office in January, 

1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, 
and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- 
orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the 
United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



47 



by President Arthur, Assistant United States 
Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- 
land's first election. His last homo was near Los 
Angeles, Cal., where he died May 3, 1910. 

BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sienr 
de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, 
and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the 
time the Illinois country was included in that 
province. He had several brothers, a number of 
whom played important parts in the early history 
of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- 
ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 
1098, their object being to establish a French 
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, 
and SanvoUe, another brother, was placed in 
charge. The latter was afterward made Governor 
of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was 
succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat 
of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined 
by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- 
teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards 
Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to 
France in 1707, but was reinstated the following 
year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of 
the soil, he serioiisly suggested to the home gov- 
ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- 
colored aborigines for negroes from the West 
Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- 
lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out 
as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- 
Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was 
superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's 
first expedition arrived (see Company of the 
West), and brought a Governor's commission for 
Bienville. The latter soon after founded New 
Orleans, which became the seat of government 
for the province (which then included Illinois), in 
1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned 
to France to answer charges; was removed in 
disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given 
the rank of Lifeutenant-General. Failing in vari- 
ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, 
he was again superseded in 1743, returning to 
France, where he died in 1768. 

BKiGS, William, pioneer. Judge and legislator, 
was born in Maryland in 17,53, enlisted in the 
Revolutionary army, and served as an officer 
under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- 
dition for the capture of Illinois from the British 
in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe 
County) soon after the close of the war. He was 
Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and 
later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court 
of Common Pleas. He also represented his 



county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- 
diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, 
in 1827. 

BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj' Railroad, 
15 miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and 
one newspaper and a brick yard; considerable grain 
and live-stock are shipjied here. Population (1890), 
4S7; (1900), 417; (1910), 400. 

BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the 
union of two branches which rise in Jefferson 
County. It runs south and southwest through 
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the 
Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. 
Its length is estimated at 140 miles. 

BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitali-st, was 
born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated 
in the common schools of his native State and 
Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of 
Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor 
for a time of the mail stagecoach line between 
Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, 
invested his means in the securities of the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became 
identified with the business interests of Chicago. 
In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius 
K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- 
cago, of which he served as President from 1859 
to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively 
interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. 
C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- 
prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, 
Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early 
life he had been associated with Commodore 
Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River 
steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his 
other business enterprises, he was principal 
owTier and, during the last twenty-five years of 
his life. President of the Home National and 
Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 
1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions 
of dollars. 

BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, 
Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- 
lege at twenty years of age, and began the study 
of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was 
admitted to the bar two years later and practiced 
there some two years longer. He then removed 
to St. Louis, Jlo. , later resided for a time at 
Waterloo and Cairo, III, but, in 1845, settled at 
Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, 
and the first Judge of the newly organized City 
Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. 
In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison 
County to the State Constitutional Convention of 



48 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- 
sion, on April 19, 1870. 

BIREBECE, Morris, early colonist, was born 
in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to 
America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 
m. He purchased a large tract of land and in- 
duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers 
and farmers to settle upon the same, founding 
the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- 
compromising opponent of slavery, and was an 
important factor in defeating the scheme to make 
Illinois a slave State. He was apjwinted Secre- 
tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, 
but resigned at the end of three montlis, a hostile 
Legislature having refused to confirm him. A 
strong writer and a frequent contributor to the 
press, his letters and published works attracted 
attention both in this country and in Europe. 
Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a 
Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a 
Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters 
from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 
1825, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and 
Slave Laws.) 

BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- 
ernor of Illinois, was bom near Cooperstown, 
N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at 
Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short 
time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- 
roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- 
sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon 
attained high rank as a debater. He studied law 
and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair Countj-, be- 
coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 
1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois 
Volunteers during the Mexican War, and axjhieved 
distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- 
nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first 
elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- 
sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.he left the Demo- 
cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on 
the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was 
challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- 
change of heated words respecting the relative 
courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, 
spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, 
naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's 
friends objected, and the duel never occurred. 
Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March IS, 1860. 

BLACE, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, 
born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29. 1839, at eight 
years of age came with his widowed mother to 
Illinois; while a student at Wabash College. Ind., 
in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union army, serv- 
ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 



1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th III Vol. Inf., he 
retired witli the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ; 
was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- 
ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana. in 1885 
was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving 
until 1889. when he removed to Chicago ; served as 
Congressman-at-Iarge (1893-9.5), and U. S. District 
Attorney (189.5-99); Commander of the Loyal 
Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of 
Illinois); was elected Commander-in-Chief of the 
Grand Army at the Grand Encampment. 1903. 
Gen. Black received tlie honorary degree of A.M. 
from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox 
College; in January, 1904. was appointed by 
President Roosevelt member of the U. S Civil 
Service Commission, and chosen its President. 

BLACEBUBN UNIVERSITY, located at Car- 
linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to 
the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having 
induced friends in the East to unite with him in 
the purchase of Illinois lands at Government 
price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these 
lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust 
for the founding of an institution of learning, 
intended particularly "to qualify young men for 
the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville 
donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty 
acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was 
included in the deed of trust. The enterprise 
lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 
1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- 
rated, and ten years later it was little more than 
a high school, giving one course of instruction 
considered particularly adapted to prospective 
students of theologv'. At present (1898) there 
are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty 
of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as 
preparatory and collegiate departments. The 
institution owns property valued at .5110,000, of 
which $50,000 is represented by real estate and 
§40,000 by endowment funds. 

BLACE HAWE, a Chief of the Sac tribe of 
Indians, reputed to have been bom at Kaskaskia 
in 1767. (It is also claimed tliat he was lx)m on 
Rock River, as well as within the present limits 
of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people 
had been \vrongfully despoiled of lands belonging 
to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- 
monly known as the Black Hawk War. His 
Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signifj-- 
ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but 
susceptible to flattery, and while having many of 
the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral 
force. He was always attached to British inter- 
ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



49 



substantial sort. After his defeat lie was made 
the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which 
humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died 
on a reservation set apart for liim in Iowa, in 
1838, aged 71. His body is s;iid to have been 
exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- 
lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved 
in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical 
Society until \S'>'>, when it was destroyed by fire. 
(See also Black Hawk ^Var: Appendix.) 

BLACKSTONE, Timothy 15., Railway Presi- 
dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 
1829. After receiving a common school educa- 
tion, supplemented bj- a course in a neighboring 
acadeni}', at 18 he began the practical study of 
engineering in a corps emplojed by the New 
York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and 
the same year became assistant engineer on the 
Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus 
employed he applied himself diligently to the 
study of the theoretical science of engineering, 
and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified 
to accept and fill the position of division engineer 
(from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railway. On the completion of the main 
line of that road in 18.55, he was appointed Chief 
Engineer of the Joliet & Cliicago Railroad, later 
becoming financially interested therein, and 
being chosen President of the corporation on the 
completion of the line. In January, 1864, the 
Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- 
stone then became a Director in the latter organi- 
zation and, in April following, was chosen its 
President. This office he filled uninterruptedly 
until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the 
hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also 
one of the original incorporators of the Union 
Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 
1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- 
spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted 
success of his management of the enterprises 
entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for 
the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated 
by the fact that, for some tliirty years, the Chicago 
& Alton Raih-oad paid dividends on its preferred 
and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8}^ per cent 
per annum, and, on disposing of liis stock conse- 
(juent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- 
tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his 
stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole 
— which would have netted him $1,000,000 in 
excess of the amount received, because he was 
unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage 
over smaller stockholders. Died, May 21, 1900. 



BLACKWELL, Kobert S., lawyer, was torn 
at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a 
prominent family in the early history of the 
State. Ids father, David Blackwell, who was also 
a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, 
having been a member of the Second General 
Asseniblj- (182U) from St. Clair County, and also 
of tlie Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was 
ajipointed bj' Governor Coles Secretary of State, 
succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- 
wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had 
just received from President Monroe tlie appoint- 
ment of Receiver of Public IMoneys at the 
Eilwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served 
in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during 
a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois 
Intelligencer," which had teen removed from 
Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly 
opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave 
State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert 
Blackwell, a brother of David and tlie uncle of 
the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with 
Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- 
wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 
1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the 
office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, 
being himself succeeded bj' Elijah C. Berry, who 
had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," 
and served as Auditor until tlie organization of 
the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry 
were chosen State Printers after the removal of 
the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in 
this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell 
located at Vandalia and served as a member of 
the House from Fayette County in the Eighth 
and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in 
the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. — the son of David, 
and the younger member of this somewhat 
famous and historic family — wliose name stands at 
the head of this paragraph, attended the common 
schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early 
manhood removed to Galena, wliere he engaged 
in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law 
with Hon. O, H. Browning at Quincy, beginning 
practice at Rushville. where he was associated 
for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he 
removed to Chicago, having for his first partner 
Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme 
Court, still later being associated with a number 
of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- 
scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an 
elocpient advocate and a brilliant scholar." 
"Blackwell on Tax Titles," from Iiis jien, has been 
accepted by the profession as a high authority on 
that brancli of law. He also published a revision 



50 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract 
of Decisions of the Supreme Court." which had 
reached the third or fourth voliuue at his death, 
May 16, 1863. 

BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at 
Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, 
being descended through five generations of New 
England ancestors. After attending school in 
the town of Cortland, which became his father's 
residence, at the age. of 14 he obtained emploj-- 
ment in a stove and hardware store, four years 
later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge 
of a branch store which the firm had established 
there. The next year he purchased the stock and 
continued the business on his o%vn account. In 
August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he 
established the earliest and one of the most 
extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that 
city, with which he remained connected nearly 
fifty years. During this period he was associated 
with various partners, including C. B. Xelson, 
E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and 
others, besides, at times, conducting the business 
alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common 
with other business men of Chicago, but promptly 
resumed business and, within the next two or 
three years, had erected business blocks, succes- 
sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired 
from business in 1888. He was a Director of the 
Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its 
organization in 1865, as also for a time of the 
Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the 
Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of 
Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of 
the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the 
Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, 
May 10, 1899. 

BLAKELT, David, journalist, was born in 
Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- 
er's trade and graduated from the University of 
Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical 
family which, under the name of "The Blakely 
Family," made several successful tours of the 
■West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, 
Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of 
State and ex-ofBcio Superintendent of Schools, 
serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in 
partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago 
Evening Post," with which he was connected at 
the time of the great fire and for some time after- 
ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and 
became one of the proprietors and a member of 
the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." 
In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of 
the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also 



conducting a large printing business in New 
York, which was his residence. He was manager 
for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band 
of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing 
the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was 
manager up to the time of his decease in New 
York, Nov. 7, 1896. 

BLAKEMAX, Cartiss, sea-captain, and pioneer 
settler, came from New England to Madison 
County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was 
afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of 
which he was cne of the founders. This settle- 
ment, of which the present town of Marine (first 
called Madison) was the outcome, took its name 
from the fact that several of the earlj- settlers, like 
Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain 
Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- 
sented Madison County in the lower branch of 
the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1823 
and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents 
of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. 
A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- 
ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth 
General Assemblies from Madison County. 

BLANCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu 
cator, was born in Rockingliam, Tt., Jan. 19, 
1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1833; 
then, after teaching some time, spent two years 
in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- 
ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, 
in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor 
of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. 
Before this time he had become interested in 
various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a 
delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery 
Convention in London, serving as the jUnerican 
Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed 
the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, 
remaining until 1858, during his connection 
with that institution doing much to increase its 
capacity and resources. After two j-ears spent in 
pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency 
of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill 
until 1S82, when he was chosen President Emer- 
itus, remaining in this position until his death. 
May 14, 1892. 

BLA>T)I\SYILLE, a town in McDonough 
County, on the Toledo, Peoria & 'Warsaw Rail- 
road, 26 miles southeast of BurUngton, Iowa, and 
64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- 
ping point for the grain grown in the surround- 
ing covmtry, and has a grain elevatol and steam 
flour and saw mills. It also has banks, oni' weekly 
newspaper and several churches. Population 
(1890), 877; (1900), 995; (1910), 987. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



51 



BLAXEY, Jerome Van Zaudt, early physician, 
born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1830; was edu- 
cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at 
Philadelphia wlien too young to receive his 
diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel 
Brainard in foimding Rush Medical College at 
Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that 
institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of 
Chemistry and Natural Pliilosophy in Northwest- 
ern Universitj'. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- 
geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the 
army, and was Surgeon in-Chief on the staff of 
General Sheridan at the time of the battle of 
Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the 
Government to pay off medical officers in the 
Nortliwest, in this capacity disbursing over §600,- 
000 ; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- 
Colonel. Died, Dec. 11. 1874. 

BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., 
son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, 
X. Y. , May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel 
Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from 
England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- 
singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion 
College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, 
.Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduat- 
ing, he was employed for several years in the law- 
offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, 
New York. For considerations of health he re- 
turned to the West, and, in 1830, engaged in busi- 
ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. 
Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the 
late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- 
ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established 
in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After 
a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- 
ford taking the Chicago business, which has 
continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- 
ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably 
declined political offices, he has been recognized 
as a staunch Republican, and the services of few 
men have been in more frequent request for 
positions of trust in connection with educational 
and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- 
ous positions of this character which he has been 
called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- 
western Branch of the United States Sanitary 
Commission, during the Civil War, to which he 
devoted a large part of his time; Trustee of Illi- 
nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- 
teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of 
the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary; Trustee of 
the Chicago Art Institute; Executor and Trustee 
of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its 



incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees 
of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John 
Crerar Library ; one of the founders and Presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago 
Manual Training School; life member of the 
Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty 
years President of the Board of Directors of the 
Chicago Theological Seminary ; during his resi- 
dence in Chicago an officer of the New England 
Congregational Church: a corporate member of 
the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- 
President; a charter member of the City 
Missionary Society, and of the Congregational 
Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago 
Union League, the University, the Literary and 
the Commercial Clubs, of wliich latter he has 
been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was 
married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter 
of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven chiUlren — 
four sons and three daughters— have blessed this 
union, the eldest son, Paul, being to day one of 
Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's 
life has been one of ceaseless and successful 
activity in business, and to him Chicago owes 
much of its prosperity. In the giving of time 
and money for Christian, educational and benevo- 
lent enterprises, he lias been conspicuous for his 
generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and 
executive ability in carrying these enterprises to 
success. 

BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- 
field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; 
removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., 
and was educated at Cambridge Academy and 
Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. 
He finished his theological course at Princeton, 
N. J., in 1833, after which he ministered succes- 
sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and 
Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate 
of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- 
port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- 
ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, 
in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicvigo, where he 
remained until compelled bj' failing health to 
resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- 
cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- 
losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently 
assuming the Presidency. The institution having 
been purchased by the Free Ma.sons. in 1844, he 
removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, 
to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the 
remainder of his life. His death octaiiTed in St. 
Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 



52 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, 
acceptable and successful performance of his 
ministerial duties. He was married in 1835 to 
Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliplialet Wickes, 
Esq. . of Jamaica, Long Island, X. Y. 

BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- 
yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Xov. 9, 1809; 
graduated at West Point Military Academy in 
1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- 
son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 
1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor 
of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon 
College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of 
Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- 
ing studied theology, he served for several years 
as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 
he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- 
tice of law, remaining several years, wlien he 
removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became 
Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the 
University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the 
University of Virginia. He then entered the 
Confederate .service with the rank of Colonel, 
but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of 
War; in 1863 visited England to collect material 
for a work on the Constitution, which was pub 
lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, 
where he began the publication of "The Southern 
Review," which became the recognized organ of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later 
he became a minister of the Methodist Church. 
He gained considerable reputation for eloquence 
during his residence in Illinois, and was the 
author of a number of works on religious and 
political subjects, the latter maintaining tlie 
right of secession ; was a man of recognized 
ability, but lacked stability of character. Died 
at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877. 

BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born 
at Amherst, Mass., in 1831. At the age of 10 
years he removed with his parents to Illinois, 
where he attended the district schools, later 
returning to Amherst to spend a year at the 
Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 
1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he 
began the study of law at Cliicago, being 
admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- 
tice at Waukegan, 111., %vhere he has continued 
to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower 
house of the Legislature from Lake County, as 
an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the 
State Senate, in the latter serving four yeare. 
He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being 
employed at different times by tlie Chicago & 
Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 



Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg 
& Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named 
road lie was one of the projectors, procuring its 
charter, and being identified with it in the sev- 
eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- 
dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him 
Judge of the L'nited States District Court for the 
Northern District of Illinois. Tliis position he 
continued to occupy for twenty -two years, resign- 
ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- 
dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the 
United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators 
at Paris, his last official ser\-iee. Died Feb. 9, 1905. 

BLOOMINGDALE, a village of Du Page County, 
30 miles west by north from Chicago. Pop. (1880), 
226; (l.SOO), 463; (1900), 235; (1910), 462. 

BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean 
County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 
miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- 
cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car 
shops and repair works employing some 2,000 
hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- 
naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous 
in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much 
attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wee- 
leyan University, has fine public schools, several 
newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- 
tional and other publications. Tlie business sec- 
tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been 
rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- 
cij>al streets are paved and electric street cars con- 
nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of 
the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- 
phans' Home." Pop. (1900), 23,280: (1910), 25,768. 

BLOOMIXGTON COXVEXTIOX OF 1856. 
Although not formally called as such, this was 
the first Republican State Convention held in 
Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- 
lican organization in the State. A mass conven- 
tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska 
Convention") was held at Springfield during the 
week of the State Fair of 18.54 (on Oct. 4 and 5), 
and, although it adopted a platform in harmony 
with the principles which afterwards became the 
foundation of the Republican party, and appointed 
a State Central Committee, besides putting in 
nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the 
only State officer elected that year — the organi- 
zation was not j)erpetuated, the State Central 
Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington 
Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call 
issued by a State Central Committee a])pointed 
by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held 
at Decatur on February 23, 1856. (See Aiiti-Aeb- 



HISTORICAL EMCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



53 



raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not 
even contain the word "Republican, " but was 
addressed to those opposed to the principles of 
the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing 
Democratic administration. The Convention 
met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the 
Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather 
in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- 
tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- 
ties of the State at that time. Consequently 
representation was very unequal and followed no 
systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties 
into which the State was then divided, only 
seventy were represented bj- delegates, ranging 
from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty 
counties (embracing nearly the whole of the 
southern part of the State) entirely vmrepre- 
sented. Lee County had the largest representa- 
tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of 
Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- 
gates, while Cook County had seventeen and 
Sangamon had five. The whole number of 
delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous 
record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in 
the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- 
bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, 
John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. 
Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards 
became prominent in State politics. The delega- 
tion from Cook County included the names of 
John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George 
Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and 
Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization 
was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams 
County in the chair, followed by the election of 
John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent 
President. The other oflScers were: Vice-Presi- 
dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William 
Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. 
Bryant of Bureau ; A. C. Harding of W^arren ; 
Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of 
Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith 
of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. 
Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John 
Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker 
of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John 
Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La 
Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State 
ticket was put in nomination consisting of 
William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- 
tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, 
for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of 
Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of 
Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, 
for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, 



for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- 
man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- 
dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, 
and his place was subsequently filled by the 
nomination of John Wood of Quinc}-. The plat- 
form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of 
unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition 
to the extension of slavery into new territory. A 
delegation was appointed to the National Con- 
vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, 
following, and a State Central Committee was 
named to conduct the State campaign, consisting 
of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; 
Asahel Gridley of McLean ; Burton C. Cook of 
La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. 
Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the 
occasion, before the convention or in popular 
meetings held while the members were present in 
Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- 
ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton 
C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John 
Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and 
Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been 
Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment 
of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out 
the policy of the administration for making 
Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches 
were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has 
been universally regarded by those who heard it 
as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant 
of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "liouse- 
divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. 
John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his 
paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to 
listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- 
tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he 
(Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage siiellbound by 
the power of his argument, the intense irony of 
his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid 
brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, 
the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after 
cheer told how deeply their hearts had been 
touched and their souls warmed up to a generous 
enthusiasm." At the election, in November 
following, although the Democratic candidate 
for President carried the State by a plurality of 
over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in 
nomination at Bloomington was successful by 
majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the 
several candidates. 

BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on 
the Calumet River and the Chicago, Roi^k Island 
& Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and 
the Illinois Central Rnilwavs. 15 miles south of 



54 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Chicago. It has a high school, churches and t« o 
newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. 
Pop. (19111), 8,043: anne.xed to city of Chicago. 1911. 

BLUE ISLAM) RAILROAD, a short line 3 96 
miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; 
capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois 
Central Railroad Companj'. Its fiuided debt 
(1895) was $100,000 and its lloating debt. §3,779. 

BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on 
the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- 
catur;' in rich grain and live-stock region; has 
three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and 
one newspai>er. Pop. (1900), 714. (1910). 900. 

BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the 
junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of 
the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring- 
field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population 
(1880), 162; (1890), 421. (1900). 539; (1910), 766. 

BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- 
lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was 
brought bj' his parents to Ohio when five years 
old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from 
the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at 
Lacon, III, in 1836, practicing there until 1862, 
when, having been appointed Surgeon of the 
Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- 
moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by 
Dr. Boal have been tho.se of Senator in the 
Fourteenth and Fifteenth General A.ssemblies 
(1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and 
Twentieth (18.54-58), and Trustee of the Institu- 
tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, 
remaining in the latter position seventeen years 
under the successive administrations of Gov- 
ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- 
idge — the la.st five years of his service being 
President of the Board. He was also President 
of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal 
continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, 
when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon 
to reside with his daughter, the widow of the 
late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years 
Representative in Congress from the Eighth 
District. Died June 12, 1903. 

BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the 
State Government, created by an act of the Legis- 
lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed 
by the Executive and is composed of three mem- 
bers (not more than two of whom can belong to 
the same political party), one of whom must l)e 
an employer of labor and one a member of some 
labor organization. The term of office for the 
members first named was fixed at two years; 
after March 1, 1897, it became three years, one 
member retiring annually. A compensation of 



81.500 per annum is allowed to each member of 
the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be 
a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per 
annum. When a controversy arises between an 
individual, firm or corporation employing not less 
than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, 
application may Ije made by the aggi'ieved 
party to the Board for an inquirj- into the 
nature of the disagreement, or both parties may 
unite in the submission of a case. The Board is 
required to visit the locality', carefully investi- 
gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- 
sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once 
made public. If the application be filed by the 
employer, it must be accompanied bj- a stipula- 
tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out 
for the space of three weeks after its date In 
like manner, complaining employes must promise 
to continue peacefull.v at work, under existing 
conditions, for a like period. The Board is 
granted power to send for persons and papers and 
to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions 
are binding upon applicants for six months after 
rendition, or until either partj' shall have given 
the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or 
their intention not to be bound thereby. In case 
the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists 
between employes and an employer having less 
than twenty-five persons in his employ, and tliat 
a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is 
made the duty of the body to put itself into 
communication with both employer and employes 
and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement 
between them by mediation. The absence of any 
provision in the law prescribing penalties for its 
violation leaves the observance of the law, in its 
present form, dependent upon the voluntary 
action of the parties interested. 

BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION (STATE). 
By act of the General Assembly, passed June 15, 
1909, the Governor was authorized to appoint a 
State Board of Administration, with power to 
assume control of the State charitable institutions 
which had been under super^^sion of the Board of 
Public Charities since 1869. The first members of 
the new Board, with periods for which they were 
appointed, were: L. Y. Sherman, President 
(1909-11); Thomas O'Connor and Benj. R. Bur- 
roughs (1909-13); James L. Greene and Frank D. 
Whipp (1909-15), their successors being appointive 
for terms of six years each. Members of the Com- 
mission are required to give all their time to the 
duties of the office, receiving a salary of SO.OOO per 
annum, with traveling expenses while on duty, 
and are authorized to exercise executive and admin 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



55 



istrative control over all State charitable institu- 
tions, to assume property rights of previous Boards 
over such institutions and expend money appro- 
priated by the Legislature for the same; to accept 
and hold in trust, on behalf of the State, grants, 
gifts or bequests of money or projierty for the benefit 
of the insane in State hospitals, etc. They are 
charged with the duty of inspecting, investigating 
and licensing all institutions where persons are imder 
treatment for mental or nervous diseases; have 
power of appointment or removal of buperinten- 
dents or managers of the same; are authorized to 
inspect county jails, city prisons and houses of 
correction, to examine sanitary conditions and 
regulate the admission of patients to the same; and 
to this end it is required that each State institu- 
tion under their supervision shall be visited at 
least once per quarter by some member of the 
Board. The institutions coming under their juris- 
diction by this act are: Schools for the Blind and 
Do;if, Jacksonville; Industrial Home for the Blind, 
and Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago; Institution 
for Feeble-Minded, Lincoln; Hospitals for the In- 
sane at Jackson\'ille, Kankakee, Elgin, Anna, 
Peoria, Watertown and Chester; Soldiers' and Sail- 
ors' Home, Quincy; Soldiers' Widows' Home, \A"il- 
mington; Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Normal; State 
Training School for Girls, Geneseo; and St. Charles 
School for Boys. 

Auxiliary Boards. — Two auxiliary bodies, 
appointive by the Governor, are provided for to 
act in co-operation with the Board of Administra- 
tion: Finst, a Charities Commission consisting of 
five members, with practically the same jjower as 
the former Board of Public Charities. This com- 
mission serves \vithout compensation, except for 
traveling expenses while on duty, is recjuired to 
investigate the whole system of State charitable 
institutions, examine into their condition and 
management and report their findings and recom- 
mendations to the Governor. 

The second is a system of Boards of Visitors, 
each Board consisting of three members for each 
State charitable institution, and appointive under 
the same conditions as members of the Charities 
Commission, for a term of six years. These Boards 
are required to make an insiJection of the institu- 
tions under their supervision, for this purpose a 
majority of each Board, at least once each quarter, 
visiting such institutions as have the whole State 
for a district, in other cases at least once a month, 
and report thereon to the Charities Commission. 

Psychopathic Institute. — It is also made the 
duty of the Board of Administration to establish 
and maintain a State Psychopathic Institute, appoint 



a Director and a Psychologist, who shall perform 
their duties under direction of the Board, and all 
State institutions are retiuired to co-operate with the 
Institute in such manner as the Board may dircct^ — 
the object being to secure mformation in reference 
to mental diseases for the benefit of managers of 
institutions for the insane. All the emploj'es of the 
Board of Administration, the Cliarities Commission 
and the Psychopathic Institute, except the manag- 
ing officers, are placed under the ci\'il service law. 

Other Boards. — vSketches of other Boards con- 
nected wnth the administration of State affairs mil 
be found on page 44Sa of this volume, viz. : Boards 
of Civil Service, of Equalization, of Health, of 
Pharmacy, of Pardons and Food Commission. 

BOUARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born 
in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 38, 1841, and 
left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated 
in the common schools, began working in a store 
at 13, and, in 1803, enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected 
First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service 
as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- 
ous service" before Petersburg. While in the 
service he participated in some of the most 
important battles in Virginia, and was once 
wounded and once captured. In 1873 he located 
in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- 
ful operator in real estate. He has been twice 
elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and 
'80) and three times to the State Senate (1888, 
'93 and '90), and has served on the most important 
committees in each house, and has proved him- 
self one of the most useful members. At the 
session of 1895 he was chosen President pro ton. 
of the Senate. 

BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 
111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native 
town; has held the ofKces of State's Attorney, 
County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of 
the Circuit Court for tlie Second Judicial Circuit, 
being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In 
June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of 
the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. 
Bilker, his term to continue until 1900. 

BOLTWOOI), Henry L., the son of William 
and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- 
herst, Mass.. Jan. 17, 18.31; fitted for college at 
Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst 
College in 185.3. While in college he taught 
school every winter, commencing on a salary of 
■$4 per week and "boarding round" among the 
scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- 
emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 



56 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Derry, N. H., and in the high scliool at Law- 
rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner 
for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1861 he went 
into the service of tlie Sanitary Commission in 
the Department of the Gulf, remaiuing until the 
close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a 
colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered 
in. After the close of the war he was employed 
as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., 
for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- 
ized the first township high school ever organized 
in the State, where he remained eleven years. He 
afterwards organized the township high school at 
Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, 
in 1883, he organized and took charge of the 
township high school at Evanston, where he has 
since been employed in liis profession as a teacher. 
Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State 
Board of Education and has served as President 
of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher 
he has given special attention to English language 
and literature, and to history, being the author 
of an English Grammar, a High School Speller 
and "Topical Outlines of General History," 
besides many contributions to educational jour- 
nals. He did a great deal of institute work, both 
in Illinois and Iowa, and was known somewhat as 
a tariff reformer. Died Jan. 23, 1906. 

BOXD, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Ravenna, 
Ohio, Oct. 27, 1S29; educated in the common 
schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring 
in local factories; studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to 
Chicago, where he gave his attention chiefly to 
practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. 
Bond served several terms in the Chicago City 
Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 
1868, and served two terras in the General A,ssem- 
bly— 1866-70. Died April 1.5, 1903. 

BOXD, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in 
Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the 
State, was born in Slaryland, and, after Ijeing 
liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia wliile 
Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. 
He served as a member of the first Territorial 
Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the 
first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in 
Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the 
latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public 
Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in 
the War of 1812. On the admission of the State. 
in 1818. he was elected Governor, and occupied 
the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- 
kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle 
of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was 



elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then 
comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial 
Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, 
in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly 
organized Territory of Indiana. 

BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- 
east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square 
miles and a population (1910) of 17,075. The first 
American settlers located here in 1807, com- 
ing from the South, and building Hill's and 
.Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. 
.Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely 
twenty-five log cabins in the county. The 
county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin 
was erected in 181.5 by George Davidson. The 
county was organized in 1817, and named in 
honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original 
limits included the present counties of Clinton, 
Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was 
held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge 
Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit 
Court at Hill's Station. The first court house 
was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county 
contains good timber and farming lands, and at 
some points, coal is found near the surface. 

BOXNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- 
former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 
1831; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled 
in Peoria, 111., in 18.50, where he pursued the 
avocation of a teacher while studj-ing law ; was 
admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- 
cago in 1S60, where he was afterwards engaged in 
practice; served as President of the National 
Law and Order League in New York in 1885, 
being repeated!)- re-elected, and had also been 
President of the Illinois State Bar Association, 
as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- 
tion. Among the reforms which he advocated 
were the constitutional prohiliition of special legis- 
lation; an extension of equity practice to bank- 
ruptcy and other law proceedings; ci\-il service 
pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. 
He also published some treatises in book form, 
chiefly on legal questions, besides editing a volume 
of " Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch 
of Ins Character" (1869). As President of the 
World's Congresses Auxiliarj', in 1893, Mr. Bonney 
contril>uted largely to the success of that very 
interesting and imjiortant feature of the great 
Columbian E.xposition. Died Aug. 23, 1903. 

BOOXE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was 
born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a 
descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania 
University and came to Edwardsville. 111., at an 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



57 



early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and 
taking part in the Black Hawk War as Caiitain of 
a cavalry company-; came to Chicago in 1836 and 
engaged in the insurance business, later resuming 
the practice of his profession; served several 
terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 
1855 by a combination of temperance men and 
Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by 
operations in real estate. Died, February, 
1882 

BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- 
ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 2S8 
square miles, and a population (1910) of 15,481. 
Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the 
principal products are oats and corn. The earli- 
est settlers came from New York and New Eng- 
land, and among them were included Medkifl, 
Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and 
Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had 
evacuated the country), came the Shattuck 
brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard. 
Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. 
C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. 
Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and 
organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- 
tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the 
county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for 
fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north 
side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat 
(Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy 
built soon after. The first Protestant church 
was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. 
Dr. King. 

BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County, 
on the Illinois Central Railroad. 5 miles north of 
Kankakee. Pop. (1900), 595; (1910), 611. 

BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Boston, JIass. , March 14, 
1856, gi-aduated from the Northwestern Univer- 
sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard 
in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 
1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the 
United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was 
elected to the lower branch of the Thirty fourth 
General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, 
in the long struggle during the following session, 
participated in the election of Gen. John A. 
Logan to the United States Senate for the la.st 
time. At a special election held in the Sixth 
Illinois District in November, 1897, he was 
elected Representative in Congress to fill the 
vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- 
ecessor. Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at 
the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the 
same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over 



his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 
over all. 

BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was 
born in Concord. N. H., May 14, 1828; in his 
youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, 
but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed 
by a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards 
became a partner, in the manufacture of car- 
wheels and railway castings. Later he became 
associated with the American Bridge Company's 
works, which was sold to the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the 
Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. 
He then became the head of the Union Foundry 
Works, which having been consolidated with 
the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, 
organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. 
Bouton was a Republican, was /^"ommissioner of 
Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms 
before the Civil War, and served as Assistant 
Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois In- 
fantry from 1862 until after the battle of Chick- 
amauga. Died April 3, 1908. 

BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, 
Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall 
College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; 
studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted 
to the bar at Bedford in liis native State, where 
he practiced until 1856, when he i-emoved to Illi- 
nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist 
in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he 
held the position of Captain. At the close of the 
war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and 
in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected 
at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in 
the Twenty-fifth. Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
seventh General Assemblies. He was also a 
Republican Representative from liis District in 
the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses 
(1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. 

BRACEVILLE, a town In Grundy County. 61 
miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining 
is the principal industry. Tlie town has two 
banks, two churches and good public schools. 
Pop. (1S90), 2,1.50; (1900), 1,0(39; (1910), 971. 

BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda 
and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Raihvay ; is in excellent farming region 
and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- 
lent high school building, fine ehurclies, good 
hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 770. 

BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, 
was born in Bedford County, Vn,., July 12, 1787. 
He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the 
first postmaster in Washington County (at Gov- 



58 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ington), the first school-teacher and the first 
Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the 
time of his death he was Probate and County 
Judge. Besides being Clerk of aU the courts, he 
was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- 
tody of all the county's money. For several 
years he was also Depvity United States Surveyor, 
and in that capacity surveyed much of the south 
part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay 
Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 
1839. 

BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer ami 
editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 
16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his 
parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 
1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville. 111., but the 
following year removed to Wheeling, Cook 
County, settling on a farm, where the younger 
Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking 
prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His 
first schooling was obtained in a country log- 
school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson 
Academy in Chicago, wliere he had Judge Lo- 
renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a 
course in Knox CoUege at Galesburg, then a 
manual-labor school, supporting himself bj- work- 
ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, 
etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra 
Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- 
phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged 
in teaching a select school, the subject of tliis 
sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to 
reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, 
but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- 
phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. 
In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook 
County, and re-elected four years later, but 
declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of 
his term occurring during the progress of the 
Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering 
some vigorous decisions which won for him the 
reputation of a man of courage and inflexible 
independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- 
pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the 
lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General 
Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 
1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by 
many believed to have been honestly elected, 
though his opponent received the certificate. He 
made a contest for the seat, and the majority of 
the Committee on Elections reported in his 
favor; but he was defeated througli the treach- 
ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- 
ical friend. He is the author of the law making 
women eligible to school offices in Illinois and 



allowing them to become Notaries Public, and 
had always been a chamiiion for equal rights for 
women in the professions and as citizens. He was 
a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and 
Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided 
over the .\nicrican Woman's Suffrage Association 
at its organization in Cleveland; served as Presi- 
dent of the Cliicago Press Club, of the Chicago 
Bar -Association, and, for a niunber of years, 
as Historian of the latter; was one of the founders 
and President of the Union League Club, besides 
being associated with many other social and busi- 
ness organizations. He was identified in a biLsiness 
capacity with "The Chicago Legal News," founded 
by his wife in 1868, and after her death became 
its editor. Judge Bradwell's death occurred Nov. 
29, 1907.— Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife 
of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., 
Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's 
side from the Chase family to which Bishop 
Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter 
Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham 
Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought 
to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she 
was twelve years of age, when her family re- 
moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, 
Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being 
engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1853, she was 
married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately 
going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- 
ance of her husband, she conducted a select school 
for some time, also teaching in the public schools, 
when they returned to Chicago. In the early 
part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in 
the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their 
families at home, becoming President of the 
Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in 
the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 
1865. After the war she commenced the study 
of law and, in 1868, began the publication of 
"The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- 
mained identified until her death — also publishing 
biennially an edition of the session laws after 
each session of the General Assembly. After 
passing a most creditable examination, applica- 
tion was made for her admission to the bar in 
1871, but denied in an elaborate deci.sion rendered 
by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court 
of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as 
was also done by the Supreme Court of the 
United States in 1873, on the latter occasion 
Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally 
admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was 
the first lady member of the State Bar Asaoci- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



59 



ation. Other organizations with wliich she was 
identified embraced the Illinois State Press 
Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- 
diers' Home (in war time), the "'Illinois Industrial 
School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian 
Home, the Board of Ladj- Managers of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of 
the Woman's Committee ou Jurisprudence of the 
World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although 
much before the public during the latter years of 
her life, she never lost the refinement and graces 
which belong to a true woman. Died, at her 
home in Chicago, Feb. 1-4, 1894. 

BRAIDWOOD, a city in AVill County, incorpo- 
rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- 
mining point, and in the heart of a rich 
agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly 
newspaper. Pop. (1900), 3,279; (1910), 1,958. 

BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in 
Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in 
the private and public schools of that city and at 
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
1857; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- 
nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was 
admitted to the bar in January, 1800, soon after 
establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, 
Menard County, where he continued to reside. 
In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in 
Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- 
sition which he held thirteen years. He was also 
elected Representative in the General Assembly 
in 187'.2, by reelection in 1874 serving four years 
in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth 
General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois 
to the National Republican Convention of 1876, 
and served for several years most efficiently as a 
Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at 
Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the 
Board. Politically a conservative Republican, 
and in no sense an office-seeker, the official 
positions assigned to him came unsought and in 
recognition of his fitness and qualifications. Died 
Felj. 27, 1907. 

BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was 
born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up 
as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The 
Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was 
admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 
1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Jlicli., in 1838 
and l>ecame editor of "The Louisville Adver- 
tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in 
Springfield, 111., and the following year was 
appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to 
adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity 



he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was 
appointed to revise the statutes of the State. 
Later he devoted much attention to railroad 
enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- 
tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite 
Cairo, into Arkansas, which was iiartiallj- com- 
pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- 
stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered 
the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois 
■Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early 
battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; 
was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- 
duct at the latter, and for a time served as 
Adjutant-General on the staff of General JlcCler- 
nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- 
tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving 
the brevet rank of Major-General. After the 
close of the war he devoted considerable atten- 
tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the 
South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 
1S72 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- 
pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four 
years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. 
Died, in Kansas City. Feb. 27, 1895. 

BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on 
Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of 
St. Louis ; has coal mines, water system, bank and 
weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 2,128. 

BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was 
born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the 
generally accepted autliority) July 15, 1800. 
Owing to a certain sensitivene.ss about his age in 
his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult 
to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his 
arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at 
Union College, and his admission to the bar in 
1820, have induced many to believe that the date 
of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. 
He was related to some of the most jirominent 
families in Xew York, including' the Livingstons 
and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- 
kia, began the study of law with liis friend Elias 
Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. 
Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- 
kaskia, he became A.ssistant Secretary of State, 
and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- 
moval of the arcliives of that office to Vandalia, 
the new State capital. Later he was appointed 
Prosecuting Attorney, .serving in that position 
from 1822 till 1827, when he became United 
States District Attorney for Illinois. He was 
the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, 
i.ssuing its first volume of decisions; served as 
Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 



60 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to 
the circuit bench, and, in 18-11, was advanced to 
the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, 
when lie resigned to accept a seat in the United 
States Senate, to wliich he was elected in 18-13 as 
the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating 
Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter 
for the office. Wliile in the Senate (1843-49) he 
served as Chairman of the Committee on Public 
Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the 
construction of a transcontinental railway to the 
Pacific. He was also one of the originators and 
active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the 
Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again 
became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to 
the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than 
one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 
1873-74. His home during most of his public life 
in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred 
at Pinckneyville, June 28, 18T8. 

BREXTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannlieim, 
in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 
14, 1813; was educated at the Universities ot 
Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of 
LL. D., and attaining high honors, both profes- 
sional and political. He was successively a 
member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and 
of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader 
of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became 
President of the Provisional Republican Gov- 
ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced 
to find an asylum in the United States. He first 
settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, 
but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was 
admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the 
field of journalism, becoming editor and part 
proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He 
held various public offices, being elected to the 
Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a 
Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and 
United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- 
eral amnesty having been granted to the 
participants in the revolution of 1848). and 
Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. 
Died, in Chicago. Sept. 17, 1891. 

BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, 
on the Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railroad, 14 miles 
west of Vincennes, Ind., in oilfield; has a bank and 
one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 487; (191U), 2,703. 

BRIDfiEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of 
the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South 
Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the 



center of the large slaughtering and packing 
indu-stry. 

BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- 
WAT. (See Chicago & Xorthem Pacific Railroad.) 

BRIGHTOX, a village of Macoupin County, at 
the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railwaj's; coal is mined 
here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; 
(1890), 742; (1900), 6(50; (1910), .595. 

BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of 
Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief 
industries. It lias one weekly paper and a bank. 
Pop- (1890), 719; (1900), 677; (1910), 576. 

BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom 
in Orleans Countj', N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came 
to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost 
his father at 13 years of age, spent the following 
years in various manual occupations until about 
nineteen years of age, when, having been con- 
verted, he determined to devote his life to the 
ministry. Tlirough the aid of a benevolent lady, 
he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- 
tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- 
ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching 
at various points, meanwhile continuing his 
studies at the University until 1877. After com- 
pleting his course he served as pastor of some of 
the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- 
cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- 
ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington 
City, becoming pastor of the Sletropolitan M. E. 
Church, attended by President McKinley Dr. 
Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator 
of recognized ability. 

BROADWELL, Jforman M., lawyer, was born 
in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; %vas edu- 
cated in the common schools and at McKendree 
and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing 
health to leave college without graduating: spent 
some time in the book business, then began the 
stud3' of medicine with a view to benefiting hia 
own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 
1850, commenced the study of law in the office of 
Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been 
admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at 
Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, 
wliere he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 
he was elected as a Democrat to the House of 
Representatives from Sangamon County, serving 
in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other 
oflBces held by him included those of Covmty 
Judge (1863-65) and Ma3'or of the city of Spring- 



HISTORICAL ENCVCLOl'EDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Gl 



field, to which last position he was twice elected 
(1S()7 and again in lS(i"J). Judge Bioadwell was 
one of the most genial of men, popular, liigli- 
minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, 
in Springfield. Feb. 28, 1S93. 

BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born 
in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; 
graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied 
three years in the theological department of Yale 
College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- 
istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service 
of the American Home Missionary Society. 
After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and 
other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of 
the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the 
principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, 
Morgan County, but three years later removed to 
Springfield, where he established an academy for 
both sexes. Although finally compelled to 
abandon this, he continued teaching with some 
interruptions to within a few years of his death, 
which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- 
tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to 
his death. 

BROSS, TVilliam, journalist, was born in Sus- 
sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated 
with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- 
ing previously developed his physical strength 
bv much hard work upon the Delaware and 
Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For 
five years after graduating he was a teacher, and 
settled in Chicago in 1848. Tlnre he first engaged 
in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. 
His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a 
religious paper, which was discontinued after 
two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. 
Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," 
%vhich was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 
IS'tS, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the 
new concern. He was always an ardent free- 
soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of 
Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- 
astic Republican, and, in 185G and 18G0, served as 
an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was 
the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor. This was his only official position 
outside of a membership in the Chicago Common 
Council in 18.j5. As a presiding officer, he was 
dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was 
shown by the fact that no appeals were taken 
from his decisions. After quitting public life he 
devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- 
ing lectures in various parts of the country. 
Among his best known works are a brief "Hi.s- 
toiy of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," 



and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 
1890. 

BROW>', Henry, lawj'er and historian, was 
born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 
1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of 
General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- 
ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed 
to New York, later studying law at Albany, 
Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to 
the bar about 1813, when he settled down in 
practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed 
Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the 
bench until about 1824. He tlien resumed prac- 
tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when 
he removed to Chicago. The following year he 
was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two 
years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney 
of Cook County. During this period he was 
engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which 
was published in New York in 1844 This was 
regarded at the time as the most voluminous and 
best digested work on Illinois history that had as 
yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the 
Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered 
an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and 
Future," which is still preserved as a striking 
prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- 
nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. 
Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. 

BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in 
Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 
1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- 
ture and Selectman for his town. The son was 
educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he 
studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- 
ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at 
Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he 
became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 
was elected County Superintendent of Schools 
for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two 
years later and assimiing the editorship of "The 
Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as 
Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, 
Feb. 13, 1896. 

BROWN, James N., agi-iculturist and stock- 
man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 
1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, 
locating at Island Grove, where he engaged 
extensively in farming and stock-raising. He 
served as Representative in the General Assem- 
blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was 
instrumental in securing the incorporation of the 
Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he 
was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 
1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 



62 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to 
introduce them in Central Illinois; was also an 
earnest and influential advocate of scientific 
education for the agricultural classes and an 
efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of 
Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- 
gress, in 1863, of the law granting lands for the 
endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which 
grew the Illinois State University and institu- 
tions of like character in other States. Died, 
Nov. 16, 1868. 

BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born 
June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- 
ents emigrating to this country when he was 
eight years old, and settling in Western New 
York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
in October, 1845, and at once removed to Hock- 
ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1853 
he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- 
teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen 
Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to 
the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to 
Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- 
preme Court, and was reelected successiveh' in 
1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 
1891. 

BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, 
v.'as born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent 
his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, 
in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- 
wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme 
Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- 
town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- 
kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the 
United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel 
Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new 
State capital, where he remained until 1835. He 
then removed to Chicago to accept the position of 
Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank 
of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many 
years. He served the city as School Agent for 
thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's 
school fund througli a critical period with great 
discretion and success. He was one of the group 
of early patriots who successfully resisted the 
attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1833-24; 
was also one of the projectors of the Cliicago & 
Galena Union Railroad, was President of the 
Chicago Historical Societ)' for seven years and 
connected with many other local enterprises. 
He was an ardent peisonal frienil of President 
Lincoln and served as Representative in the 
Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-63). 
While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- 
sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. 



BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western 

part of the State, with an area of 306 square 
miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut 
off from Schuyler and made a separate county in 
May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob 
Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the 
Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David 
Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, 
Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and 
Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount 
Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. 
Other prosperous villages are Jlound Station and 
Ripley. Tlie chief occupation of the people is 
farming, although tliere is some manufacturing 
of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois 
River. Pop. (1900), 11,5.57; (1910), 10,397. 

BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, 
was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the 
son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a 
teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- 
dred Years to Come." In cliildliood he was 
brought by his parents to Western ^Massachusetts, 
where he attended the public schools and learned 
the printing trade in his father's newspaper 
office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1863, 
he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one 
year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army 
of the Potomac. On the discharge of liis regi- 
ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- 
ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the 
University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning 
his intenton of entering the legal profession, 
removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in 
journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 
and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," 
when he became literary editor of "The Alliance," 
but, in 1880, he established and assumed the 
editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- 
lication which has gained a high reputation, and 
of which he has remained in control continuously 
ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary 
adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- 
lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his 
journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed 
to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- 
ber of short lyrics, and is the autlior of "The 
Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and 
a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" 
(1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden 
Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); 
"The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" 
(1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- 
ard poetry (1891-93). Mr. Browne was Chairman 
of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



63 



the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- 
nection with The Colunibian Exposition in 
1893. 

BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in 
Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to 
Shawneetown in 1S12, served in the lower branch 
of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) 
and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- 
yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed 
Prosecuting Attorney and, on tlie admission of 
Illinois as a State, was jjromoted to the Su])renie 
bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of tlie 
Legislatui'e in 18'2'>, and serving continuously 
until the reorganization of the Supreme Court 
under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over 
thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial cliaracter 
and abilities have been differently estimated. 
Though lacking in industry as a student, he is 
represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, 
who knew him personally, as a close thinker and 
a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, 
accustomed to argue questions in the conference 
room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity 
for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- 
tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- 
siderable ability and had clear and distinct views 
of his own. An attempt was made to impeach 
him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of 
capacity to discharge the duties of his office," 
l)ut it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He 
was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- 
porters among Democrats. In 1822 .Judge Browne 
was one of the fom- candidates for Governor — in 
the final returns standing third on the list and, by 
dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery 
clause in the State Constitution, contributing to 
the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of 
the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and 
Slavery and Slave Laics.) In the latter part of 
his official term Judge Browne resided at G!a- 
lena, but, in 18.53, removed with his sonin-law, 
ex-Congressman Joseph P. Iloge, to San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — 
probably about 1856 or 1858. 

BROWNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer. United 
States Senator and Attorne3'-General, was born 
in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv- 
ing a classical education at Augusta in his native 
State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was 
admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 lie served 
in tlie Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, 
wa-s a member of the Legislature, serving in both 
houses. A personal friend and political adherent 
of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization 
of the Republican party at the memorable 



Bloomington Convention of 1856. Asa delegate 
to the Chicago Convention in 1860, lie aided in 
securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a 
conspicuous supporter of the Government in the 
Civil War. In 1801 he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator 
Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 
1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- 
pointment of President Johnson, also for a time 
discharging tlie duties of Attorney-General. 
Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of lH(i9-T0, which 
was his last participation in public affairs, his 
time tliereafter being devoted to liis jjrofession. 
He died at his liome in Quincy, 111., .Vugust 10, 
1881. 

BRYAX, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, 
born in Culi^epper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was 
left an orphan at an early age. and came west in 
1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, 
Mo. The following year he came to Marion 
County, 111., where he attended school and 
worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree 
College, graduating in 1849, and two years later 
was admitted to tlie bar, supporting himself 
meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem. 
111., and, in 1853, was elected as a Democrat to 
the State Senate, in which body he served for 
eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he 
was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial 
Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, liis second 
term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, 
he was also elected a Delegate to tlie Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- 
cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley 
ticket in 1873. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— 
William Jenning'S (Biyan), son of the preceding, 
was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early 
life of young Bryan was spent on his father's 
farm, but at the age of ten years he began to 
attend the public school in town ; later spent two 
years in Whipple Academy, ,the i>re])aratory 
dejiartment of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
and, in 1881, gi-aduated from the college proper as 
the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted 
two years to the study of law in the Union Law 
School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and 
studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman 
Trumbull. Having gi-aduated in law in 1883, lie 
soon entered upon the practice of his profession 
at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. 
Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent 
Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) 
found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., whicli has 
since been his home. He took a prominent part 



64 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State 
for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and 
in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for 
Congress in a district wliich had been regarded 
as strongly Republican, and was elected by a 
large majority. Again, in 1892, lie was elected 
by a reduced majority, but two years later 
declined a renomination, though proclaiming 
himself a free-silver candidate for the United 
States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of 
"The Omaha World-Herald." In July. 1896, he 
received the nomination for President from the 
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on 
a platform declaring for the "free and imlimited 
coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver 
(in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later 
was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis 
for the same office — being the youngest man ever 
put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- 
tory of the Government. He conducted an 
active personal campaign, speaking in nearly 
every Northern and Jliddle Western State, but 
was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. 
William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and 
fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual 
compass and power, and is recognized, even by 
his political opponents, as a man of pure personal 
character. 

BRYAN, Tliomas Barbour, lawyer and real 
estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., 
Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal 
side from the noted Barbour family of that 
State; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the 
age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 
1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- 
tensive real estate interests and built Brj'an 
Hall, which became a popular place for en- 
tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well 
as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen 
to deliver the address of welcome to Senator 
Douglas, when that statesman returned to 
Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. 
During the progress of the war he devoted his 
time and his means most generously to fitting out 
soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and 
wounded. His services as President of the great 
Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some 
§300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were 
especially conspicuous. At this time he became 
the pui-chaser (at 83,000) of tlie original copy of 
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, 
whicli had been donated to the cause. He also 
rendered valuable service after tlie fire of 1871, 
though a he;ivy sufferer from that event, and was 
a leading factor in securing the location of the 



World's Colmnbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, 
later becoming Vice-President of the Board of 
Directors and making a visit to Europe in the 
interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan 
resided in Washington for some time, and, by 
appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- 
missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing 
refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done 
much for the encouragement of literature and 
art in Chicago. His home was at Elmhurst, 111. 
Died Jan. 25, 1906.— Charles Page (Brj-an), son 
of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, 
was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1S.>5, and educated 
at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law 
School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and 
the following year removed to Colorado, where 
he remained four years, while there serving in 
both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he 
returned to Chicago and became a member of the 
First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, 
serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby 
and Governor Fifer ; in 1890, was elected to the 
State Legislature from Cook County, being re- 
elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first 
Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of 
tlie World's Columbian Exposition, on his return 
serWng as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- 
sioners in 1891-93. In the latter part of 1897 he 
was appointed by President McKinley Minister 
to China, but before being confirmed, early in 
189S, was assigned as Mini.ster to Brazil, serving 
until 1902; has since served in similar capacity in 
Switzerluiid (1902-03). Portugal (1903-10). Belgium 
(1910-11); in 1911 was appointed Envoy Extra- 
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Japan. 

BRY.A.XT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of 
William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in 
Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at 
the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, 
N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- 
ous offices in Bureau County, including that of 
Representative in the General Assembly, to which 
lie was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A 
practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- 
fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society 
in its earlj' history, as also with the movement 
which resulted in the establishment of industrial 
colleges in the various States. He was one of the 
founders of the Republican party and a warm 
personal friend of President Lincoln, being a 
member of the first Republican State Convention 
at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector 
of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the 
Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



05 



years later was identilied witli the "Inde])endent 
Reform" party, but later co-operated with the 
Democratic party. He produced two vohimes of 
poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, 
besides a number of public addresses. Died at his 
home at Princeton, III., Jan. 14, 1902. 

BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- 
ben Coimty. N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois 
Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- 
tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being 
much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his 
death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the 
endo\vment funds of the Wesleyan University at 
Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College 
at Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August 
22, 1892. 

BUDAja village in Bureau County, at the junc- 
tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- 
ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of 
the Chicago & Northwestern. 13 miles southwest 
of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of 
Chicago; has excellent water- works, electric- 
light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, 
graded school, a bank and one newspaper 
Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a 
good-sized creamery is located here. Population 
(1890), 990; (VMO), 873; (1910), 887. 

BUFORl), Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and 
soldier, was born in Woodford County. Ky., Jan. 
13, 1807; gi-aduated at West Point Military Acad- 
emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant 
of Artillerj'; entered Harvard Law School in 
1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and 
Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then 
resigned his commission, and, after some service 
as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, 
established himself as an iron-founder and banker 
at Rock Island, 111. , in 18.57 becoming President 
of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 
he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of 
the Twenty-seventh IllinoLs, serving at various 
points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as 
also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, 
Ark., where he was in command from Septem- 
ber, 1803, to March, 18G5. In the meantime, by 
promotion, he attained to the rank of Slajor- 
General by brevet, being mastered out in August, 
1865. He subsequently held the post of Special 
United States Commi.ssioner of Indian Affairs 
(18C8), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific 
Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. 

BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born 
at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23, 
1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 



years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- 
ing school in a log school-house in the winter and 
working on a farm in the summer. His family 
then removed to Illinois, finallj' locating at 
Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the 
preparatory department of Shurtleff College at 
Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was 
immediately made Principal of the i)reparatory 
department, remaining two years, when he was 
ordained to tlie Baptist ministry and became 
pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years 
later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics 
in Shurtleff College, but remained only two 
years, when he accepted the pastorship of a 
church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill 
nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a 
church at Upper Alton. At the expiration ot 
one year he was again called to a professorship 
in Shurtletf College, this time taking the chair of 
Church History and Church Polity, which he 
continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; 
also serving for a time as Acting President dur- 
ing a vacancy in that office. During this period 
he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- 
erator at General Associations of the Baptist 
Church, and he became widely known, not only 
in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at 
Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. 

BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was born 
in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the 
eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin 
Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the 
part}' who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from 
the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 
1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1838, he 
arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, 
but soon after secured a position with Judge 
Henry H. .Snow, who then held most of the 
county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- 
mi.ssioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and 
Justice of the Peace. Here the 3'oung clerk 
made himself acquainted \vith the people of the 
coimty (at that time few in number), with the 
land-system of the country and with the legal 
forms and methods of procedure in the courts. 
He remained with Judge Snow over two years, 
receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- 
lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars 
per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's 
family. He next accepted a situation with 
Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the 
most prominent mercantile houses of the city, 
remaining through various changes of the firm 
until 1844, when he formed a iiartnership with 



66 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II. 
Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware 
and crockery, which was the first attempt made 
in Quincy to separate the mercantile business 
into different departments. Disposing of their 
business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull 
embarked in the private banking business, which 
they continued in one location for about thirty 
years, when they organized the State Savings 
Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the 
position of President until 1898, when he retired 
Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the 
improvement and gro\vth of the city , was one of 
the five persons who built most of the horse rail- 
roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, 
President of the Company. The Quincy water- 
works were sometime owned entirely l>.v himself 
and his son. He never sought or held political 
office, but at one time was the active President of 
five distinct business corporations. He was also 
for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois 
College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 
to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. 
Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they 
had five children. In politics he was a Republi- 
can, and in religious associations a Congrega- 
tionalist. Died Mar. 2, 1905. — Charles Henry 
(Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in 
Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16, 1822. and removed 
to Quincy, 111., in Jime, 1837 He commenced 
business as a clerk in a general store, where 
he remained for seven years, when he entered 
into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, 
in the hardware and crockerj' business, to 
which was subsequently added dealing in 
agricultural implements. This business was 
continued until the year 1861, when it was 
sold out, and the brothers established them- 
selves as private bankers under the same firm 
name. A few years later they organized the 
Merchants' and Farmers" National Bank, which 
was mainly owned and altogether managed by 
them. Five or six years later this bank was 
wound up, when they returned to private bank- 
ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when 
it was merged in the State Savings Loan & 
Trust Company, organized under the laws of 
Illinois with a capital of §300,000, held equally 
by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. 
Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- 
dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the 
First National Bank of Quincy was merged into 
the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with 
J. n. Warfield, the President of the former, as 
President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull 



was one of the parties who originally organized 
the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- 
pany in 1869— a road intended to be built from 
Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to 
Browns%'ille, Neb., and of which he was (1898) 
the President, the name ha\'ing been changed to 
the Quincy, Omaha & Ivansas City Railway. He 
was also identified with the construction of the 
.system of street railways in Quinc3', and con- 
tinued active in their management for , about 
twenty years. He was also active in various other 
public and private enterprises, and has done much 
to advance the growth and prosperity of the city. 
Died Nov. 27, 1908. 

BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St, Louis 
Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has 
electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal 
mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other 
manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera 
house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- 
tary academy and fine public schools, and many 
handsome residences; is situated on high ground 
in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an 
important shipping-jioint. Pop. (1910), 1,046. 

BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was 
born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814. came 
to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began 
business as a grocer, to which he afterwards 
added that of private banking, continuing until 
1878. During a part of this time his bank was 
one of the best known and widely regarded as 
one of the most solid institutions of its kind in 
the State. Though crippled by the financial 
revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in 
depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. 
After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed 
charge of the Springfield "Watch Factory, in 
which he was a large stockholder, and of which 
he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- 
tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in 
"The Chicago Republican'" (the predecessor of 
"The Inter-Ocean""), and was one of the bankers 
who came to the aid of the State Government with 
financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil 
War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897.— John W. 
(Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor 
to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has 
been a prominent business man of Springfield. 
Served many years as Treasurer of the State Agri- 
cultural Board and of Illinois State University; is 
now President of the Marine Bank, Springfield. 

BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa- 
tor, was born at Frankfort-on-tlie-Maiue. Ger- 
many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



67 



city and at Berlin University; while still a 
student took part in the Peninsular War which 
resulted in the downfall of Naiwleon, but resum 
ing his studies in 1816, graduated tliree years 
later. He then founded a boys' scliool at Frank- 
fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, 
having been implicated in the republican revolu 
tion of 1833. he was forced to leave tlie country, 
locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair 
County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in 
the public schools, served in the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847. was elected School 
Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having 
removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a 
private school for the instruction of teachers 
while discharging the duties of his office; later 
was appointed a member of the first State School 
Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the 
establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni 
versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He 
was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," 
and, for several years prior to his death, served 
as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without 
compensation. Died, November, 1873. 

BURCHARD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was 
born at Marshall, Oneida County. N. Y., Sept. 22, 
1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 
1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 
111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- 
sion he was a lawyer, but had also lieon largely 
interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 
1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson 
County : from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State 
Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- 
tive in Congress, being each time elected as a 
Republican, for the first time as the successor of 
E. B. Wasliburne. After retiring from Congress, 
he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the 
United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked 
ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in 
cliarge of the Bureau of Awards in connection 
with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- 
ing practice of his profession. Died Mar. 14, 1908. 

BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and 
humorist, was bom in Greensborough, Pa. , July 
30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, 
where he was educated in the public schools. In 
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh 
Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the 
war; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed 
upon "Tlie Peoria Transcript" and other papers 
of that city. Later he became associated with 
"The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which 
he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- 



ist. Several volumes of his sketches liave been 
published, but in recent years he luis devoted his 
attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional 
contributions to the literary press. 

BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam 
Coimty in 1837, near the center of the northern 
half of the State, Princeton being made the 
county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, 
there being considerable quantities mined at 
Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- 
tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale 
as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all 
sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and, in 1890, 
contained a population of 3,396. The county has 
an area of 840 square miles, and, afcording to t4ie 
census of 1910, a po]nilation of 43,975. The jiio- 
neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the 
first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was 
soon followed by the Anient brothers (Edward, 
Justus and John L. ), and for a time settlers came 
in rapid succession, among the earliest being 
Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, 
William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard 

Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious 

Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of 
the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 
1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the 
whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large 
influx of immigrants. Among other early set- 
tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers 
of the poet, William CuUen Bryant. 

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- 
lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation 
and discontent among the laboring classes, which 
culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of 
five Commissioners, wlio serve for a nominal 
compensation, their term of office being two 
years. They are nominated by the Executive 
and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires 
that three of them shall be manual laborers and 
two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is 
charged with the collection, compilation and 
tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- 
nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- 
cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary 
conditions of the working classes. The Com- 
mission is required to submit biennial reports. 
Those already published contain much informa- 
tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, 
convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- 
outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage 
inilebtedness, and kindred topics. 

BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal 
Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, w;is born at 
Providence, R. I., Oct. '31, 1819. He graduated 



68 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



from Brown University in 1838 and from tlie 
General Theological Seminary (New York) in 
1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842, and 
ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- 
vation to the episcopate he was rector of various 
parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at 
Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses 
of Maine, Long Island and Massachu.setts in the 
General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, 
was President of the House of Deputies. Upon 
the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, 
he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- 
ceed him but declined. When the diocese of 
Quincy, 111. was created, he was elected its first 
Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- 
field, Mass.. on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing 
a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the 
author of several Sunday-school question books, 
cai'ols and hymns, and has been a contributor to 
periodical church literature. His residence is at 
Peoria. 

BURLEY. Arthur Oilman, merchant, was born 
at Exeter, N. H.. Oct. 4, 1813, received his edu- 
cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came 
West, locating in Chicago. For some two years 
he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing 
store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted 
a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, 
the proprietor of the first book and stationery 
store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings 
in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from 
the old State Bank, and entered upon a business 
career which was continued uninterruptedly for 
nearly sixty years. In that time Sir. Burley 
built up a business which, for its extent and 
success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. 
His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a 
member of the firm in 1853. the business there- 
after being conducted under the name of Burley 
& Tyrrell, with BIr. Burley as President of the 
Company until his death, which occurred, August 
37, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of 
the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 
28, 1819; was educated in the schools of his native 
State, and, in his youth, was emploj^ed for a 
time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to 
Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman 
in the book and stationery store of his half- 
brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a 
partner, and, on the retirement of 5Ir. Gale a 
few years later, succeeded to the control of the 
business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and 
stationery business, and about the same time 
became one of the founders of the Merchants' 



Loan and Trust Company, with which he was 
connected as a Director several years. Mr. Burley 
was a member of the volunteer fire depart^ 
ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the 
numerous public positions held by him may be 
mentioned, member of the Board of Public Works 
(1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park 
(1869), Representative from Cook County in the 
Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City 
Comptroller during the administration of Mayor 
Medill (1873-73), and again undar Mayor Roche 
(1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). 
Politically, Mr. Burley had been a zealous Repub- 
lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense 
Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and 
was a delegate from the State-at-large to the 
National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 
1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the 
Presidency a second time. Dietl Nov. 27, 1903. 

BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was 
born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; camo to 
Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private 
schools and the Chicago High School, after which 
he spent two years at Waltham, Mass.. receiving 
special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867, 
he was afterwards associated with various firms. 
About 1873 he formed a business connection with 
J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the 
death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham 
& Root furnished the plans of a large number of 
the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- 
cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- 
nection with the construction of buildings for the 
World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. 
Root was Supervising Architect previous to his 
death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of 
Construction and, later. Director of Works. In 
this capacity his authority was almost absolute, 
but was used with a discretion that contributed 
greatly to the success of the enterprise. 

BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was 
born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829; 
came to Illinois about 1833 with his widowed 
mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life 
he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read 
law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, 
following the occupation of a printer. Here he 
was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- 
eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving 
as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1863. Having removed to Carrollton, 
Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to 
the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 
1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August, 
1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



69 



vat-ancy and was re-elected for the regular term 
in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. 

BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was 
born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with Ins 
parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing 
up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common 
school education; in 18.50 went to California, 
driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after 
the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a 
company of cavalry, of which he was elected 
Captain, and whicli became a part of the First 
Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County 
Judge from 18T3 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff 
in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative 
in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth 
District, composed of counties whicli formerly 
constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth 
District, and which had uniformly been repre- 
sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a 
candidate for re-election in 1896. 

BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and 
educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 
1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and 
JIadison Theological Seminary in 1846. After 
five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at 
Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he 
assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church 
of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi- 
dency of the Chicago University, then just 
established, having previously declined the 
presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. 
Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after 
became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- 
intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving 
until his death, April 21, 1892. 

BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 
1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to 
Urbana, 111., where he was educated and has 
since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged 
in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 
attended a commercial college and read law. In 
1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned 
to enter the Union Army, being commi.ssioned 
Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and 
assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in 
the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois 
Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- 
Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward jiromoted 
to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at 
Chicago, August 6, 1865, with tlie rank of Brevet 
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
ful candidate for the General Assembly on the 
Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State 



University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was 
Mayor and President of the Board of Education 
of Urbana. In 1807 he opened a i)rivate bank, 
which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- 
teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can 
non, Republican, by whom he was in turn defeated 
for the same office in 1892. Died .\ug. 12, 1909. 

BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- 
turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles 
northeast of Macouib, at the junction of two 
branches of the Cliicago. Burlington & Quincy 
with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has 
numerous manufactories, including wooden 
pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons 
and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- 
boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry 
packing houses; also has water-works and elec- 
tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several 
churches, graded public and high schools, two 
newspapers and a ]niblic library. Pop. (1910), 2,G19. 

BUSHXELL, Ncheniiah, lawyer, was born in 
the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813. 
graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law 
and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in 
December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where, 
for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" 
of that city, later forming a partnership with 
O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken 
until bis death. In his practice he gave much 
attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; 
in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- 
ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- 
burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company 
and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 
1872 he was elected by the Republicans the 
"minority" Representative from Adams Comity 
in the Twentj'-eighth General Assembly, but 
died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. 
He was able, high-minded and honorable in public 
and private life. 

BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- 
ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., 
Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with liis father to 
Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on 
a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and 
established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. 
The public positions held by him were those of 
State Senator for La Salle County (1861-60) and 
Attorney -General (1869-73); was also a member 
of the Republican National Convention of 1864, 
besides being identified with various business 
enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 



70 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was bom 
in Adair County, Ky., Dec. V), 1797; during the 
war of 1813, at the age of 16 years, served as the 
messenger of the GoTernor of Kentucky, carrying 
dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in 
the field; remored to Sangamon County, 111., in 
1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the 
Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 
1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury 
which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" 
charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it 
was largely through his influence that the pro- 
ceedings of that body were subsequentlj- pub- 
lished in an official form. During the same year 
Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer 
to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of 
James Miller, and he was elected to the same 
office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- 
porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently 
befriended in the early struggles of the latter 
in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11, 
1876. 

BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was 
born at Keene, N. H.. in 1790. He studied at 
Williams College, and was admitted to the bar 
at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years 
devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's 
Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where 
he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he 
settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in 
his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed 
by President Harrison United States District At- 
torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by 
President Taylor Commissioner of the General 
Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the 
latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- 
tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- 
ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, 
of whom Mr. Butterfleld was a personal friend 
and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he 
rendered valuable service to the State in securing 
the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical 
and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at 
repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the 
Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories 
are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and 
elsewhere. One of the former relates to his 
address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the 
United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- 
corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, 
the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under 
the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- 
ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin 
his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to 
address the Pope"' (bowing to the Court), "sur- 



rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party 
of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of 
the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of 
the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if 
he was opixised to the war with Mexico, he 
replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his 
opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — 
"but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for 
war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 
1855. 

BYFORD, William H., physician and author, 
was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 
came with his widowed mother to Crawford 
County, 111., and began learning the tailor's 
trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at 
Vincennes and practiced at different points in 
Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the 
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he 
assumed a professorship in a Medical College at 
Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. 
In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- 
cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two 
years later became one of the founders of the 
Chicago Medical College, where he remained 
twertj' years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, 
assuming the chair of Gj-necologj-. In 1870 he 
assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- 
lege of Chicago, remaining President of the 
Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death. 
May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical 
works which are regarded as standard by the 
profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. 
Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical 
Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical 
Journal and Examiner," the successor of the 
former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest 
esteem as a physician and a man, both by the 
general public and his professional associates. 

BYROX, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- 
esque region on Rock River, at junction of the 
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul Railways, 83 miles west-north- 
west from Chicago; is in rich farming and 
dairj-ing district; has two banks and one weekly 
paper. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015; 
(1910). 932. 

CABLE, a town in Mercer (bounty, on the Rock 
Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east 
from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal 
industry, but there are also tile works, a good 
quality of clay for manufactviring purposes being 
found in abundance. Population (1880), 572, 
(1890), 1,276; (1900), 697; (1910), 360. 

CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician, 
was born in Georgetown, Scott Coimty, Ky.. 



mSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



71 



August 11, 1853. When he was three j-ears old 
his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111., 
where he has since resided. After passing 
through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- 
ulated at the University- of Michigan, graduating 
in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and 
manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; 
is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- 
ential in his party, having been a member of both 
the National and State Central Committees. In 
1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh 
Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public 
office. 

C.iBLE, Bansoni R., railway manager, was 
born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. 
His early training was mainly of the practical 
sort, and by the time he was IT years old he was 
actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he 
removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention 
to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock 
Island. Later he became interested in the pro- 
jection and management of railroads, being in 
turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- 
dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His 
next position was that of General Manager of the 
Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His 
experience in these positions rendered him famil- 
iar with both the scope and the details of railroad 
management, while his success brought him to 
the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- 
way interests all over the country. In 1876 he 
was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with 
this company he also held, successively, the offices 
of Vice-Presideat, Assistant to the President, Gen- 
eral Manager and President, being chief executive 
officer from 1880. Died Nov. 12, 1909. (See 
Chicago, Rock Islatid & Pacific Railway.) 

CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- 
ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, 
one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- 
sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas 
here in 1700, to which they gave the name of 
"Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the 
settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a 
few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were 
jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, 
when that county was organized by Governor St. 
Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph 
County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was 
continued as the county-seat of the parent 
county, so remaining until the removal of the 
seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its 
early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- 
tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated 



at 100. Descemlants of the early French settlers 
make up a considerable portion of the present 
population. The site of the old town is on the 
line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
road, about four miles from East St. Louis. 
Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in 
the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia 
Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- 
Builders, TToWi-s of the.) 

CAIRXES, .4braliam, a native of Kentucky, in 
1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., 
which was embraced in Lawrence County on the 
organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes 
was a member of the House for Crawford County 
in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and 
for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in 
the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- 
tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence 
County to some point on the Mississippi River in 
1826, but further details of his history are un- 
known. 

CAIRO, the county-seatof Alexander County, 
and the most important river point between St. 
Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- 
tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- 
rach Bond (afterwards Go%'ernor of Illinois), John 
G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the 
"Cit}' and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered 
about 1 , 800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- 
ges, the land reverted to the Government. The 
forfeited tract was re-enttred in 1835 by Sidney 
Breese and others, who later transferred it to the 
"Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation 
chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased 
its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is 
said to have erected the first house, and John 
Hawley the second, within the town limits. In 
consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois 
Central Railroad has erected around the water 
front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- 
ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base 
for military operations; is an important shipping 
point; has flouring mills and other factories; 2 daily 
and 3 weekly pajiers. Pop. (1910), 14,.')18. 

CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of 
modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, 
opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest 
metallic bridge across a river in the world, being 
thirtj'-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in 
Scotland. The work of construction was begun, 
July 1, 1887. and uninterruptedly prosecuted for 
twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 
1889. The first train to cross it was made up of 
ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 



72 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky 
shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced 
timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach 
consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet e;ich, and 
one span of 106 Ji feet. All these rest on cylin- 
der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally 
supported by piles driven within the cylinders. 
The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar 
general construction. The total number of spans 
is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, 
and one of 106!4^ feet. The total length of the 
metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, 
including that of the bridge proper, which is 
4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through 
spans and three deck spans. The through spans 
rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic 
foundations. The total length of the bridge, 
including the timber tre.stles, is 20,461 feet — about 
SJi miles. [Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle 
work has been filled in with earth, while that on 
the southern shore has been virtually replaced by 
an embankment since the completion of the 
bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.43 feet in 
the clear above low water, and from the deepest 
foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 
248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including 
the filling and embankment of the trestles, has 
been (1895) between §3,250,000 and §3,500,000. 

CAreO, VINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- 
ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from 
Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine 
miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- 
cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & 
Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, 
placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold 
under foreclosure in January, 1880. and for some 
time operated as the Cairo Division of the 
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, 
having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. 
Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the 
Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as 
the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, 
in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known 
as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- 
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) 

CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, (See St. 
Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile <t Ohio Rail- 
way.) 

CAIRO & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See 
Cairo, Vincennes & Cliieago Railroad.) 

CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician 
and legislator (the name is spelled both Cad well 
and Caldwell in the early records), was born at 



Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 21, 1773, and received 
his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- 
fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter 
of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of 
Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress 
from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), 
and was elected the first Delegate in Congress 
from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking 
his seat in August, 1833. Lyon was also a resi- 
dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate 
for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territorj-, 
but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp- 
stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the 
Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's 
family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger 
(see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a 
prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party 
locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell 
and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near 
old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in 
the American Bottom. The former finally 
located on the banks of the Mississippi a few 
miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his 
profession and held various public offices, includ- 
ing those of Justice of the Peace and County 
Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison 
County after the organization of the latter. He 
served as State Senator from Madison County 
in the First and Second General Assemblies 
(1818-22), and, having removed in 1830 within the 
limits of what is now Morgan County (but still 
earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected 
to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — 
the latter at that time embracing all the northern 
and northwestern part of the State, including 
the county of Cook. During the following ses- 
sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent 
of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His 
home in Morgan County was in a locality known 
as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of 
Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1836. 
{Bee Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or 
Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded 
a high degree of respect among early residents of 
Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer 
History of Illinois," .says of him: "He was 
moral and correct in his public and private life, 
. . . was a respectable physician, and always 
maintained an unblemished character." 

CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, 
was born at AVatertown, N. Y., April 14, 180f<; 
learned the printing trade and practiced it in his 
native town, also working in a type-foundry in 
Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall 
of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



73 



an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, 
and, on Nov. 20, began the issue of "The Chicago 
Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that 
city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of 
the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- 
ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it 
until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 
1861. Mr. CaDioun afterwards served as County 
Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as 
agent of the Illinois Central Raikoad in procur- 
ing right of way for the construction of its lines. 
Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. 

CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was 
born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to 
Springfield, 111., in 1830, serveil in tlie Black 
Hawk War and was soon after appointed County 
Surveyor. It was under Sir. Calhoun, and by his 
appointment, that Abraliam Lincoln served for 
some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon 
County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- 
ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated 
in 1840, thougli elected Clerk of the House at the 
following session. He was a Democratic Presi- 
dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful 
candidate for the nomination for Governor in 
184<5, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '01), 
served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 
1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- 
wards Governor and United States Senator), as a 
candidate for Congress, but two years later was 
appointed by President Pierce Surveyor- General 
of Kansas, where lie became discreditablj' con- 
spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out 
the policy of the Buchanan administration for 
making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- 
nection with the Lecomptou Constitutional Con- 
vention, with the election of which he had much 
to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. 
Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. 

CALHOUN, William J., lawyer, was born in 
Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at 
various points in that State, his family removed 
to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, 
when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth 
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of 
the war. He participated in a number of severe 
battles while with Slierman on the march against 
Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- 
ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the 
war he served in Texas, being mustered out at 
San Antonio in that State, thougli receiving his 
final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the 
war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, 
where he. became the intimate personal friend of 
Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to the 



Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the 
seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 
111., and began the study of law, later taking a 
course in a law school in Chicago, after wliich he 
was admitted to the bar (18T5) and established 
himself in practice at Danville as the partner of 
the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun 
was elected as a Republican to the lower branch 
of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during 
the following session, proved himself one of the 
ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. 
Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a 
special envoy to investigate the tnrcumstances 
attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- 
uralized citizen of the United States who Iiad 
died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards 
during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. 
In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- 
State Commerce Commission, is now (1911) Envoy 
Extraordinary anilMini.ster Plenipotentiary toChina. 

CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the 
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their 
junction. It has an area of 254 square miles, 
with a population (1910) of 8,610; was organized 
in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- 
nally, the county was well timbered and the 
earl}' settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, 
which tended to give the population more or less 
of a migratory character. Much of the timber 
has been cleared off, and the principal business 
in later years has been agriculture, although coal 
is found and mined in paj'ing quantities along 
Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- 
ines found the precious metals in the bed of this 
stream. It was originally included within the 
limits of the Military Tract set apart for the 
veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- 
formation of the county's surface exhibits some 
peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- 
times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of 
botli rivers, while through the center of the 
co\mty runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. 
The side valleys and the top of the central ridge 
are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very 
ricli, but are liable to inundation. The county- 
seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- 
tion (1890) of 311. 

CALLAHAN, Etiielbert, lawyer and legislator, 
was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; 
came to Crawford Coimty, 111., in 1849, where he 
farmed, taught school anil edited, at different 
times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall 
Telegraph." He early identified himself with 
the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the 
Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 



74 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



trict ; became a member of the first State Board 
of Equalization by appointment of Governor 
Oglesby in 1807; served in the lower house of the 
General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91, 
'93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee 
to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also 
Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. 
Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 
30 years of age, and was President of the State 
Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. 
CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main 
body of which is formed by the union of two 
branches which come together at the southern 
boundary of the city of Chicago, and wliich flows 
into Lake Jlichigan a short distance north of the 
Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known 
as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- 
tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with 
the Little Calumet from the west, 3/4 miles from 
the mouth of the main stream. From the south- 
ern limit of Chicago the general course of the 
stream is north between Lake Calumet and 'Wolf 
Lake, wliich it serves to drain. At its mouth, 
Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which 
admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy 
draught, and is a shii)ping and receiving 
point of importance for heavy freight for 
the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace 
Car Works and other manufacturing establish- 
ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as 
a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the 
General Government to a depth of twentj' feet 
and 300 feet wide for a distance of two miles, 
with a depth of si.xteen feet for the remainder of 
the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder 
for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from 
the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal 
in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream 
was known to the early French explorers as "the 
Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by 
them with the Chicago River. 

CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a .short line. 
4.43 miles in length, b'ing wholly within Cook 
County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company 
is the lessee, but the line is not operated at pi-esent 
(1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700. 
It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of 
§116,357, making atotal capitalization of §185,087. 
This road extends from One Hundredth Street in 
Chicago to Hegewiseh, and was chartered in 1883. 
(See Pennsylvania Railroad.) 

CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry 
County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, 
on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- 
ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to 



agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- 
siderable grain market and has some manufac- 
tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public 
library, tlu-ee newspajjers, three banks, good 
schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. 
Population (1880), l,-203; (1890), United States 
census report, 940; (190U), 1,345; (1910), 1,272. 

CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian 
minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 
1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled 
in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have 
located where the town of New Salem (after- 
wards associated with the early history of Abra- 
ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and 
James Rutledge were the founders. He is also 
said to have officiated at tlie funeral of Ann 
Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's 
name has been tenderly associated by his biog- 
raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed 
successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and 
to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter 
State, about 1878. 

CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp 
established at Chicago early in the War of the 
Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and 
College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest 
Avenues. It was originally designed and solely 
used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. 
Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- 
ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For 
plot to liberate the latter, together with other 
similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas 
Conspiracy.) 

CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed 
in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate 
prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), 
Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be 
but a preliminary step in the execution of a 
design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- 
ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- 
ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the 
formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, 
through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- 
erty." (See Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three 
peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. 
Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent 
from Richmond to Canada, held frequent 
conferences with leaders of the treasonable 
organizations in the North, including Clement L. 
■Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one 
Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement 
in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that 
city and scattered throughout the States. The 
general management of the affair was entrusted 
to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



75 



in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- 
ing Ills raid nortli of the Ohio River, while Col. 
Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger 
Grenfell (an Englishman) were .selected to 
carry out the military program. Hines followed 
out his instructions with great zeal and labored 
indefatigably. Tliompson's duty was to dis- 
seminate incendiarj- treasonable literature, and 
strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by 
the use of argument and money, both he and his 
agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. 
There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was 
determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for 
resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for 
July 20. Tills part of the scheme, however, was 
finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- 
self at Chicago, and personally attended to the 
distribution of funds and the purchase of arras. 
The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate 
the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, wlien 
the National Democratic Convention was to 
assemble at Chicago. On that date it was 
expected the city would be so crowded that the 
presence of the promised force of "Sons" would 
not excite comment. The program also included 
an attack on the city by water, for which pur- 
pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- 
dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. 
There were some 26, 500 Southern prisoners in the 
State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at 
Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- 
field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that 
there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, 
who would be largely reenforced. "With these 
and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp 
Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus 
formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- 
field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, 
and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of 
infantry and a battery. The organization of the 
proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and 
the great majority of those wlio were to compose 
it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the 
latter reported for service to justify an attack, 
and the project was postponed. In the meantime 
a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly 
connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, 
and which contemplated the release of the rebel 
officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake 
Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest 
of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- 
guise, on the 19th of September, just as lie was 
on the point of putting in execution a scheme for 
seizing the United States steamer Michigan at 
Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- 



ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected 
to carry out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi- 
dent Lincoln's second election. Tlie .same pre- 
liminaries were arranged, except that no water 
attack was to lie made. But Chicago was to be 
burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. 
Detachments were designated to apply the torch, 
to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack 
banks. But representatives of the United States 
Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons 
of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Ilines and 
his associates were well known to the authori- 
ties. An efficient body of detectives was put 
upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com- 
mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the 
most valuable service in running down the con- 
spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered 
by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel 
Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken 
the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of 
some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. 
Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known 
as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks 
were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot 
as it was unfolded to them, and entered with 
zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was 
permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby 
getting in communication with the leaders of the 
plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- 
fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On 
the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on 
the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused 
simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at 
their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not 
captured, but the following conspirators were 
taken into custody: Cajitains Cantrill and Trav- 
erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of 
the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, 
and in whose barn and house was found a large 
quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. 
Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. 
Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, 
Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the 
Treasurer of the order. They were tried by 
Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- 
acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted; 
Anderson committed suicide during the trial; 
Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to 
the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to 
be hung, although his sentence was afterward 
commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- 
gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some 
years afterward, but whether he escaped or was 
drowned in the attempt to do so has never been 
known. The British Government had made 



76 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



repeated attempts to secure his release, a brotlier 
of his being a General in the British Army. 
Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap- 
tured, while Walsh and Senimes. after under- 
going brief terms of imprisonment, were 
pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent 
history of Shanks, who played so prominent a 
part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, 
pillage and assassination, is interesting. While 
in prison he had been detailed for service as a 
clerk in one of the offices under the direction of 
General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made 
the acquaintance of a young lady member of a 
loyal family, whom he afterwards married. 
After the exposure of the contemplated uprising. 
the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of 
$1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he 
was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- 
dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered 
by him. and sometime during 1865 he received a 
commission as Captain and engaged in fighting 
the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency 
shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- 
spiracy and defeating its consummation won for 
him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and 
the whole nation, and was recognized by the 
Government in awarding him a commission as 
Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, 
Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies.) 

CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- 
gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. 
After obtaining a limited education in the com- 
mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- 
ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon 
rose to the position of superintendent, managing 
iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- 
souri, until 18.50, when he removed to Illinois, 
settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 
1853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented 
his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly 
(18.59). He was also a member of the State 
Constitutional Convention of 1863, and served 
one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, 
being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was 
defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, 
Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend 
of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed 
liberally to the expenses of the latter in making 
the tour of the State during the debate with 
Douglas. He broke with the Republican party 
in 1874 on tlie greenback issue, which won for 
him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His 
death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. 

CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born 
in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield. 111., 



in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for 
Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a 
similar position by the United States District 
Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. 

CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- 
dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4, 
1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers 
in that section of the State; was educated at 
Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; 
in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," 
which he has since conducted ; was elected to the 
lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and 
again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and 
re-elected in '93. During his twelve years' 
experience in the Legislature he participated, as 
a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison 
contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and 
assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer 
to the Senate in 1891. At the clo.se of his last 
term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- 
gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a 
plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- 
lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the 
second call for troops issued by the President 
during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- 
bell organized a regiment which was mustered in 
as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned 
to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- 
ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active 
service during the war, it was held in readiness 
for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba 
in December, 1898, it became a part of the army 
of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained 
with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- 
ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- 
gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 
1898. 

CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State 
and Congressman, was born in Chester County, 
Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western 
part of the State and was educated at Jefferson 
College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. 
Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed 
to Galena. 111. , where he had acquired some min- 
ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre- 
tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 
1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional 
Convention of 1847: in 18.50 was elected as a 
Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, 
but defeated for re-election in 1853 by E. B. 
Washburne. He was then appointed by President 
Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land 
grants by the Mexican Government in California, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



77 



removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this 
position about 1855 to engage in general practice. 
In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe 
witli his family, and, on liis return, located in 
Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate 
for Presidential Elector-at-large on tlie Breckin- 
ridge ticket; in 1861 returned to California, and, 
on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a 
zealous champion of the Union cause, by his 
speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the 
destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- 
fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, 
was a member of the Baltimore Convention 
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency 
a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- 
quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub- 
lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868. 

CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- 
cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When 
he was two years old his father removed to 
Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing 
through the Cliicago public scliools, Jlr. Camp- 
bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for 
two years, after which he studied law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date lie 
was in active practice and attained prominence 
at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State 
Senator, and was re-elected in 1883, serving in all 
eight years. At the se.ssions of 1881, '83 and '85 
he was chosen President pro tempore of the 
Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- 
ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- 
Governor Hamilton to the executive oifice to 
succeed Shelby M. CuUom, who had been elected 
United States Senator. In 1888 he represented 
the First Illinois District in the National Repub- 
lican Convention, and was the same year cliosen 
a member of the Republican National Committee 
for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in 
Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years 
immediately preceding his death, INIr. Campbell 
was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing 
Company of Chicago. 

CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at 
the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east- 
northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has 
one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a 
pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a 
high school, and one newspaper. Population 
(1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260; (1910), 1,148. 

CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session 
of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. 
Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had 
been associated with the construction of the 



Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, 
had his attention (tailed to a check purporting to 
have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839. 
which, upon investigation, he became convinced 
was counterfeit, or liad been fraudulently issued. 
Having commimicated his conclusions to Hon. 
Jesse K. Dubois, tlie State Auditor, in charge of 
the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an 
inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund 
Conmiissioner — a position attached to the Gov- 
ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — 
which developed the fact tliat a large amoimt of 
these evidences of indebtedness had been taken 
up through that office and bonds issued therefor 
by tlie State Auditor under the laws for funding 
the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the 
Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered 
by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery 
that, in May and August, 1839, two. series of 
canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the 
Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the 
work of construction — the sum aggregating 
§269,059 — of wliich all but $'^\G had been redeemed 
within a few 3'ears at the Chicago branch of the 
Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified 
that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after 
redemption, been held by them in tlie bank vaults 
without cancellation until settlement was had 
with the Canal Board, when it was packed in 
boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- 
ing lain in the canal office for several years in 
this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the 
officer in charge was now called) having come 
into the canal office in 18.53, this scrip, with other 
papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk 
and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then 
Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and 
deposited there. Nothing further was known of 
these papers until October, 1854. when §300 of the 
scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund 
Commissioner bj- a Springfield banker, and bond 
issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 
1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- 
lative investigation was instituted, it was found 
that bonds to the amount of $223,183.66 had been 
issued on account of principal and interest. 
With the exception of the $300 first presented, it 
was shown that all the scrip so funded had been 
presented bj' Governor Matteson, either while in 
office or subsequent to his retirement, and the 
bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although 
none of the persons in whose names the issue was 
made were known or ever afterward discovered. 
The developments made by the Senate Finance 
Committee led to an offer from Slatteson to 



78 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



indemnify the State, in which he stated that he 
had "unconsciously and innocently been made 
the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon 
the State had been attempted." He therefore 
gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying 
bond for the sum shown to have been funded by 
him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the 
State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured 
judgment for §25.5,000, although the property on 
being sold realized only §238,000. A further 
investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed 
the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar 
scrip had been made amounting to §165,340, for 
which the State never received any compensa- 
tion. A search through the State House for the 
trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor 
Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation 
was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the 
trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, 
but the box was never found. The fraud was 
made the subject of a protracted investigation 
by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 
1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict 
Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted 
to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to 
"ignore the bill." • 

CAJJBY, Richard Sprigs, jurist, was born in 
Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808 ; was educated 
at Miami University and admitted to the bar, 
afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attornej', 
member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) 
in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, 
locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the 
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resmning 
practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. 
Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge 
Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Ricliard 
Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by 
the Modocs in California in 1873. 

CAJf JfOX, Joseph G., Congressman, was born 
at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to 
Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- 
milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, 
and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion 
County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, 
he is conducting a large banking business at 
Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican 
to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- 
trict, and has been re-elected bienniallj' ever 
since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for 
the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, 
his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) 
serving his twelfth term as the Representative 
for -the Twelfth Congressional District, and has 
been reelected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- 



sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been 
an influential factor in State and National poli- 
tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- 
man of the House Committee on Appropriations 
during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth 
and Fifty-fifth Congresses. 

CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County, 
12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles 
southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- 
tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties 
in the "corn belt"; also has abundant supplies 
of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. 
There are coal mines within the municipal limits, 
and various manufacturing establishments. 
Among the principal outputs are agricultural 
implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar 
boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- 
arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted 
by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- 
partment, a public library, six ward schools and 
one high school, and three newspapers. Popula- 
tion (1S90), 5,604; (1900), 0,564; (1910), 10,453. 

CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, 
England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States 
in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. 
For a time he taught school in what is now 
called Round Prairie, in the present Count}- of 
Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original 
name of a part of the citj' of Springfield), having 
among his pupils a number of those who after- 
wards became prominent citizens of Central 
Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- 
ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the 
original county-seat of Logan County, where he 
continued to live for the remainder of his life, 
and where, during its later period, he served as 
Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as 
Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, 
April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. 

CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, 
founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 
miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway 
center here. The chief industries are coal-min- 
ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight 
churches, one daily and two weekly papers, public 
schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois 
Normal University. Pop. (1910), 5,441. 

CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL- 
R0.\1), a short line 1"'^ miles in length, ex- 
tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated 
by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the 
Murphy sboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1807; 
its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & 



niSTOlilCAL ENCYCLUPEUIA OF ILLINOIS. 



79 



Sliawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 
1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. 
Louis Southern, through whicli it i)as.sed into the 
hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Hiiuto Rail- 
road, and by lea.se from the latter, in 1800, became 
apart of the Illinois Central System (whicli see). 

CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town 
of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1836 : studied law with 
General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of 
Maine in 18.56, the Supreme Court of lUinois in 
18,57, and the Supreme Court of the United 
States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbidl, in 
1873. Judge Carej' was a member of the State 
Constitutional Con%-ention of 1869-70 from Jo 
Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans 
in that body for temporary presiding officer; 
was elected to the next General Assembly (the 
Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the 
House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- 
sions ; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying 
various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno 
Count}', Kan. The first office held by Judge 
Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of 
Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred 
upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- 
lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff 
during the war, and later Secretary of War — 
although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were 
politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- 
dence is in Chicago. 

CARLIN, Tlioraas, former Governor, was born 
of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 
18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served 
as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain 
in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- 
cated, he was a man of strong common sense, 
higli moral standard, great firmness of character 
and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in 
Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ; 
was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- 
ter of the Land Oflice at Quincy, when he was 
elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 
1838. An uncompromising partisan, lie never- 
theless commanded the respect and good-will of 
his political opponents. Died at his home in 
Carrollton, Feb. 14, 18.-;2. 

CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nepliew of 
Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, 
Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1839. At tlie age 
of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- 
tary Academy at West Point, and, in ISr),"), was 
attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as 
Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian 



fighting, he was ordered to California, where lie 
was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to 
recruiting duty. On August lo. 1861. he was 
commissioned Colonel of the Tliirty-eighth Illi- 
nois Volunteers. His record during the war was 
an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. 
Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 
1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- 
souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under 
Slocum in tlie Arkansas campaign; served with 
marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi ; 
took a prominent part in tlie l)attle of Stone 
River, was engaged in tlie TuUahoma campaign, 
at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
arj' Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 18G4, was commis- 
sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also 
took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the 
capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman 
to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at 
Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made 
Colonel in the regular armj', and, on March 13, 
186.5, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- 
ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- 
General for service during the war, retiring with 
rank of Brigadier-General in 1893. Died in Mon- 
tana, Oct. 4, 1903, on way horae at CarroHton, 111. 
CARLIN VILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin 
County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles north- 
east of St. Louis and 38 miles southwest of Spring- 
field. Blackburn University (which see) is located 
here. Three coal mines are operated, and there 
are brick works, tile works, and one daily and two 
weekly newspapers. The city is an important trade 
center, has banks, gas and electric light plants and 
water-works. Pop. (1900), 3,502; (1910), 3,616. 

CARLTLE, the county-seat of Clinton County, 
48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskaskia 
River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and 
public schools, water-works, lighting iilant, and 
manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for 
young ladies, two weekly jiapcrs, and a public 
library connected with the high school. Population 
(1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874; (1910), 1,982. 

CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on the 
Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St. Louis 
and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The surrounding 
country is fertile, yielding both cereals and fruit. 
Flouring mills and lumber manufacturing, includ- 
ing the making of staves, are the chief industries, 
though the city has brick and tile works, a jilow 
factory and foundry. Population (1890), 2,785; 
(1900), 2,939; (1910), 2,8.33. 

CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State 
Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as 



80 



HISTOWCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Representative in the Ninth General Assembly 
(1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- 
sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventli and 
Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) 
he was elected by the Legislature to the office of 
State Treasurer, retaining this position until the 
adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was 
chosen his own successor by popular vote, but 
died a few days after the election in August, 
1848. He was buried in what is now known as 
the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying 
ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, 
long since abandoned — where his remains still lie 
(1897) in a grave unmarked bj- a tombstone. 

CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- 
gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary 
ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 
1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , 
in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he 
established himself in the drug business, which 
was later extended into other lines. Soon after 
his arrival, he began investing in lands, which 
have since become immenseh' valuable. Mr. 
Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. 
Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 18.51, 
withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the 
attitude of some of the representatives of that 
denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- 
ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, 
in which he had been reared. He was one of the 
original founders and most liberal benefactors of 
the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he 
gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in 
bequests after his death, sums aggregating not 
far from §100,000. One of the Seminary build- 
ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall." 
He was identified with various other organiza- 
tions, one of the most important being the Relief 
and Aid Society, which did such useful work 
after the fire of 1871. By a life of probit}-, liber- 
ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all 
classes, dying, August 7, 1886. 

CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- 
neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1, 
1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State 
Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents 
(Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and 
soon after began teaching in what was called the 
"Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, 
AVill County. She came to Chicago the following 
year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- 
ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to 
have been the first teacher paid out of the publico 
funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell 



(afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- 
ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. 
Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom 
she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, 
Jan. 10, 1897. 

CARPENTERSVILLE, a village of Kane 
County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- 
neva branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
road, 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles 
from Chicago. Pop. (1900), 1.002; (1910), 1.128. 

CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- 
mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., 
May 20, 1836 ; at 13 years of age accompanied his 
father's family to Galesburg, 111., where he spent 
several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu- 
ated from the Albany Law .School, but on return- 
ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his 
affiliations being uniformly with the Republican 
party. His first oflSce was that of Postmaster at 
Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for 
twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued 
assistant of Governor Yates during the War of 
the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter 
with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to 
the National Convention of his party at Baltimore 
in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an 
active part in the campaigns of that j-ear, as well 
as those of 1868 and 1872. In 1869 he purchased 
"The Galesburg Republican," which he edited 
and published for two years. In 1880 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- 
nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the 
Republican National Convention, from the .State- 
at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus 
nomination for United States Senator, which was 
given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was 
defeated in the Republican .State Convention as 
candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 
1889 President Harrison apjiointed liim Jlinister 
to Denmark, which post he filled with marked 
ability and credit to the country until his resig- 
nation was accepted by President Cleveland, 
when he returned to his former home at Gales- 
burg. While in Denmark he did much to 
promote American trade with that coimtry, 
especially in the introduction of American corn 
as an article of food, wliich lias led to a large 
increase in the annual exportation of this com- 
modit}' to Scandinavian markets. 

CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie 
Coimty, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at 
West Point in 1850. entering the Mounted Rifles. 
Until 1861 he was .stationed in the Far West, and 
engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



81 



tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he 
enteretl uixiu active service under General Lyon, 
in Southwest Missouri, taking part iu the engage- 
ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, 
winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 
September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of 
the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting 
Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day 
expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth 
Division of the Army of the Southwest. On tlie 
second day at Pea Ridge, although three times 
wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, 
and materially aided in securing a victory, for 
his bravery being made Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was 
promoted to the rank of Jlajor in the Regular 
Army. During the Vicksburg campaign lie com- 
manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia 
Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, 
and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 
the United States Armj-. He also distinguished 
himself for a first and second assault upon taking 
Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1863, com- 
manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at 
Corinth. In December of that year he was 
transferred to the Department of Arkansas, 
where he gained new laui'els, being brevetted 
Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little^ Rock, 
and Major-General for services during tlie war. 
After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed 
chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- 
ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was 
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and 
died in Washington, D. C, Dec. 2, 1910. 

CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born 
at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow 
Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; 
graduated from the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- 
ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician 
in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, 
remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he 
visited a large number of the leading hospitals 
and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel 
received the appointment of Superintendent of 
the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at 
Jacksonville, a position which he continued to 
fill until 1S93, when he tendered his resignation to 
Gov. Altgeld, retiring July 1 of that year. Died 
June 21, 19U8. — Mrs. Mary Turner (Carrie!), 
wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. 
Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected 
aTrustee of the University of Illinoison the Repub- 
lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 
over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. 



CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo 
Daviess County, but set apart aiul organized in 
1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Tlie 
first settlements were in and around Savanna, 
Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first 
County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor 
den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held 
their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 
1843 the county seat was changed from Savanna 
to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- 
ships were first organized in 18.50, and tlie 
development of the county has steadily pro 
gres.sed since that date. The surface of the land 
is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- 
esque. The land is generally good for farming. 
It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- 
sissippi. Area of the county, 450 square miles; 
population, 18,035. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, 
prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 
inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public 
and private scliools. 

CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene 
County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- 
cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. 
Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of 
Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- 
ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and 
wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour 
mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and 
two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 
2,258; (1900), 2,.355; (1910), 2,323. 

CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 
13, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after 
attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged 
in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois 
College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated 
from the Law Department of tlie University of 
Michigan, the next year establishing himself in 
practice at Quincy, where he has since resided. 
He was a member of the Thirty-tir.st ami Thirty- 
second General Assemblies (1878-83), and, in 
June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme 
Bench, which he now occujiies 

CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- 
tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; 
in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his 
father locating at Pana, where he was educated 
in the public schools : was employed in farming, 
railroading and teaching several years, then 
studied law and was admitted to the bar. and, in 
1883, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- 
gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican 
the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from 
Idaho and the first Representative from the new 



82 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



State; was Commissioner of the General Land 
Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the 
United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. 
In 1893 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- 
lican National Committee, serving until the St. 
Louis Convention of 1896. 

CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 
10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- 
ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five 
churches, a public school, and two weekly news- 
papers Population (1880), 692; (1890), 969; (1900), . 
1,749; (1910), 2,971, 

CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of 
Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, 
on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wa- 
bash Railroads; has water-works, electric lights, 
three banks, four trust companies, four weekly 
papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Pop. 
(1890), 1,654; (1900), 2,104; (1910), 2,373. 

CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock 
County, incorporated in 1871; has a teaching 
faculty of twelve members, and reports 1.58 pupils 
— sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. 
It has a library of .5,000 volumes and endowment 
of §32,000 Instruction is given in the classical, 
scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- 
ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 
this institution reported a propertj' valuation of 
$41,000, of which $3.5,000 was in real estate. 

CARTHAGE & BURLIXGTON RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 

CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the 
Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa, 
Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist 
clergj'manj was educated at Rock River Semi- 
nary and the University of Michigan, graduating 
from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at 
Oregon, Ogle County, wliich is still his home; in 
1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge 
Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- 
late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected 
Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice 
John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 
1897. 

CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist 
preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., 
Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- 
panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to 
Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and 
unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill 
was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore 
homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, 
tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- 
known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded 
the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane 



Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious 
impressions. A few months later he abandoned 
his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured 
gambling. He began preaching immediately 
after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly 
received into the ministry ot the Methodist Epis- 
copal Churcli, although only 18 years old. In 
1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon 
Count}-, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and 
again in 1833, he was elected to the Legislature, 
where his homespun wit and undaunted courage 
stood him in good stead. For a long series of 
years he attended annual conferences (usually as 
a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at 
camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his 
life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of 
slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his 
denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous 
supporter of the Government during the Civil 
War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress 
on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by 
Abraliam Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, 
a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a 
Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the 
lecture plat form, his quaintness and eccentricity, 
together with liis inexhaustible fund of personal 
anecdotes, insured an interested audience. 
Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess 
in overcoming unruly characters whom he had 
failed to convince bj- moral suasion. Inside the 
church he was equally fearless and outspoken, 
and his strong common sense did much to pro- 
mote the success of tlie denomination in the 
West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains,, 
Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal 
published works are "A Controversy with the 
Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- 
wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher" 
(London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. 
CARY, Eugene, law3-er and insurance manager, 
was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 30, 
1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile 
attending a select school or academy at intervals; 
studied law at Slieboygan, AVis., and Buffalo, 
N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and 
later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in 
the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- 
ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland, 
and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the 
staff of General Rousseau. After the war he 
settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the 
office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 
he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, 
was the High-License candidate for Jlayor in 
opposition to ^M.iyor Harrison, and believed by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



83 



many to have been houestlj" elected, but counted 
out by machine methods. Died Mar. 9, 1901. 

CASAD, Authonj Wayne, clergyman and phy- 
sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex 
County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield, 
111., Dec. 16, 18,57. His father. Rev. Thomas 
Ca.sad, was a Baptist minister, who. with his 
wife, Abigail Tingle}', was among the early 
settlers of Sussex County. He was descended 
from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name 
being originally Cossart, the American branch 
having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who 
emigi-ated from Leyden to New York in 1663. 
At the age of 19 Anthonj' removed to Greene 
County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site 
of the present citj' of Dajton, where some of his 
relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, isil, he 
married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel 
Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's 
father and grandfather having been patriot sol- 
diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony 
Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in 
the War of 1812, being a member of Captain 
Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- 
moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. 
Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered 
the ministry of the Methodist Ejiiscopal Church, 
and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia 
and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, 
where he taught school. Later he studied medi- 
cine and attained considerable prominence as a 
practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the 
Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was 
one of the founders of McKendree College and a 
liberal contributor to its support; was also for 
many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at 
Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. 
Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper 
Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. 
He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- 
ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda 
Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). 

CASEY, a city of Clark County, at the intersec- 
tion of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & Ohio 
Ri\cr Railroad, 35 miles southwest of Terra Haute; 
in oilfield. Pop. (1900), 1,.500; (1910), 2,157. 

CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman, 
was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, tlie young- 
est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who 
removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject 
of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing 
with him his widowed mother, and settling in 
the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, 
m Jefferson County, where he acquired great 
prominence as a politician and became the head 



of an influential family. He began preaching at 
an early age, and continued to do so occasionally 
through his political career. In 1819, he took a 
prominent part in the organization of Jefferson 
County, serving on the first Board of County 
Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected 
Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years 
later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- 
ing until 1830, when lie was electe<l Lieutenant- 
Governor, and during his incumbency took part 
in the Black Hawk War. On Marcli 1, 1833, he 
resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept 
a seat as one of the three Congressmen from 
Illinois, to which he had been elected a few 
months previous, being subsequently re-elected 
for four consecutive terms In 1842 he was 
again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. 
MoClernand. Other public positions held bj' him 
included those of Delegate to the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in 
tlie Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- 
blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former. 
He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but 
died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4, 
1862. During the latter years of his life he was 
active in securing the right of way for the Ohio 
& Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- 
sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- 
western. He commenced life in poverty, but 
acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor 
of the ground upon which the Supreme Court 
building for the Southern Division at Mount 
Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey), 
son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson 
County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received liis pri- 
mary education in the local schools and at Hills- 
boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 
entered the Ohio University at Atliens in that 
State, remaining until 1845, when he com- 
menced the study of medicine, taking a course 
of lectures the following year at the Louisville 
Medical Institute; soon after began practice, 
and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning 
the following year to Mount Vernon. In 
1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at 
the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter 
year removing to Mound City, where he filled a 
number of positions, including that of Mayor 
from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election. 
In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- 
nois to the Democratic National Convention at 
Charleston, S. C, and, on the establishment of 
the United States Government Hospital at Mound 
Citv, in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer 



84 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 



surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 
1866. he was elected Representative in the 
Twentv-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 
1868. when he was an unsuccessful Democratic 
candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. 
Cnllom; also again served as Representative in 
the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74). 
Since retiring from public life Ehr. Casey has 
given his attention to the practice of his profes- 
sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son. was 
bom in Jefferson County, IlL, April 6, 1332, 
educated in the common schools and at McKend- 
ree College, in due course receiving the degree of 
A.M. from the latter; studied law for three 
years, being admitted to the bar in 18.>t ; in 1860, 
was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth 
Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- 
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out 
llay 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part 
in the battle of Stone River and other important 
engagements in 'Western Tennessee. By this 
time his regiment, having been much reduced 
in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth 
lUinois 'Volunteer Infantry. In 1864. he was 
again elected State's Attorney, serving lantil 
1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and. in 
1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for 
a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- 
cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to 
Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of 
his term, in 1885. removing to Springfield, where 
he died, March 1, 1891. 

CASS COO'TT, situated a little west of the 
center of the State, with an area of 4fiO square 
miles and a population (1910) of 17.372 — named 
for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed 
to have made the locality of Beardstown their 
headquarters about the time of the discovery of 
the lUinois country. The earliest permanent 
white settlers came about 1820, and among them 
were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John 
Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 
there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and. in 
1827. M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the 
bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist 
missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest 
preachers, and among the pioneers may be named 
Messrs. Robertson, Toplo. McDonald, Downing, 
Davis, Shepherd, Penny. Bergen and Hopkins. 
Beardstown was the original county-seat, and 
during both' the Black Hawk and Mormon 
troubles was a depot of suppUes and rendezvous 
for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made 
his first political speech. The site of the town. 



as at present laid oat, was at one time sold by 
3Ir. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The 
county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The 
principal towns are Beardstown. Virginia. Chand- 
lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- 
seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed 
to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was 
incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. 
Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated 
until 1842. 

CASTLE, Orlando Lane, e<lucator, was bom at 
Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison 
University, Ohio, 1846,- spent one year as tutor 
there, and, for several years, had charge of the 
public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he 
accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and 
Belles-Lettres in Shnrtleff College, at Upper 
Alton, HL, remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 
1892. Professor Castle received the degree of 
LL.D. from Denison University in 1877. 

CATHEKWOOD, Mary Hart well, author, was 
bom (HartweU) in Luray. Ohio. Dec. 16. 1344, 
educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, 
where she graduated, in 1368. and, in 1887, was 
married to James S. Catherwood. with whom she 
resided at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood was the 
author of a number of works of fiction, which 
have been accorded a high rank. Among her 
earlier pro"luctions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), 
'•Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" 
(1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies ' (1888), "The 
Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. 
Anne" (1889). During her last few years she had 
shown a predilection for subjects connected with 
early Illinois history, and had published popular 
romances under the title of "The Story of Tonty." 
• The WTiite Islander."' ''The Lady of Fort St. 
John."" "Old Kaskaskia" and '"The Chase of Sant 
Castin and other Stories of the French in the Xew 
■«"orld."" Died Dec. 26, 1902. 

CATOX, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, 
was bom in Monroe County. X. T., March 19, 
1312. Left to the care of a widowed mother at 
an early age. his childhood was spent in poverty 
and manual labor. At lo he was set to learn a 
trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to 
abandon it. After a brief attendance at an 
academy at Utica, where he studied law between 
the ages of 19 and 21. in 1833 he removed to 
Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to 
Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by 
Judffe Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected 
Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 
1837-33. and sat upon the bench of the Supreme 
Court from 1842 to 1864 when he resigned, hav- 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



85 



ing served nearly twenty-two years. During 
this period he more than once occupied the posi- 
tion of Cliief Justice. Being embarrassed by the 
financial stringency of 1887-38, in the latter year 
he entered a tract of lantl near Plainfield, and, 
taking his family with him, began farming. 
Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he 
became interested in the construction of telegi'aph 
lines in the West, which for a time bore his name 
and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- 
ern Union," laying the foundation of a large 
fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted 
himself for the remainder of his life to his private 
affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among 
his published works are "The Antelope and Deer 
of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- 
lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." 
Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. 

CATARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 13, 1793; 
served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in 
1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- 
ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene 
County. Here he was elected Representative in 
the Fifth General Assembly (1820), and again to 
the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the 
Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth A.s.semblies 
(1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- 
sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a 
prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- 
tion by Augustus C. French. 3Ir. Cavarly was 
prominent both in his profession and in the 
Legislature while a member of that body. In 
1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided 
until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. 

CENTRAL CITY, a village of Marion County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, just north of Cen- 
tralia; in a mining region. Pop. (1910), 1,179. 

CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
established under act of the Legislature passed 
March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- 
gan County. Its founding was largely due to the 
philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, 
who addressed the people from the platform and 
appeared before the General Assembly in behalf 
of this class of unfortunates. Construction of 
the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two 
wards were ready for occupancy, and the first 
patient was received in November of that year. 
The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Iliggins, 
who served less than two years, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- 
ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as 



Acting Superintendent for several months, when 
the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. 
Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his 
administration continuing until IW70, when he 
resigneil on account of ill-health, being succeeded 
by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. 
Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, 
after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. 
F. C. Winslow, who liad been Assistant Superin- 
tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge 
of the institution. Tlie original plan of construc- 
tion provided for a center building, Ave and a 
half stories high, and two wings with a rear 
extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen 
anil employes' quarters. Subsequently these 
wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an 
increase in the number of wards, and as the 
exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- 
ations have been made for the erection of addi- 
ticmal buildings. Nmnerous detached buildings 
have been erected within the past few years, and 
the capacity of the institution greatly increased 
— "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of 
many new and valuable features in the classifica- 
tion and treatment of patients. The number of 
inmates of late j'ears has ranged from 1,200 to 
1,400. The counties from which patients are 
received in this institution embrace: Rock 
Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- 
shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, 
SIcDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, 
Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, 
Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, 
Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and 
Jersey. 

CENTRALIA, a city 'and railway center of 
Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It 
forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" 
of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, 
oil and gas wells, a glass plant, iron foundries, rail- 
road repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an 
ice plant; also has water-works and sewerage sys- 
tem, a fire dej^artment, two daily and weekly jiapers, 
and excellent graded schools. Several parks afford 
splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 
4,703; (1900), 6,721; (1910), 9,680. 

CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. 
(See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) 

CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail- 
way line wholly within the State, extending 
from Salem, in Marion Count}', to Chester, on the 
Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral 
branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and 
trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from 
the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 



86 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered 
as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 
1S87, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 
1889, and consolidated the same year with the 
Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- 
mont Railroads (projected); line completed 
from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The 
branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 
1895, the section of the main line from Centralia 
to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from 
Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. 
The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, 
June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension 
and equipment made under authority granted by 
the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's 
certificates. The total capitalization is $2,374,- 
841, of which 8978.000 is in stocks and $948,000 in 
bonds. 

CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 

CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 
miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop 
of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient 
to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which 
has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, 
etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a 
bank and one weekly newspaper. Population 
(1890), 939; (1900), 1,008; (1910), 876. 

CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under 
the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is coeduca- 
tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and 
reports 127 students — 70 male and 57 female — in 
the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- 
ments in literature, science and the classics, 
instruction is given to classes in theology, music, 
the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It 
has property valued at $110,000, and reports an 
endowment fund of §8,000. 

CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist 
and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 
25, 1845 ; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, 
in 1866; took a course in Michigan University 
(1668-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu- 
tions, also discharged the duties of State 
Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at 
Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In 
1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- 
cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- 
tional Exposition of that year — during his visit 
making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. 
In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- 
sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he 
became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- 
sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is 



also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- 
ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a 
number of volumes on educational and scientific 
subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He 
received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- 
sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian 
University, all on the same date (1887). 

CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign 
County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 
miles northeast of Springfield; is the intersecting 
point of three lines of railway and connected 
with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county- 
seat, by an electric railway. The University of 
Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the 
city. Champaign has an excellent system of 
water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by 
both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- 
try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- 
tories of carriages and machines. Three papers 
are published here, besides a college weekly con- 
ducted by the students of the University. The 
Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' 
Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- 
dence portion of the city there is a handsome 
park, covering ten acres and containing a notable 
piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks 
in other sections. There are several handsome 
churches, and excellent schools, both public and 
private. Pop. (1900), 9,098; (1910), 12,421. 

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern 
half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 
square miles; population (1910), 51,829. The 
county was organized in 1833, and named for a 
county in Ohio. The physical conformation is 
flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the 
heart of what was once called the "Grand 
Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal 
underlie the surface, but overlying quii-ksands 
interfere with their operation. The Sangamon 
and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this 
region, and several railroads cross the county. 
The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow 
clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 
1900) is the county-seat. Other important points 
in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono 
(1,000). and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and 
Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the 
Illinois State University extend into each corpo- 
ration, being largely situated in Champaign. 
Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are 
found, interspersed with coal measure limestone 
and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel 
and quicksand of the drift formation are found 
beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



87 



CHAMPAIGN, HAVAXA & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD, (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at 
West Woodstock, Conn., July 3, 1806; graduated 
with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, 
in 1839. located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1833, started 
with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now 
Peoria), III., but was stopped at Beardstown by 
the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the 
Sangamon River, in Cass County, wliere, in 184S, 
he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham 
Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted 
the town. Here he gained a large practice, 
which he was compelled, in his later years, par- 
tially to abandon in consequence of injuries 
received wliile prosecuting his profession, after- 
wards tui-ning his attention to mercliandising 
and encouraging the development of tlie locality 
in which he lived by promoting the construction 
of railroads and the building of schoolliouses and 
churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- 
ence for good extended over a large region. 
Died, April 7, 1879. 

CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, 
was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 183G; 
at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of 
the business department of "The Detroit Free 
Press"; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. 
Storey and became business manager of "The 
Chicago Times" ; in 1870, disagreed with Storey 
and retired from newspaper business. Died, at 
Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896. 

CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, 
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 
miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 
1848 bj' Dr. Charles Cliandler, and platted by 
Abraham Lincoln. It lias a liank, a creamery, 
four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a 
saw-mill. Pop. (1900), 940; (1910), 884. 

CHAPIX, a village of Morgan County, at the 
intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of 
Jacksonville. Pop. (1900), .514; (1910), 5.52. 

CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, 
was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. 
With an ardent passion for the railroad business, 
at the age of 16 he fibtained a position as freight 
brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, being steadily promoted through the 
ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, 
until, in 186.5, at the age of 24, he was appointed 
General Agent of the Eastern Division of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad 
positions which Mr. Chajjpell later held were: 
Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific 



(1869-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent 
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of 
its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent 
of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76); 
Superintendent of the Western Division of the 
Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the 
position of Assistant General Superintendent of 
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, lieing advanced in 
the next three years through the grades of 
General Superintendent and Assistant General 
Manager, to that of General Manager of the 
entire system, which he continued to fill for more 
than twelve years. (Juietly and without show or 
display, Mr. Chappell continued in the discharge of 
his duties, assisting to make the system with which 
he was identified one of the most successful in its 
operation in the country. Dicil June 22, 1904. 

CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles 
County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- 
tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies 
in the center of a farming region, yet has several 
factories, including woolen and flouring mills, 
broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry 
and a canning factory. Three newspapers are 
published here, issuing daily editions. The Eastern 
State Normal School was located here in 1895. 
Pop. (1900), 5,488; (1900), 5,884. 

CHARLESTON, NEOGA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis <& Kansas City 
Railroad.) 

CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 
a celebrated French traveler and an early 
explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, 
Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, 
and while a student was sent to Quebec 
(169.5), where for four years he was instructor in 
the college, and completed his divinity studies. 
In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to 
Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. 
Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
and finally reached the 5Iissi.ssippi by way of the 
Illinois River. After visiting C.ahokia and the 
surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down 
the Jlississippi to New Orleans, and returned to 
France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some 
works on religious subjects, he was the author of 
histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. 
His great work, however, was the "History of 
New France," which was not published until 
twenty years after his death. Ilis journal of his 
American explorations appeared about the same 
time. His history has long been cited by 
scliolars as authority, but no Engli.sh translation 
was made until 1865. when it was \widertakeii bv 
Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761. 



88 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal 
Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Deo 14, 1775, 
and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although 
reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the 
Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 
1799, for several years laboring as a missionary 
in Northern and Western New York. In 1805, 
he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 
1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, 
Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, 
organizing a number of parishes and founding an 
academy at Worthington; was consecrated a 
Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to 
raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon 
College and Gambier Tlieological Seminary, 
named in honor of two English noblemen who 
had contributed a large portion of tlie funds. 
Differences arising with some of his clergy in 
reference to the proper use of the funds, he 
resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency 
of the college in 1831. and after three years of 
missionary labor in Micliigan, in 1835 was chosen 
Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to 
England, he succeeded in raising additional 
funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at 
Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a 
charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of 
great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance 
and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal 
Church in tlie West. He was Presiding Bishop 
from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept 
20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, 
the most important being "A Plea for the West" 
(1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, 
Comprising a History of the Principal Events in 
the Author's Life" (1848). 

CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on 
the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of 
Springfield. Pop. (1900), 629; (1010), 666. 

CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, 
on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- 
ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and 
stock-raising district ; has two banks, three grain 
elevators, five churches, a graded school, two 
weekly papers, water- works, electric lights, paved 
streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and otlier 
manufactories. Pop. (1900), 1,0.38; (1910), 1,112. 

CHEBAXSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee 
Covmties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles 
south-southwe.st from Chicago; the place has one 
bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 728; 
(1890), 616; (1900), .5.55; (1010), 500. 

CHEXEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- 
formed Protestant Episcopal Ch\irch, was born in 
Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; graduated at 



Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after 
ordination he became rector of Christ Church, 
Chicago, and was prominent among those who, 
under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- 
mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis- 
copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary 
Bisliop of the Northwest for the new organiza- 
tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, 
Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. 

CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, 
was bom at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, 
though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., 
where he grew up and received his primary edu- 
cation. He acquired his academic training at 
Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, 
Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 
1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the 
same institution. Having studied law, he was 
admitted to the bar successive!}' in Massachusetts 
and New York; but meanwhile having written 
considerably for the old '"Scribner's Montlily" 
(now "Century Magazine"), wliile under the 
editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually 
adopted literature as a profession. Removing to 
the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the 
Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining 
imtil 1894, when he accepted the position of 
Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, 
as successor to Dr. WiUiam F. Poole, deceased. 
Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney 
is the author of numerous essays on literary 
subjects. His published works include "Thistle- 
Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems 
(1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That 
Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen." 
poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem 
(1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," 
by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's 
edition of Derby's Phtenixiana. 

CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean 
County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, 
Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast 
of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. 
Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and 
coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- 
rounding region. The city also has an electric 
light plant, waterworks, canning works and tile 
works, besides two banks, seven churches, a 
graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone 
systems connecting with the surrounding coun- 
try. Pop. (1900), 1,512; (1910), 1.314. 

CHESBROUGH, ElUs Sylvester, civil engineer, 
was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the 




CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



89 



age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering 
party on the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad, being 
later emploj-ed on other roaiis. In 1837, he was 
appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- 
struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- 
ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the 
Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- 
missioner of the Water Department of that city. 
In IS.jo, he became engineer of the Chicago Board 
of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacitj' 
designed the sewerage system of the city — also 
planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 
office of Commissioner of Public Works of 
Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- 
ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- 
sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, 
Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, 
August 19, 1886. 

CHESXUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- 
tuck}-, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of 
South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. 
was educated principally in his native State, but 
came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. 
Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the 
bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 
185.'), when he removed to Springfield and engaged 
in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- 
nut was associated with many local business 
enterprises, was for several years one of the 
Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the 
Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same 
place, and was Supervisor of the United States 
Census for the Si.xth District of Illinois in 1880. 
Died, Jan 14, 1898. 

CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph 
County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 
miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the 
Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State 
Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the 
fleart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, 
and is a prominent shipping point for this com- 
modity : also has quarries of building stone. It 
has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills 
and foundries and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 
2,708; (1900), 2,832; (1910),' 2,747. 

CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was bom 
in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 36, 1824, of French Hugue- 
not stock — his parents having emigrated from 
Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members 
of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. 
Having received a common school education, he 
became a merchant at Galena, and was the first 
to volunteer there in response to the call for 
troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 



1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company 
in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, 
which General Grant had declined ; participated 
in the campaign on the Tennessee River which 
resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson anu the 
battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at 
Corinth, where he remained in command until 
May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- 
ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he 
was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in 
charge of the organization of colored troops in 
Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being 
brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From 
January to October, 1865, he commanded the 
post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- 
dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was 
mustered out of the service. General Chetlain 
was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District 
of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States 
Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his 
return to the United States establishing himself 
as a banker and broker in Chicago. 

CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, 
chief cit.v of Illhiois and (1910) second city in 
population in the United States. 

SiTDATiON.— The city is situated at the south- 
west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of 
the extreme southern point of the lake, at the 
mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of 
New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- 
ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. 
Latitude 41° 53' north; longitude 87° 35' west of 
Greenwich. Area (1910), 190.6 square miles. 

Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing 
ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawreice 
basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its 
highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- 
gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, 
dividing into north and south branches about a 
half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding 
country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering 
science and skill have done much for it in the 
way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal 
terminates at a point on the south branch of 
the Chicago River, within the city limits, and 
unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those 
of the Illinois River. 

Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its 
branches, aff'ords a water frontage of nearly 60 
miles, the greater part of which is utilized for 
the sliipment and unloading of grain, lumber, 
stone, coal, nierchandise, etc. Another navigable 
stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 



90 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- 
cago River, with its branches, navigable for 
vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been 
■widened and deepened. Well constructed break- 
waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the 
port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The 
city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels 
arriving there exceeds that of any other port in 
the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels 
arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,442, 
while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 
7,18.5,324. It is the largest grain market in the 
world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity 
of 32.550,000 bushels. 

According to the reports of the Board of Trade, 
the total receipts and shipments of grain for 
the year 1898 — counting flour as its gi-ain equiva- 
lent in bushels — amounted to 323.097,453 bushels 
of the former, to 289,920,028 bushels of the latter. 
The receipts and shipments of various products 
for the year (1898) were as follows: 



Flour (bbls.) . 
Wheat (bu.) . . 
Corn "... 
Oats "... 
Rye "... 

Barley "... 
Cured Me;its (lbs.) 
Dressed Beef " . 
Live-stock — Ho^js 
Cattle 
" Sheep 



Receipts. 

5,316,195 

35, 741,. 555 

127,426,374 

110.293,647 

4.935.308 

18, 116. .594 

229,00.5.246 

110,286.6.52 

9.360,968 

2,480.633 

3,502,378 



Shipments. 

5,032,236 

38,094,900 

130,397,681 

85,057,6.36 

4.4.53.384 

6.7.55.247 

928,627,722 

1,060,859,808 

1,334.768 

864.408 

545,001 



Chicago is also an important lumber market, 
the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 
1.562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- 
packing, the city is without a rival in the amount 
of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle 
and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank 
clearings and general mercantile business it 
ranks second only to Xew York, while it is also 
one of the chief manufacturing centers of the 
country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- 
facturmg establishments, with a capital of .?29?,- 
477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning 
■out products valued at $632,184,140. Of the out- 
put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- 
ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting 
to §203,825,092; men's clothing came next (S32,- 
517,226) ; iron and steel, 831,419,8.54; foundry and 
machine shop products, §29,928,616; planed 
lumber, §17,604,494. Chicago is also the most 
important live-stock market in the United States. 
The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of 
the city) are connected with all railroad lines 
entering the c't}-. and cover many hundreds of 



acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 
animals (of all descriptions), valued at §148,057,- 
626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides 
and leather, the production and sales being both 
of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- 
tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) 
exceeds that of any other market in the country. 
Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also 
brick-making, distilling and brewing. 

Traxsport.^tiox, etc.— Besides being the chief 
port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to 
no other American city as a railway center. The 
old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, 
was operated in 1849, and within three years a 
substantial advance had been scored in the way 
of steam transportation. Since then the multi- 
plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing 
through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 
1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct Unes enter 
the city, although these are operated by only 
twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of 
railroad track are laid within the citj- limits. 
The number of trains daily arriving and depart- 
ing (suburban and freight included) is about 
2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by 
electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four 
tunnels imder the Chicago River and its branches, 
and numerous bridges connect the various divi- 
sions of the city. 

History. — Point du Sable (a native of San 
Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of 
Chicago other than the aborigines. The French 
missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet. 
La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century 
earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. 
After the expulsion of the French at the close of 
the French and Indian War, the territory passed 
under British control, though French traders 
remained in this vicinity after the War of the 
Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed 
Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- 
ceeded by John Kinzie. the Indian trader, who 
came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the 
mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land 
acquired from the Indians by the treaty of 
Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of 
the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- 
cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The 
fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement 
established around it. The first Government 
survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were 
the Kinzies. the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the 
Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather 
aided in developing the resources and increasing 




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g o 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



91 



the population of the infant settlement by draw- 
ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of 
mutual protection. Town organization was 
effected on August 10. 1832, the total number of 
votes polled being 28. The town grew rai>idly 
for a time, but received a set-back in the iinancial 
crisis of 1837, During May of that year, how- 



ever, a charter was t^litained and Chicago became 
a city. The total number of votes cast at tliat 
time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st 
of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. 
The following table shows the names and term 
of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 
1899: 



1837 

1838 
1839 
1340 
1841 
1842 
1643 
1S44 
1845 
1846 
1847 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
I860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
18li6 
ISfi? 
1868 
1S69 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 

1877-78 
1879 80 
1881-82 
1883-84 
1885 86 
1887-88 
1889-90 
1891 92 
1893 94 

1895-96 

lay? 98 
1899 01 
]fi01-<)3 
lli(i:i-05 
I'.tUiVOT 
l!»f»7-0» 
UM)9.11 
1911- 



CiTY Clerk. 



Cttv attorney. 



Wm. B. Ogden 

Buckner 8. Morris 

BenJ. W- Raymond 

Alexander Lloyd 

F. C. Sherman 

BenJ. W. Raymond 

Augnatua Garrett 

Auk Oarrt-tt.Alson S Shermand) 
Aui;,Oarrett.Al30ii S.Sherman(4) 

John P. Ohfipiu 

Jame3 Curtias 

James H. Woodvvorth 

James H. Woodworth 

James Curtias 

Walters. Gurnee 

Walters. Gurnee 

Charles M. Gray 

Ira L. Milliken 

^evi D. Boone ' 

Thomas Dyer j 

John Wentworth. 

John C. Haines 

JohnC Haines 

John Wentworth I 

Julian S Rumaey j 

F. C. Sherman I 

F C. Sherman 

F. C- Sherman 

John B. Kice 

John B. Rice 

John B, Rice 

Joh n B. Kice 

Jolin B Rice(8) 

R. B. Mason 

R. B. Mason 

Joteph Medill 

Joseph Medill 

Harvey D. C'olvin 

Harvey D. Colvin 

Monroe Heath, 1 9) H. D. Colvin, 

Thomas Hoyne 

Monroe Heath 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H. Harrison 

Carter H Harrison 

John A. Roche 

Dewitt C. Cregier 

Hempstead Washburne.. 

Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B 
Swift.dU John P. Hopkins.fUi 

Geo. B.Swift 

Carter H. Harrison. Jr 

Carter H. Harrison, Jr 

Carter H. Harrison, Jr 

Carter H. Harrison, Jr 

Edward F. Dunne 

P>ed A. Busse 

(Term 4 years) . 

Carter H. Harrison 



I. N, Arnold, Geo. Davis (1). 

JGeo. Davia 

Wm. H. Brackett 

[Thomas Hoyne 

Thomas Hoyne 

J. Curtis 

James M. Lowe 

E. A. Rucker 

K. A. Rucker. \Vm.S.Brown(5) 

Henry B. Chtrko 

Henry B. Clarke 

Sidney Abe. 1 

Sidney Abell 

Sidney Abell 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

Henry \V. Zimmerman 

Henry W. Zimmerman 

H. Kreisman 

H. Kreisman 

H. Kreisman 

Abraham Kohn 

A.J. Marble 

A. J. Marble 

H. W. Zimmermft'i 

H. W. Zimmerman 

Albert H. Bodman 

Albert H. Bodman 

Albert H. Bodman 

[Albert H. Bodman 

!Albert H. Bodman 

Charles T. Hotchkiss 

Charles T. Hoichkisa 

Charles T. Hotchkiaa. 

Charles T. Holchkiss 

Jos. K. C. Forrest 

Jos. K. C. Forrest 



N. B. Judd 

N. B. Judd 

Samuel L. Smith 

Mark Skinner 

Geo. Manierre 

Henry Brown 

G. Manierre. Henry Brown(3) 

Henry W. Clarke 

Henry VV. Clarke 

Charles H. Lnrrabee 

Patrick Ballingall 

Giles Spring 

O. R. W. Lull 

Henry H. Clark 

Henry H. Clark 

Arno Voss 

Arno Voss 

Patrick Ballingall 

J. A. Thompson 

J, L Marsh 

John C. Miller 

Elliott Anthony 

Geo. F. Crocker 

John Lvle King 

Ira W. Buel 

Gen. A. Meech 

Francis Adams 

Francis Adams 

Daniel D. Driscoll 

Daniel D. Driscoll 

Hasbrouck Davis 

Haabrouck Davis 

Hashrouck Davis 

Lsrael N. Stiles. . 

Israel N. Si ilea 

Israel N, St ilea 

Israel N. Stilea 

Egbert Jnmieson 

Egbert Jamieson 



Caspar Butz 

Caspar Butz 

P. J. Howard 

P. J. Howard 

John O. Nenmeiater 

C. Herman Plautz 

D. W. NickersoQ 

Franz Amberg 

James R. B. Van Cleave . 



Chaa. D. Gastfield 

James R. H. Vapi Cleave. 

William LoertltT 

William LoetUer 

William I><iefler 

Fred C. Bender 

A. C. Anson 

John B. McCabe . . . . . 

F, D. Connery 

F. D. Connery 



City Thka.sitrkr. 



Hirani Pearsons. 

Hiram Pearsons. 

Geo. W. Dole. 

W.S. Gurnee, N.H. 501166(2) 

N. H. Bolles, 

F. C. Sherman. 

Walters. Gurnee. 

Walters. Gurnee. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Andrew Getzler. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Wm. L. Church. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Edward Manierre. 

Uriah P. Harris. 

Wm. F De Wolf. 

O. J. Rose. 

C. N. Holden. 

AloMZo Harvey. 

Alonzo Harvey. 

Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) 

W. H. Rice. 

F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice{7) 

David A. Gage. 

David A. Gage. 

A.G. Throop. 

A. G. Throop. 

Wm. F. Wentworth. 

Wm. F. Wentworth. 

Wm- F. Wentworth. 

David A. (Tiige. 

David A. Giii^e. 

David A, GaMft. 

David A. Gage. 

Daniel O'Hara. 

Daniel O'Hara. 



Clinton Brlgga. 
Chas. B. Larrabee. 
W. C. Seipp. 



R.S. Tuthill 

R.S. Tuthill 

Julius S. Grinnell 

Julius S. Grinnell Rudolph Brand. 

Julius S. Grinnell [John M. Dunphy. 

Hempstead Waahburne Wm, M. Devine. 

Hempstead Waahburne JC Herman Plautz. 

Geo. F. Sugg Bernard Itoesing. 

JacobJ. Keru, G.A.Trudei.10) Peter Kiolbassa. 



Geo. A. Trude 

RovO. West 

Miles J Deviiie 

Audrew J. Ryan 

A. J. Ryan (12) 

John F. SmuLski (13) 

Office made appointive 

(1905). 



Michael J. Bransfield. 
Adam Wuir. 
Krnst Hiunmel. 
Adam Ortseifen. 
Cluirles F. Gunther 
Adam Ortseiter 
Fred W. Blocki 
John A. Traei;er 
Isaac N. Powell 
Henrv Stuckart 



|2. 
(3) 
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 
(7) 
(8) 

(9) 



(10) 
(H) 



I. N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. 

Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed liis auccesMor. April. 1840. 

Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 1843. 

Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. 

Bniwn appointed to till vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. 

Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed tt> till vacancy. 

Cutting having failed to qualify, Rice, who wan already in offiee. held over. 

Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the iieraons in office at beginning of l>S(i9 remaining In olRce 
to December of that year. 

City organized under general Incorporation Act In 1875, and no city el'^ction held until April, 1876. The order for a new 
election omitted the otfice of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken whieh gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Cotmeil 
tlien in ofBce refused to canvass thia vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. 
Colvin, the incumtient, refused to surrender the olHi-e, claiming the right to " hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest 
for the olHce, which reaulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new 
election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. 

City Attorney iCern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Geo. A. Trude waa appointed to serve out the remainder of the 
term. 

Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated, October 28, 1893, the City Council at Its next meeting (November 6. 1893) 
elected Geo. B Swift i an Alderman fronn the Eleventh Ward) Mayor ad interim. At a special election held December 19, 
1893. John P. Hopkins was «l«cted to flU out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 



92 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The Fire of 1871.— The city steadily grew ki 
beauty, population and commercial importance 
until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the 
"great fire" the story of which has passed into 
history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2, 100 
acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, 
wlien, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, 
although by no means so disastrous as that of 
1871. The city's recuperative power was again 
demonstrated, and its subsetjuent development 
has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement 
shows its growth in population : 



1837 
1840 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1910 



4,179 
4,470 
28.269 
. 112,163 
. 298,977 
. .503.18.5 
. 1,099,8.50 
. 1,698,575 
. 2,185,283 



Notwithstanding a large foreign population and 
a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago 
has witnessed only three disturbances of the 
peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, the 
Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of 
railroad employes in 1894. 

Municipal Administration. — Chicago long 
since outgrew its special charter, and is now 
incorporated under the broader provisions of the 
law applicable to "cities of the first class," under 
which the city is virtually autonomous. The 
personnel, drill and equipment of the police and 
fire departments are second to none, if not supe- 
rior to any, to be found in other American cities. 
The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the 
city into three principal divisions, known respec- 
tively as North, South and West. Each division 
has its statutory geographical boundaries, and 
each retains its own distinct township organiza- 
tion. This system is anomalous; it lias, how- 
ever, both assailants and defenders. 

Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine 
system of parks and boulevards, well developed, 
well improved and well managed. One of the 
parks (Jackson in the .South Division) was tlie 
site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The 
water supply is obtained from Lake ilichigan by 
means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction 
new and better facilities are being constantly 
introduced, and the existing water system will 
compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- 
can city. 

Architecture.— The public and office build- 
ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some 
instances classical, but generally severely plain. 



Granite and other varieties of stone are used in 
the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of 
Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- 
ings, as well as in many private residences. In 
the business part of the city, however, steel, 
iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most 
largely emploj'ed in construction, the exterior 
walls being of brick. The most approved 
methods of fire-proof building are followed, and 
the "Chicago construction" has been recognized 
and adopted (with modifications) all over the 
"United States. Ofiice buildings range from ten 
to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic 
Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them 
are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the 
largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 
occupants, including tenants and their employes. 
In the residence sections wide diversity may be 
seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about 
equally popular. Among the liandsome public, 
or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the 
Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art 
Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of 
Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade 
Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the 
railroad depots. 

Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a 
public school system unsurpassed for excellence 
in any other city in the country. According to 
the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the 
city had a total of 221 primary and grammar 
schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 
5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 
236.000 pupils in the course of the year. The 
total expenditures during the year amounted to 
§6,78.5.601, of which nearly S4,. 500. 000 was on 
account of teachers' salaries. The city has 
nearly §7,500,000 invested in school buildings. 
Besides jnipils attending public schools there are 
about 100,000 in attendance on private and 
parochial schools, not reckoning students at 
higher institutions of learning, such as medical, 
law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical 
schools, and the great University of Chicago. 
Near the city are also the Northwestern and the 
Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston 
and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- 
sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- 
ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, 
and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 
volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there 
are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society 
and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last 
two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by 
public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to 




DAY AITKH (■IlI(A<;(i IIHI 




CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



93 



the public for purposes of reference under certain 
conditions. This list does not include the exten- 
sive library of the University of Chicago and those 
connected with the Armour Institute and the 
public schools, intended for the use of the pupils 
of these various institutions. 

CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the 
leading commercial exchanges of the world. It 
was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as 
a voluntary association, with a membership of 
eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- 
tion of the city's commercial interests by unity 
of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature 
enacted a general law authorizing the establish- 
ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions 
an incorporation was effected — a second organi- 
zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several 
years the association languished, and at times its 
existence seemed precarious. It was, however, 
largely instrumental in securing the introduction 
of tlie system of measuring grain by weight, 
which initial step opened the way for subsequent 
great improvements in the methods of handling, 
storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. 
By the close of 1856, the association had overcome 
the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and 
the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange 
building began to be agitated, but tlie project lay 
dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted 
the first system of classification and grading of 
wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- 
tion of the elaborate modern system, which has 
proved of such benefit to the grain-growing 
States of the West, and has done so much to give 
Chicago its commanding influence in the grain 
markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of 
trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited 
to members. The same year the Board began 
to receive and send out daily telegraphic market 
reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000, 
which was defrayed by private subscriptions. 
New York was the only city with which such 
communication was then maintained. In Febru- 
ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- 
ring more extensive powers upon the organization, 
and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An 
important era in the Board's history was the 
Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its 
attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- 
ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars 
were contributed, by individual members and 
from the treasury of the organization, for the work 
of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring 
for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and 
providing for the families of enlisted men. In 



1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war 
upon the irredeemable currency with which the 
entire West was then flooded, and secured such 
action by the banks and by the railroad and 
express companies as compelled its replacement 
by United States legal-tender notes and national 
bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as 
then supposed, permanent) quarters wei'e occu- 
pied in a new building erected by the Chicago 
Chamber of Commerce un<ler an agreement with 
the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed 
in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, 
and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely 
one year after the destruction of its predecessor. 
Spacious and ample as these quarters were then 
considered, the growing membership and increas- 
ing business demonstrated their inadequacy 
before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the 
erection of a new building were taken in 1881, 
and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the 
largest and most ornate of its class in the world 
— was opened for occupancy. Tlie membership 
of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- 
siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the 
association is felt in every quarter of the com- 
mercial world. 

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN 
RAILROAD. (See Cliieaijo. Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad.) 

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- 
ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is 
the parent organization of an extensive system 
which operates railroads in eleven Western and 
Northwestern States, furnishing connections 
from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and 
Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- 
enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont ), Deadwood (So. 
Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- 
nections bj' affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. 
The main line extends from Chicago to Denver 
(Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the 
various branches and leased proprietary lines 
(1898) aggregates 4,637.06 miles. The Company 
uses 307.23 miles in conjunction with otlier 
roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines 
controlled through the ownership of securities 
amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to 
these the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy controls 
179 miles of narrow-gauge road. Tlie whole 
number of miles of standard-gauge road operated 
by the Burlington sj-stem, and known as the 
Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated 
at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47 
miles being owned by the Company. The system 
in Illinois connects many important commercial 



94 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, 
Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful- 
ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, 
Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire 
capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds 
and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to §234,884,- 
600, which was equivalent to about §33,000 per 
mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, 
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, 
amounted to 88,724,997, and the total disburse- 
ments of the Company within the State, during 
the same period, to §7.469,4.56. Taxes paid in 
1898, §377,968.— (History). The first section of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was 
constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to 
the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name 
being changed in 18.53 to the Chicago & Aurora 
Railroad Company. Tlie line was completed in 
1853, from the junction with the old Galena & 
Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- 
cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. 
In 18.55 the name of the Company was changed 
by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and 
Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter 
granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract 
Railroad Company, and completed in 18.54. July 
9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated 
under the name of the former. Previous to this 
consolidation the Company had extended aid to 
the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to 
the Mississippi River, nearly ojiposite Burlington, 
Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from 
Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- 
pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy. In 18.57 the name of the 
Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & 
Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold 
under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was 
acquired in the same way — the former constitut- 
ing the Quincy branch of tlie main line and the 
latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up 
to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used 
the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- 
road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year 
began the construction of its line from Aurora to 
Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1873 
it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the 
Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, 
and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, 
now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral 
branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches 
in Illinois, built or acquired Iw this corporation, 
include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- 



lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & 
Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, 
and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The 
Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the 
Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy — is an important part of the .s.vstem, 
furnishing a connection between St. Louis on 
tlie south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the 
north, of which more than half of the distance of 
583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. 
The latter division was originall3' chartered, Oct. 
21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. 
Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to 
Savanna, 111 (16.73 miles), and opened, Nov. 1. 
1886. It was formally incorporated into the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In 
June of tlie .same year the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & 
Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, 
Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas 
City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Caines- 
ville, Mo. (113 miles). 

CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENNES RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Bail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or 
waterway, in course of construction (1893-99) 
from the Chicago River, within the limits of the 
city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines 
River, about 12 miles above the junction of the 
Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object 
of the channel is the removal of the sewage of 
the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of 
the region comprised within what is called the 
"Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility 
of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by 
way of the Des Plaines River with those of the 
Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest 
French explorers of this region, and was com- 
mented upon, from time to time, by them and 
their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of 
a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
was discussed in a report on roads and canals by 
Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, 
and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- 
ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- 
duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued 
to receive attention in the press, in Western 
Territorial Legislatures and in oflJicial reports, 
one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- 
houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is 
spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." 
In 1833 Congress passed an act granting the 
right of way to the State through the public 
lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, 






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SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO 




MANCHESTER 




NORTH SEJ^ 

- BALTIC - 




NORTH SEA 
- AMSTEFJDAM - 




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PANAMA 




WELLAND 




ILLINOIS t MISSISSIPPI 

HENNEPIN - 




ILLINOIS*MICHIGAN 

,_ fro • 



COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. 



IlISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



its 



five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- 
pose of its construction. The work was begun in 
1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of 
the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La 
Salle. (See Illinois d- Michigan Canal.) Under 
an act passed by the Legislatui-e in 1865, the work 
of deepening the canal was undertaken by the 
city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means 
to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being 
completed some time before the fire of 1871. This 
scheme having failed to accomplish the object 
designed, other measures began to be considered. 
Various remedies were proposed, but in all the 
authorities were confronted with the difficulty 
of providing a fund, under the provisions of the 
Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost 
of construction. In the closing months of the 
year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a 
member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- 
ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give 
attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- 
self and others that the difficulties were not 
insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- 
lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed 
a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a 
Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of 
reputation and experience in engineering and 
sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, 
to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- 
mission" for the purpose of investigating and 
reporting upon the matter of water-supply and 
disposition of the sewage of the city. As a 
result of tliis action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- 
phia, was appointed expert engineer by JIayor 
Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. 
Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. 
At the succeeding session of the General Assem- 
bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd 
bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but 
both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating 
doing the work by general taxation and the issue 
of bonds, and the other by special assessment — 
were introduced in that body. As it was found 
that neither of these bills could be passed at that 
session, a new and shorter one, which became 
known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro- 
duced and passed near the close of the session. 
A resolution was also adopted creating a com- 
mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- 
sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further 
investigate the subject. The later act, just 
referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- 
off from the Des Plaines River, which would 
divert the flood-waters of that stream and the 
North Branch into Lake Micliigan north of the 



city. Nothing was done under this act, however. 
At the next session (1889) the commission made a 
favorable report, and a new law was enacted 
embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, 
though changing the title of the organization to 
be formed from the "Jletropolitan Town," as 
proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- 
trict." The act, as passed, provided for the 
election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers 
being confined to "providing for the drainage of 
the district," both as to surplus water and sew- 
age. Much opposition to the measure had been 
developed during the pendency of the legislation 
on the subject, especially in the Illinois vallej-, 
on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- 
mer flooding of the bottom lands which are 
cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome 
by the argument that the channel would, when 
the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved 
between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and 
enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels 
between the lake and the Mississippi River, and 
the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held 
at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the 
eighteen months preceding the passage of the 
act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of 
not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also 
excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, 
lest the taking of so large a volume of water from 
Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level 
injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- 
sions were quieted by the assurance of expert 
engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- 
level below the present minimum would not 
exceed three inches, and more likely would not 
produce a perceptible effect. 

At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, 
the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- 
ized by an almost unanimous popular vote 
— the returns showing 70,958 votes for the 
measure to 242 against. The District, as thus 
formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago 
nortli of Eighty-seventh Street, with fortj'- 
three square miles outside of the city limits 
but within the area to be benefited by the 
improvement. Though the channel is located 
partly in Will County, the district is wholly in 
Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- 
tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a 
special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then 
elected to hold their offices for five years and 
until the following November. The second 
election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, 
as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz.: 
William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R, 



90 



HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, 
Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. 
Smj'th and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have 
power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to 
prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- 
erty within the district, under certain limitations 
as to length of time the taxes run and the rate 
per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the 
Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, 
the rate of assessment upon property within the 
Drainage District is limited to one and one-half 
per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but 
after tl)at date becomes one-half of one per cent. 
The bed of the channel, as now in process of 
construction, commences at Robey Street and the 
South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles 
from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- 
westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, 
where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From 
this point it follows the bed of that stream to 
Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence 
of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of 
the channel comes to the surface, and where the 
great controlling works are situated. This has made 
necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles 
of new channel for the river — which runs parallel 
with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal 
— besides the construction of about nineteen 
miles of levee to separate the waters of the 
canal from the river. The following statement 
of the quality of the material excavated and the 
dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by 
Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago 
Drainage Channel and Waterway, "" published in 
the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): 
"Through that portion of the channel between 
Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed 
to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, 
which is supposed to lie sufficient to dilute sew- 
age for about the present population (of Chicago), 
the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- 
tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion 
of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the 
cajiacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The 
bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448 
feet below Chicago datum. The width of the 
channel from Summit down to the neighborhood 
of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with 
the same side slope. The cut through the rock, 
which extends from the neighborhood of Willow 
Springs to the point where the channel runs out 
of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the 
l>ottom. The entire depth of the channel is 
substantially the same as at Robey Street, with 
the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock 



portion of the channel is constructed to the full 
capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From 
the point where the channel runs out of ground 
to Joliet Lake, t.'iere is a rapid fall; over this 
slope works are to be constructed to let the water 
down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " 

Ground was broken on the rock-cut near 
Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in 
progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- 
ress of the work was greatly obstructed during 
the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- 
ing the right of way for the discharge of the 
waters of the canal througli the city of Joliet, 
but these were compromised near the close of the 
year, and it was anticipated that the work would 
be prosecuted to completion during the year 
1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the 
net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of 
the work aggregated 828,257,707, while the net 
expenditures had amounted to 838, 221 864. 57. Of 
the latter, 820,099.284.67 was charged to construc- 
tion account, 83,156.903.12 to "land account" 
(including right of way), and 81,222,092.82 to the 
cost of maintaining the engineering department. 
When finished, the cost will reach not less than 
835,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- 
dous character of the work, which bids fair to 
stand without a rival of its kind in modern 
engineering and in the results it is expected to 
achieve. 

CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. 
The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 
1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated 
and owned in Illinois. The line in this State 
extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the 
extreme terminal points being Chicago and 
Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City 
in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi 
nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- 
ments with several lines, the most imjxjrtant 
being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 
miles), completing the connection between St. 
Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central 
from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and 
with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest 
Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. 
Tlie company's own track is single, of standard 
gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound 
steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and 
the equipment well maintained. The outstand- 
ing capital stock (1898) was 852,019.054; total 
capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- 
laneous indebtedness, 857,144.245. (HISTORY). The 
road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws 
of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of 




VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 




VIKWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



97 



the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway 
Company on a stock basis. During \Sd'). the 
De Kalb & Great "Western Railroad (.'i.Sl miles) 
was built from De Kalb to Sj-camore as a feeder 
of this line. 

CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Xorthern Pacific Rail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO, H.iVAXA & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See niinois Central Railroad. ) 

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, 
April 24, 18.5G, for the purposes of (1) establishing 
a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; 
(2) the collection and preservation of historical 
manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) 
the encouragement of the discovery and investi- 
gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- 
nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating 
the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 
the Society had accumulated much valuable 
material, but the entire collection was destroyed 
in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the 
manuscripts consumed being the original draft 
of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham 
Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was 
consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second 
conflagration included many valuable manu- 
scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was 
erected, which was torn down in 1893 to make 
room for the erection, on the same lot, of a 
thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, 
planned after the most approved modern sj'stems. 
The new building was erected and dedicated 
under the direction of its late President, Ed- 
ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's 
third collection now embraces about twenty-five 
thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand 
pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with 
other works of art; a valuable collection of 
manuscript documents, and a large museum of 
local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles 
Evans is Secretary and Librarian. 

CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- 
LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty 
of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first 
term opened October 4, of that j'ear, in a leased 
building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its 
first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed 
structure was erected by the trustees, in a more 
desirable location. The institution was among 
the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- 
tion, extending over a period of eighteen years. 
In 1897, the matriculating classnumbered over 200. 

CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND 
CHILDREN,located at Chicago, and founded in 



1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared 
objects are: "To afford a home for women and 
children among the respectable poor in need of 
medical and surgical aid; to treat the same' 
classes at home by an assistant physician; to 
afford a free dispensary for the same, and to 
train competent nurses." At the outset the 
hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- 
vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely tlirough 
Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized 
for the medical education of women exclusively. 
(See Xorthwestern University Woman's Medical 
School.) The hospital building was totally 
destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary 
accommodations were provided in another section 
of the city. The following year, with the aid of 
§25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and 
Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- 
cha.sed, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well 
planned building was erected on the same site, at 
a cost of about §75,000. 

CHICAGO, MADISON A NORTHERN RAIL- 
ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 
miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated 
by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is 
known as its "Freeport Division." The par value 
of the capital stock outstanding is §50,000 and of 
bonds 82,500,000, while the floating debt is 
$3,620,698, making a total capitalization of 
16,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois 
Central Railroad.) This road was opened from 
Chicago to Freeport in 1888. 

CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- 
tvesteni University Medical College.) 

CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- 
WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North- 
west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 
miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main 
line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 
miles, although it has connections with Kansas 
Citj', Omaha, Sioux City and various points in 
Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys 
the distinction of being the owner of all the lines 
operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of 
second tracks owned jointly with otlier lines. 
The greater part of its track is laid with 
60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital 
invested (1898; is §220,00.5,901, distributed as 
follows: capital stock, §77,845,000; bonded debt, 
§135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, 
§5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 
1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- 
tures. §3,330,248. The total number of em- 
ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 



98 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



$1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes 
paid for the same year amounted to §151,285. — 
(History). The Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railwa}- was organized in 1803 under the name 
of tlie Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- 
nois portion of the main line was built under a 
charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- 
tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- 
road Company; the wliole built and opened in 
1873 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by 
purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole 
receiving the present name of the line by act of 
the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. 
The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, 
Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 
miles), and opened. May 1, 1885; was consolidated 
with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, 
under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake 
Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 23, 1885, opened 
to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in 
June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now 
organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions 
located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 
North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. 

CHICAGO, PADUC.VH & MEMPHIS KAIL- 
ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 
1893, to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 
III., 153 miles, with a branch from Johnston City 
to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 173 miles. 
The gauge is standard, and the track laid with 
sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road 
from Altamont to Slarion (100 miles) was com- 
pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has 
been in progress. It is intended to connect with 
the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. 
Capital stock authorized and subscribed. §2,500,- 
000; bonds issued, §1,575,000. Funded debt, 
authorized, §15,000 per mile in five per cent first 
mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1 , 
1895, §20,000 per mile ; estimated co.st of the entire 
Une, §2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road 
passed into the liands of the Chicago & Eastern 
Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to 
Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago <t 
Eastern Illinois Kaiiroad. ) 

CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERJf RAIL- 
ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield 
Railroad, in 1859; opened from Pekin to Streator 
in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876; sold under 
foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of 
the Chicago & Alton system. 



CHICAGO, PEORIA ic ST, LOUIS RAILROAD 
COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating 
two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria 
to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to 
Springfield, with a connection from the latter 
place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis. 
The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, 
was 208,00 miles, of which 106 were owned by 
tlie corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- 
ville Division of this line was the Illinois River 
Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. 
In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, 
and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur- 
cha.sers to a new corporation called the Peoria, 
Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by 
whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, 
and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- 
closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the 
creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, 
with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 
(3) The Sjjringfield Division was incorporated in 
1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway; 
construction was begun in 1872, and road opened 
from Sijringfleld to Havana (45.20 miles) in 
December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and 
Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & 
Jacksonville line. The same year the road was 
leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- 
ern Railroad Company, but tlie lease was for- 
feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the bands 
of a receiver. In 1881, together with the 
Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the 
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Raihva}-, and by 
that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- 
field Railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific 
having defaulted and gone into the hands of a 
receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring- 
field Divisions were reorganized in February, 
1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & 
St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of 
the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A 
reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, 
under the name of tlie Jacksonville, Louisville & 
St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the 
hands of receivers, and was severed from its 
allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
Railroad remained under the management of a 
separate receiver until January, 1890, when a 
reorganization was effected under its present 
name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
road of Illinois." The lea.se of the Springfield 
& St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- 
ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an 
independent corporation under the name of the 
St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



99 



CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining 
a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan 
and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed 
drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It 
is formed by the union of the "North" and 
the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile 
and a half from the mouth of the main stream. 
At an early day the former was known as the 
"Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The 
total length of the North Branch is about 30 miles, 
only a small fraction of which is navigable. The 
South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities 
for navigation, being lined along its lower por 
tions witli grain-elevators, lumber-janls and 
manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days 
found an easj- portage between it and the Des 
Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its 
branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, 
known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" 
and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have 
been erected at the principal street crossings 
over the river and both branches, and four 
tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the 
city, have been constructed vmder the river bed. 
CHICAGO, KOCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- 
WAT, formed by the consoUdation of various 
lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The 
Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered 
in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- 
cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 
miles), Julj' 10, 1854. In 1853 a company was 
chartered under the name of the Mississippi & 
Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road 
from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The 
two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- 
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the 
extension to the Missouri River and a junction 
with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The 
Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important 
feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 
miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed 
and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock 
Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa 
Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas 
City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company 
has financial and traffic agreements with the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending 
from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort 
Worth, Texas. The road also has connections 
from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- 
apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver. Colo- 
rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo. ), besides various 
points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern 
Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and 
operated by the Company ( "Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) , 



is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in 
Illinois, 189.53 miles being owned bj' the corpo- 
ration. AH of the Company's owned and 
leased lines are laid with steel rails. Tlie total 
capitalization reported for the same year was 
§116,748,211, of which §50,000,000 was in stock 
and $58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and 
income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending 
June 30, 1898, was §5,851,875, and the total 
expenses §3,401,165, of which §333,129 was in the 
form of taxes. The Company has received under 
Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- 
sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, 
up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- 
ROAD. {See Chicago & JVorthicestern Railiray.) 

CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Raihcay. ) 

CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- 
WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with 
steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 
111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, 
and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. 
Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is 
the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- 
est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock 
is §1,000,000, and its bonded debt §3,000,000, 
making the total capitalization about §56,000 per 
mile. The cost of the road was §2,950,000; total 
incumbrance (1895), §3,016,715. 

CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- 
ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern 
Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in 
November, 1889, to acquire and lease facihties to 
other roads and transact a local business. The 
Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 
1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property 
of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after 
acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet 
Terminal Railway also. The combination gives 
it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 
70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for 
both passenger and freight terminal purposes, 
and also a belt line just outside the city limits. 
Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- 
ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central 
Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western 
Railroad. The Company also has control of the 
ground on which the Grand Central Depot is 
located. Its total capitalization (1898) was §44,- 
5.53,044, of which §30,000,000 was capital stock 
and §13,394,000 in the form of bonds. 

CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- 
ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- 
gational ministers and laymen representing seven 



100 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Western States, among which was Illinois. A 
special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 13, 
1835. The Seminary has alwaj-s been imder 
Congregational control and supervision, its 
twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial 
Conventions, at which are represented all the 
churches of that denomination west of the Ohio 
and east of the Rockj' Mountains. The institu- 
tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 
1858, with two professors and twenty-nine 
matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown 
in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and 
linguistic schools have been added and the 
faculty (189G) includes eight professors and nine 
minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally 
endowed, its productive assets being nearly 
$1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- 
ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly .§500, 000 
more. No charge is made for tuition or room 
rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar- 
ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid 
of needy students. The buildings, including the 
Ubrary and dormitories, are four in number, and 
are well constructed and arranged. 

CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor 
tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- 
tion from Cliicago to St. Louis, with numerous 
branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and 
Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper 
was constructed under two charters — the first 
granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- 
pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & 
Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con- 
struction of the former was begun in 1852, and 
the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 
1853. Under the second corporation, the line was 
opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854, 
and to JoUet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con- 
structed from Chicago to JoUet under the name 
of the JoUet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in 
perpetuity to the present Company, which was 
reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. 
Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For 
some time connection was had between Alton 
and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in 
connection with the railroad ; but later over the 
line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — 
the first railway line connecting the two cities — 
and, finally, by the Company's own line, which 
was constructed in 1864, and formalh' opened 
Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the 
present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- 
pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased 
the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- 
closure sale. Several branch lines have since 



been acquired by purcliase or lease, the most 
important in the State being the line from 
Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. 
This was chartered in 1831 under the name of the 
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was 
opened for business in January, 1868, and liaving 
been diverted from the route upon which it was 
originally projected, was completed to Blooming- 
ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. 
In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main 
line. Other important branches are the Kansas 
City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the ilis- 
sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington 
Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, 
and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is 
obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks 
of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole 
number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of 
which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double 
tracks and sidings, the Company has a total 
trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, 
in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which §22,230,600 was 
in stock, and §6,694,850 in bonds. The total 
earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were 
§5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, 
§4,272,207. This road, xmder its management as 
it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- 
formly successful in the country. Dividends 
have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, 
and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number 
of years previoiis to 1897, the dividends had 
amounted to eight per cent per annum on both 
preferred and common stock, but later had been 
reduced to seven per cent on account of short 
crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 
were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, 
exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. 
The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the 
world to put into serrice sleeping and dining cars 
of the Pullman model, which have since been so 
widely adopted, as well as the first to run free 
reclining chair-cars for the convenience and 
comfort of its passengers. At the time the 
matter embraced in this volume is undergoing 
final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress 
for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi- 
cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the 
Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the 
Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose 
interest it will hereafter be operated. 

CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See 
Clticago, Burlington <£■ Quiney Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & EASTERX ILLINOIS RAIL- 
ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles 
in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



101 



The main line in this State extends southerly 
from Dolton Junction (IT miles south of Chicago) 
to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot 
in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the 
Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns 
several important branch lines, as follows: From 
Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; 
from Cissna Junction to Ci.ssna Park; from Dan- 
ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to 
Rossville. The system in Illinois is of standard 
gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The 
right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. 
The grades are light, and the construction 
(including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is 
generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- 
ing (1895) is 813,594,400; funded debt, $18,018,000; 
floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested, 
$32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, .52,593,073; 
expenditures in the State, §3,595,631. The com- 
pany paid the same year a dividend of six per 
cent on its common stock (8286,914), and reported 
a surplus of $1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern 
Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the 
Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main 
line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted 
on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, 
and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but 
later in same year took its present name. In 
1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & 
Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in 
length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 
1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, 
Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now 
operated to Slarion, in Williamson County. (See 
Chicar/o. Paducah &• Memphis Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of 
the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk 
Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the 
latter 9,7 miles are operated under lease. That 
portion of the line within the State extends from 
Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The 
Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction 
Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is 
capitalized at $6,600,000, has a bonded debt of 
$12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of $2,271,425, 
making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. 
The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted 
to 8660,393; disbursements within the State for 
the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Grand 
Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- 
dation of various lines between Port Huron, 
Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of 
the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- 
nois section was built under a charter granted in 
1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- 



pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. 
This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- 
ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the 
Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all 
being consolidated under the name of the North- 
western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final 
consolidation of these lines with the eastward 
connections took place under the present name — 
the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. 

CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 
(See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway. ) 

CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
(See Peoria, Decatur <& Evansi'ille Railway.) 

CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail- 
n-ay. ) 

CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago <S: Alton Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & NASHVILLE RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago & Eautern Illinois Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- 
road. ) 

CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 
one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- 
trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- 
gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South 
Dakota. The total length of its main line, 
branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 
1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are 
operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. 
Second and side tracks increase the mileage 
to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & 
Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in 
nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- 
consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, 
Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and 
Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines 
of the "Northwestern System," in its entirety, 
are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul 
and Minneapolis for their termini, though their 
branches reach numerous important points 
within the States already named, from the shore 
of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the 
west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake 
Superior on the north. — (HiSTOKY.) The Chi- 
cago & Northwestern Railway Company was 
organized in 1859 under charters granted by the 
Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during 
that year, under which the new company came 
into possession of the rights and franchises of the 
Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- 
pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of 
various railway enterprises which had been pro- 



102 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



jected. chartered and partly constructed in Wis- 
consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, 
including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the 
Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- 
nois & Wisconsin Railroad — tlie last named com- 
pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature 
in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from 
Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin 
Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation 
of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the 
Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con- 
solidation of these lines was perfected under the 
name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- 
ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of 
which seventy miles were between Chicago and 
the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- 
structed in Wisconsin completing the connection 
between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result 
of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation 
became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its 
property and franchises under the foreclosure of 
1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked 
the beginning of the present corporation, and, in 
the next few years, by the construction of new 
lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and 
Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent 
of its lines, both constructed and projected. The 
most important of these was the union effected 
■with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 
which was formally consolidated with the Chi- 
cago & Northwestern in 18G4. The history of 
the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in 
view of the fact that it was one of the earliest 
railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been 
chartered by special act of the Legislature during 
the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836. 
Besides, its charter was the only one of that 
period under which an organization was effected, 
and although construction was not begun under 
it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the 
second railroad constructed in the State and the 
first leading from the city of Chicago. In the 
forty years of its history the growth of the Chi- 
cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its 
success almost phenomenal. In that time it has 
not only added largely to its mileage by the con- 
struction of new lines, but has absorbed more 
lines than almost any other road in the country, 
until it now reaches almost every important city 
in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern 
Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several 
which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago 
Union before the consolidation. These included 
a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox 



River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & 
Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter- 
prises, and more or less closely connected with 
the development of the State. The total capi- 
talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was 
§200,968,108, of which $66,408,821 was capi- 
tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of 
bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois, 
for the same period, aggregated $4,374,923, 
and the expenditures $8,712,593. At the present 
time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- 
ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, 
Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern 
System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of 
road not included in the preceding statements of 
mileage and financial condition. Although owned 
by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they 
are managed by different officers and under other 
names. The mileage of the whole system covers 
nearly 8,000 miles of main line. 

CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. 
(See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line 
seventy-three miles in length, extending from 
Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to 
the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- 
deau. The line was originally operated by two 
companies, under the names of the Grand Tower 
& Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- 
deau Railroad Companies. The former was 
chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the 
latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the 
same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and 
operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas 
Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last 
named line was transferred, under a twenty-five 
year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & 
Cape Girardeau division. 

CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- 
ROAD. The main line of this road extends from 
Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- 
minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. 
Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond, 
Ind. (10.28 miles) ; to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to 
South Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct 
mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition, 
its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings 
increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com- 
pany was organized June 9, 1879; the road opened 
in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with 
the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad 
Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana 
Belt Railway. It also owns some 8.50 acres in fee 
in Cliicago, including wharf property on the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



103 



Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer 
yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. 
The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to 
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the 
rest of the property is leased conjointly by the 
Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand 
Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New 
Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways 
(each of which owns $1,000,000 of the capital 
stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. 
These companies pay the expense of operation 
and maintenance on a mileage basis. 

CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
Wisconsin Cent ml Lines.) 

CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone. 
Franklin County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son 
of an itinerant Methodist preaclier, who settled 
near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 18.')2. His 
home having been broken up by the death of his 
mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In 
April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in 
the company of Captain (afterwards General) 
Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to 
the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being 
niustered out at the close of the war, he entered 
school, and graduated from the Illinois State 
Normal University in 1870. For the following three 
years he was Principal and Superintendent of 
public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile 
studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 
18T3, he began the practice of his profession at 
Chicago, making Iiis home at Hinsdale. After 
filling various local offices, in 1884 he was 
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by the narrow 
majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the 
Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- 
gress, as a Republican. 

CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ- 
ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria 
Lake: is 19 miles north-northeast of Peoria,on the 
Peoria Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad. It is an important shipping 
point for grain, which is extensively raised in the 
surrounding region. Flour and carriages are the 
principal manufactures. It has a bank, three 
cliurches, a high school and twcj weekly news- 
papers. Population (1890), 1,632; (1900), 1,699. 

CHINIQUY, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and 
reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of 
mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated 
for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St. 
Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a 
reputation among his fellow students for extraor- 
dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained 



to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various 
churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted 
an invitation to Illinois with a view to building 
up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- 
ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois 
Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was tlie means 
of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 
5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists 
from France, Belgium and other European 
countries. It has been estimated that over 
,50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in 
Illinois within a few years. The colony em- 
braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with 
the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here 
Fatlier Chiniquy began his labors by erecting 
churches and schools for the colonists. He soon 
became dissatisfied with what he believed to be 
the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling 
Bisliop, then began to have doubts on the question 
of papal infalliljility, the final result being a 
determination to separate himself from the 
Mother Church. In this step he appears to have 
been followed by a large proportion of the colo- 
nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but 
the result was a feeling of intense bitterness 
between the opposing factions, leading to much 
litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of 
which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though 
never convicted. In one of these suits, in which 
the Father was accused of an infamous crime, 
Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, 
the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of 
a conspiracy. Having finally determined to 
espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father 
Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres- 
bytery, and for many years of his active clerical 
life, divided his time between Canada and tlie 
United States, having supervision of cliurclies in 
Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this co\intry. 
He also more than once visited Europe by special 
invitation to address important religious bodies 
in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, 
Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90tli year of his age. 

CHOUART, Mednrd, (known also as Sieur des 
Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed 
to have been born at Touraine, France, about 
1621. Coming to New France in early youth, lie 
made a voyage of discovery with liis brother-in- 
law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 
1654-50, these two being believed to have been 
the first wliite men to reach Lake Superior. 
After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La 
Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, 
they are believed by some to have discovered the 
Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 



104 



niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



stream a long distance towards its mouth, as 
they claimed to have reached a much milder 
climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt 
water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians 
credit them, about this time (1659), with having 
visited the present site of the city of Chicago. 
They were the first explorers of Northwestern 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited 
with having been the first to discover an inland 
route to Hudson's Bay, and with being the 
founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. 
Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he 
ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the 
"New World" about the middle of the seventh 
century. 

CHRISMAN, a village of Edgar County, at the 
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Clii- 
cago & St. Louis and the Indiana, Decatur & 
Western Railways, 24 miles south of Danville. 
It has flour and saw mills. Population (1880), 
541; (1890). 820; (1900), 90.->. 

CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural 
coimty, lying in the "central belt," and organized 
in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, 
Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first 
given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, 
one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but 
a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- 
ponderance of early settlers having come from 
Christian County, Ky., this name was finally 
adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, 
the northern half of the cotmty being best 
adapted to com and the southern to wheat. Its 
area is about 710 square miles, and its population 
(1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers 
was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- 
dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for 
sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires 
were frequent; tlie first mill (on Bear Creek) 
could not grind more than ten bushels of grain 
per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their 
corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The 
fii-st store was opened at Robertson's Point, but 
the county -seat was establislied at Taylorville. A 
great change was «Tought in local conditions by 
the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which 
passes through the eastern part of the county. 
Two other railroads now pass centrally through 
the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern. Tlie principal towns are 
Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town 
of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- 
burg, and Assumption. 

CHURCH, Lawrence S., lavryer and legislator, 
was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1820; passed his 



youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, 
at an early age began teaching in winter with a 
view to earning means to prosecute his studies in 
law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenrj', then the 
county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having 
walked a part of the way from New York, paj'ing 
a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- 
tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and 
having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, 
was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the 
county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he 
removed to the latter place, where he continued 
to reside to tlie end of his life. A member of the 
Whig party up to 1856, he was tliat j-ear elected 
as a Republican Representative in the T%ventieth 
General Assembly, serving bj- re-election in the 
Twenty-first and Twenty-second; in 1860, was 
supported for the nomination for Congress in the 
Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. 
E. B. Wasbburne ; in 1862, aided in the organiza- 
tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and 
was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled 
to resign before reaching the field on account of 
failing health. In 18G6 he was elected County 
Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, 
in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. 
Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Churcli was a man of 
high principle and a speaker of decided ability. 

CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born 
at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by 
his father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, 
and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 
21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged 
in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in 
the public schools of that city. Then, having 
spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- 
ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first 
locating at Geneva, but the following year 
removed to Rockford, where he continued to 
reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, lie 
was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- 
ford by the first President Harrison, remaining 
in office three years. Otlier oflices held by him 
were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to 
the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), 
Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representati%-e in 
the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-65), 
and member of the first Board of Public Charities 
by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, 
being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 
1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- 
dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- 
ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the 
Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- 
ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



105 



the Government bridge between Rock Island and 
Davenport. During the latter years of his life he 
was President for some time of the Rockford 
Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- 
tors, and, for many years. Managing Director of 
the Rockford Water Power Company, which has 
done so much to promote the prosperity of that 
city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the 
Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died 
at Rockford. June 23, 1893. 

CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- 
lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland 
County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- 
cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for 
literature which led to his learning the printer's 
trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the 
oflBce of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, 
after serving his time, worked as a journeyman 
printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase 
a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling 
this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to 
New York, and. after working at the case some 
five months, started for the West, stopping en 
route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. 
In the latter place he worked for a time in the 
office of "The Courier," and still later in that of 
"The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah 
C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and 
served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 
he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- 
tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- 
cultural pursuits, finallj- purchasing land some 
six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison 
County, where he continued to reside the re- 
mainder of his life. In order to raise means to 
improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he 
worked as a compositor in the office of "The 
Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. 
Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series 
of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. 
Charles County," advocating the admission of 
the State of Missouri into the Union without 
slaverj-, which caused considerable excitement 
among the friends of that institution. During 
the same year he aided Hooper Warren in 
e.stablishing his paper, "The Spectator," at 
Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent 
contributor to its columns, especially during the 
campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter 
year, in the defeat of tlie attempt to plant slavery 
in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- 
ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in 
that body by successive re-elections until 1832. 
His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- 
strated that his vote at the preceding session, in 



opposition to the scheme for a State Convention 
to revise the State Constitution in the interest of 
slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 
1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving 
four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the 
House — in all serving a period in both Houses of 
sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. 
He was an industrious and sj'stematic collector of 
historical records, and, at the time of his death in 
the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and 
other historical material of great value. (See 
Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Houiicr, and 
Coles, Edicard.) 

CLARE (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was 
born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va., 
Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a 
farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His 
first experience in Indian fighting was under 
Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). 
In 1775 he went as a sui-veyor to Kentucky, and 
tlie Briti.sh having incited the Indians against 
the Americans in the following year, he was 
commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose 
to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. 
Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, 
and planned an expedition against the British 
fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In 
the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. 
Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- 
dition against Illinois, which was caiTied out 
the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured 
Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other 
French villages surrendered at discretion. The 
following February he .set out from Kaskaskia to 
cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of 
recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and 
was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. 
After a forced march characterized by incredible 
suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- 
ture of the post. His last important military 
service was against the savages on the Big 
Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. 
His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- 
parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., 
Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a 
private cemetery near that city for half a cen- 
tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill 
Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General 
Clark's expedition and his life will be found in 
the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the 
Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George 
Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late 
William H. English, of Indianapolis. 

CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was 
born at Hunt.sburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 



106 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the age of IS, coming to Chicago, he found 
employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on 
a farm in Kane County, attending school in the 
winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- 
ing the Iowa State University, he returned to 
Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, 
later occupying himself with various occupations 
in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to 
his Ohio home, where he began the study of law 
at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio 
regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, 
but was finally compelled to leave the service in 
consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. 
In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111. , where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the 
Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator 
in 1880, serving four years and proving himself 
one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 
he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National 
Reijublican Convention, and has long been a con- 
spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was 
a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- 
nation for Governor. 

CLARK, John M., civil engineer and merchant, 
was born at AVhite Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; 
came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 
1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, 
served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad. After a course in the 
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., 
where he graduated in 1836, he returned to the 
service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to 
Colorado, where he was one of the original 
founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- 
neer of its first water supply company. In 1863 
he started on a survej-ing expedition to Arizona, 
but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured 
by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also 
present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, 
when the Confederates, being defeated, were 
driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- 
cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- 
sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The 
official positions held by Mr. Clark include those 
of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of 
Education, Collector of Customs, to which he 
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, 
and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board 
by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act 
passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. 
In 1881 he was tlie Republican candidate for Mayor 
of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- 
son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar 
Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. 



CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties 
of the State, south of the middle line and front- 
ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square 
miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for 
Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was 
effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers 
were John Bartlett, Abraham Wasliburn, James 
Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer 
and Uri Manly. The county-seat is Marshall, the 
site of which was purchased from the Govern- 
ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. 
William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- 
prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin 
was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, 
and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made 
only after a hard struggle. The soil of the 
county is rich, and its agricultural products 
varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, 
potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, 
maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring 
and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing 
interests are not extensive. Among the promi- 
nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are 
Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- 
field (510), and York (294). 

CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the 
celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, 
March, 1779 ; in early life removed to Kentucky, 
studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of 
Public Accounts in that State ; in 1815, was con- 
verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, 
locating at Jack,sonville, 111., where he spent 
most of his life. Died, in 18.50. 

CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 13 
miles we.st of Olney ; has two newspapers, a bank 
and a plow factory; is in a grain and fruit-grow- 
ing region. Population (1890), 612; (1900). 907. 

CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
(juarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square 
miles and a population (1900) of 19,.553. It was 
named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the 
county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and 
soon after settlers began to locate homes in the 
county, although it was not organized until 1824. 
During the same year the pioneer settlement of 
Ma3'sville was made the count}' -seat, but immi- 
gration continued inactive until 1837, when 
many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- 
son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, 
who were soon followed by the families of Coch- 
ran, McCuUom and Tender. The Little Wabash 
River and a number of small tributaries drain 
the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- 
tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



107 



prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad 
facihties are limited, but sufficient to accommo- 
date the county's requirements. Fruits, 
especially apples, are successfullj' cultivated. 
Educational advantages are fair, although largely 
confined to district schools and academies in 
larger towns. Louisville was made the county- 
seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of 
637. Xenia and Flora are the most important 
towns. 

CL.ITTON, a town In Adams County, on the 
Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of 
Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway 
extends from this point northwest to Carthage, 
and Keokuk, Iowa. The mechanical industries 
include slate works and establishments for the 
manufacture of agricultural implements, grain 
measures, etc. It has a bank, five churches, a 
high school and a weekly newspaper. Population 
(1880), 941; (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. 

CLE.VVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- 
don, England, in 181.>; came to Canada with his 
parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged 
in business as a chandler, later going into the 
grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in 
California, and, six years afterwards, established 
himself in the southern part of the present city 
of Cliicago, then called Cleaverville, where he 
served as Postmaster and managed a general 
store. He was the owner of considerable real 
estate at one time in what is now a densely 
populated part of the citj' of Chicago. Died in 
Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. 

CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- 
ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 
111., was born in Franklin County, Ind,, in 1837; 
graduated from Asbury University, at Green- 
castle, in 1859, having supported himself during 
his college course by teaching. After reading 
law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, 
he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again 
found it necessary to resort to teaching in order 
to purcliase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted 
in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He 
was in the service for three years, was three 
times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- 
torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- 
pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 
to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the 
Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteentli 
District. He was also a member of the Repub- 
lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, lie 
became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, 
by appointment of President Harrison, serving 



until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was 
appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a 
few months, when he accepted the position of 
Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 
at Danville. 

CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. 
LOUIS RAILWAY. The total lengtli of this sys- 
tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles 
are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main 
line lying within the State extends from East St. 
Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 
miles. The Company is also the lessee of the 
Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- 
ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The 
Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the 
line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- 
ville, to Cairo (259 miles) ■ the Chicago Division, 
extending from Kankakee southeast to the 
Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, 
from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton 
(4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- 
ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which 
it operates. The system is uniformlj' of standard 
gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. 
It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- 
seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, 
and is amply ballasted with broken stone and 
gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at 
Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system 
on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and 
bonded and floating debt — was §97,149,361. The 
total earnings in Illinois for the year were 
$3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State 
§3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were 
§124,196. The history of this system, so far as 
Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- 
tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati. Indianapolis, St. 
Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- 
cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & 
St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain 
leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) 
were merged into the system. (For history of 
the .several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, 
Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo 
& Vineennes, and Kankakee <& Seneca Railroads.) 

CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through 
six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great 
diversity of climate, as regards not only the 
range of temperature, but also the amount of 
rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several 
points of contrast to States lying between the 
same parallels of latitude, but nearer the AtLan- 
tic. Tlie same statement applies, as well, to all 



108 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the North Central and the Western States. 
Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up 
the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation 
in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- 
ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. 
On the other hand, there is no great barrier to 
the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in 
winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing 
• the temperature to a point lower than is custom- 
ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. 
Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the 
climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, 
mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. 
If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa 
and Boston— the latter being one degree farther 
north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the 
springs and summers are found to be about five 
degrees warmer, and the winters tliree degrees 
colder, at the former point. In comparing the 
East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen 
that, in the former section, the same is pretty 
equally distributed over the four seasons, while 
in the latter, spring and sunmier may be called 
the wet season, and autumn and winter the drj'. 
In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the 
yearly precipitation occurs during the growing 
season. Tliis is a climatic condition highly 
favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but 
detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we 
find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in 
the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a 
geographical position where these great climatic 
changes begin to manifest themselves, and where 
the distinctive features of the prairie first become 
fully apparent. The annual precipitation of 
rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, 
but, owing to the higher temperature of that 
section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The 
distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons 
is also more unequal toward the south, a fact 
which may account, in part at least, for the 
increased area of woodlands in that region. 
While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest 
winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- 
what abnormal. The northeast trades, after 
entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains 
of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, 
southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 
and southwesterly as they enter the Upper 
Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, 
moist summers are attributable. The north and 
northwest winds, which set in with the change 
of tlie season, depress the temperature to a point 
below tliat of the Atlantic slope, and are 
attended with a diminished precipitation. 



CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, 
.situated 23 miles south of Bloomington; is a 
station on the Illinois Central Railroad. It lies 
in a productive agricultural region, but the city 
has machine shops, flour and planing mills, brick 
and tile-works, water-works and an electric 
lighting plant. It also has banks, two news- 
papers (one daily), six churches and two public 
schools. Population (1880), 2,709; (1890), 3,598; 
(1900), 4,453. 

CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824, from 
portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- 
ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It 
is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area 
of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 
19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and 
by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its 
geological formation is similar to tliat of other 
counties in the same section. Thick layers of 
limestone Lie near the surface, with coal seams 
underlying the same at varying depths. The 
soil is varied, being at some points black and 
loamy and at otliers (under timber) decidedly 
clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel 
because of the inherent difficulties attending 
coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county 
from east to west, but its trade is not important. 
Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat 
and oats being the staple products. 

CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator, 
was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827, 
settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan 
County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a 
farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist 
Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- 
cratic politician, and served in no less than nine 
sessions of the General Assembly, besides the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he 
was chosen President. He was first elected 
Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), 
and afterwards served in the House dui'ing the 
sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- 
teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as 
Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He 
was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, 
having been elected Representative two years 
later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- 
sion. Although not noted for any specially 
aggressive qualities, his consistency of character 
won for him general respect, while his frequent 
elections to the Legislature prove him to have 
been a man of large influence. 

CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was 
born in 183S; entereil the service of the Illinois & 
Mississippi Telegraph Companj' as a messenger 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



109 



boy at Joliet in 1853, became manager of the 
ofiice at Lockport six months later, at Springfield 
in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. 
Between 1859 and "63, he held highly responsible 
positions on various Western lines, but the latter 
year was commissioned by President Lincoln 
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed 
in charge of United States military lines with 
headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered 
out in May, 1866, and immediatel}' ajjpointed 
District Superintendent of Western Union lines 
in the Southwest. From that time his promotion 
was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became 
Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- 
ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- 
sion at Chicago; in 1880, .succeeded General 
Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, 
was elected Director, member of the Execu- 
tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- 
tory extending from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. 

COAL AND COAL-MIXIXG. Illinois contains 
much the larger portion of what is known as the 
central coal field, covering an area of about 
37,000 square miles, and underlj-ing sixty coim- 
ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- 
tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The 
Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. 
Those available for commercial mining generally 
lie at considerable depth and are reached by 
shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish 
an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- 
factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some 
of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the 
State the coal does not yield a good marketable 
coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas 
coal, although used in some localities for that 
purpose, rather because of its abundance than on 
account of its adaptability. It is thought that, 
with the increase of cheap transportation facili- 
ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State 
in such quantities as eventually to exclude local 
coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report 
of the Eleventh United States Census, the total 
product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 
12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported 
by the Tenth Census. The value of the output 
was estimated at §11,735,203, or §0.97 per ton at 
the mines. The total number of mines was 
stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined 
was nearly equal to the combined yield of the 
mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are 
divided into two classes, technically known as 
"regular" and "local." Of the former, there 
were 358, and of the latter, 714. These 358 regular 



mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 
21,350 worked below gromid, besides an ofiSce 
force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The 
total capital invested in these 358 mines was 
$17,030,351. According to the report of the State 
Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines 
were operated during the year, employing 35,026 
men and jiroducing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which 
was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year — 
the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. 
Five counties of the State produced more than 
1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following 
order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,753; 
Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,926; La 
Salle, 1,165,490. 

COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles 
by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal 
mines are operated here, and the town is an 
important shipping point for tlieir product. It 
has a bank, a weekly newspaper and five 
churches. Population (1890), 1,673; (1900), 2,607. 

COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, 
Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, 
began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later 
acted as operator on Western New York lines, 
but, in 1852, became manager of the office at 
Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- 
panies having meanwhile been consolidated into 
the Western Union. He then made an extensive 
tour of the world, and, although he had intro- 
duced the system of transmitting money by 
telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to 
the key-board. Having made large investments 
in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, 
he has devoted much of his time to agriculture 
and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a 
member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- 
dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, 
and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the 
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 
He has done much to improve the city of his 
adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- 
struction of electric street-car lines and the 
promotion of manufactures. 

COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- 
tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 33, 1812; 
came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- 
falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being 
without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a 
building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, 
was erecting; later he erected a building of his 
own in which he started a harness-shop, which 
he conducted successfully for a number of years. 
He has since been connected with a number 



110 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of business enterprises of a public character, 
including banks, street and steam railways, but 
his largest successes have been achieved in the line 
of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- 
sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- 
factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb 
Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, 
being the result of a contribution of his amount- 
ing to §150,000. Died lu Chicago, April 5, 1900. 

COBDEJJ, a village in Union County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo 
and l.j miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and 
vegetables are extensively cultivated here and 
shipped to northern markets. The surroimding 
region is well timbered, and Cobden has two 
lumber mills, as well as two flour mills. There 
are five churches and two weekly newspapers. 
Population (1880), 800; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,304. 

COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and 
jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 
1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, 
and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
serving in the War of the Rebellion three years 
as a private. Retiirning home from the war, he 
resumed Ufe as a farmer, but early in 1873 began 
merchandising at Lovington, continuing this 
business three years, when he began the study of 
law; in 18T9, was admitted to the bar, and has 
since been in active practice. In 1888 he was 
elected to the lower house of the General 
As.sembly, was an imsuccessful candidate for the 
Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House 
in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session 
of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly 
honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- 
tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and 
an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected 
for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is 
also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home at Normal. 

CODDI\G, Ichabod, clergyman and anti- 
slaveiy lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 
1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- 
ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, 
Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; 
after leaving college served five years as agent 
and lectiu-er of the Anti-Slavery Society; was 
often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- 
ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping 
serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- 
tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, 
Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 
and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on 
the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in 



the organization of the Republican party. Died 
at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. 

CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; 
born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was 
partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 
1843, came with his father to Kendall County, 
111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where 
for six years he served as Clerk of the County 
Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted 
to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge 
with practical unanimity , served as a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, 
in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- 
cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- 
dena. Cal. 

COLCHESTER, a town in McDonough County, 
on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 53 miles northeast of Quincy, and 7 
miles west-southwest of Macomb. Coal abounds 
in the surrounding region, more than 100,000 tons 
being mined annually, much of which is shipped 
from Colchester. The town also has manufac- 
tories of stoneware, brick (fire, paving and 
building) and drain-tile. It has a bank, three 
churches and two weekly newspapers. Popula- 
tion (1880), 1,067; (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,635. 

COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the 
State of Illinois, bom in Albemarle County, Va. , 
Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who 
had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; 
was educated at Hampden-Sidnej- and William 
and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before 
graduation by an accident which interrupted his 
studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of 
President Madison, remaining six years, after 
which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- 
senger by appointment of the President. He 
early manifested an interest in the emancipation 
of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his 
first tour through the Northwest Territory, going 
as far west as St. Louis, returning three j'ears 
later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In 
April of the following year he set out from his 
Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for 
Illinois, traveling bj- wagons to Brownsville, Pa., 
where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river 
with his goods and servants to a point below 
Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying 
overland to Edwardsville. While descending 
the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were 
free, and, after arriving at their destination, 
gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. 
This generous act was, in after years, made the 
ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At 



IlISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in 



Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of 
Register of the Land Office, to which lie had 
been appointed by Pi'esident Monroe. In 1823 
he became the candidate for Governor of those 
opposed to removing the restriction in the State 
Constitution against the introduction of slavery, 
and, although a majority of the voters then 
favored the measure, he was elected by a small 
plurality over liis highest competitor in conse- 
quence of a di^nsion of the opposition vote 
between three candidates. The Legislature 
chosen at the same time submitted to the people 
a proposition for a State Convention to revise the 
Constitution, which was rejected at the election 
of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 
11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient 
aid in opposition to the measure of such men as 
Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel 
P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, 
Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he 
was himself a most influential factor in protecting 
Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing 
his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. 
In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- 
ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he 
continued to reside some years on his farm near 
Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for 
Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- 
eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. 
Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, 
where he married during the following year, and 
continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 
1868, having lived to see the total extinction of 
slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and 
Slave Lau-s. ) 

COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford 
County, but organized in 1831, and named in 
honor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to the 
eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 
square miles, with a population (1900) of 34.146. 
The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the 
Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the 
county, but the principal stream is the Embarras 
(Embraw). The chief resource of the people is 
agriculture, although the county lies within the 
limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and 
west are prairies, while timber abounds in the 
southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although 
wheat, dairy products, potatoes, haj', tobacco, 
sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. 
Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- 
turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output 
embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, 
agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots 
;ind shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is 



centrally located, and has a number of handsome 
public buildings, private residences and business 
blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated 
in 1865; in 1890, its population was 4,1.35. 
Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 
miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 
6,833, and is an important shipping point for 
grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are 
Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. 

COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the 
Kankakee & Bloomington branch of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- 
ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading 
industries of the section. It has banks and two 
newspapers. Population (1890), 825; (1900), 1,153. 

COLLEGE OF PHYSICIAXS AM) SURGEONS, 
located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its 
first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- 
ing erected bj- the trustees at a cost of §60,000, 
with a faculty embracing twenty -five professors, 
with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- 
ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. 
The institution ranks among the leading medical 
colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- 
tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is 
equal to those of other first-class medical schools 
throughout the country. The teaching faculty, 
of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five 
professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of 
assistants, demonstrators, etc. 

COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of 
Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward 
colleges. The first charters for institutions of 
this character were granted in 1833, and were for 
the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- 
nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col 
lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first 
named was to be under the care of the Scotch 
Covenanters, but was never founded. The 
second was in the interest of the Baptists, but 
the charter was not accepted. Both these acts 
contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, 
notably one to the effect that no theological 
department should be established and ' no pro- 
fessor of theologj' employed as an instructor, nor 
should any religious test be applied in the selec- 
tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The 
friends of higher education, however, made com- 
mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of 
an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private 
colleges — the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; 
the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. 
Similar restrictive provisions as to theological 
teaching were incorporated in these charters, and 
a limitation was placed upon the amount of 



112 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



property to be owTied by any institution, but in 
many respects the law was more liberal than its 
predecessors of two years previous. Owing to 
the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these 
institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- 
tory departments under tlie tuition of the college 
professors. The college last named above ( Jones- 
boro) was to have been founded by the Christian 
denomination, but was never organized. The 
tliree remaining ones stand, in the order of their 
formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward 
Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial 
classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- 
paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois 
College in 1829, and a class was organized in the 
collegiate department in 1S31. The Legislature 
of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female 
Academy, the first school for girls chartered in 
the State. From this time forward colleges and 
academies were incorporated in rapid succession, 
many of them at places whose names have long 
since disappeared from the map of the State. It 
was at this time that there developed a strong 
party in favor of founding what were termed, 
rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- 
leges." It was believed that the time which a 
student might be able to "redeem" from study, 
could be so profitablj- employed at farm or shop- 
work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. 
Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835 
granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor 
College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle 
County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor 
Seminary," in "White County, and the "Chatham 
Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- 
mon County. University powers were conferred 
upon the institution last named, and its charter 
also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- 
vision that any sect might establish a professor- 
ship of theology tlierein. In 1837 six more 
colleges were incorporated, only one of which 
(Rnox) was successfully organized. By 1840, 
better and broader views of education had 
developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed 
all prohibition of the establishing of theological 
departments, as well as the restrictions previously 
imposed upon the amount and value of property 
to be owned by private educational institutions. 
The whole number of colleges and seminaries 
incorporated under the State law (1896) is fortj'- 
three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, 
Lake Forest University. McKendree College, Mon- 
mouth College, Jucksonville Female Seminary, 
Montieello Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- 
versity, Shtirtleff College.) 



COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom 
in Salisburj-, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at 
Boston LTniversity, 1858; soon after became an 
itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united 
with the Unitarian Church and officiated as 
pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- 
sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various 
cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was 
appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but 
later served as a special commissioner of the 
Johns Hopkins University in the collection of 
labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a 
wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine 
writer. His published works include: "Every- 
Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and 
"Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" 
(1876). Died near his birtliplace, July 27, 1890. 

COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was bom 
in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- 
est of five brothers who came with their parents 
from Litclifield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and 
settled in the town of Unionville — now ColUns- 
ville — in the southwestern part of Madison 
County. They were enterprising and public- 
spirited business men, who engaged, quite 
extensively for the time, in various branches of 
manufacture, including flour and whisky. Tliis 
was an era of progress and development, and 
becoming convinced of the injurious character 
of the latter branch of their business, it was 
promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch 
was later associated \vith his brother Michael in 
the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, 
the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon 
& Morgan (now TVabash) Railroad, but finally 
located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged 
in manufacturing business for many years. He 
was a man of high business probity and religious 
principle, as well as a determined opponent of the 
institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that 
he was once subjected by his neighbors to the 
intended indignity of being hung in effigj' for the 
crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the 
road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in 
commemoration of the act of emancipation in the 
West Indies, he gave utterance to the following 
prediction: "Methinks the time is not far distant 
when our own country will celebrate a day of 
emancipation within her own borders, and con 
sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring 
throughout the length and breadth of the land." 
He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at 
Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of 
the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor in 1842. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



113 



COLLI\S, James H., lawyer and jurist, was 
l)orn iu Cambridge, Wasliington County, N. Y., 
I>ut taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, 
where he grew to manhood. After spending a 
couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 
he began the study of law, was admitted to the 
bar in 1824. and as a counsellor and solicitor in 
1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- 
ing a part of the journey bj- the first stage-coach 
from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. 
After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in 
exploration of the surrounding covmtry, but 
returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into 
partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had 
been his preceptor in New York, still later being 
a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm 
name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- 
sidered an eminent authority in law and gained 
an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- 
cially strong in chancerj- cases as well as an able 
pleader. Politicallj', he was an uncompromising 
anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway 
slaves in securing their liberty or defended others 
who did so. He was also one of the original 
promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union 
Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. 
Died, suddenlj' of cholera, wliile attending court 
at Ottawa, in 18.54. 

COLLIXS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- 
sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 
accompanied his family to Illinois, and was 
educated at the Northwestern University. He 
read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon 
built up a remunerative practice. He was 
elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through 
his abiUty as a debater and a parliamentarian, 
soon became one of the leaders of his party on 
the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected 
in 1880 and 1882. and. in 1883, was chosen Speaker 
of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In 
December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy 
created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was 
elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected 
in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time 
devoting his attention to regular practice in the 
city of Chicago. 

COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, 
born at CoUinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was 
educated in the common schools and at Illinois 
College, later taking a course in literature, 
philosophy and theology at Yale College ; served 
as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle 
several years; in 18,58, became editor and propri- 
etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he 



conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- 
ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of 
the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but 
resigning in 1863, organized a company of the 
One Hundred and Fourth Volimteers, of which 
he was chosen Captain, participating in the 
battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and 
Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff 
of Gen. Jolm il. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army 
Corps headquarters, until after the fall of 
Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1804, he 
was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- 
Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- 
tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, 
when he engaged in the manufacturing business 
as head of the Collins Plow Companj' at Quincy. 
This business he conducted successfully some 
twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins 
has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, 
of the city of Quincy; Representative in the 
Tliirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver 
the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- 
nent candidate for tlie nomination for Lieutenant 
Governor in 1888. and the same year Republican 
candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; 
in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State 
Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- 
lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a 
strongly Democratic citJ^ 

COLLIXSVILLE, a city on the southern border 
of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- 
east of St. Louis, and about 11 miles soutli of 
Edwardsville. The place was originally settled 
in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from 
Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard 
and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and 
wheat and sawing lumber, which was patronized 
by early settlers from a long distance. The town 
was platted by surviving members of this family 
in 1836. Coal-mining is a principal industry in 
the surrounding district, and one or two mines 
are operated within the corporate limits. The 
city has zinc works, as well as flour mills and 
brick and tile factories. It contains seven 
churches, two banks, a high school, and a news- 
paper oflBce. Population (1880), 2,887; (1890), 
3,498; (1900), 4.021. 

COLLYER, Robert, clergj-man, was born at 
Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left 
school at eight years of age to earn his living in 
a factory; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- 
smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. 
His only opportunity of acquiring an education 
during this period, apart from private study, was 



114 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in a night-school, which he attended two winters. 
In 1S49 he became a local Methodist preacher, 
came to the United States the next year, settling 
in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, 
preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- 
ment having gradually been changed towards 
Unitarianism, his Ucense to preach was revoked 
by the conference, and, in 18.59, he united with 
the Unitarian Church, having already won a 
wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. 
Ojming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- 
ary-, and. in 1860, organized the Unity Church, 
beginning with seven members, though it has 
since become one of the strongest and most influ- 
ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted 
a call to a church in New York City, where he 
still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and 
a, zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the 
Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary 
Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly 
visited England, and has exerted a wide influence 
as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of 
the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of 
volumes, including ' "Nature and Life" (1860) ; 
'•A Man in Earnest : Life of A. H. Conanf (1868) ; 
"A History of the Town and Parish of likely"' 
(1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" 
(1886). 

COLTOX, Chauncey SiU, pioneer, was bom at 
Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- 
setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that 
State, afterwards residing for many years, dm-- 
ing his manhood, at Monson, JIaine. He came to 
Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present 
city of Galesburg, where he built the first store 
and dwelling house; continued in general mer- 
chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- 
while associating his sons with him in business 
under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. 
Colton was associated with the construction of 
the Chicago. Bm-lington & Quincy Railroad from 
the beginning, becoming one of the Dii-ectors of 
the Company: was also a Director of the First 
National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer 
and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- 
ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of 
Knox College. Died in Galesburg. July 27, 1885. 
— Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; bom 
at Monson, Maine. May 24. 1834, came to Gales- 
burg with his father's family in 1836. and •.»-as 
educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855, 
and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After 
graduation, he was in partnership with his father 
some seven years, also served as Vice-President 
of the First National Bank of Galesbiu-g, and, in 



1866, was appointed by President Johnson L^nited 
States Consul at Venice, remaining there imtil 
1869. The latter year he became the General 
Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
continuing in that position until 1871, meantime 
visiting China, Japan and India, and estabUshing 
agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- 
ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he 
succeeded his father as President of the Farmei-s' 
and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 
1884, and the same year removed to Washington, 
D. C. where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is 
a large land owner in some of the Western States, 
especially Kansas and Nebraska. 

COLCMBI.i, a town in Monroe County, 15 
miles by rail south of St. Louis, Mo., and 9 miles 
north of Waterloo. It has a machine shop, two 
flouring mills and two cigar factories, besides five 
chui-ches and a public school. Population (1880), 
1,308; (1890). 1.267; (1900). 1.197. 

COMPAXY OF THE WEST, THE, a company 
formed in France, in August. 1717, to develop 
the resources of "New France." in which the 
"IlUnois Country'' was at that time included. 
At the head of the company was the celebrated 
John Law, and to him and his associates the 
French monarch granted extraordinary powers, 
both governmental and commercial. They were 
given the exclusive right to refine the precious 
metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in 
tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became 
known as the Indies, or East Indies, Companj-, 
owing to the king having granted them conces- 
sions to trade with the East Indies and China. 
On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France 
declared that the Illinois Country should form a 
part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the 
shrewd management of Law and his associates, 
immigration soon increased, as many as 800 
settlers arriving in a single year. The directors 
of the company, in the exercise of their govern- 
mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- 
briant Governor of the Illinois District. He 
proceeded to Kaskaskia, and. within a few miles 
of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (Sec 
Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company 
was energetic, and. in the main, wise. Grants of 
commons were made to various French villages, 
and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size 
and population. Permanent settlers were given 
grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. 
These grants (which were allodial in their char- 
acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of 
the American Bottom, lying between the Mis.sis- 
sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



115 



held their lands in one great common field, each 
proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte" 
nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies 
Company divided the Province of Louisiana into 
nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois 
was numerically the Seventh, and included not 
only the southern half of the existing State, but 
also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, 
extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- 
ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa 
and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and 
Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary 
anil tlie Company's Commissary, formed the 
District Council, the civil law being in force. In 
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were 
appointed directly by the Frencli crown. 

COJiCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- 
cated at Springfield, founded in 1874 ; the succes- 
sor of an earlier institution under the name of 
Illinois Universit}-. Theological, scientific and 
preparatory departments are maintained, al- 
tliough there is no classical course. The insti- 
tution is under control of the German Lutherans. 
The institution reports §125,000 worth of real 
property. The members of the Faculty (1898) 
are five in number, and there were about 171 
students in attendance. 

COM)EE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in 
Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought 
by his parents to Coles County, 111. , at the age of 
seven years, and received his education in the 
common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- 
kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State 
University and graduating from the law depart- 
ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- 
tice at Butler, Bates County, SIo. , where he 
served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, 
returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now 
a part of Chicago), where he served as City 
Attorney for four consecutive terms before its 
annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected 
as a Republican to the State Senate for the 
Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- 
second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. 
In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge 
of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was 
defeated with the National and the State tickets 
of that year, since when he has given his atten- 
tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank 
in his profession. 

COXCiER, Edwin Hnrd, lawyer and diploma- 
tist, was bom in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843; 
graduated at Lombard University, Galesliurg, in 
1802. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a 



private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois 
Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- 
ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted 
Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated 
from the Albany Law School and practiced for a 
time in Galesburg. but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, 
where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and 
banking ; was twice elected County Treasurer of 
Dallas Countj', and, in 1880, State Treasurer, 
being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to 
Congress from the Des Sloines District, and twice 
re-elected (1888 and "90), but before tlie close of 
his last term was appointed by President Harri- 
son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 
1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the 
State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed 
Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred 
to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- 
ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of 
Illinois. Died March 18, 1907. 

CO\«REGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- 
gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. 
Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent 
some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but 
left for New Orleans without organizing any 
churches. The first church was organized at 
Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed by 
others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- 
sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had 
increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers 
were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at 
Quincy, in 1838, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, 
who became pastor of the first Quincy church, 
followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant 
(afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- 
man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foe-'.. 
Other Congregational ministers who came to t'^e 
State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, 
who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. 
Ellis, wlio served as a missionary and was instru- 
mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- 
sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. 
Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Theron 
Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two 
Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more 
of whom, either temporarily or permanently, 
became associated with Presbyterian churches. 
Although Illinois College was under the united 
patronage of Presbj-terians and Congregational- 
ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- 
ment were Congregationalists, and the same was 
true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835. at 
Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was 
convened the first Congregational Council, known 
in the denominational history of the State as 



116 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to 
fifteen separate Associations have been organized. 
By 1890, the development of the denomination 
had been such that it had 280 churches, support- 
ing 312 ministers, with 33,126 members. During 
that year the disbursements on account of chari- 
ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, 
were nearly §1,000,000. The Chicago Theological 
Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school 
of divinity, its property holdings being worth 
nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at 
Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. 
(See also Religious Denominations. ) 

CONGRESSIOIVAL APPORTIONMENT. (See 
Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- 
atives in Congress. ) 

CONKLI>'(j!, James Cook, lawyer, was born in 
New York City, Oct. 13, 1816; graduated at Prince- 
ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and 
being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 
1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first 
business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent 
and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a 
later period he was associated with Gen. James 
Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War 
and a United States Senator, at different times, 
from three different States. As an original 
Wliig, Mr. Conkling early became associated 
with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and 
trusted friend he was through life. It was to 
him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- 
ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at 
Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the 
"Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was 
chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, 
and served in the lower branch of the Seven- 
teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies 
(1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful 
management in the latter, that the first appropri- 
ation was made for the new State House, which 
established tlie capital permanently in that city. 
At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where 
the Republican party in Illinois may be said to 
have, been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln 
and three others, he represented Sangamon 
County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, 
and was appointed a member of tlie State Central 
Committee which conducted the campaign of 
that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name 
was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- 
tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his 
duty to cast the electoral vote of Sir. Lincoln's 
own District for him for President. The intimacy 
of personal friendship existing between him and 



Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- 
tion for over thirty years as an original member 
of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other 
public positions held bj* him included those of 
State Agent during the Civil War by appointment 
of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University 
at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at 
Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city 
of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, 
continuing in office four years. High-minded 
and honorable, of pure personal character and 
strong religious convictions, public-spirited and 
liberal, probably no man did more to promote 
the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- 
field, during the sist3- years of his residence there, 
than he. His death, as a result of old age, 
occurred in that city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L. 
(Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in 
Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale 
College in 1864, studied law with his father, and 
was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 
1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. 
After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- 
tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed 
practice and has proved successful. He has 
devoted much attention of late years to real 
estate business, and has represented large land 
interests in this and other States. For many 
years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument 
Association, and has served on the Board of 
Countj' Supervisors, which is the only political 
office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- 
lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- 
cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the 
highest probity and abilit}', was defeated in a 
district overwhelmingly Democratic. 

CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 
1842; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, 
where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of 
the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after 
removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he 
enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred 
and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was 
successively commissioned as Captain and Major, 
retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- 
Colonel. In 1873 he was elected Representative 
in the State Legislature from Coles County and 
re-elected in 1874; was United States District 
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois 
from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893; 
in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of 
the Treasury, but declined the office; the same 
year ran as the Republican candidate for Con- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



117 



gress in the Springfield (tlien the Thirteenth) 
District in opposition to Wni. JI. Springer, and 
was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district 
usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He 
declined a second nomination in 1888, but. in 1894, 
was nominated for a third time (this time for the 
Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was 
for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- 
tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his i)ro- 
fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth 
Congress. 

CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at 
Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle 
Air Academy and the University of Virginia, 
graduating from tlie latter in 1838. Then, having 
studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to 
Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, 
Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the 
State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, 
Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. 
He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional 
Convention of 1847. Originallj- a Whig, on the 
dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a 
Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential 
Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, 
during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- 
nent of the policy of the Government in dealing 
with secession. Having removed to Marshall, 
Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice 
of his profession there, but was elected Judge of 
the Cu-cuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, 
which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. W^hile holding 
court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- 
stable was arrested because of his release of four 
deserters from the armj', and the holding to bail, 
on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers 
who had arrested them. He was subsequently 
released by Judge Treat of the United States 
District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- 
minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in 
which four soldiers and three citizens were killed 
outright, and eight persons were wounded. 

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. Illinois 
has had four State Conventions called for the 
purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of 
these, three— tho.se of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— 
adopted Constitutions which went into effect, 
while the instrument framed by the Convention 
of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical 
history of each will be found below : 

Convention of 1818.— In January, 1818, the 
Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution 
instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. 
Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress 
requesting the passage of an act authorizing the 



people of Illinois Territory to organize a State 
Government. A bill to tliis effect was intro- 
duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- 
ing. It authorized the people to frame a 
Constitution and organize a State Government — 
apportioning the Delegates to be elected from 
each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- 
ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday 
of July, following, as the day of election, and the 
first Monday of August as the time for the meet- 
ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned 
upon a census of the people of the Territory (to 
l>e ordered bj' tlie Legislature), showing a ])opu- 
lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as 
taken, showed the required population, but, as 
finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 — 
being the smallest with which any State was ever 
admitted into the Union. The election took 
place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- 
bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of 
tliirty-three members. Of these, a majority were 
farmers of limited education, but with a fair 
portion of hard common-sense. Five of the 
Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly 
wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. 
Thomas (afterwards one of the first United 
States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, 
also a later Senator, was among the dominating 
spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter 
should be ascribed wliatever new matter was 
incorporated in the instrument, it being copied 
in most of its essential provisions from the Con- 
stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The 
Convention completed its labors and adjourned, 
August 26, the Constitution was submitted to 
Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the 
formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- 
nois was admitted into the Union as a State by 
resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. 

Convention op 1847.— An attempt was made in 
1823 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 
1818, the object of the chief promoters of the 
movement being to secure the incorporation of a 
provision authorizing the admission of slavery 
into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the 
necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the 
General Assembly, submitting the proposition to 
a vote of the people, was secured by the most 
questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but 
after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it 
was rejected at the election of 1824. (See 
Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles, Edward.) 
At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on 
the subject was submitted to tlio people, but it 
was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 



118 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



votes. Again, in 1S4.5, the question was submit- 
ted, and, at the election of lt!46, was approved. 
The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, 
and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, 
following. It was composed of 1G2 members, 
ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list 
of Delegates embraced the names of many who 
afterwards attained high distinction in public 
affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- 
ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached 
to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed 
in its successor, except by a few additions, 
among which was a section disqualifying any 
person who had been concerned in a duel from 
holding oflSce. The earlier Constitution, how- 
ever, was carefully revised and several important 
changes made. Among these may be mentioned 
the following: Limiting the elective franchise 
for foreign-born citizens to those who had 
become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- 
ive; requiring that all State officers be elected 
by the people ; changing the time of the election 
of the Executive, and making him ineUgible for 
immediate re-election; various curtailments of 
the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- 
mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- 
viding for the establishment of a sinking fimd. 
The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- 
tion, August 31, 1847; ratified bj- popular vote, 
March 6, 1848, and went into effect. April 1, 1848. 
CoNVESTlos OF 1862. — The proposition for 
holding a third Constitutional Convention was 
submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature 
of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860. and the 
election of Delegates held in November. 1861. In 
the excitement attendant upon the early events 
of the war, people paid comparatively little 
attention to the choice of its members. It was 
composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one 
Republicans, seven "fusionists"' and two classed 
as doubtful. The Convention assembled at 
Springfield on Jan. 7, 1863, and remained in ses- 
sion until March 24, following. It was in many 
respects a remarkable body. The law providing 
for its existence prescribed that the members, 
before proceeding to business, should take an 
oath to support the State Constitution. This the 
majoritj- refused to Jo. Their conception of 
their powers was such that they seriously deliber- 
ated upon electing a United States Senator, 
assumed to make appropriations from the State 
treasury, claimed the right to interfere with 
military affairs, and called upon the Governor 
for information concerning claims of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to 



lay before them. The instniment drafted pro- 
posed numerous important changes in the organic 
law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. 
It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862, 
by a majority of over 16,000 votes. 

Convention op 1869-70.— The second attempt 
to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in 
submission to the people, by the Legislature of 
1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was 
approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- 
ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was 
provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- 
tion held in November and the Convention 
assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles 
Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- 
mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. 
Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were 
eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were 
Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although 
fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- 
ents."' It was an assemblage of some of the 
ablest men of the State, including representatives 
of all the learned professions except tlie clerical, 
besides mercliants, farmers, bankers and journal- 
ists. Its work was completed 5Iay 13, 1870, and 
in the main good. Some of the principal changes 
made in the fundamental law. as proposed by the 
Convention, were the following; The prohibi- 
tion of special legislation where a general law 
may be made to cover the necessities of the case, 
and the absolute prohibition of such legislation 
in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of 
other matters; prohibition of the passage of anj' 
law releasing any civil division (district, county, 
city, township or to\vn) from the paj-ment of its 
jvist proportion of any State tax; recommenda- 
tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon 
certain specified subjects, such as liberal home- 
stead and exemption rights, the construction of 
drains, the regulation of charges on railways 
(which were declared to be public highways), 
etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses 
public warehouses, and providing for their legis- 
lative insjiection and sui>ervision. The mainte- 
nance of an ■ 'efficient sj"stem of public scliools" 
was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and 
the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, 
town or district — to the support of sectarian 
schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu- 
lative voting, or "minority repre.sentation," in 
the choice of members of the House of Represent- 
atives was provided for. and additional safe 
guards thrown around the passage of bills. The 
ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a 
second consecutive term was set aside, and a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



119 



two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary 
to override an executive veto. The list of State 
jfBcers was increased by the creation of the 
offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, these having been previ- 
ously provided for onlj" by statute. The Supreme 
Court bench was increased by the addition of 
four members, making the whole number of 
Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts 
authorized after 1874, and County Courts were 
made courts of record. The compensation of all 
State officers — executive, judicial and legislative 
— was left discretionary with the Legislature, 
and no limit was placed upon the length of the 
sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- 
ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at 
an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, 
August 8, following. Occasional amendments 
have been submitted and ratified from time to 
time. (See Constitutiuiis, Elections and Repre- 
sentation: also Minority Representation.) 

COXSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- 
stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. 
The earliest instrument was that approved by 
Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made 
in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at 
an election held, March '>, 1848, and going into 
force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State 
officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, 
except that of Treasurer, which is two years. 
Biennial elections and sessions of the General 
AssembI}' are provided for, Senators holding their 
seats for four years, and Representatives two 
years. The State is required to be apportioned 
after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- 
tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three 
Representatives. The principle of minority rep- 
resentation has been incorporated into the 
organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as 
many votes for one legislative candidate as there 
are Repre.sentatives to be chosen in his district; 
or he may divide his vote equallj- among all the 
three candidates or between two of them, as he 
may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- 
tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General 
Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- 
palities are classified, and legislation is for iiU 
cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- 
tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- 
ance must secure payment of their claims under 
the terms of some general appropriation. The 
sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to 
time, nor is there any restriction upon the power 
of the Executive to summon extra sessions. 
(See also Constitutional Conventions: Elections; 



Governors and other State Officers; Judicial 
System: Suffrage, Etc.) 

COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, 
was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; 
completed his academic education at the Collegi- 
ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying 
law, removed to Illinois (ISS.j), locating first at 
Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began 
the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was 
elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for 
the Nintli Judicial District, serving two years, 
when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people 
under the Constitution of that year, for four 
years. From 18.53 to 18G0, he was State Senator, 
taking part in the election which resulted in 
making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator 
in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace 
Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference 
which met at Washington. He may be called 
one of the founders of the Republican party in 
this State, having been a member of the State 
Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 
1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- 
mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- 
gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but 
resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the 
Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 
1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham 
Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National 
Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- 
dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 
1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 
18. 1894. 

COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was 
born in Scott County, Ky. , in 1795, removed to 
Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- 
kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner 
and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,'' and at 
the same time served as Auditor of Public 
Accounts bj- appointment of Governor Edwards; 
the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- 
roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, 
then minister to London, and, on his return, was 
appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of 
the State he was elected the first Attorney- 
General, but almost immediately resigned and, 
in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- 
ing as Representative until 1827. Having married 
a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a 
resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous 
opponent of the jiroiiosition to make Illinois a 
slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent 
the success of that scheme. He also bore a 
prominent part while in Congress in securing the 
donation of lands for the construction of the 



120 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished 
for his eloquence, and it was during his first 
Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was 
introduced into the State. Suffering from 
consumption, he visited Cuba, and. after return- 
ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to 
improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, 
Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at 
Edwardsville, 111., June 13, 1825, the son of 
Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from 
Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, 
was educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield 
and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon 
County, later serving as Quartermaster of the 
State. Raising a company promptly after the 
firing on Fort Simiter in 1801, he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers 
— the first regiment organized in Illinois under 
the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was 
promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort 
Donelson in March, 1863 ; in 1864 commanded the 
District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- 
field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the 
brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was 
elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. His last years 
were spent near Ran-som, Mich. Died Aug. 11, 1910. 
COOK COUA'TY, situated in the northeastern 
section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, 
and being the most easterly of the second tier of 
counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It has 
an area of 890 square miles; population (IfOO), 
1,838,735; population (1910), 2,405,233; county-seat 
Chicago. The county was organized in 1831, having 
originally embraced tlie couuties of Du Page, Will, 
Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its 
present territorial limits. It was named in 
honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- 
sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See C'ooA;, 
Daniel P.) The first County Commissioners were 
Samuel Sliller, Gholson Kercheval and James 
Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice 
John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. AVilliam 
Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clybourne 
Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County 
Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, 
Du Page and Hickory Creek) wei'e created. A 
scow ferry was established across the Soutli 
Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only 
non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- 
gists are of the opinion that, previous to the 
glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay 
under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was 
connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines 



River. This theory is borne out by the finding 
of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern 
and southern portions of the county, either under- 
lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. 
The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- 
ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, 
at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty 
feet higher than at present. Glacial action is 
believed to have been very effective in establish- 
ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- 
stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable 
abundance. Athens marble (white when taken 
out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) 
is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat 
liave also been found. The general surface is 
level, although undulating in some portions. The 
soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior 
becomes a black mold from one to four feet in 
depth. Drainage is afforded by tlie Des Plaines, 
Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which has been 
improved by the construction of the Drainage 
Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the 
principal industries outside of the city of Chi- 
cago. (See also Chicago. ) 

COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- 
cago and under control of the Commissioners of 
Cook County. It was originally erected by the 
City of Chicago, at a cost of $80,000, and was 
intended to be used as a hospital for patients 
suffering from infectious diseases. For several 
years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, 
it was leased by an association of physicians, who 
opened a hospital, with the further purpose of 
affording facilities for clinical instruction to the 
students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the 
building was taken by the General Government 
for military purposes, being used as an eye and 
ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it 
reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was 
purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County 
Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- 
cious site at acost of .SHo.OOO, and began the erec- 
tion of buildings thereon. The two principal 
pavilions were completed and occupied before the 
close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and 
connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an 
administrative building and two additional 
pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date 
the total cost of the buildings had been §719,574, 
and later additions and improvements have 
swelled the outlay to more than SI, 000,000. It 
accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes 
a part of the county machinery for the care of 
the poor. A certain number of beds are placed 
under the care of homeopathic physicians. The 



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a 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDLY OF ILLINOIS. 



121 



present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of 
fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist 
and aurist and one pathologist ; the liomeopatliic 
staff comprises five phj-sicians and five surgeons. 
In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or 
house physicians and surgeons, composed of 
recent graduates from the several medical col- 
leges, who gain their positions througli competi- 
tive examination and hold tliem for eighteen 
montlis. 

COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- 
man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 
1849; was educated in the common schools and 
the high school of Dubuque ; studied law in that 
city and at Columbian University, Washington, 
D.C., graduating from that institution with the 
degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to 
the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- 
cago the same j-ear, he entered upon tlie practice 
of his profession, which he pursued for the 
remainder of his life. In 1883 he was elected a 
Representative in the State Legislature from 
Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a 
Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the 
Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 
1896. His death occurred suddenly while in 
attendance on the extra session of Congress in 
Washington, June 24, 1897. 

COOLBATJGH, William Findlay, financier, was 
born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the 
age of 15 became clerk in a drj'-goods store in 
Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch 
establishment of a New York firm at BurUngton, 
Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- 
ing business, also serving in the Iowa State 
Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate 
of his party for United States Senator, being 
defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 
1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking 
house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., which, in 1865, 
became the Union National Bank of Chicago. 
Later he became the first President of the Chi- 
cago Clearing House, as also of tlie Bankers' 
Association of the West and South, a Director of 
the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator 
of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a 
member of the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of 
Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to 
the whole citj' of Chicago. 

COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was 
born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- 
cine for two j-ears in early life, then went to Ban- 
gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 
1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville 



and finally in the city of Quincy; in 1842 took a 
prominent part in the campaign which resulted 
in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor — also 
received from Governor Carlin an appointment as 
Quartermaster-General of the State. On the 
accession of Governor French in December, 1846, 
he was appointed Secretary of State and elected 
to the same office under the Constitution of 1848, 
dying before the expiration of liis term, April 2, 
1850. 

CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, ph5'sician, was born in 
Holmes County, Ohio, in 1838, received his pri- 
mary education in the public schools, followed 
by an academic course, and began the study of 
medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from 
the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- 
land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, 
but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon 
thereafter removing to Lee County, where he 
remained until 1862. The latter year he was 
appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- 
moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- 
pelled to resign the following year on account of 
ill health. Returning from the army, he located 
at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a 
member of the State Board of Public Charities 
from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld 
to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. 
He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical 
Examiners for his District under the Pension 
Bureau, and has served as a member of the 
Republican State Central Committee for the 
Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented 
by Governor Tanner bj' reappointment to the 
State Board of Charities, and was made President 
of the Board. Earlj' in 1899 he was appointed 
Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the 
Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William 
G. Stearns. Died March 17, 1909. 

CORNELL, Paul, real-e-state operator and capi- 
talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in 
Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9 
years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. 
Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams 
County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of 
a farmer, working part of the year to earn money 
to send himself to school the remainder; also 
taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. 
Richardson, at Rushville, Scliuyler County, as a 
law student. In 1845 he came to Clucago, but 
soon after became a student in the law office of 
Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted 
to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 
1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 



m 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and 
Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a 
contract witli Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 
330 acres of land held under tax-title within the 
present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded 
in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby 
securing one-half of the property in his own 
name. He thus became the founder of the village 
of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- 
sions other lands, which increased vastlj- in value. 
He also established a watch factory at Cornell 
(now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- 
ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell 
was a member of the first Park Board, and there- 
fore had the credit of assisting to organize Chicago's 
extensive park system. Died March 3, 1904. 

COR WIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at 
Lebanon. Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the 
bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he 
served in both Houses of the Legislature, and 
settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at 
Peru. He was a member of the lower house of 
the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, 
and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to 
Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was 
defeated by Alexander Campbell, who.made the 
race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 
15, 1879. 

COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born 
at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed 
to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where 
he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a 
fair English education. After engaging succes- 
sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, 
stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- 
tilling business, in 1836, in company with his 
younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They 
both decided to go into business there, first open- 
ing a small store, and later entering upon their 
hotel ventures whicli proved so eminently suc- 
cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago 
so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch 
superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at 
various times, of many large business blocks in 
the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, 
he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, 
with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House 
after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, 
while boarding a street car in the central part of 
the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, 
receiving injuries which resulted in his death 
the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d 
year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of 
the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, 



N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he 
was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up 
in business on his own account. In 1836, while 
visiting Chicago with his brother James, he 
determined to go into business there. With a 
stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, 
newly bought in New York, a small store was 
opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. 
Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the 
old Tremont House, then a low frame building 
kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and 
refurnislied, this was opened as a hotel. It was 
destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger 
rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, 
and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost 
of §75,000, surpassing anything the West had ever 
known before, the Tremont House this time stood 
until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again 
destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an 
immense patronage, and was able to accumulate 
(for that time) a large fortune. He purchased 
and improved a large number of business blocks, 
then within the business center of the city. In 
1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- 
sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of 
his life to seek recreation in travel. In the 
winter of 1857, while with his family in 
Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which 
soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a 
mausoleimi of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- 
cago. 

COULTERTILLE,a town of Randolph County, 
at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and 
the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central 
Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- 
ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. 
The town has two banks, two creameries, and a 
newspaper. Pop. (1900), 6.50; (1910), 949. 

COUNTIES, U>'ORGANIZED. (See Unorgun- 
ized Counties.) 

COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the 
intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
em and the Toledo, St. Louis «& Western Rail- 
ways, 60 miles soutlieast of Springfield. Con- 
siderable coal is mined in the vicinit}': has a 
bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
350; (1890), 703; (1900), 7.51; (.1910), 711. 

COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was 
born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1833, grew 
up on a farm and, after spending some time at 
Michigan University, entered the office of "The 
Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a 
similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which 
had just been bought by Joseph Medill and 
others, finallv becoming a stockholder and busi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



123 



ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his 
death in Cliicago. Dee. 20, 1889. 

COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in the First 
General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union 
County, and a conspicuous figure in early State 
history ; was a zealous advocate of the jMilicy of 
making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the 
original proprietors and founders of the citj' of 
Springfield, and was appointed the first Register 
of the Land Office there, but was removed under 
charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from 
the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 
18.S6 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- 
sin Territory), became a member of the first 
Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected 
and once Speaker of the House, being prominent 
in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who 
drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes 
who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, 
at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. 

COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango 
County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the 
common schools and at Central College, Cortland 
County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 
1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he 
located in Kendall County and began practice; in 
1868 was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential 
Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to 
Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the 
Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, 
in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. 

CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, 
born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 
1848 ; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- 
ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, 
coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in 
seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- 
bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from 
Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic 
majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. 

CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar 
County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from' Knox 
College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 
the following year, commencing practice at 
Knoxville. He held the offices of State's 
Attorney and County Judge, and represented 
Knox County in the Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench 
of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice 
C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and 
'91, his last term expiring June 1, 1900. He was 
a Democrat in politics, but was tlirec times elected 
as Justice of the Supreme Court in Republican 
judicial district. Died Sept. 6, 1911. 



CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- 
tor, was born in Bennington, Vt. , but reared in 
Bureau and La Salle Counties, III.; had practiced 
law for twenty years in Cliicago, and been three 
times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and 
'94- — and was author of the Crawford Primary 
Election Law, enacted in 1885. Died June 4, 1903. 

CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due 
south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- 
ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 470 
square miles; population (1910), 26,281. The 
first settlers were the French, but later came 
emigrants from New England. Tlie soil is rich 
and well adapted to the production of corn and 
wheat, which are the principal crops. The 
county was organized in 1816, Darwin being 
the first county-seat. The present county-seat 
is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; 
centrally located and the point of intersection of 
two railroads. Other towns of importance are 
Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- 
lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is 
a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River 
crosses the southwest portion of the county, and 
receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and 
Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral 
resources, but contains some valuable woodland 
and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, 
potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- 
ing products. 

CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson 
County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- 
lation (1890), 539; (lOOO'), 940; (1910), 936. 

CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in 
Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. 
When he was but 7 years old his parents removed 
to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the 
age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, 
was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in 
White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the 
Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a 
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating 
in all the important movements in the Jlississippi 
Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and 
in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time 
commanding a brigade. Retmning home, he 
resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 
he was an unsuccessful canilidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction on the 
Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress 
in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a 
delegate to the Democratic State Convention. 
Died, June 36, 1890. 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CRElGHTOJi', James A., jurist, was born in 
White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood 
removed with liis pai'ents to Wayne County, and 
was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at 
the Southern Illinois College, Salem, gi-aduating 
from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a 
time while studying law, he was admitted to the 
bar in 18T0, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, 
in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 188.5 he was 
elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Circuit, 
was re-elected in 1891, 1S97, in 1903 and 1909. 

CRERAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- 
pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York 
Citj', in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe 
of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- 
quently accepting a position with Morris K. 
Je.ssup & Co., in the same line. Coming to 
Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. ilcGregor 
Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & 
Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the 
Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- 
ers. He also became interested and an official in 
various other business organizations, including 
the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago 
& Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings 
Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- 
cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified 
with various benevolent institutions and associ- 
ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted 
by the New York Chamber of Commerce with 
the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- 
ers by that calamity. His integrity and business 
sagacity were universally recognized. After his 
death, which occiu-red in Chicago, Oct. 19, 
1889, it was found that, after making munificent 
bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent 
associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly 
a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to 
relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, 
amounting to some §2,000,000, for the purpose of 
founding a public library in the city of Chicago, 
naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as 
the fii-st Board of Trustees. No more fitting and 
lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited 
a man could have been devised. 

CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- 
cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south 
of Chicago. Pop. (1900). 7G0; (1910), 840. 

CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- 
ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United 
States Military Academj', West Point, in 18.52, and 
was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the 
Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- 
ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer 
service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- 



try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and 
Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the 
service, January, 1866. During the war he 
participated in some of the most important 
battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at 
Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded 
the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the 
spring of 1S65. On being mustered out of the 
volunteer service he returned to the regular 
army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was 
engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians 
in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he 
was appointed Major-General and, from that time 
to his death, was in command of the Military 
Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at 
Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. 

CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near 
Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last 
century ; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois 
in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French 
village on the Mississippi just above the mouth 
of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County; 
later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at 
Shippingport near the present city of La Salle 
(1829), and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- 
while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in 
La Salle County, kept a storage and commission 
house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a 
steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. 

CRYSTAL " LAKE, a village in McHenry 
County, at the intersection of two divisions of 
the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railway, 43 miles 
northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; 
(1890), 781; (1900), 9.50; (1910). 1,242. 

CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 
miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles 
north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ- 
ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of 
bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist 
Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of 
Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the 
square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick 
and cigars are made here, and the town has two 
banks, a newspaper, three churches and good 
schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; 
(1910), 2,019. 

CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman, 
born in the north of Ireland. March 4, 1826; while 
yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- 
burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public 
schools. At the age of 20 he removed to 
La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. 
Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He 
has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



125 



other local offices, and was for many years a part 
owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- 
lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he 
represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
gress. 

CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and 
legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, 
October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne 
County, Ky., where he was married to Miss 
Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 
1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- 
ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to 
reside during the remainder of his life. Although 
a farmer by vocation, Jlr. CuUom was a man of 
prominence and a recognized leader in public 
affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- 
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving 
in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of 
whom he was an intimate personal and political 
friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the 
State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- 
teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was 
again elected to the House. Mr. CuUom's death 
occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1873, his 
wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. 
CuUom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. 
Cullom. 

CULLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- 
tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 33, 
1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 
111., in 1830, where his father became a member 
of the Legislature and attained prominence as a 
public man. After two years spent in Rock 
River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some 
experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of 
this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the 
study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. 
Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, 
he was almost immediately elected City Attor- 
ney, and, in 18.56, was a candidate on the Fill- 
more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same 
time being elected to the Twentieth General 
Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, 
as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by 
the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the 
session following the latter election, he was 
chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first 
important political recognition. In 1862 he was 
appointed by President Lincoln a member of the 
War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this 
capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- 
setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was 
also a candidate for the State Senate the same 
year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two 
years later (18(54) he was a candidate for Con- 



gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John 
T. Stuart, being re-elected in 180G, and again in 
1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He 
was a delegate to the National Republican Con- 
vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois 
delegation, placed General Grant in nomination 
for the Presidency, holding the same position 
again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- 
nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874, 
being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he 
was the unanimous choice of his party for 
Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- 
ernor, was re-eiocted in 1880, and, in 1883, elected 
to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. 
David Davis. By four successive re-elections since 
1885, he is now serving his fifth term, which 
will expire in 1913. In 1898, by special 
appointment of President McKinley, Senator 
Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate 
the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and 
report a plan of government for this new division 
of the American Republic. Other important 
measures with which his name has been promi- 
nently identified have been the laws for the sup- 
pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation 
of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At 
present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee 
on Foreign Affairs, and has been a prominent 
member of other important Committees. His 
career has been conspicuous for his long public 
service, the large number of important offices 
whicli he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- 
ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- 
plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No 
man in the history of the State has been so 
frequently elected to the United States Senate, 
and only three — Senators Douglas, Trumbull and 
Logan — were each elected for three terms; though 
only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to 
serve out the full period for which he was 
elected. 

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the 
southeast quarter of the State, directly .south of 
Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1S43. 
Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 
16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 
1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, 
which was laid off in 1854 and incoriwrated as a 
town in 1866. The i)resent county-seat is at 
Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras 
River cro.sses the county, as do also three lines of 
railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- 
tion of 829. Tlie county received its name from 
the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- 
jected, passed through it. Pop. (1910). 14.?S1. 



126 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- 
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was 
born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- 
ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in ISil, and 
became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, 
but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal 
Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- 
more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity 
Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- 
secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of 
Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- 
Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue 
with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church 
party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal 
Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the 
Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- 
ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his 
strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- 
erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop 
Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. 

CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- 
sentation. ) 

CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was 
born In Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 
1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 
1831, with the highest honors of his class; after 
three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he 
accepted an appointment as agent of the Home 
Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 
1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison, 
Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was 
chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, 
dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. 

CURTIS, William Eiroy, journalist, was born 
at Akron, Ohio, Nov. .5, ISoO; graduated at 
Western Reserve College in 1871, meanwhile 
learning the art of typesetting; later served as a 
reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, 
took a subordinate position on "The Chicago 
Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- 
editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- 
panied General Custer in his campaign against 
the Sioux, spent several months investigating 
the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- 
tions in the South, and, for some years, was ' 'The 
Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. 
Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he 
became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- 
gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the 
tour of the United States with the South and 
Central American representatives in that Con- 
gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition 
in Chicago he had general supervision of the 



Latin-American historical and archaeological 
exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every 
Central and South American country and has 
written elaborately on these subjects for the 
magazines and for publication in book form ; has 
also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler" 
and a "Diplomatic History of the United States 
and Foreign Powers." Mr. Curtis spent his last 
3-ears as correspondent of " The Chicago Record- 
Herald," writing extensively from various parts of 
the world. Died Sept. 6, 1911. 

CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier 
and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., 
May 13, 1813 ; educated at the American Literary, 
Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; 
at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, 
and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., 
where he opened a country store, also built a mill 
at Vermilionville ; later was identified with many 
large financial enterprises which generally 
proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- 
tune at one time estimated at §3,000,000. He was 
elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and 
Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) 
and, for several years, held a commission as 
Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The 
Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing 
the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- 
missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. 
He organized and was principal owner of the 
Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First 
National Bank of that city; was the leading 
spirit in the Hydraulic Company' and the Gas 
Company at Ottawa, built and operated the 
Ottawa Machine Shops and Foiuidry, speculated 
largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — 
his operations in the latter being especially large 
about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a 
principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- 
man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in 
the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of 
the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- 
western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, 
however, brought financial disaster upon him, 
which finally dissipated his fortune and de- 
stroyed his mental and physical health. His 
death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. 

DALE, Michael (i., lawyer, was born in Lan- 
caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the 
public schools of his native city, except one year 
in West Chester Academy, when he entered 
Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating 
there in 1835. He then began the study of law 
and was admitted to the bar in 1837; coming to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



127 



Illinois the following year, he was retained in a 
suit at Greenville, Bond County, whicli led to hi,s 
eniijloyinent in others, and finally to opening an 
office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate 
Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- 
teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Jlajor 
of tlie State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- 
ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847; was also 
tlie Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- 
signed the office of County Judge in Bond County 
to accept that of Register of the Land office at 
Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- 
ing the office of County Judge in Madison County 
five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- 
nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter 
of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- 
ville, April 1, 1895. 

DALLAS CITYj in Hancock and Henderson 
Counties, at the intersection of Atchison, Topcka & 
Santa Fe and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has manu- 
factories of lumber, buttons, carriages and wagons, 
and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 747; 
(1900), 970; (1910), 1,288. 

DANEKHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, 
was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849— the son of 
W. W. Danenhower. a journalist. After passing 
through the schools of Chicago and Washington, 
he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- 
emy at Annapolis in 1870. was successively com- 
missioned as Ensign, blaster and Lieutenant, and 
served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in 
the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic 
steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in 
command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- 
ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the 
steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of 
Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an 
ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months. 
Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- 
abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, 
as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged 
their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until 
they were able to launch them in open water, 
but were soon separated by a gale The boat 
commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached 
the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, 
where the crew were rescued by natives, landing 
Sept. 17. 1881. After an ineffectual search on 
the delta for the crews of the other two boats, 
Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made 
the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally 
arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He 
has told the story of the expedition in "The 



Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. 
Died, at Annapolis, Md.. April 20, 1887. 

DAN VERS, a village of McLean County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway. The section is agricultural. The town 
has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 
460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607; (1910), .593. 

DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion 
County', on Vermilion River and on five impor- 
tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining 
district and near large deposits of shale and 
soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of 
sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. T'le city 
has car-shops and numerous factories, water- 
works, electric lights, paved streets, several 
banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools 
and one high school, and eight newspapers, two 
daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles east 
of the city. Pop. (1900), lfi,.'?.-,4; (1910), 27,871, 

DANVILLE, OLNEY, k OHIO RIVER RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) 

DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINGTON & 
PEKIN RAILROAD. (.See Peoria & Eastern 
Railroad.) 

D'ARTAItlUIETTE, Pierre, a French com 
mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having 
been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of 
Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry 
and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, 
but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the 
Chicka.saws, was wounded, captured and burned 
at the stake. 

DAVENPORT, George, .soldier, pioneer and 
trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, 
came to this coimtry in 1804, and soon aftei 
enlisted in the United States army, with the rani 
of sergeant. He served gallantly on various 
expeditions in the West, where he obtained a 
knowledge of the Indians which was afterward 
of great value to him. During the War of 1813 
his regiment was sent East, where he partici- 
pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other 
enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- 
ing expired and the war ended, he entered the 
service of the contract commissary. He selected 
the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning 
and supervising its construction. He cultivated 
friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, 
and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, 
and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the 
site of the present city of Rook Island. He had 
the confidence and respect of the savages, was 
successful and his trading posts were soon scat- 
tered througli Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 
1823 he piloted tlie first steamboat througli the 



128 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the 
first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only 
white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united 
his business with that of the American Fur Com- 
pany, in wliose service he remained. Although 
he employed every effort to induce President 
Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and 
his followers to induce them to emigrate across 
the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief 
commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered 
his services to Governor Reynolds, bj whom he 
was commissioned Quartermaster-General with 
the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased 
rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War 
In 183.5 a company, of which he was a member, 
founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock 
Island, whioli was named in his honor. In 1837 
and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- 
ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their 
lands in Iowa to the United States. In the 
latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, 
having accumulated a fortune through hard 
labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often 
of grave perils. He had large business interests in 
nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which 
he gave more or less personal attention. On the 
night of July 4, 1843, he was assa.ssinated at his 
home by robbers. For a long time the crime was 
shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were 
ultimately detected and brought to punishment. 

DAVIS, David, jurist and United States 
Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 
9, 1815; pursued his academic stxidies at Kenyon 
College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled 
at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing 
law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house 
of the Fourteenth General As.sembly. After 
serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial 
Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being 
re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- 
sonal friend of Abraliam Lincoln, who, in 1862, 
placed him upon the bench of the United States 
Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial 
honors to become United States Senator in 1877 
as successor to Logan's first term. On Oi-t. 13, 
1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the 
Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his 
term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- 
ton, June 26, 1886. 

DAVIS, Oeorge R., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; 
received a common school education, and a 
classical course at Williston Seminary, Eastliamp- 
ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the 



Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth 
Massachasetts Infantry, and later as Major in the 
Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he 
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By 
profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent 
part in the organization of the Chicago militia, 
was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, 
I. N. G.. and Was for a time the senior Colonel in 
the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful 
Republican candidate for Congress, but was 
elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. 
From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook 
County. He took an active and influential part 
in securing the location of the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General 
of the Exposition from its inception to its close, 
by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- 
dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. 

DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was 
born at Worcester, Mass., Ajjril 23, 1827. being 
the son of John Davis, United States Senator and 
Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime 
as "Hone.st John Davis." The son came to Chi- 
cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of 
law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- 
tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of 
Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. 
In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, remaining in active service until August, 
1865, when he resigned. After the war he was. 
for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
was City Attorney of tlie City of Chicago from 
1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts 
Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. 
by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a 
voyage to Europe. 

DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in 
Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois 
in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to 
have taught the first school in that county. He 
became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the 
Whig party, was elected to the Tliirteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1842) from Bond Coimty, and to 
the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- 
ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of 
Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a 
man of striking personal appearance, being over 
six feet in height, and of strong individuality. 
After the dissolution of tlie Whig party he identi- 
fied himself with the Democracy and was an 
intensely bitter opponent of tlie war policy of 
the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 
1866. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



129 



DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- 
ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Steplien- 
son County, 111., in boyhood and served as 
Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 
and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, 
was elected Captain and, on the organization of 
the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He 
participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, 
and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately 
wounded by a shot through the lungs, but 
recovered in time to join his regiment before the 
battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1802, he fell 
mortally wounded, d3ing a few daj'S after. On 
receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- 
zens, a few days before his death, to accept a 
nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, 
Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve 
my countr)- better in following the torn banner 
of my regiment in the battlefield." 

DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was 
born in Cecil County, Md. , July 20, 1806 ; gradu- 
ated at Jefferson College. Pa., in 1828, and was 
admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The 
following year he removed to Illinois, settling at 
VandaUa, then the capital. In 1835 Governor 
Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public 
Accounts, to which office he was elected by the 
Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 
1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He 
attained prominence at the bar and was, for 
several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton 
and St. Louis, Alton & Teri-e Haute Railroad 
Companies, in which he was also a Director. 
Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. 

DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D,, LL.D., physi- 
cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango 
County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and 
scientific course in Cazenovia Seminai-y; in 1837 
graduated from the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, winning several prizes during his 
course; the same year began practice at Bing- 
hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York 
City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the 
chair of Physiology and General Pathology in 
Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a 
similar position in the Chicago Medical College 
(now the medical department of Northwestern 
University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis 
had not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- 
minous writer on general and special topics con- 
nected with his profession, having been editor at 
different times of several medical periodicals, 
including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The 
Medical Journal and Examiner," and "Tlie 



Journal of the American Medical Association.'' 
He was also prominent in State, National and Inter- 
national Medical Congresses, and was one of the 
founders of the Northwestern University, the 
Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago His- 
torical Society, the Illinois State Microscopical So- 
ciety and the Union College of Law, besides other 
scientific associations. Died June 16, 1904. 

DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New 
York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the 
employ of the American Fur Company some 
seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and 
commenced studying law the next year; was 
elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth 
and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a 
Democrat and next (1856) a,s a Republican; 
served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again 
in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate 
bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. 

DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in 
Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- 
tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in 
the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, 
'34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time 
being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He 
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- 
sented Sangamon County at the time of the 
removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was 
also a member of the Constitutional Convention 
of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. 

DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- 
TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- 
sonville, established by act of the Legislature, 
Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State 
charitable institutions. Work was not begun 
until 1842, but one building was ready for 
partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed 
in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known 
as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and 
was razed and rebuilt.) The center building 
was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 
1857. Other additions and new buildings have 
been added from time to time, such as new dining 
halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator 
house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- 
tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the 
institution is probably the largest, as it is un- 
questionably one of the best conducted, of its class 
in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 
716. Among its employes are men and women of 
ripe culture and experience, who have been con- 
nected with it for more than a quarter of a 
century. 

DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, 
was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 



130 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and educated in Plymouth schools and at New 
Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- 
born County, Ind., where he taught school and 
served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to 
Mason County, 111., and, in 1844. to Elgin. Here 
he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of 
his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the 
banking business, which proving disastrous in 
18.")7, he returned to Mason County and began the 
practice of law. He then spent some years in 
Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second 
time, resumed practice at Havana, served one 
term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 
became member of a law firm in Chicago, but 
retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyshii) of the 
Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position 
until his death, which occurred suddenly at 
Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years 
of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at 
Aurora. 

DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon Countj^; 
39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north 
of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- 
way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- 
side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, 
having five elevators. Extensive car and repair 
shops are located there, and several important 
manufacturing industries flourish, among them 
three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, 
water-works, electric street railways, and excel- 
lent public schools, including one of the best and 
most noted high schools in the State. Two daily 
papers and one weekly (labor) journal are published 
there. Pop. (1900), 20,754; (1910), 31,140. 

DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVEIVTION. (See 
Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) 

DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See 
Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) 

DECATUR, MATTOOIV & SOUTHERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
Raihray.) 

DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur <fc Evansville 
Railway ) 

DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the 
winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers 
of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- 
tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- 
dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old 
Settlers" of Morgan Count}% a few years before 
his death, gave tiie following account of it: "In 
the interval between Christmas, 1830, and .Janu- 
ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a 
depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came 
a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it 



fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of 
snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear 
a man, and finally over this crust there were a 
few inches of snow. The clouds passed away 
and the wind came down upon us from the north- 
west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — 
certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury 
in the thermometer tube was not, on any one 
morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. 
This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for 
nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts 
say that this storm caused great suffering among 
both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- 
able to reach the mills or produce stores, were 
driven, in some cases, to great extremity for 
supplies ; mills were stopped by the freezing up 
of streams, while deer and other game, sinking 
through the crust of snow, were easily captured 
or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic 
fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- 
tenance or from the severitj' of the cold. 

DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at 
Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- 
smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when 
he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle 
County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and 
there founded the plow-works which bear his 
name and of which he was President from 1868 
until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son 
of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison 
County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the 
common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- 
emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; 
became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- 
ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow 
Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- 
dent and General Manager, until his father's 
death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He 
was also founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn 
Planter Works, President of the Moline Water 
Power Company, besides being a Director in 
various other concerns and in the branch houses 
of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines, 
Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- 
standing his immense business interests, Mr. 
Deere found time for the discharge of public 
and patriotic duties, as shown b}- the fact that he 
was for years a member and Chairman of the 
State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner 
from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- 
tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of 
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a 
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, 
and a delegate to the National Republican Conven- 
tion at St. Louis, in 1896. Died Oct. 29, 1907. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



131 



DEERING, William, manufacturer, was born 
at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826, 
completed his education at the Readfleld high 
scliool, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- 
ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- 
ing several large, successful business enterprises, 
including wholesale and commission dry-goods 
houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. 
His greatest work has been the building up of the 
Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature 
of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- 
facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural 
implements and ai)pliances. This concern began 
operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present 
time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north 
part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. 
It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater 
variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist 
than any other establishment in the country, 
receiving its raw material from many foreign 
countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- 
uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- 
ing continues to be President of the Company 
and a principal factor in the management of its 
immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited 
and benevolent, and his business career has been 
notable for the absence of controversies with his 
employes. He has been, for a number of years, 
one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- 
sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is 
President of the Board. 

DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles 
west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown 
rapidly, largely because of the introduction of 
new industrial enterprises. It contains a large 
wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun- 
dry, agricultui'al implement works, machine 
shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- 
turing establishments. It has banks, three news- 
papers, electric street railway, eight miles of paved 
streets, nine churches and three graded schools. 
It is the site of the Northern State Normal School, 
located in ISO.'x Population (1S80), 1,598; (1890), 
2..579; (1900). .5,904; (1910), 8,102. 

I)E KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of 
La Salic County, and later of Kane, was organized 
in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the 
Revohitionary patriot. Its area is 650 sc|uare 
miles and population (in 1910), .33,4.57. The land 
is elevated and well drained, lying betvi-een Fox 
and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged 
tc the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained 
several villages and their own tribal government. 
No sooner had the aborigines been removed than 
white settlers appeared in large numbers, and. 



in September, 1835, a convocation was held on 
the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- 
rary form of government. The public lands in the 
county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. 
Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the 
county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 
2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at 
Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers 
Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the 
first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." 
Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 
2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- 
face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with 
numerous groves and wooded tracts along the 
principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- 
erse the county, which embi'aces one of the 
wealthiest rural districts in the State. 

DE KALB ii (iREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 

DELAVAN, a thriving city in Tazewell County, 
on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at 
the point of its intersection with the Peoria and 
Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 
miles west-s6uthwest of Bloomington and 34 
miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively 
grown in the adjacent territory, and much 
shipped from Delavan. The place supports two 
banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two 
weekly papers. It also has five churches and a 
gradeil school. Pop. (1900), 1,304; (1910), 1,175. 

DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex-Secretary of State, 
was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of 
Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent 
citizen of the State, who held the office of State 
Treasurer ami was a member of the Constitu- 
tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel 
Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the 
subject of this sketch was educated there and at 
Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 18G1, he was elected 
a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First 
Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a 
complimentary commission as Captain for gal- 
lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw 
Bayou, where the commander of his regiment, 
Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served 
with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the 
Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. 
After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- 
facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- 
tain Dement entered the State Legislature by 
election as Representative from Lee County in 
1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876, was pro- 
moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and 
Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 



132 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, 
serving eight years. The last public position held 
by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the 
State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was 
appointed in 1891, serving two years. His 
present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. 

DEMEXT, John, was born in Sumner County, 
Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he 
accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in 
Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff 
in 1826, and which he represented in the General 
Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with 
distinction during the Black Hawk War, having 
previously had experience in two Indian cam- 
paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer 
by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this 
office to represent Fayette County in the General 
Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal 
of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing 
of success, he removed to the northern part of the 
State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became 
extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 
President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of 
Public Moneys, but he was removed by President 
Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 
184.5, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 
and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the 
office from that date until it was abolished. He 
was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; 
served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, 
'62, and "70), being Temporary President of the 
two bodies last named. He was the father of 
Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- 
nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at 
Dixon, Jan. 16. 1883. 

DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam 
County, 111., Nov. 14. 1831; in his youth was 
employed in the CIerk"s office of Putnam County, 
meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the 
bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi- 
cago; is still in practice and has served as 
President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and 
the State Bar Association. 

DES PLAIXES, a village of Cook County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and 
the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- 
west from Chicago ; is a dairying region. Popu- 
lation (1890), 986; (1900), 1,660; (1910), 2,.348. 

DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois 
River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, 
after passing through Kenosha County, in that 
State, and Lake County. 111., running nearly 
parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan 
through Cook County, finally unites with the 
Kankakee, about 1? miles southwest of Joliet, by 



its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois 
River. Its length is about 150 miles. The 
Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the 
valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- 
tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. 

DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, 
was born at Forestville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after 
receiving his primary education took a two years' 
course in the literary and a three years" course in 
the medical department of the Michigan Univer- 
sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
1869. He then began practice as House Physician 
and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, 
N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he 
visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary 
methods, meanwhile spending six months in the 
Prussian military service as Surgeon during the 
Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the 
war he took a brief course in the University of 
Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he 
was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- 
cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at 
Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- 
intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 
at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of 
John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. 
Dr.' Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the 
treatment of the insane has stood among the 
highest of his class. 

DE WITT COUMY, situated in the central 
portion of the State; has an area of 440 square 
miles and a population (1910) of 18,906. The land 
was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- 
watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- 
nent white settlers occupy this region. The first 
to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, 
William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families 
of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- 
ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of 
the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. 
Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and 
Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. 
Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- 
migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from 
Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be 
made. In 1835 a school house and Presbj-terian 
church were built at Waynesville. The county 
was organized in 1839, and — with its capital 
(Clinton) — was named after one of New York's 
most distinguished Governors. It lies within the 
great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt 
Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is 
rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. 
Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois 
Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



133 



lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,307. 
Both are railroad centers and liave considerable 
trade. 

DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, 
was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 181.5; 
taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 j-ears of 
age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that 
State; spent one year at a manual labor school 
in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to 
Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will 
County, still later engaging in the same vocation 
in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of 
law with Slessrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, 
was admitted to practice. In 18.54 he was 
elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the 
position for a quarter of a century, winning for 
himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- 
ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an 
original abolitionist and his home is said to have 
been one of the stations on the "underground 
railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. 

DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., 
Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his 
native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. 
He was descended from a family of lawj-ers, his 
grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- 
tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the 
Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. 
Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- 
sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable 
attention at first to his father's extensive lumber 
trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter 
of the Government during the Civil War, and 
was an active member of the Relief and Aid 
Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- 
sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years 
before his death being in the service of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as 
its general solicitor and member of the executive 
committee of the Board of Directors. Died in 
Chicago. May 20. 1890. 

DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in 
New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from 
Columbia College, read law and was admitted to 
the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four 
years later settled there, becoming one of its 
most influential citizens. Upon the organization 
of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, 
Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- 
ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh 
Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan 
opposition, serving until the expiration of his 
term in 1853. He was prominently identified 
with several important commercial enterprises, 
was one of the founders of the Chicago Library 



Association, and one of the first Trustees of the 
Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy 
Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his 
residence in liLs native city. New York, where he 
died, June 2, 1892. 

DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1813, 
the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- 
ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- 
moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, 
McDonough County, where he was admitted to 
the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, 
where he resideil three j'ears, a part of the time 
editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a 
resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the 
Mexican War, organized a company of volun- 
teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 
he raised a regiment of cavalry which was 
mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois 
Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned 
Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- 
paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his 
commission and resumed tlie practice of his 
profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the 
State-at-large in opposition to John A. Logan, 
and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- 
tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United 
States, resigning after eighteen months' service. 
In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was 
made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, 
he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. 
McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and 
died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. 

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as 
the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," 
having been founded by Alexander Campbell. 
Many members settled in Illinois in the early 
30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the 
denomination soon began to flourish greatly. 
Any one was admitted to membership who made 
what is termed a scriptural confession of faith 
and was baptized by immersion. Alexander 
Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of 
much native ability, as well as a born conver- 
sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in 
numbers and influence in the State. The United 
States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the 
State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- 
bership of 61,587, having 530 Sunday schools, with 
50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the 
real propertj', which included 552 church edifices 
(with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- 
ages, was §1,167,675. The denomination supports 
Eureka College, with an attendance of between 



134 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued 
at .$150,000. Total membership in the United 
States, estimated at 750,000. 

DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock 
River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- 
nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads; is 98 miles west of Cliicago. Rock 
River furnishes abundant water power and the 
manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- 
tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth 
factory, wagon factory; also has electric light 
and power plant, three shoe factories, planing 
mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are 
two National and one State bank, eleven 
churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In 
schools the city particularly excels, having sev- 
eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. 
The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here 
annually. Population (1900), 7.917; (1910), 7,216. 

DIXON, John, pioneer — the first white settler 
in Lee Countj-, 111., was born at Rye, West- 
chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed 
to New York City, where he was in business some 
fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family 
for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, 
and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having 
disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed 
out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity 
of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy 
Creek, some nine miles north of the present site 
of that city. Here he remained some five years, 
in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- 
mon County Grand Jury. The new county of 
Peoria having been established in 1825, he was 
offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit 
Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was 
then called. Later he became contractor for 
carrying the mail on the newly established route 
between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- 
vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a 
French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to 
take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards 
known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the 
lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and 
the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- 
breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. 
Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his 
family to this point in April, 1830. Here he 
established friendly relations with the Indians, 
and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later, 
was enabled to render valuable service to the 
State. His station was ft)r many years one of 
the most important points in Northern Illinois, 
and among the men of national reputation who 



were entertained at different times at his home. 
may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid 
ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson 
Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, 
Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the 
land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off 
the town; in 1838 was elected bj' the Legislature 
a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in 
1840, secured the removal of tlie land oflice from 
Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate 
from Lee County to the Republican State Con- 
vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and, 
although then considerably over 70 years of age, 
spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- 
coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. 
His death occurred, July 6, 1876. 

DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, 
was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., 
JIarch 23, 1833; was educated in the common 
schools, and, at 23 years of age, came to Chicago 
and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, 
had become one of the most extensive concerns 
of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out 
of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- 
lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, 
although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an 
importing business in many lines of goods used in 
the grocery trade. Having become interested in 
the Jlerchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was 
elected its President and continued to act in that 
capacity. He was also a stockholder and a Director 
of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen 
Paper Car Wheel Company and the Illinois Central 
Railroad, and was a leadinf; promoter of the World's 
Columliian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those 
who guaranteed the $5,000,000 raised by citizens 
of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. 
Died March 23, 1901. 

DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, 
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & 
Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of 
Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, 
churches and a graded school. Population (1880) 
448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229; (1910), 1,869. 

DONdiOLA, a village in Union County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of C'airo. 
Pop. (1890), 733; (1900), 681; (1910), 702. 

DOO LITTLE, James Rood, United States 
Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington 
County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- 
bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted 
to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester ana 
Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney ot 
Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. and. in 1851, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



135 



removed to Wisconsin; two years later was 
elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and 
the following year was elected as a Democratic- 
Republican to the United States Senate, being 
re-elected as a Republican in 1863. Retiring 
from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided 
chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the 
courts of Chicago. He was President of the 
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
1866, and of the National Democratic Convention 
of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace 
Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., 
July 27, 1897. 

DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of 
Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H. , 
March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age 
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; 
then taught several years and, in 1854, was 
offered and accepted the position of Superintend- 
ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two 
years later. Afterwards engaging in business, 
he served as Vice-President and President of 
the Board of Trade, President of the Com- 
mercial Insurance Company and of the State 
Savings Institution ; was a member of the State 
Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with 
variovLs benevolent organizations of the city of 
Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. 

DOIKJHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 
1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape 
Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after 
the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 
1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother 
removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read 
law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary 
of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and 
early attaining prominence as a successful 
criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized 
political leader, was elected as a member of the 
House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) 
and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in 
1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
latter body until the adoption of the Constitution 
of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, 
the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for 
State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing 
of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- 
porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- 
dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 
and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- 
lurge), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, 
serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, 
Sept. 7, 1879. 



DOUGLAS, John M., lawj'er and Railway 
President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton 
County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three 
years in his native city, then came west and 
settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to 
the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he 
removed to Chicago, and, the following year, 
became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, with which he had been associated as 
an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 
he was a Director of the Company over twelve 
years; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again 
for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired 
permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak 
of him as a lavi^yer of great ability, as well 
as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, 
March 25, 1891. 

DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was 
born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- 
quence of the death of his father in infancy, 
his early educational advantages were limited. 
When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- 
maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his 
mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. 
In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for 
the West in 1833. He tauglit school at Win- 
chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing 
before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He 
was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep 
interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- 
cuting Attorney for Morgan Count}-, but a few 
months later resigned this office to enter the 
lower house of the Legislature, to which he was 
elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for 
Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his 
Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of 
State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, 
elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was 
elected to Congi-ess in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in 
the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- 
tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being 
re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was 
rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 
1858, before the people of the State with Abraham 
Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- 
ture. He was a candidate for the presidential 
nomination before the Democratic National 
Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1800, after having 
failed of a nomination for the Presidency at 
Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the 
"two thirds rule," he received the nomination 
from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore 
six weeks later — though not until the delegates 
from nearly all the Southern States had with- 
drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 



136 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated 
for t}ie Presidency by Lincohi, liis old-time 
antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to 
the incoming administration in its attitude 
toward the seceded States, occupying a place of 
lienor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the 
capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As 
politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had 
few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in 
expedients, ready in resources, earnest and 
fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of 
men." His shortness of stature, considered in 
relation to his extraordinary mental acimien, 
gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little 
Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. 

DOUOLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the 
center of the State, embracing an area of 410 
square miles and having a population (1910) of 
19,.591. The earliest land entry was made by 
Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was 
signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early 
settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian. 
who erected one of the first frame houses in 
the comity in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- 
kaskia Rivers flow through the county, whicli is 
also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central 
Railways. Douglas County was organized in 
1859 (being set off from Coles) and named in 
honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States 
Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- 
cola was made the county-seat. It has been 
visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but 
is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a 
population of 1,897. Other important towns are 
Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which 
was originally known as New Salem. 

DOWNERS GROVE, village, Du Page County, 
on C, B. & Q. R. R., 31 miles south-southwest from 
Chicago, incorporated 1873 ; has water- works, elec- 
tric lights, furniture factory, good schools, bank and 
a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 2,103; (1910), 2,601. 

DOWNING, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and 
lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24, 
1846 ; reared on a farm and educated in the public 
and private schools of his native town ; from 1865 
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, 
when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of Cass County, serving three successive terms ; 
read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested 
in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic 
paper), which he has since conducted; was 
elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, 
and, in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- 
fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a 



plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker, 
the Republican nominee. A contest and recount 
of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the 
seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing 
was the nominee of his party for Secretary of 
State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket. 

DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, 
was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., 
Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, 
which his father founded; entered mercantile 
life at 16 years of age; crossed the plains to Cali- 
fornia in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare 
and, in 1859, established himself in business at 
Unionville, Iowa ; served through the Civil War, 
becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 
1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by 
brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the 
war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently 
engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib- 
buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake 
University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 
1895, serving until Jan., 1898. Died Nov. 20, 1903. 

DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, LL.D., lawyer and 
educator, was Ijorn in Otsego County, N. Y., 
June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth 
generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, 
who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. 
Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y. , where 
he attended school, winning a scholarship in the 
Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from 
that institution in 1866. During the next four 
years he was employed in teaching, part of the 
time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in 
1871, graduated from the Union College Law 
Department, when he began practice. The rank 
he attained in the profession was indicated by 
his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, 
one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- 
mission, upon which he served until the conclu- 
sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously 
.served in the New York State Senate (1880) and, 
in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National 
Convention, also serving as Chairman of the 
Republican State Central Committee the same 
year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he 
served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and 
again in 1890, was President of the National 
Association of School Superintendents. Soon 
after retiring from the State Superintendency in 
New York, he was chosen Superintendent of 
Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, 
remaining in tliat position until 1894, when he 
was elected President of the University of Illinois 
at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



137 



tration has been characterized by enterprise and 
sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- 
ity and prosperity of the institution. 

DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at 
Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 24, 1800; gi-aduated from 
Bro\vn University in 1823, went to Virginia, 
where he studied theology and was ordained a 
minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 
1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector 
of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 
1838. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the 
ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary 
Todd in marriage. He died, March 25, 1865. 

DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at 
Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 
1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 
1880, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at 
Galena, 111., in 1835. and was a member of the 
General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was 
appointed United States District Judge for the 
District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel 
Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. 
Upon the division of the State into two judicial 
districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North- 
ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the 
United States Circuit Court, and presided over 
the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included 
the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 
1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in 
retirement until his death, which occurred at 
Wheaton, 111., May 15, 1890. 

DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was 
born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111., 
near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. 
Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The 
latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, 
and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, 
had been a personal friend of General Harrison, 
imder whom he served in the Indian wars, 
including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son 
received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- 
ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was 
elected to the General Assembly, serving in the 
same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being 
re-elected in 1836, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was 
appointed by President Harri.son Register of the 
Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned, 
giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 
1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce 
in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- 
lican State Convention, at Bloomington. in 1856, 
and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was 
nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, 



renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In 
1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of 
his party for Governor, but was defeated by 
General Oglesby, serving, however, on the 
National Executive Committee of that year, and 
as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. 
Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. 
— Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was 
born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; 
received a common-school and cla.ssical educa- 
tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was 
Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse 
Commi.ssion in 1875-76; went to Idaho Territory 
and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed 
United States Marshal there in 1883, serving until 
1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the 
Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the 
admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became 
one of the first United States Senators, his term 
extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the 
Idaho delegation in the National Republican 
Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a 
member of the National Republican Convention 
at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body 
with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since 
cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver 
Democrats. 

DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil 
engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb, 34, 
1830, received a liberal education and became a 
civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, 
and six years later was made Secretary and Chief 
Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that 
city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually 
revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. 
In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, 
sappers and miners, but neither the State nor 
Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon 
he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois 
Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid 
promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- 
tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of 
Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the 
army, General Ducat returned to Cliicago, 
re-entering the insui'ance field and finally, after 
holding various responsible positions, engaging 
in general bu.siness in that line. In 1875 he was 
entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State 
militia, which he performed with signal success. 
Died, at Downer's Grove, 111., Jan. 29, 1896. 

DUELS AXD AJfTI-DUELIJfG LAWS. Al- 
though a majority of the population of Illinois, 
in Territorial days, came from Southern States 
where the duel was vridely regarded as the proper 



138 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mode for settling " difficulties" of a personal 
character, it is a cui-ious fact that so few "'affairs 
of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on 
Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of 
which either history or tradition has lianded 
down any account, is said to have occurred 
between an English and a French officer at the 
time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the 
British in 1765, and in connection with that 
event. The officers are said to have fought with 
small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, 
when one of them was killed, but the name of 
neither the victor nor the vanquished has come 
down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, 
who is the authority for the storj- in his "Pioneer 
History of Illinois," claimed to have received it 
in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who 
represented that he had seen the combat. 

An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come 
down to us in the history of the Territorial 
period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it 
finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- 
Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 
1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones, 
the first EngUsh-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois 
Coimtry." The younger Jones is described as an 
exceptionally brilliant young man who, having 
studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1806. Two 
years later he became a candidate for Represent- 
ative from Randolph County in the Legislature 
of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. 
In the course of the canvass which resulted in 
Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel 
with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of 
the Territorial Council from the same county, 
and afterwards became Delegate in Congress 
from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. 
Bond cliallenged Jones and the meeting took 
place on an island in the Mississippi between 
Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second 
was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who 
appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. 
The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones 
after the combatants had taken their places 
preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the 
question whether it was accidental or to be 
regarded as Jones' fire. Dmilap maintained the 
latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his 
adversary tliat the discharge was accidental, and 
the generosity which he displayed led to expla- 
nations that averted a final exchange of shots. 
The feud thus started between Jones and Dimlap 
grew until it involved a large part of the com- 
munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down 
Jones in cold blood and without warning in 



the streets of Kaskaskia, killing liim instantly. 
The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard 
of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident 
furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter 
in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." 
Prompted bj' this tragical affair, no doubt, the 
Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a 
stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in 
which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- 
nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, 
were held to be guilty of murder. 

Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a 
duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a 
noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one 
Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- 
time during the War of 1813, tliough no exact 
dates are given. This affair took place on the 
favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody 
Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to 
at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- 
souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the 
conflict." 

The next affair of which liistory makes men- 
tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, 
in Februarj', 1819, which ended in a duel between 
two men named Alonzo Stuart and William 
Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. 
The managers of the affair for the principals are 
said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded 
with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the 
secret but Bennett was not. When the order to 
fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been 
loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortallj- wounded, 
expiring almost immediately. One report says 
that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so 
understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the 
result. He and his two seconds were arrested for 
murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to 
Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. 
Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. 
Benton defending, the trial resulting in their 
acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- 
hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, 
convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds 
(afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing 
sentence. 

In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," 
edited by tlie late E. B. Washburne, and printed 
imder the auspices of the Chicago Historical 
Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates 
an incident occurring in Galena alxiut 1838, while 
"The Xorth western Gazette and Galena Adver- 
tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. 
Bartlett, who was afterwards one of tlie founders 
of "The Quiucy Whig." The story, as lold by 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



139 



Mr. Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates 
(a Galena business man and captain of a packet 
plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a 
short communication for the paper reflecting on 
the character of John Turney, a prominent law- 
yer who had been a member of the House of 
Representatives in 1828-30, from the District 
composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, 
Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- 
manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave 
up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take 
any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett 
to a duel, which was promptly accepted bj- Bart- 
lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph 
P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from 
the Galena District. Bartlett's second was 
William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." 
(Warren was a prominent Union officer during 
the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the 
grovmd selected for the duel, in what was then 
Wisconsin Territor)-, seven miles north of Galena, 
and, after one ineffectual fii'e, the matter was 
compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed 
to Quincy, and was for a long time connected 
with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" 

During the session of the Twelfth General 
Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic 
Representative from Peoria Countj', feeUng him- 
self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. 
John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative 
from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party 
in connection with the partisan reorganization 
of the Supreme Court, tlireatened to "call out" 
Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. 
Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and 
J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with 
the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- 
ably to both parties." 

It was during the same session that John A. 
McClernand, then a young and fiery member 
from Gallatin Countj' — who had, two years 
before, been appointed Secretary of State by 
Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from 
taking the office by an adverse decision of the 
Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack 
upon the Whig members of the Court based upon 
allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- 
nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic 
member of the same coui't. Smith having joined 
his associates in a card denying the truth of the 
charges, McClernand responded with the publi- 
cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- 
tions directly to Smith himself. This brouglit a 
note from Smith which McClernand construed into 
a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- 



ance. Attornej'-General Lamborn, having got 
wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a 
Springfleld Justice of the Peace, which resulted 
in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to 
keep the peace, when he took his departure for 
Chicago, and the "affair" ended. 

An incident of greater historical interest than 
all the others yet mentioned, was the aflfair in 
which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the 
former the State Auditor and the latter at that 
time a young attorney at Springfield — were con- 
cerned. A communication in doggerel ver.se had 
appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing 
the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the 
editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the 
author, and, in accordance with previous under- 
standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- 
dence, later coming to light, showed that the real 
authors were Miss Jlarj- Todd — who, a few months 
later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, 
afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) 
Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former 
State Treasurer, demanded a I'etraction of the 
offensive matter — the demand being presented to 
Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where 
Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- 
ing to follow the affair through all its complicated 
details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was 
the author without further investigation, and 
Lincoln refusing to make any explanation luiless 
the first demand was withdrawn — Lincohi named 
Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted 
Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords 
as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within 
three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. 
The principals, with tlieir "friends," met at the 
appointed time and place (Sept. 23, 1842, opposite 
the city of Alton) ; liut, in the meantime, mutual 
friends, having been apprised of what was going 
on, also appeared on the ground and brought 
about explanations which averted an actual con- 
flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing 
about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of 
Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene 
County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. 
Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- 
atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, 
Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. 

Out of this affair, within the next few days, 
followed challenges from Shields to Butler and 
Whiteside to Merriman; but, although these were 
accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part 
of the cliallenging party to the conditions named 
by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- 
lay, no meeting actually took place. 



140 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Another affair which bore important results 
without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the 
session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. 
The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson 
Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess 
County, and both Democrats. Some sparring 
between them over the question of suffrage for 
naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation 
from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the 
Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation 
that this was for the purpose of arranging the 
preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on 
hand before the appointed time, but their arrest 
by the St. Louis authorities and putting them 
under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them 
an excuse for returning to their convention 
duties without coming to actual hostilities — if 
they had such intention. This was promptly 
followed by the adoption in Convention of the 
provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify- 
ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either 
as principal or second, from holding any office of 
honor or profit in the State. 

The last and principal affair of this kind of 
historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois 
was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that 
in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after- 
wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis 
were concerned in February, 1850. During the 
debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that 
year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out 
of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon 
the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on 
the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for 
the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis 
the credit of saving the day. Replying to these 
claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the 
Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- 
ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and 
Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that, 
at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon, 
when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's 
regiment was not within a mile and a half of the 
scene of action. This was construed by Davis as 
a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge 
which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who 
named the soldier's weapon (the common army 
musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with 
forty paces as the distance, with liberty to 
advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- 
liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi- 
dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be 
intimidated, but was prepared to face death 
itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his 
comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- 



ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis 
to withdraw his challenge on condition that 
Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a 
clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi- 
ment for what they actually did, but without dis- 
avowing or retracting a single word he had 
uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said 
that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law 
of Davis, having been apprised of what was on 
foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting 
by instituting legal proceedings the night before 
it was to take place, though this was rendered 
unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, 
Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though 
indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, 
he was violently assailed by his political opponents 
for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State 
Constitution against dueling, especially when he 
came to take the oath of office as Governor of 
Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- 
ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents 
aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his 
friends maintained that the act having been 
performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, 
he was technically not guilty of any violation of 
the laws. 

While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, 
against duehng, was not re- incorporated in that 
of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- 
gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than 
one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a 
fine not exceeding §3,000, upon any one who, as 
principal or second, participates in a duel with a 
deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal 
or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- 
lenge: the law also provides that any one con- 
victed of such offense shall be disqualified for 
holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument, 
either civil or military, under the Constitution or 
laws of this State." Any person leaving the 
State to send or receive a challenge is subject to 
the same penalties as if the offense had been 
committed within the State ; and any person who 
may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as 
the result of an engagement made in this State to 
figlit a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the 
person so wounded dies within this State — is held 
to be guilty of murder and subject to punisliment 
for the same. The publishing of any person as a 
coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or 
abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal- 
lenge, is declared to be a crime punishable by 
fine or imprisonment. 

DUFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was 
born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



141 



County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the 
country schools, and, from 1843 to 1847, spent his 
time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter 
year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, 
where he began reading law, but suspended his 
studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a 
private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of 
Franklin County, and, in the following year, was 
admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected 
Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- 
elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also 
served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional 
Convention of 1862 from the district composed of 
Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a 
zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in 
calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in 
August. 1864, to protest against the jx)lic}' of the 
Government in the prosecution of the war. 
About the close of his last term upon the bench 
(1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- 
tinued to reside. In his later years he be- 
came an Independent in politics, acting for 
a time in cooperation with the friends of 
temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint 
resolution of the Legislature on a commission to 
revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at 
Tucson, Ariz., June 2.5, 1889. 

DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- 
ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 23, 1794; 
emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously 
served with distinction in the War of 1812, and 
been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, 
for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- 
son. He was commissioned Major-General of 
Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator 
from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the 
lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when 
he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial 
chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He 
was the author of the first free-school law, 
adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con- 
servative and consistent, and his administration 
successful. He erected the first frame building 
at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend 
of Illinois College at that place. In his personal 
character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, 
although fearless in the expression of his convic- 
tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor 
in 1843, when he met with his first political 
defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, 
mourned by men of all parties. 

DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- 
kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; ser\-ed as a private in 
the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black 
Hawk War of 1833 ; also as First Lieutenant of 



cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War 
(1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel 
during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing 
duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in 
check. He was retired from active service in 
1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. 

DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane 
County, 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 
miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two 
distinct corporations — East and West Dundee — 
but is progressive and united in action. Dairy 
farming is the principal industry of the adjacent 
region, and the town has two large milk-con- 
densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good 
water power and there are flour and saw-mills, 
besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, 
two banks, six churches, a handsome high school 
building, a public library and two weekly papers. 
Pop. (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,76.5; (1910), 2,785. 

DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of 
Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, 
N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in 
the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years 
later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- 
tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to 
the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the 
next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' 
Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the 
first President, retiring five years later and re- 
engaging in the mercantile business. While 
Hon. Hugh McCuUough was Secretary of the 
Treasury, he was appointed National Bank 
Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He 
was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, 
the Academy of Sciences, and an early member 
of the Board of Trade. Died, April 38, 1893, 
leaving a large estate. 

DUNHAM, Ransom TV., merchant and Con- 
gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 
1838 ; after graduating from the High School at 
Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with 
the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed 
from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- 
tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- 
pany, embarked in the grain and provision 
commission business in that city, and, in 1882, 
was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
From 1S,S3 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois 
District in Congress, after the expiration of his 
last term devoting his attention to his large 
private business. His death took place suddenly 
at Springfield, Mass. , August 19, 1896. 

DUNLAP, (ieorge Lincoln, civil engineer and 
Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick. 



U2 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Maine, in 1828; studied mathematics and engineer- 
ing at Gorham Academj% and, after several 
years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the 
New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 
and accepted a position as assistant engineer on 
what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
road, finally becoming its General Superintend- 
ent, and, in foui-teen years of his connection with 
that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 
1873 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal 
& Quebec Railwaj', but the latter year returned 
to Illinois and was actively connected with the 
extension of the Wabash system until his retire- 
ment a few years ago. Died May 12, 1904. 

DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- 
lator, was born in Cook County, 111.. Nov. 14, 
1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (tiie well-known 
"Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist 
In Champaign County and was one of the found- 
ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family 
having located at Savoy, Champaign County, 
about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in 
the University of Illinois, graduating in the 
scientific department in 1875. Following in the 
footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively 
in fruit-growing, and lias served in the office of 
both President and Secretary of the State Horti- 
cultui-al Society, besides local offices. In 1893 he 
was elected as a Republican to the State Senate 
for the Tliirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, 
and has been prominent in State legislation. 

DUXLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was 
horn at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814; 
coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he 
taught school the following winter ; then secured 
a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- 
keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, remaining two j'ears. Having 
entered a body of Government land in the western 
part of Cook County, he turned his attention to 
farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- 
ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture 
and, in a few years, built up one of the most 
extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was 
cliosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly from Cook County, and, .at the 
following session, presided over the caucus which 
resulted in the nomination and final election of 
Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for 
the first time Politically an anti-slavery Demo- 
crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in tlie 
Territories, while his house was one of the depots 
of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- 
chased a lialf-section of land near Champaign, 
whither he removed, two years later, for the 



prosecution of his nursery business. He was an 
active member, for many years, of the State Agri- 
cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the 
scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial 
University," which finally took form in the Uni- 
versity of Illinois .it Champaign. From 1833 to 
his death lie was tlie agricultural correspondent, 
first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and 
later of "The Tribune," ^-riting over the nom de 
plume of "Rural. " Died, Feb. 14, 1875. 

DU PAGE COUIVTT, organized in 1839, named 
for a river which flows through it. It adjoins 
Cook County on the west and contains 340 square 
miles. In 1910 its population was 33,432. The 
county-seat was originally at Naperville, which 
was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. 
Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. 
In 18G9 the county government was removed to 
Wlieaton, the location of Wheaton College, 
where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, 
early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson 
(the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce 
Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns 
are Wheaton (population, 1,633), Naperville 
(3,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960), 
and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are 
largely populated by persons doing business in 
Cliicago. 

DD (JUOIX, a city and railway junction in 
Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a 
foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, 
salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, 
creamery, coal mines, graded school, public 
library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 
4,0.52; (1900), 4,3.53; (1910), 5,4,54. 

DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress- 
man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. 
When five years old he accompanied Iiis jiarents 
to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his 
early education. He entered the preparatory 
department of Wabash CoUege in 1873, and 
graduated from the University of Indiana, at 
Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence 
in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he 
engaged in business. Always active in local 
politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, 
and again in 1893, Representative in Congress 
from the Second District, retiring with the close 
of the Fifty-third Congress. In his later years he 
was Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express 
t'omi)any. Died Mar. 10, 1908. 

DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in 
Topshara, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; 
received a common-school and academic educa- 
tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



143 



lege in 1846. After practicing three years at 
Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1850 and 
engaged in mining, but three years later resumed 
the practice of his profession while conducting a 
mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen 
to the California Legislature from Nevada 
County, but coming to Illinois in 18.5S, he 
engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De 
Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. 
On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold 
out his drug business and assisted in raising the 
Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- 
missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment 
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, 
in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position 
of JIajor, afterwards taking part in the battle of 
Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" 
before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One 
Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major 
DiLstin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after 
joining the Army of the Cimiberland. After the 
Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- 
mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the 
Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position 
to the close of the war, meanwhile having been 
brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed 
on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was 
mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and 
took part in the grand review of the armies in 
that city wliich marked the close of the war. 
Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he 
was elected County Clerk in the following 
November, remaining in office four years. Sub- 
sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- 
officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter 
re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization 
of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 
1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one 
of the Trustees, retaining the position until his 
deatli. In May, 1890, he was appointed by 
President Harrison Assistant United States 
Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on 
a visit with his daughter at Carthage, JIo. . March 
30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high 
degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent 
Commander of the Grand Commandery of the 
State. 

DWIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston 
County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- 
cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 
niilos cast of Strcator; ha.s two banks, three weekly 
papers, six churches, five large warehou.ses, two 
electric light plants, complete water-works sys- 
tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a 



rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwiglit 
has attained celebrity as the location of the first 
of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of 
the drink and morphine habit. Population 
(1000), 2.015; (1910), 2,1.50. These figures do not 
include the floating population, which is 
augmented by patients who receive treatment 
at the "Keeley Institute." 

DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi- 
cian, was burn at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; 
graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 
1830: began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, 
and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- 
ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- 
porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 
1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party 
of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one 
of the original incorporators of the North Chicago 
Street Railway Company, and his name was 
prominentlj' identified with many local benevo- 
lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a 
suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. 

EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in 
La Salle Countj-, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, 
at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural 
and stock-raising district, and is an important 
shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded 
school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and 
manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. 
Pop. (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122; (1910), 1,059. 

EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish 
ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 
17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- 
donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood 
was passed upon his father's farm, and in j'outh 
he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter 
and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, 
Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State 
Agent of the New England JIutual Life Insur- 
ance Company. Between 1803 and 1860 he held 
sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was apijointed 
by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State 
Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State 
Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the 
Twenty-seventh, Twenty eighth. Twenty-ninth 
and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he 
was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive 
chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. 
In 1875 lie was again the Republican nominee for 
the Presidency of the Senate, but »vas defeated 



144 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. 
He died wliile a member of the Senate, Sept. 2, 
1877. 

EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the 
most remarkable earthquakes in the history of 
the Mississippi Valley began on the night of 
November 16, 1811, continuing for several months 
and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- 
cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the 
center of the earlier disturbance appears to have 
been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- 
ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through 
a wide extent of country, especially in the 
settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous 
history states that, in the American Bottom, then 
the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the 
results were very perceptible. The walls of a 
brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a 
pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, 
near Edwardsville. Madison County, were cracked 
by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more 
than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then 
a young man of 23, living with his father's 
family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- 
ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My 
Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all 
sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out 
of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. 
The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently 
fought, and it was supposed the Indians would 
attack the settlements. Not one in the family 
knew at that time it was an earthquake. The 
next morning another shock made us acquainted 
with it. . . . The cattle came running home 
bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly 
alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we 
were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the 
American Bottom many chimneys were thrown 
down, and the church bell at Cahokia was 
sounded by the agitation of the building. It is 
said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- 
kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to 
the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that 
time, but little is known of the effect of the con- 
vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous 
"sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, 
between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or 
some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia 
River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in 
his "Pioneer Historj'," "the water and white sand 
were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." 
EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo 
Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It 



is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad 
and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has 
a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill 
and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. 
It has also a bank, two churches, good public 
schools and a weekly newspaper. Population 
(1S90), 1,069; (1900), 1,146; (1910), 1,253. 

EASTOX, (Col.) Rufiis, pioneer, founder of the 
city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
May 4. 1774; studied law and practiced two 
years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. 
Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President 
Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, 
and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, 
in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate 
in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the 
organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was 
appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving 
until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, 
Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection 
with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the 
fact that he was the founder of the present city 
of Alton, which he laid out. in 1817, on a tract of 
land of which he had obtained possession at the 
mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the 
town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, 
prominently identified with the early history of 
that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton 
at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from 
Alton, in the earl}' " '20"s." 

EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair 
County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- 
rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of 
twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, 
and the leading commercial and manufacturing 
point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include 
rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and 
glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, 
breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The 
city has eleven public and five parochial schools, 
one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- 
plied with banks and has one daily, three weekly 
and one monthly papers. Pop. (1900), 29,655; 
(1910), 5S..")47. 

EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE DiSAXE. 
The act for the establishment of this institution 
passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many 
cities offered inducements, by way of donations, 
for the location of the new hospital, but the site 
finally selected was a farm of 2.-)0 acres near Kan- 
kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the 
purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work 
was begun in 1878 and the first patients received 
in December, 1879. The plan of the in.stitution 
is. in many respects, unique. It comprises a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



U5 



general buildine. three stories high, capable of 
acconiiiiodatiug 300 to 400 patients, and a number 
of detached buildings, technically termed cot- 
tages, whei'e various classes of insane patients may 
be grouped and receive the particular treatment 
best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans 
were mainly worked out from suggestions by 
Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary 
of the Board of Public Charities, and have 
attracted generally favorable comment both in 
this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- 
ings occupied for the various purposes of the 
institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off 
in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants 
and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of 
a flourishing village with numerous small parks 
adorned with walks and drives. The counties 
from which patients are received include Cook. 
Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- 
las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, 
La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie 
Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole 
number of patients in 1898 was 2.200, while the 
employes of all classes numbered 500. 

EASTERN ILLi:VOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
institution designed to qualify teachers for giving 
instruction in the public schools, located at 
Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the 
Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The 
act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- 
ings, to which additional appropriations were 
added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, 
respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the 
city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.73. 
The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone 
being laid on May 27 of that year. There was 
delay in the progress of the work in consequence 
of the failure of the contractors in December, 
1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and 
practically completed early in 1899, with the 
expectation that tlie institution would be opened 
for the reception of students in September fol- 
lowing. 

EASTMAN, Zehina, anti-slavery journalist, 
was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; 
became a printer's apjirentice at 1-1, but later 
spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. 
Then, after a brief experience as an employe in 
the oflSce of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 
18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in 
the establishment of "Tlie Free Press" at Fayette- 
ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 
1837 he came west, sto])ping a year or two at 
Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 lie visited Peoria by 
way of Chicago, working for a time on "The 



Peoria Register, " but soon after joined Benjamin 
Lundy. who was preparing to revive his paper, 
"The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at 
Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was 
partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, 
after a few months" delay, Eastman, in conjunc- 
tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication 
of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of 
Lundy's paper, using the printing press which 
Warren had used in tlie office of "The Commer- 
cial Advertiser, " in Cliicago, a year or so before. In 
1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, 
the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was 
issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," 
in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, 
in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." 
After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. 
Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago 
Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, 
but it reached only its fifth number, when it was 
discontinued for want of financial support. In 
1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
United States Consul at Bristol, England, where 
he remained eight years. On liis return from 
Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later 
removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, 
where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter 
years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many 
articles of great historical interest to the Chi- 
cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, 
Hooper. ) 

EBERHART, John T'rederick, educator and 
real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, 
Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teacliing at 16 
years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- 
gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming 
Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the 
same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, 
locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; 
a year later established "The Northwestern 
Home and School Journal." which he published 
tliree years, in the meantime establishing and 
conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa 
and Wisconsin. In 1859 lie was elected School 
Commissioner of Cook County — a position which 
was afterwards changed to County Superintend- 
ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. 
Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- 
lishment of the Cook County Normal School. 
Since retiring from office he has been engaged in 
the real-estate business in Chicago. 

ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and 
President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was 
liorn in Alsace, France (now Germany), brouglit 
to America in infancy and reareil on a farm in 



146 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- 
kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the 
Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards 
serving as its Eastern agent in rarious seaboard 
cities. He finally established an extensive mill- 
ing business in Chicago, in which he is now 
engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the 
National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, 
in 1886, was elected to the .State Senate, serving 
four years and taking a prominent part in draft- 
ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the 
Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been 
prominent in connection with various financial 
institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the 
Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was 
re-elected in 1895 and chosen President of the 
Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- 
ident in December, 1898. 

EDBROOKE, Willonghby J., Supervising 
Architect, was born at Deerfleld, Lake County, 
111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural 
profession by his father and under the instruc- 
tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor 
Roche's administration he held the position of 
Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 
1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the 
Treasury Department at Washington, in that 
capacity supervising the construction of Govern- 
ment buildings at the World's Colximbian Exposi- 
tion. Died, in Chicago, JIarch 26, 1896, 

EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, 
was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New 
York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, 
served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in 
the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to 
Shawneetown. III., in 1818, where he edited "The 
Illinois Emigi-ant," the earliest paper in that 
part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 
1824. a Representative in the Second and Fif- 
teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit 
Judge Ln 183.5, but resigned a few weeks later. 
He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder. in 
his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar 
of Illinois." says of Mr. Eddy: "When he 
addressed the court, he elicited the most profound 
attention. He was a sort of walking law library. 
He never forgot anything that he ever knew, 
whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, 
June 29, 1849. 

EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, 
was bom in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 
1823; educated at Greensborough. Ind., and, from 
1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circiut preacher 
in that State, becoming Agent of the American 
Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding 



Elder of tlie Indianapolis district until 1856, when 
he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern 
Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from 
that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales 
in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen 
one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- 
sionary Society bj' the General Conference of 
1872. Dr. Eddj' was a copious writer for the 
press, and, besides occasional sermon.s, published 
two volumes of reminiscences and personal 
sketches of prominent lUinoisans in the War of 
the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of 
Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 
7, 1874. 

EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was 
born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- 
lution, served as an officer in the British navy, 
but married an American woman of great force 
of character wlio sympathized strongly with the 
patriot cause. Having become involved in the 
desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife 
had promi.sed to assist in reaching the American 
camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining 
for a while in the American army, during which 
he became the friend of General La Fayette. lie 
sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- 
kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but 
his wife succeeded in saving some .812,000 from 
the wreck, with which she joined him two years 
later. He engaged in business and became an 
extensive landowner, being credited, during 
Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 
50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. 
Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and 
Jackson Coimties, and long known as the "Edgar 
lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill 
near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- 
man named Paget, and became a large shipper of 
flour at an early day to the Southern markets. 
When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he 
was appointed one of the Judges of the Common 
Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued 
for more than a quarter of a century. On the 
establishment of a Territorial Legislatiu-e for the 
Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one 
of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- 
lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the 
present State of Ohio, under the administration 
of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a 
Major General of militia, retaining the office foi 
many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were 
leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, 
and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 
182.5. a reception was given at their house to the 
distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



147 



they had made more than forty years before. He 
died at Kaskaskia. in 1832. Edgar County, in the 
eastern part of the State, was named in lionor of 
General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of 
tlie first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted 
Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 
1806. 

ED(UR COUXTT, one of the middle tier of 
counties from north to south, lying on the east- 
ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, 
and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of 
Kaskaskia. It contains 640 square miles, with 
a population (1910) of 27,336. The county is 
nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most 
of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing 
and stock-raising being the principal industries. 
Generall}-, the soil is black to a considerable 
depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- 
ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown 
clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of 
the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found 
in the northern portion, and some twenty-five 
years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon 
was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty -five 
feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs 
along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the 
county -seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- 
lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are 
prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, 
wliich was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was 
credited with a population of 900 in 1900. 

EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
miles southeast of Springfield ; has two banks 
and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, 
though some coal is mined here. Population 
(1880), 5.51; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071; (1910), 918. 

EDSALL, James Eirtland, former Attorney 
General, was born at Windham, Greene County, 
N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the 
common-schools, he attended an academy at 
Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself , meanwhile, 
by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- 
ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at 
Albany in 18.52. The next two years he spent in 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed 
to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the 
Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member 
of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken 
up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 
1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once 
engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected 
Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State 
Senator, .serving on the Committees on Munic- 
ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh 



General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected 
Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and 
re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his 
second term he took up his residence in Chicago, 
where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- 
tice of his profession, until his death, which 
occurred, June 20, 1892. 

EDUCATION. 

The first step in the direction of the establish- 
ment of a system of free schools for the region 
now comprised within the State of Illinois was 
taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 
1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the 
mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- 
tory." This applied specifically to the region 
northwest of the Ohio River, which had been 
acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois 
Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting 
under the auspices of the State of Virginia and 
by authority received from its Governor, the 
patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first 
time established the present system of township 
(or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, 
devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became 
the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as 
the office was styled) of the United States under 
the same act. Its important feature, in this con- 
nection, was the provision "that there shall be 
reserved the lot No. 16 of everj' township, for the 
maintenance of public schools within the town- 
ship." The same reservation (the term "section" 
being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 
1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale 
of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and 
June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in 
each township, or fractional part of a township," 
shall be "given perpetually for the piu-pose con- 
tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). 
The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 
(Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, 
morality and knowledge being necessary for the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged." The 
reser\'ation referred to in the act of 1785 (and 
subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling 
act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- 
ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a 
State Government, and was formally accepted by 
the Convention which formed the first State 
Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one 
entire township (in addition to one previously 
donated for the same purpose by act of Congress 
in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 



148 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



together with three per cent of the net proceeds 
of the sales of public lands within the State, "to 
be appropriated by the Legislatiire of the State 
for the encouragement of learning, of which one- 
sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall 
be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- 
sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a 
system of free public education in Illinois had its 
inception in the first steps for the organization of 
the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the 
Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory 
forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in 
the preliminary steps for the organization of the 
State Government. These several acts became 
the basis of that permanent provision for the 
encouragement of education known as the "town- 
ship," "seminary" and "college or university" 
funds. 

Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a 
beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- 
lish schools for the benefit of the children of the 
pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught 
the first American school within the territory of 
Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, 
followed by others in the next twenty years in 
Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- 
ties. Seeley"s earliest successor was Francis 
Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man 
named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill 
near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe 
County. Among the teachers of a still later period 
were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers 
Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County 
between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near 
Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- 
veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1818 and Speaker of tlie first House 
of Representatives. The latter taught in the 
vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards 
the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring 
Seminary. The schools which existed during 
this period, and for many years after the organi- 
zation of the State Government, were necessarily 
few, widely scattered and of a very primitive 
character, receiving their support entirely by 
subscription from their patrons. 

First Free School Law and Sales of 
School Lands. — It has been stated that the first 
free school in the State was established at Upper 
Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- 
ing this claim was based upon the power granted 
by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to 
e.stablish such schools there, which power was 
never carried into effect. Tlie first attempt to 
establish a free-school system for the whole State 



was made in January, 1825, in tlie passage of a 
bill introduced bj- Josepli Duncan, afterwards a 
Congressman and Governor of the State. It 
nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one 
hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, 
to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or 
subscriptions for the support of scIiooLs. So 
small was the aggregate revenue of the State at 
that time (only a little over $60,000), that the 
sum realized from this law would have been but 
little more than §1,000 per j^ear. It remained 
practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, 
when the State inaugurated the policy of selling 
the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds 
for the payment of current expenses. In this 
way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- 
tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, 
realizing less than 860,000. The first sale of 
township school lands took place in Greene 
Count}' in 1831, and, two years later, the greater 
part of the school section in the heart of the 
present city of Chicago was sold, producing 
about §39,000. The average rate at which these 
sales were made, up to 1882, was §3. 78 per acre, 
and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That 
these lands have, in very few instances, produced 
the results exjjected of them, was not so much 
the fault of the sj-stem as of those selected to 
administer it — wliose bad judgment in premature 
sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of 
speculators, were the means, in many cases, of 
squandering what might otherwise have furnished 
a liberal provision for the support of public 
schools in manj' sections of the State. Mr. W. L. 
Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University 
of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many 
of the facts presented in this article — gives to 
Chicago the credit of establishing the first free 
schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed 
in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. 
Early Higher Institutions. — A movement 
looking to the establishment of a higher institu- 
tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which 
Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by 
the passage, tlirough the Territorial Legislature at 
Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- 
rating the University of Indiana Territory to be 
located at Vincennes. One provision of the act 
authorized the raising of §20,000 for the institu- 
tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees 
was promptly organized, with Gen. William 
Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, 
at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



149 



little progress %v;is made. Twenty-one years 
later (1837) the first successful attempt to found 
an advanced school was made by the indomitable 
ReT. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- 
ment of l>is Theological Seminary and High 
School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, 
in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at 
Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- 
nary, established in 1838, two years later 
expanded into McKendree College, wliile instruc- 
tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- 
sonville, in December, 1839, as the outcome of a 
movement started by a band of young men at 
Yale College in 1837 — these several institutions 
being formally incorporated by the same act of 
the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of 
these Institutions.) 

Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there 
was held at Vandalia (tlien the State capital) the 
first of a series of educational conventions, which 
were continued somewhat irregularlj' for twenty 
years, and whose history is remarkable for the 
number of those participating in them who after- 
wards gained distinction in State and National 
history. At first these conventions were held at 
the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, when tlie chief actors in them 
were members of that body and State officers, 
with a few other friends of education from the 
ranks of professional or business men. At the 
convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- 
pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a 
United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme 
Court; Judges. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme 
Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- 
ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, 
afterwards United States Senator and Secretary 
of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, 
the most notable writers in the State in their day, 
besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, 
Benjamin JliUs, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy 
and others, all prominent in their several depart- 
ments. In a second convention at the same 
place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, 
Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin 
were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- 
fessional and literary men began to take a more 
prominent part, altliough the members of the 
Legislature were present iri considerable force. 
A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made 
up largely of professional teachers and school 
officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; 
and the same may be said of those held at Jack- 
sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other 
points. Various attempts were made to form 



permanent educational societies, finally result- 
ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the 
"State Teachers' Institute," which, three years 
later, took the name of the "State Teachers' 
Association" — though an a.ssociation of the same 
name was organized in 1836 and continued in 
existence several j'ears. 

State Superintendent and School Jour- 
nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as 
early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in 
memorials and resolutions by educational conven- 
tions, by the educational press, and in the State 
Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854, 
that an act was passed creating the office, when 
the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was api)ointed by 
Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until 
his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common 
School Advocate" was published for a year at 
Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 
1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" 
began publication at Springfield, but was discon- 
tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 
was established "The Illinois Teacher." This 
was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- 
master," which became the organ of the State 
Teachers' A.ssociation, so remaining several years. 
The State Teachers' Association has no official 
organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is 
the chief educational publication of the State. 

INDUSTRI.4.L EDUCATION. — In 1851 was insti- 
tuted a movement which, although obstructed for 
some time by partisan opposition, has been 
followed by more far-reaching results, for the 
country at large, than any single measure in the 
history of education since the act of 1785 setting 
apart one section in each township for the support 
of public schools. This was the scheme formu- 
lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of 
Jacksonville, for a sj'stem of practical scientific 
education for the agricultural, mechanical and 
other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention 
held under the auspices of the Duel Institute (an 
Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam 
County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan 
for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- 
cated, from the outset, a "University for the 
industrial classes in each of the States," by way 
of supplementing the work which a "National 
Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian 
Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- 
plish. The proposition attracted the attention 
of persons interested in the cause of industrial 
education in other States, especially in New 
York and some of the New England States, and 



150 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



received their hearty endorsement and cooper- 
ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a 
series of similar conventions held at Springfield, 
June 8, 1853; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1853; Springfield, 
Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at 
which the scheme was still further elaborated. 
At the Springfield meeting of January, 1853, an 
organization was formed under the title of the 
"Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with 
a view to disseminating information, securing 
more thorough organization on the part of friends 
of the measure, and the employment of lecturers 
to address the people of the State on the subject. 
At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- 
vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of 
obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and 
endow industrial institutions in each and every 
State in the Union." It is worthy of note that 
this resolution contains the central idea of the 
act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- 
ward, making appropriations of public lands for 
the establishment and support of industrial 
colleges in the several States, which act received 
the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — 
a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- 
dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State 
was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, 
Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late 
Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the 
objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its 
session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, 
adopted the resolutions commending the measure 
and instructing the United States Senators from 
Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to 
give it their support. Though not specifically 
contemplated at the outset of the movement, the 
Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- 
posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment 
of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School 
Department," which took form in the act pas.sed 
at the session of 1857, for the establishment of 
the State Normal School at Normal. Although 
delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- 
trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other 
States, finally triumphed in 1863. The lands 
received by the State as the result of this act 
amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- 
nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, 
Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus 
furnished was e.stablished, by act of the Legisla- 
ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University" 
— now the University of Illinoi.s — at Champaign, 
to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- 
tutions in as many States and Territories, based 
upon the same general act of Congress. 



Free-School System. — While there may be 
said to have been a sort of free-school system in 
existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was 
limited to a few fortunate districts possessing 
funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- 
ated within their respective limits. The system 
of free schools, as it now exists, based upon 
general taxation for the creation of a permanent 
school fund, had its origin in the act of that 
year. As already shown, the office of State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction had been 
created by act of the Legislature in February, 
1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- 
lary of the previous measure, giving to the people 
a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided 
an oflScial for its administration. Since then 
there have been many amendments of the school 
law, but these have been generally in the direc- 
tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- 
out departure from the principle of securing 
to all the children of the State the equal 
privileges of a common-school education. The 
development of the system began practically 
about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a 
century, the laws on the subject had grown 
into a considerable volume, while the number- 
less decisions, emanating from the office of the 
State Superintendent in construction of these 
laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. 

The following comparative table of school 
statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the 
Reports of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the 
system in some of its more important features: 

ISflO. 1896. 

Population l,7U,9Sl (eat.) 4,250,000 

No. of Persons of School Age (be- 
tween 6 and 21 ) •.549.fi04 1.384.367 

No. of Pupils enrolled •472.247 898,619 

School Districts 8,956 11,615 

PubllcSchools 9,182 13,623 

Graded •• »2M 1387 

" Public HUh Schools 272 

'• School Houses built during 

iheyear 657 267 

Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12,632 

No. of Male Teachers 8,228 7,057 

Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 

Whole No. of Teachers In Public 

Schools 14,708 26,416 

Highest Monthly Wages paid Male 

Teachera »180.00 1300.00 

Highest Monthly Wages paid 

Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 

Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male 

Teachers 8.00 14.00 

Lowest Monthly Wages paid 

Female Teacners 4.00 10.00 

Average Monthly Wages paid Male 

Teachers 28.82 67.76 

Average Monthly Wages paid 

Female Teachers 18.80 60 63 

No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 

No. of Pupils In Private Schools.... 29,204 139,969 
Interest on State and County Funds 

received $73,450.38 165,583.63 

Amount of Income from Township 

Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20 

♦Only white children were Included In these statistics lor 
1»60. 




o 






03 



3 



2: 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



151 



I860. 1396. 

imount recelvedfrom StateTax.. ( 690,000.00 } I,oOO.OOO.UO 
" " ** Special Dia- 

trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 

A.muutit received from Bonds dur- 
ing the year 617,960.93 

Total .Amount received during the 

year by School Dislricts 2,193,455.00 15.607.172.50 

Amount paid Male Teachers 2.T72.82y.32 

■• Female " 7.186.1(15.67 

Wholeamount paid Teachers .... 1,&42,-.;11.CJ0 9,9o»,934.99 
Amount paid for new School 

Houses 348,728,00 1,873,757.25 

Amount paid for repairs and im- 
provements 1 ,1170,755.09 

Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 
Apparatus 8,563.UO 164,298.92 
" " '* Booka for Dis- 
trict Libraries 30,12400 13,664.97 

Tolal Expenditures 2.259,868.00 14,614,627.31 

Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.267.00 

" •• " Libraries.. 377,819.00 

•< " " Apparatus 607,389.00 

The sums annually disbursed for incidental 
expenses on account of superintendence and the 
cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- 
lished, and partially or wholly supported by the 
State, increase the total expenditures by some 
$600,000 per annum. These higher institutions 
include the Illinois State Normal University at 
Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- 
dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to 
which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- 
sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, 
afterwards established at Charleston, and the 
Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These 
institutions, although under supervision of the 
State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See 
description of these institutions under their 
several titles.) The normal schools — as their 
names indicate — are primarily designed for the 
training of teachers, although other classes of 
pupils are admitted under certain conditions, 
including the pa3'ment of tuition. At the Uni- 
versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- 
sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic 
arts. In addition to these the State supports four 
other institutions of an educational rather than a 
custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the 
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- 
tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the As3'lum 
for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- 
diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated 
value of the property connected with these 
several institutions, in addition to the value of 
school property given in the preceding table, will 
increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) 
to 847,15.5,374.9.5, of which .54,375,107.95 repre- 
sents property belonging to the institutions above 
mentioned. 

Powers and Duties of Superintendents 
AND Other School Officers.— Each county 
elects a County Superintendent of Scliools, whose 
duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- 
tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and 



instruct them in their respective duties, conduct 
examinations of persons desiring to become 
teachers, and exercise general supervision over 
school affairs within his county. The subordi- 
nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township 
Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — 
in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards 
of Education. The two last named Boards have 
power to employ teachers and, generallj', to super- 
vise the management of schools in districts. The 
State Superintendent is entrusted with general 
supervision of the common-school system of the 
State, and it is his duty to advise and assist 
County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable 
institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, 
school officers and others in regard to their rights 
and duties under the general school code; to 
decide controverted questions of school law, com- 
ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- 
ents and others, and to make full and detailed 
reports of the operations of his office to the 
Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio 
a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- 
sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, 
and is empowered to grant certificates of two 
different grades to teachers — tlie higher grade to 
be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and 
the lower for two years. Certificates granted by 
County Superintendents are also of two grades 
and have a tenure of one and two j'ears, respec- 
tively, in the county where given. The conditions 
for securing a certificate of the first (or two- 
years') grade, require that the candidate shall lie 
of good moral character and qualified to teach 
orthography, reading in English, penmanship, 
arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, 
the elements of the natural sciences, the history 
of the United States, physiology and the laws of 
health. Tlie second grade (or one-year) certifi- 
cate calls for examination in the branches just 
enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- 
ology and laws of health; but teachers employed 
exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- 
ing, penmanship or other special branches, may 
take examinations in these branches alone, but 
are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they 
have been examined. — County Boards are 
empowered to establish County Normal Schools 
for the education of teachers for the common 
schools, and the management of such normal 
schfiols is placed in the hands of a County Board 
of Education, to consist of not less tlian five nor 
more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman 
of the County Board and the County Superin- 
tendent of Schools shall be ex-officio members. 



152 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Boards of Education and Directors may establisli 
kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote 
of a majority of the voters of their districts), for 
children between tlie ages of four and six years, 
but the cost of supporting the same must be 
defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- 
vision of the School Law requires that each child, 
between the ages of seven and fourteen years, 
shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of 
eacli year, unless otherwise instructed in the 
elementary branches, or disqualified by physical 
or mental disabilitj'. — Under the provisions of an 
act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to 
any office created by the general or special school 
laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age 
or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same 
qualifications for the oflfice as are prescribed for 
men. (For list of incumbents in the office of 
State Superintendent, see Superintendents of 
Public Instruction. ) 

EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier 
and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 
1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- 
leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the 
latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, 
was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after 
the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of 
the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to 
accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 
1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The 
Northwestern Christian Advocate"' at Chicago, 
and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1873, 
became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every 
four years until his death, Mar. 20, 1901. He had 
also been a member of each General Conference 
since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Con- 
ference at London in ISSl, and held other posi- 
tions of prominence within the church. 

EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born 
in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the 
age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- 
tucky, where he received his primary education, 
and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- 
kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he 
was the youngest brother) being then Territorial 
Governor. During the next fourteen years he 
resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, 
and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- 
ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to 
abandon his profession and engage in general 
business, later becoming a resident of Upper 
Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house 
of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 
and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State 



Senator from 1835 to "39, and was also the Whig 
candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to 
Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He 
served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- 
cially interested in education and in public chari- 
ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of 
Shurtleff College, to which he was a most 
munificent benefactor, and which conferred on 
him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper 
Alton, September, 1877. 

EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and 
United States Senator, was born in Montgomery 
County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the 
celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing 
his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 
he emigrated to Kentucky, w^here, after squander- 
ing considerable money, he studied law and, step 
by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of 
Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed 
him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
This office he held until the admission of Illinois 
as a State in 1818, when he was elected United 
Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of 
his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected 
Governor of the State, his successful administra- 
tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a 
candidate for Congress, but was defeated by 
Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and 
incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic 
tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, 
at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of 
cholera, the disease having been contracted 
through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers 
from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom 
over the entire State. Two valuable volumes 
bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- 
respondence with manj- public men of his time, 
have been published ; the first under the title of 
"History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," 
by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and 
the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the 
late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the 
auspices of the Chicago Historical Societj'. — 
Ifinian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian 
Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 
1809, the year his father became Territorial 
Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- 
kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was 
educated at Transylvania University, graduating 
in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister 
of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- 
ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when 
he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was 
elected to the Legislature from Sangamon 



HISTORICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



153 



County, as the colleague of Abraliam Lincoln, 
being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and 
was influential in securing the removal of the 
State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected 
to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, 
and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem- 
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. 
Again, in 18.50, he was elected to the Hou.se, but 
resigned on account of his change of politics 
from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to 
fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- 
Ung. He served as Superintendent of Public 
Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- 
son, 18.54-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by 
President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- 
sistence, which position he filled until June, 18G.5, 
since which time he remained in private life. He 
is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian 
Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the 
request of the State Historical Society. Died, at 
Springfield, Sept. 2, 1.889.— Benjamin Stevenson 
(Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. 
Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., 
June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 
1838, and was admitted to the bar the following 
year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently 
became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was 
an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- 
tion to Shelby 51. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected 
Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but 
within eighteen months resigned the position, 
preferring tlie excitement and emoluments of 
private practice to the dignity and scanty salary 
attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a 
citizen he was universally respected. Died, at 
his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time 
of his decease being President of the Illinois 
State Bar Association. 

EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- 
ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with 
his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and tegan 
life on a farm; later graduated at the State 
Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from 
the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y. , receiv- 
ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil 
Engineer ; served for a time as a civil engineer 
on the Boston water works, then beginning a 
career as a teacher which continued almost unin- 
terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this 
period he was connected with the Normal School 
at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, 
and the State Normal at the same place, connng 
west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. 



Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the 
St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the 
Presidency of the .State Normal University, at 
Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, 
remaining fourteen years, accomplished his 
greatest work and left his deepest impress upon 
the educational system of the State by personal 
contact with its teachers. The next nine years 
were spent as pastor of the First Congregational 
church at Princeton, when, after eighteen 
months in the service of Knox College as Finan- 
cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a 
closer connection with the educational field by 
his election to the office of State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, 
having failed of a re-election, he soon after 
assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University 
at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- 
pelled his retirement a year later, wlien he 
removed to Blooniington, which was his place of 
residence until his death, March S, 1908. 

EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the .south- 
eastern part of the State, between Ricliland and 
White on the north and south, and Wabash and 
Wayne on the east and west, and touching the 
Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was 
separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during 
the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- 
ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash 
County. The surface is diversified by prairie 
and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to 
the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- 
pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, 
on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the 
west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) 
was the seat for holding the first count}- court, 
in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and AVilliam 
Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present 
county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by 
Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants 
from England), in 1819, and settled largely by 
their countrymen, but not incorporated until 
1860. The area of the county is 220 scjuare 
miles, and population, in 1910, 10,049. Gray ville, 
with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in 
this county, though mo.stly in Wliite. Edwards 
County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards 
the Territorial ( Jovernor of Illinois. 

EDWARDSVILLE, tlie county-seat of Madison 
County, .settled in 1812 and named in honor of 
Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards ; is on four 
lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 
miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was 
tlie home of some of the most prominent men in 
the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 



154 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and 
shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine 
shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, 
schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city 
(LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- 
tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large 
business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, 
one daily, one semi-weekly and one weekly. Pop. 
(1890), 3,561; (1900), 4,157; (1910), 5,014. 

EFFINGiHAM, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Effingham County, 99 miles northeast of St. 
Louis and 198 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, 
creamery, milk condensory, and ice factory. Pop. 
(1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774; (1910), 3,898. 

EFFIXGHAM COUJiTY, cut off from Fayette 
(and separately organized) in 1831 — named for 
Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the 
central portion of the State, 90 miles northeast of 
St. Louis; has an area of 486 square miles and a 
population (1910) of 20,055. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon 
and William I. Hawkins were the first County 
Commissioners. Eflingham, the county-seat, was 
platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. 
Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were 
among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- 
way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- 
raising are leading industries, wool being one of 
the principal products. 

EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- 
sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent 
some time during his youth in the study of sur- 
gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- 
lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for 
a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal 
and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board 
of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in 
that State, later practicing in New York. In 
1838 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- 
nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, 
delivered the address at the breaking of ground 
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the 
early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan 
was owner of the block on which the Tremont 
House stands, and erected a number of houses 
there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate 
to the first Convention of that party, held at 
Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 
1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1853-54). Died. Oct. 27, 1860. 

ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west 
of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- 
paper. Population (1900), 606; (1910), 615. 

ELDORADO, a city in Sahne County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the 



Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton 
& Terra Haute Railroads; has a bank and two 
weekly newspapers; district agricultural. Popula- 
tion, (1900), 1,445; (1910), 3,366. 

ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, 
was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 
1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class 
with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albanj' 
Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to 
Chicago and began practice ; in 1863 assisted in 
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh 
Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected 
Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year 
being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- 
tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- 
mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, 
winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, 
but, after two years' service, was compelled to 
retire on account of disability, being carried east 
on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- 
ciently to resume his profession, but died in 
Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large 
circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly 
popular. 

ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers 
in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those 
conducted in accordance with United States 
laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under 
State laws. 

I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of 
United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- 
ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. 
(United States Senators). The election of 
United States Senators, while an act of the State 
Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- 
scribed by the laws of the United States. These 
make it the duty of tlie Legislature, on the second 
Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- 
ceding the expiration of the term for which any 
Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to 
elect his successor in the following manner: 
Each House is required, on the day designated, in 
open session and by the viva voce vote of each 
member present, to name some person for United 
States Senator, the result of the balloting to be 
entered on the journals of the respective Houses. 
At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the 
day of election, the members of the two Houses 
meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both 
Houses are read. If it appears that the same 
person lias received a majority of all the votes in 
each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, 
however, no one has received such majority, or 
if either House has failed to take proceedings as 
required on the preceding daj', then the members 



i 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



155 



of tlie two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to 
ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members 
present. The person receiving a majority of all 
the votes cast— a majority of the members of 
both Houses being present and voting — is declared 
elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed 
at noon each legislative day of the session, and at 
least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. 
When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time 
of the assembling of the Legislature, the same 
rule prevails as to the time of holding an election 
to fill it: and. if a vacancy occurs during the 
session, the Legislature is reciuired to proceed to 
an election on the second Tuesday after having 
received official notice of such vacancj'. The 
tenure of a United States Senator for a full term 
is six years— the regular term beginning with a 
new Congress — the two Senators from each State 
belonging to different "classes," so that their 
terms expire alternately at periods of two and 
four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential 
Electors). The choice of Electors of President 
and Vice-President is made by popular vote 
taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the 
first Jlonday in November. The date of such 
election is fixed by act of Congress, being the 
same as that for Congressman, although the State 
Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting 
it and making returns of the same. The number 
of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators 
and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it 
was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- 
eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to 
elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the 
second Monday of January after their election 
(Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the 
State — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- 
tion of Representatives in Congress is also held 
under United States law, occurring biennially 
(on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- 
eral State election in November. Should Congress 
select a different date for such election, it would 
be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by 
a corresponding change in the State law relating 
to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a 
Congi'essman is two years, the election being by 
Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the 
case of Presidential Electors — the term of each 
Representative for a full term beginning with a 
new Congress, on the '1th of March of the odd 
years following a general election. (See Con- 
gressional Apportionment. ) 

II. All officers under the State Government — 
except Boards of Trustees of cliaritable and penal 
institutions or the heads of certain departments, 



which are made appointive by the Governor — are 
elected by popular vote. Apart from county 
officers they consist of three classjes; (1) Legisla- 
tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are 
chosen at different times and for different periods. 
1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of 
Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections 
held on the Tuesdaj- after the first Monday of 
November, bienniall}'. The regular term of a 
Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the 
present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five 
(those in Districts bearing even numbers) being 
chosen on the years in which a President and 
Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at 
the intermediate period two years later. Thus, 
one-half of each State Senate is composed of what 
are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives 
are elected bienniallj' at the November election, 
and hold office two years. Ttie qualifications as 
to eligibilitj' for a seat in the State Senate require 
that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, 
while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in 
the House — the Constitution requiring that each 
shall have been a resident of the State for five 
years, and of the District for which he is chosen, 
two years next preceding his election. (See 
Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- 
sentation.) — 3. (Executive Officers). The 
officers constituting the Executive Department 
include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, 
Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
and Attorney General. Each of these, except the 
State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with 
the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the 
general election at which Presidential Electors 
are chosen. The election of State Superintendent 
occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that 
of State Treasurer every two years coincidently 
with the election of Governor, and Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- 
tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers 
already named, three Trustees of the University 
of Illinois are elected biennially at the general 
election in November, each holding office for 
six years. These trustees (nine in number), 
with the Governor, President of the State Board 
of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of 
the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The 
Judicial Department embraces Judges of the 
Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such 
other subordinate officials as may be connected 
with the administration of justice. For the 



156 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



election of members of the Supreme Court the 
State is divided into seven Districts, each of 
which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for 
a term of nine years. The elections in five of 
these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and 
Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every 
ninth year from 1879, the last election having 
occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the 
other two Districts occur at similar periods of nine 
years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last 
election in the Fourth District having occurred 
in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— 
Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in 
June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges 
of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected 
every six years at the November election. — Clerks 
of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected 
at the November election for six years, the last 
election having occurred in 1890. Under the act 
of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme 
Court into one Grand Division, the number of 
Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although 
the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have 
charge of tlie records of their several Divisions 
until the expiration of their terms in 1903. The 
Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- 
field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday 
of October, December, February, April and June. 

(Other Officers), (a) Members of the State 
Board of Equalization (one for everj' Congres- 
sional District) are elective every four years at 
the same time as Congressmen, (b) County 
officers (except County Commissioners not under 
township organization) hold office for four years 
and are chosen at the November election as 
follows: (1) At the general election at which 
the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit 
Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in 
counties having a population of 60,000 or over), 
Coroner and County Survej'or. (2) On inter- 
mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate 
Judge (in counties having a jjopulation of 70,000 
and over). County Clerk, Treasurer, .Superintend- 
ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of 
Cook County, (c) In counties not imder town- 
ship organization a Board of County Commission- 
ers is elected, one being chosen in November of 
each year, and each holding office three years, 
(d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 
a. m., and close at 7 p. ni. In cities accepting an 
Act of the Legislature pa.s.sed in 1885, the hour of 
opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. 
(See also Australian Ballot.) 

ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See 
Suffrage.) 



ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, 
in Kane County, on Fox River and the Clucago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- 
ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 
miles northwest of Cliicago; has valuable water- 
power and over fifty manufacturing establish- 
ments, including the National Watcli Factor}' and 
the Cook Publishing Company, both among the 
most extensive of their kind in the world; is also 
a great dairy center with extensive creameries 
and milk-condensing works. The quotations of 
its Butter and Cheese Excliange are telegraphed 
to all the great commercial centers and regulate 
the prices of these commodities tliroughout the 
country. Elgin is the seat of the Nortliern (Illi- 
nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome 
Government (postoffice) building, fine public 
library and many handsome residences. It has 
three daily and several weekly newspa]iers. Pop. 
(1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,4.33; (1910), 2.5,976. 

ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The 
main line of this road extends west from Dyer on 
the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast 
to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) 
is 192.72 miles, of which 1.59.93 miles are in Illi- 
nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- 
ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to 
§13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total 
earnings in Illinois for the same year were §1,213,- 
036, and its entire expenditure in the State, 
§1,1.56,146. The company paid in taxes, the -same 
year, §48,876. Branch lines extend southerly 
from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- 
tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly 
from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. 
— (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- 
way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the 
Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to 
Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 
1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions 
from Joliet to Spaulding, 111., and from Joliet to 
McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company 
purcha.sed all the properties and franchises of the 
Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the 
Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies 
(formerly operated under lease). The former of 
these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened 
in 1890. The system forms a belt line aroimd 
Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that 
city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly 
in the transportation of freight. 

ELIZABETHTOWN, the county -seat of Hardin 
County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio 
River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



157 



1S5 miles southeast of Belleville ; has a brick and 
tile factory, mining interests, two churches, two 
flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1S90), 652; (1000). CifiS; (1910), 633. 

ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, IS miles northeast of 
Springfield; isa rich farming section; has a coal shaft. 
Pop. (1890), 414; (1900), 5.53; (1910), 418. 

ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- 
tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 
1792; after spending several years in Ohio and 
Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; 
was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh 
General Assemblies, being one of the "Long 
Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was 
appointed by his former colleague (Abraham 
Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- 
field, resigning in 18T3. Died, in 1S78. 

ELLIS, Edward F. TV., soldier, was born at 
Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three j-ears 
(1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature 
of that State in 1851, and proving himself an 
earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the 
next year, and, in 1854, removed toRockford, 111., 
where he embarked in the banking business. 
Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- 
ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached 
to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command iit 
the battle of Shiloh, April 0, 1862. and was killed 
while bravely leading on his men. 

ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- 
sionarj', was born in Keeue, N. H., July 14, 1793; 
came to Illinois as a home missionary , of the 
Presbj'teriau Church at an early day, and served 
for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and 
Jacksonville, and was one of the influential 
factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- 
lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, 
for some years, a private school for young ladies 
at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- 
sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still 
maintained after a history of over sixty years. 
Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- 
ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., 
finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 
1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. 
In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- 
ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological 
Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. 

ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first 
victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics 
ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1H37. He 
came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, 



and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised 
a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became 
famous for the perfection of its discipline and 
drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. 
In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to 
Washington, going from there to New York, 
where he recruited and organized a Zouave 
regiment composed of firemen. He became its 
Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- 
dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- 
worth observed that a Confederate flag was 
flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. 
Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before 
he reached the street was shot and killed by 
Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. 
Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the 
first LTnion soldier killed in the war. Died, May 
24, 1861. 

ELMHFRST (formerly Cottage HiU), a village 
of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western 
and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; 
seat of the Evangelical Seminary; has electric inter- 
urhan line, one weekly paper, stone quarry, electric 
light, water and sewerage systems, high school and 
churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728; (1910) 2,360. 

ELMWOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville 
branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the 
princii)al industries are coal-mining and corn and 
tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582; (1910), 1,.390. 

EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles 
north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at 
the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & 
Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has 
two national banks, three grain elevators, two 
high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. 
Pop. (1.S90), 1,3.53; (1900), 1,441; (1910), 1,470. 

EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign 
County and runs southward through the counties 
of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in 
Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, 
passing through Lawrence County, and entering 
the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- 
cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. 

EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was born at North 
Haverhill. Grafton Covmty, N. H., April 15, 1811; 
came to Illinois in 183:!, first settling at Jackson- 
ville, where he .spent one term in Illinois College, 
then studied law at Springfield, and, having been 
admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, 
where he spent the remainder of his life except 
three years (1847-50) during which he resided at 
Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 



158 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, 
serving on tlie latter by re-election till 1867. The 
latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the 
Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late 
Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was 
elected to the State Constitutional Convention, 
but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was 
still in session. 

ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the 
intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 
miles west of Carmi ; is the seat of Southern Illi- 
nois College. The town also has a bank, poultry 
packing concern and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
870; (1900), 971; (1910), 927. ' 

ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at 
Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time 
at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally 
engaging in merchandising in the former; in 
1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed 
a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile 
business ; later conducted a private banking busi- 
ness and, in 1863, established the First National 
Bank, of which lie has been President over twenty 
years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- 
ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State 
Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty 
years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago 
& Eastern Railroad. Mr. English spent most of 
the time in the latter years of his life in the West, 
practically retired from business. 

ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at 
Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth 
College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending 
some years in Vermont, where he served as High 
Sheriflf of Windsor County, in September, 1815, 
removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A 
year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to 
Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, 
finally locating at St. Charles, Mo. , and later at 
St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land 
in Madison County, 111., he remained there about 
two years, when, in 1823, having received from 
President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of 
the newly established Land Office at Springfield, 
he removed thither, making it his permanent 
home. He was one of the original purchasers of 
the land on which the city of Springfield now 
stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John 
Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in 
laying out the town, to which they first gave the 
name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office 
through the administration of President John 
Quincy Adams, but was removed by President 
Jackson for political reasons, in 1839. Died, at 



Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., 
eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, 
Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in 
the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 
1852, and served by appointment of Justice 
McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the 
United States Circuit Court, being reappointed 
by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 
1867. — Ziniri Allen (Enos), another son, born 
Sept. 29, 1821, spent entire life in Springfield; 
served as County Surveyor and Alderman. Died 
Dec. 8, 1907. — Julia R., a daughter, bom in Spring- 
field, Dec. 20, 1832; married O. M. Hatch, former 
Secretary of State. Died Sept. 23, 1907. 

EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born 
at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 
1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- 
ville, studied law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney 
the same year; also served as a member 
of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) 
and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 
1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge 
for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected 
successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four 
terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire 
professional and official career his home was in 
Jacksonville Died July 9, 1909. 

EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on 
the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & 
Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of 
Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the 
county-seat of Gallatin County and market for 
the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some 
coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly 
paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; 
(1890), 622; (1900), 898; (1910), 1,180. 

ERIE, a \'illage of \A'hiteside County, on the Rock 
Island and Sterling Di\ision of the Chicago, Burl- 
ington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles northeast of 
Rock Island; has a bank, some manufactures and 
one paper. Pop. (1900), 708; (1910), 804. 

EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County, 
incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of 
Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and 
agricultural district. The principal mechanical 
industrj' is a large canning factory. Besides 
having good grammar and high schools, it is also 
the seat of Eureka College, under the control of 
the Christian denomination, in connection with 
which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- 
tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and 
a jail, two weekly and one monthly' paper. 
Eureka became the county -seat of Woodford 
County in 1896, the change from Metamora being 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



159 



due to the central location and more convenient 
accessibility of the former from all parts of the 
county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; 
(1900), 1.661; (1910), 1..52.5. 

EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka. Wood- 
ford Coimty, and chartered in 1S.5.J, distinctiveh- 
under the care and supervision of the "Christian" 
or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary 
aim of its founders was to prepare young men for 
the ministry, while at the same time affording 
facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 
1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been 
steady. Besides a preparatory department and a 
business school, the college maintains a collegiate 
department (with classical and scientific courses) 
and a theological school, the latter being designed 
to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- 
nation. Both male and female matriculates are 
received. In 1896 there \vas a faculty of eighteen 
professors and assistants, and an attendance of 
some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom 
were females. The total value of the institution's 
property is §144,000, which includes an endow- 
ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at §85,000. 
EUSTACE, John V,, lawyer and judge, was 
born in Philadelphia. Sept. 9. 1821 ; graduated 
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, 
in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, 
removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he 
resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected 
to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became 
Circuit Judge, serving one term ; was chosen 
Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, 
was again elevated to the Cu-cuit Bench, vice 
Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the 
same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but 
died in 1888, tlu-ee years before the expiration of 
his term. 

EVANGELICAL SEMIXART, an institution 
under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- 
tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- 
hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in 
the classics, tlieology, oratory and preparatory 
studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The 
number of pupils during the school year ( 1895-96) 
was 133 — all young men. It has property valued 
at §59,305. 

EVAXS, Henry H., legislator, was born in 
Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his 
father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to 
Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- 
man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- 
chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth 
Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the 



war. Since the war he lias become most widely 
known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- 
ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and 
subsequently to the Senate every four years from 
1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty 
years of almost continuous service. He is a large 
owner of real estate and has been prominently 
connected with financial and other business 
enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas 
and Street Railway Companies ; also served with 
the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors 
Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. 

EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- 
former, was born in JIarshall County, 111., Dec. 
19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in 18.54, and, in 1872, accepted 
the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, 
which he filled for si.x years. He then became 
President of Cliaddock College at Quincy, but the 
following year returned to pastoral work. In 
1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- 
lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is 
a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- 
ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; 
has also produced a number of volumes on reli- 
gious and moral questions. 

EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, 
was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- 
try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at 
Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., 
but soon returned to Ohio, finall)' locating at 
Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the 
establishment of the first insane hospital in In- 
diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a 
resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, 
having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, 
in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for 
a time as editor of "The Northwestern Jledical 
and Surgical Journal." He served as a member 
of the Chicago City Council, became a successful 
operator in real estate and in the promotion of 
various railroad enterprises, and was one of the 
founders of the Northwestern University, at 
Evanston, serving as President of the Board of 
Trustees over forty years. Dr. Ev.-ins was one of 
the founders of the Republican partj- in Illinois, 
and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, 
from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment 
of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- 
tinuing in office imtil displaced by Andrew John- 
son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading 
factor in the construction of some of the most 
important railroad lines in that section, including 
the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was 
for many years the President. He was also 



160 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



prominent in connection with educational and 
church enterprises at Denver, which was his home 
after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. 
EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 
miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- 
kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroads. The original town was incorporated 
Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1809, a special act 
was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as 
a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On 
Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town 
adopted village organizations under the General 
Village and City Incorporation Act of the same 
year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- 
tory to the village of Evanston have taken place 
as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts 
by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North 
Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the 
electors of both corporations; in April. 1886, 
there was another annexation of a small out-lying 
district by petition; in February, 1893, the ques- 
tion of the annexation of South Evanston was 
submitted to the voters of both corporations and 
adopted. On March 29, 1893, tlie question of 
organization under a city government was sub- 
mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- 
ration and decided in the affirmative, the first 
city election taking place April 19, following. 
The population of the original corporation of 
Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 
12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the 
total population of the new city 15,967. Judged 
by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated 
city has had a healthy growth in the past 
ten years, giving it, at the end of the 
century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is 
one of the most attractive residence cities in 
Nortliem Illinois and famed for its educational 
advantages. Besides having an admirable system 
of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the 
academic and theological departments of the 
Northwestern University, the latter being known 
as the Garrett Biblical Institute. Tlie city has 
well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and 
electricity, and maintains its own system of 
water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced 
within the corporate limits under stringent 
municipal ordinances, and the charter of the 
Northwestern University forbidding the sale of 
intoxicants within four miles of that institution. 
As a consequence, it is certain to attract the 
most desirable class of people, whether consisting 
of those seeking permanent homes or simply 
contemplating temporary residence for the sake 
of educational advantages. Pop. (1910), 24,978. 



EWI>'G, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer 
and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and 
came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at 
Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from 
a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- 
roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- 
ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public 
Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- 
temporary history shows that, in 1832, he lost a 
deposit of $1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. 
He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia 
at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion"' 
during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian 
Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs 
and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- 
tions held b}' him included Clerk of the House of 
Representatives two .sessions (1830-37 and 1828-29) ; 
Representative from the counties composing the 
Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- 
bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the 
House; Senator from the same District in the 
Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of whicli 
he was chosen President pro tempore. While 
serving in this capacity he became ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- 
nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a 
seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- 
ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor 
to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to 
Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen 
days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. 
Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due 
course at the previous election. A year later 
(December, 1835) he was chosen United States 
Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had 
died in office. Failing of a re-election to the 
Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House 
of Representatives from his old district in 1838, 
as he was again in 1840, at each session being 
chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was 
the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- 
lature at the close of his term, we find him at the 
beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in 
his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before 
the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed 
Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James 
Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the 
office of Auditor, Mr, Ewing died, March 25, 1846. 
His public career was as unique as it was remark- 
able, in the number and character of the official 
positions held by him within a period of twenty- 
five years. 

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers 
under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor,'' etc.) 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



161 



EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS 
CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth 
of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, 
by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguislied Chi- 
cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- 
tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, 
the title was changed by tlie substitution of the 
word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary 
became a State institution. The fire of 1871 
destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State 
erected another of brick, four stories in height, 
at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, 
Chicago. The institution receives patients from 
all the counties of the State, the same receiving 
board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- 
sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The 
number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 
1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened 
under legislative authority, which is under charge 
of some eminent Chicago specialists. 

FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- 
ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- 
tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, 
sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous 
quartz are found in the neighborhood. The 
town has banks, grain elevators, flouring and sor- 
ghum mills, machine shojjs and two weekly news- 
papers. Pop. (1900), 2,187; (1910), 2,505. 

FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the countj'- 
seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 
108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has 
an e.\tensive woolen factory and large flouring 
and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers 
and is an important fruit and grain-shipping 
point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; 
(1900), 2,338; (1910), 2,479. 

FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, 
on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west -southwest 
from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- 
cultural; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, 
stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 928; (1910), 847. 

FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samnel, Bishop of Re- 
formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at 
Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 
1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 
1848, and graduated from the State University 
there in 1859, during a part of his university 
course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal 
church at Madison; was next Vice-President of 
Gainesville University till 1861, when he was 
ordained to the Methodist ministry and became 
pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following 
year he was appointed Chaplain of tlie Thirty- 



second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted 
in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which 
he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- 
dier-General. On his return to civil life he 
became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice 
re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of 
the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the 
Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became 
Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was 
elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the 
editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the 
church. He served as Regent of the University 
of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has 
been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State 
Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of 
two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- 
plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. 
Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed 
Episcopal Church work in the West and North- 
west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain 
of the Grand Army of the Republic for the 
Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, 
and was Chairman of the General Committee of 
the Educational Congress during the World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893. 

FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the 
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and 
fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the 
section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- 
tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1910). 774. 

FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 
miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction 
of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central 
and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a 
trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- 
raising district, especially noted for rearing finely 
bred horses. The city has banks, one newspaper, 
churches of four denominations and good schools, 
including a high school. Population (1890), 1,367; 
(1900), 1,664; (1910), 1,603. 

FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization 
created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- 
signed to encourage practical education among 
farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- 
tural resources of the State. Its membership 
consists of tliree delegates from each county in 
the State, elected annually by the Farmers' 
Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed 
by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: 
The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 



162 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- 
nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of 
Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- 
cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from 
each Congressional District, chosen bj' the dele- 
gates from the district at the annual meeting of 
the organization. Annual meetings (between 
Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, 
which shall continue in session for not less than 
three daj-s. The topics for discussion are the 
cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of 
domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, 
farm drainage, improvement of highways and 
general farm management. The reports of the 
annual meetings are printed by the State and 
20,000 copies are placed at the disposal of the 
Institute for free distribution. Suitable tjuarters 
for the officers of the organization are provided in 
the State capitol. 

FARMIJJGTON, a city and railroad center in 
Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 33 
miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined 
here ; there are also brick and tile factories, a 
foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar 
manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for 
grain and live-stock. The town has two banks 
and two newspapers, five churches and a graded 
school. Pop. (1890), 1,375; (1910), 2,421. 

FARjVSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born 
at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. 
After completing a course in the public schools, 
he entered the University of Blichigan, but left 
college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to 
serve in the Quartermaster's department of the 
army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration 
of his terra of service he became a buffalo hunter 
and a carrier of mails between the haunts of 
civilization and the then newly-discovered mines 
at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was 
commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of 
the Eighth IlUnois Cavalry, of which his uncle 
was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) 
He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- 
self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 
1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General 
Pleasantou, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a 
Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, 
while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. 

FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and 
former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada 
East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 
1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane 
County, where he practiced law for many years, 
making his home at St. Charles. He was elected 
to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In 



September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel 
of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and 
was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 
1863, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat 
in Congress to which he had been elected the 
November previous, by successive re-elections 
serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of 
his life were spent in Washington, where he died, 
July 14, 1897. 

FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and 
United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, 
N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to IlUnois in 1838, 
and, for six years, was employed in surveying 
and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real 
estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He 
was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected 
in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- 
ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in 
the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- 
ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; 
Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook 
County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 
1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a 
Republican, was reelected in 1873, but was 
defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which 
was carried into the House at Washington. 
Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, 
making three full terms in that body. He also 
served for several years as Chairman of the 
Republican State Central Committee. After the 
death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) 
elected United States Senator, his term expiring 
March 3, 1891. Mr. Fanvell gave attention during 
the latter years of his life to the mercantile business 
of J. V. Farivell & Co. Died Sept. 23, 19C3. 

FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born 
at Campbelltown. .Steuben County, N. Y., July 
29, 1825, the sou of a farmer ; received a common- 
scliool education and, in 1838, removed with his 
father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he 
attended Mount Morris Seminary fot a time, but, 
in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and 
secured employment in the Citj' Clerk's office, 
then became a book-keeper in the dry-goods 
establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still 
later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus 
received his bent towards a mercantile career, he 
soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & 
Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but 
was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of 
the firm becoming Coolej-, Farwell & Co., in 1860. 
About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter 
became associated with the concern and received 
their mercantile training under the supervision 
of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



163 



became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm 
was incorporated under the name of The J. V. 
Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- 
well, being a member. The .subject of this sketch 
has long been a prominent factor in religious 
circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men"s 
Christian Association, and served as President of 
the Chicago Branch of the United States 
Christian Commission during the Civil War. 
Politically he was a Ropulilican, serving as Presi- 
dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's 
second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- 
ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of 
Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the 
syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, 
at Austin, in that State; was also, for a number 
of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the 
J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the 
Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. 
He was also prominent in the organization of the 
Chicago Public Library, and a member of the 
Union League, the Chicago Historical Society 
and the Art Institute. Died Aug. 20, 1908. 

FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was 
born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 
5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry; graduated from 
Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to 
the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he 
removed to Chicago, but the following year went 
to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. 
In 18.54 he again settled at Chicago and soon 
secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 
he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook 
County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six 
years. During this period he sat chiefly upon 
the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, 
presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his 
second term he was a candidate for re-election as 
a Republican, but was defeated with the re- 
mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen 
Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union 
College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- 
sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when 
he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. 

FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles 
south of the geographical center of the State ; 
was organized in 1831, and named for the French 
General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square 
miles; population (1900). 28,065. The soil is fer- 
tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies 
the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and 
mining are the chief industries. The old, historic 
"Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound 
emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. 
Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town 



is now extinct. VandaUa, the present seat of 
county government (population, 2,974), stands 
upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of 
the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the 
State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns 
are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- 
ber, and St. Elmo. Pop. (1910), 28,078. 

FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM 
FOR. This institution, originally established as 
a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for 
the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, 
in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the 
instruction of idiots and feeble-minded cliildren." 
Its success having been assured, the school was 
placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, 
in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering 
forty acres, was donated, and the erection of 
buildings begun. The original plan provided for 
a center building, with wings and a rear exten- 
sion, to cost 8124,775. Besides a main or adminis- 
tration building, the institution embraces a 
school building and custodial hall, a hospital and 
industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a 
chapel has been added. It has control of 890 
acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- 
poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- 
tution. The remainder is used for the purposes 
of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- 
ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the 
institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- 
tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- 
tions constantly on file for the admission of 
others for whom there is no room. 

FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of 
the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and 
Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, 
Ireland, Aug. 29, 1829, and educated at Maj-nooth 
College. He emigrated to the United States in 
1853, settling at St. Louis, and was at once 
appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- 
let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of 
the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where 
he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was 
consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the 
affairs of tlie diocese with great ability. In 1880 
Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with 
Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop 
Fec'haii was consecrated its first .Vrchbi.shop. His 
administration was conservative, yet efficient, and 
the archiliocese greatly prospered under his rule. 
Died July 12, 1902. 

FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- 
tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1H08; 
started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending 
some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 



164 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



van, III., in 1832, and the next year located at 
Bloomiugton, being the first lawj-er in that new 
town. Later he became agent for school lands 
and the State Bank, but failed financiall}' in 
1837, and returned to jjractice; resided several 
years at Payson, Adams County, but returning 
to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in 
securing the location of the Chicago & Alton 
Railroad through that town, and was one of the 
founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- 
ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal 
and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it 
was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he 
served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- 
tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by 
Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, 
serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- 
ous friend of the cause of industrial education, 
and bore an important part in securing the 
location of the State Normal University at Nor- 
mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at 
Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. 

FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in 
Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the 
printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his 
youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's 
productions and other works which now rank 
among English classics. In 1839 he came to 
America, soon after locating in Chicago, where 
with various partners, he pursued the business of 
a job printer continuously some fifty years — 
being the veteran printer of Cliicago. He was 
killed by being run over by a railroad train at 
Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of 
which he was so long the head is continued by 
his sons. 

FISDLAY, a village of Shelby Covmty, on the 
Chicago & Eastern 111. R. R., 9 miles north of 
Shelbyville. Pop. (lOKI), 827. 

FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in 
Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in 
his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort 
"Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 
111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, 
in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket 
for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of 
Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- 
missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General 
on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, 
and a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention of 1864. After tlie war he served as 
direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 
was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington 



Territory and, in 1873 and '76, Territorial Gor- 
ernor. On the admission of Washington as a 
State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. 
Died, at Seattle, Wash.. Oct. 14, 1895. 

FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in 
Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississii^pi in 
Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which 
stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- 
boats between Galena and its mouth. The name 
originally given to it by early French explorers 
was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), 
which has since been corrupted into its present 
form. 

FICKLI>', Orlando B., lawyer and politician, 
was born in Kentucky. Dec. 16, 1808, and 
admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash 
County, 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was 
elected to the lower house of the Ninth General 
Assembly. After serving a term as State's 
Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed 
to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and 
again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as 
he was for the last time in 1878. He was four 
times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to 
'49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector 
in 1856, and candidate for the same position on 
the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 
1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic 
National Conventions of 1856 and "60. He was 
a, member of tlie Constitutional Convention of 
1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. 

FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and 
Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the 
time of its admission into the Union, locating in 
Union County, which he represented in the Third, 
Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the 
first of these he was a prominent factor in the 
ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County 
and the seating of Shaw in his place, which 
enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the 
passage of a resolution submitting to the people 
the question of calling a State Constitutional 
Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary 
of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in 
office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- 
can and through half the term of Governor 
Carlin, though the latter attenuated to secure 
his removal in 1838 by tlie appointment of 
John A. MoClernand — the courts, however, 
declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, 
the Governor's act was made effective by the 
confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- 
las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas 
held the office only to the following February, 
when lie resigned to take a place on the Supreme 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



165 



bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to 
succeed him. Field (who had l)econie a Whig) 
was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, 
Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed 
to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he 
was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- 
ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of 
the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but 
was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- 
quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in 
New Orleans Aug. 20, 1876. Mr. Field was a nephew 
of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirtj' years on 
the bench of the United States District Court. 

FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, 
was born in St. Louis. Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- 
tive at Amherst, Mass. , and received a portion of 
his literary training at Monson and Williamstown 
in that State, completing his course at the State 
University of Missouri. After an extended tour 
through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- 
istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on 
"The Evening Journal," later becoming its city 
editor. During the next ten years he was succes- 
sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, 
Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., 
at the last named city being managing editor of 
"The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, 
becoming a special writer for "The Chicago 
News," his particular department for several 
years being a pungent, wittj' column with the 
caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- 
siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among 
the latter being successful translations of .several 
of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was 
best known through his short poems relating to 
childhood and home, which strongly appealed to 
the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply 
mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 
189.5. 

FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was 
born in Conway, Mass , in 1835, and grew up on 
a farm, receiving a common school and academic 
education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a 
mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at 
Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago 
and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, 
Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into 
partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell 
& Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The 
last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, 
Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer 
having retired in 1867, the firm was continued 
under the name of Field, Leiter & Co.. until 1881, 
when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since 



known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of 
the business of tins great establishment is shown 
by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted 
before the fire to some 812,000,000 annuallj', in 
1895 they aggregated .$40,000,000. Sir. Field's 
business career has been remarkable for its suc- 
cess in a city famous for its successful business 
men and the vastness of their commercial oper- 
ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- 
nating patron of important public enterprises, 
some of liis more conspicuous donations being the 
gift of a tract of land valued at .$300,000 and 
$100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and 
$1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- 
bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition. . The latter, chiefly through the 
munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one 
of the leading institutions of its kind in the 
United States. Besides his mercantile interests, 
Mr. Field had extensive interests in various financial 
and manufacturing enterprises. Died in New York 
Jan. 16, 1906, leaving an estate valued at more than 
•?100,000,000, the largest single bequest in his will 
being $8,000,000 to the Field Museum. 

FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 
28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who 
was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and 
worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. 
At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a 
private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and 
was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- 
son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, 
disregarding the advice of family and friends, he 
rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, 
when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- 
leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint 
of hard work and frugality, while supporting 
himself in part by manual labor, he secured a 
diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of 
law, and, soon after his admission, entered upolia 
practice which subsetiuently proved both success- 
ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation 
Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- 
ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter 
office, through reelection, until 1880, when he 
was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- 
second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 
1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on 
the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated 
by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, 
though running in advance of the national and 
the rest of the State ticket. 

FIJi'ERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and 
journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 
10, 1846 His studies were mainly prosecuted 



166 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered 
the profession of journalism, and, In 1864, coming 
to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 
days during the Civil War, in the Ninety -ninth 
New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having 
removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The 
Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 
1876 to 1881, and, in 1883, established "The Citi- 
zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- 
American interest, which he continued to pub- 
lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- 
ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois 
District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- 
ning as an Independent Republican for re-election 
in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. 
In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- 
cago, but after 1889, held no publicf office, giving 
his attention to editorial work on his paper. Died 
June 10, 1908. 

FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and 
legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, 
from which State he appears to have come to 
Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very 
prominent during the Territorial period; was 
appointed by William Henry Harrison, then 
Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of 
Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; 
was elected from that county to the Indiana 
Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and 
afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; 
was also Representative in tlie First and Tliird 
Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), 
serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele 
gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but 
died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. 
Fisher participated in the organization of the 
first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- 
nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one 
of its officers. 

FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center 
chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from 
Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, 
white fish (tlie latter species including a lake 
herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, 
three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The 
"fisliing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so 
called, (according to the census of 1890) con- 
sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, 
of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons 
burthen — was credited to- Illinois. The same 
report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in 
land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and 
apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" 
mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- 
eties of craft are employea in the industry. 



sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki 
nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or 
about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are 
used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound 
nets, and seines. The total value of these minor 
Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was 
nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 
pounds, valued at between §34,000 and S25,000. 
Of this draught, the entire quantity was either 
sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or 
shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi 
and its tributaries yield walleyed pike, pike 
perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and 
other species available for food. 

FITHIAJf, tJeorge W., ex-Congressman, was 
born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. 
His early education was obtained in tlie common 
scliools, and he learned the trade of a printer at 
Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he 
found time to study law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's 
Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 
1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, 
and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that 
party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District 
in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and 
again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his 
Republican opponent. 

FITHIAN, (Dr.) WilUam, pioneer physician, 
was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the 
first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that 
State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at 
Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- 
burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of 
his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at 
Danville, Vermilion Count}-, where he became a 
large land-owner; in 1833 served with the Ver- 
milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, 
and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the 
Nintli General Assembly, tlie first of which 
Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards 
served two terms in the State Senate from the 
Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was 
active in promoting the railroad interests of 
Danville, giving the right of way for railroad 
purposes through a large body of land belonging 
to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a 
member of various medical associations, and, 
during his later years, was the oldest practicing 
physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., 
April 5, 1890. 

FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- 
mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in 
Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was 
known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



167 



and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he 
became a zealous Republican on the organization 
of that party, dying in If^oT.— Willard Cntting 
(Flagg), son of the preceding, was bt)rn in Madi- 
son Countj-, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life 
on his father's farm and in the common schools; 
from 1844 to "50 was a pupil in the celebrated 
high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, 
finally graduating with honors at Yale College, 
in 18.54. During his college course he took a 
number of literary prizfes, and, in his senior year, 
served as one of the editors of '"The Yale Literary 
Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- 
ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged 
extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, 
being the first to introduce the Devon breed of 
cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a 
member of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov. 
Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison 
County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue 
for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and. in 1868, 
was elected to the State Senate for a term of four 
years, and, during the last session of his term 
(1873), took a prominent part in the revision of 
the school law ; was appointed a member of the 
first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- 
sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- 
paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was 
also prominent in agricultural and horticultural 
organizations, serving as Secretary of the State 
Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he 
became its President. He was one of the origi- 
nators of the "farmers' movement," served for 
some time as President of "The State Farmers' 
Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered 
addresses in various States on agricultural and 
horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected 
President of the National Agricultural Congress. 
In his later years he was a recognized leader in 
the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison 
County, 111., April 5, 1878. 

FLEMIMi, Robert K., pioneer printer, was 
born in Erie Countj', Pa., learned the printers' 
trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite 
young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally 
removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in 
control of the office of "The Republican Advo- 
cate," which liad been establislied in 1823, by 
Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The 
Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it 
in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia 
Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then 
the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- 
cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- 



ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia 
and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," 
but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to 
Belleville, where he commenced the publication 
of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. 
Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- 
ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper 
business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- 
cate," which he continued for a number of years. 
He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons 
who have been prominently identified with the 
history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at 
Belleville and elsewliere. 

FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, 
was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- 
mon County. 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- 
ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, 
serving in the latter body six years. He was one 
of the famous "Long Nine" which represented 
Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- 
bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the 
House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, 
in 1873. 

FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay 
County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles 
south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, 
flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three 
fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches 
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 
1,695; (1900). 3,311; (1910), 2,704. 

FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was 
born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; 
came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- 
ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the 
"English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards 
County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he 
built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- 
sive farm with blooded animals from England 
and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses 
which dissipated his wealth. In common with 
Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined 
opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in 
Illinois in 1834, and did much to defeat that 
measure. He and his wife died on the same day 
(Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at 
Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History 
of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 
111." — and published in 1882. is a valuable contri- 
bution to the early history of that portion of the 
State.— Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the 
preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, 
but came with his father to Illinois in early life; 
later he returned to England and spent nearly 
half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 



168 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was four times chosen Mayor of that borough 
and entertained many visitors from the United 
States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 
26, 1883. 

FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga 
County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at 
Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, 
N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in MonticeUo 
Female Seminary, then newly established at 
Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- 
cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, 
Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, 
remaining until 1866, when she retired. For 
some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y"., and 
New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to 
Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her 
home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- 
taining a lively interest in educational and 
benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- 
delpliia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New 
Haven, Conn. 

FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
in Baltimore, Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest 
in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- 
cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General 
in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of 
the Cliicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- 
ing become insane), and, in 18T0, was consecrated 
Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was 
prudent and eminently successful. As a man 
and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and 
classes alike, the State Legislature adopting 
resolutions of respect and regret upon learning 
of his death, which occvured at Baltimore, in 
1879. 

FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer 
teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; 
in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, 
and, having removed to Newburg (now South 
Cleveland), Ohio, began teacliing. In 1829 he 
came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- 
veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in 
the following year to Chicago, which then con- 
tained onlj' three white families outside of Fort 
Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he 
took up his abode in what was called the "sut- 
ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was 
appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, 
and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- 
cago, all but three of his pupils being either 
half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as 
a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook Count}-; later 
preempted 100 acres of land where Riverside 
now stands, subsequently becoming owner of 
some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 



18.53, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 
1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," 
Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to 
California, but, not being successful, returned 
two years later by waj- of the Isthmus, and, hav- 
ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up 
his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his 
occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again 
returned to Cliicago, but survived only a short 
time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. 

FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- 
ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- 
hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to 
Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located 
in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the 
efforts and aid of his half-brother, George 
Forquer, he obtained a professional education, 
became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, 
entered the field of politics. He served as a 
Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part 
of the State from 1833 to 1837, and was again 
commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena 
circuit in 1839 ; in 1841 was elevated to the bench 
of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the 
following year to accept the nomination of his 
party (tlie Democratic) for Governor. He was 
regarded as upright in his general pohcy, but he 
had a number of embarrassing questions to deal 
with during his administration, one of these 
being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to 
receive the support of his own party. He was 
author of a valuable ' History of Illinois," (pub- 
lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in 
greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The 
State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a 
monument over his grave. 

FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, 
was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- 
ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T, " and has 
an area of 580 square miles; population (1910), 
17,096. The first County Judge was David Pat- 
ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United 
States Supreme Court) presided over the first 
Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level 
and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one 
to five feet in depth. There is Uttle timter, nor 
is there any out-cropping of stone. The county 
is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- 
seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 
2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a 
population of 1,800. 

FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, 
was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 25, 
1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in New York in 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



16'J 



1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 
1836; tlie latter year came west and settled at 
Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 
was elected to the State Senate for the district 
composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- 
land Counties, serving two years; before the 
expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the 
Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of 
the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, 
after participating in a number of the most 
important engagements of the campaign, was 
mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- 
turning fiom the Mexican War, he brought with 
him and presented to the State of Illinois a 
six-pound cannon, which had been captured by 
Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, 
and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. 
In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential 
Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic 
ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- 
ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving 
as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment 
of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of 
State during the administration of Gov. John B. 
Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- 
ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- 
sioner on the part of the State in fixing the 
boundary between California and the Territory 
of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he 
was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California 
Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving 
about twenty months, when he resigned. In 
1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and 
served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham 
Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 
1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the 
office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. 
Later he returned to California, and, at the 
latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that 
State. Died Feb. 11, 1901. 

FORMAJf, William S., ex-Congres.sman, was 
born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 20, 1847. When he 
was four years old, his father's family removed to 
lUinois, settling in Washington County, where 
he has lived ever since. By profession he is a 
lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, 
local. State and National. He represented his 
Senatorial District in the State Senate in the 
Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to 
represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the 
Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and 
again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- 
nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at 
the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- 



phy. In 1890 Mr. Forman was candidate of the 
"Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, 
receiving 8, 100 votes. 

FOBQUER, George, early State officer, was 
born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son 
of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother 
of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his 
mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 
1804. After learning, and, for several years, 
following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he 
retvu'ned to Illinois and purchased the tract 
whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he 
projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- 
sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of 
Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, 
he took up the study of law, in which he attained 
marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- 
sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- 
atives, but resigned in January of the following 
year to accept the position of Secretary of State, 
to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, 
as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the 
Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for 
the friendship between lum and Coles, no doubt, 
was the fact that they had been united in their 
opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave 
State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, 
but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards 
Governor. At the close of the year he resigned 
the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks 
later (January, 1829), he was elected by the 
Legislature Attorney-General. This position he 
held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- 
ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been 
chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, 
serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- 
blies. Before the close of his term as Senator 
(1835), he received the appointment of Register 
of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears 
to have been the last office held by him, as he 
died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a 
man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- 
quent orator and capable writer, but, in common 
with some of the ablest lawj-ers of that time, 
seems to have been much embarrassed by the 
smallness of his income, in spite of his ability 
and the fact that he was almost continually in 
office. 

FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at 
the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria 
and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable 
grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago 
market. The village has several churches and a 
gradedschool. Population (1900), 952; (1910), 967. 



170 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was bom 
in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820 ; came to Chicago 
in 1840, soon after securing employment as a 
writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, 
"The Gem of the Prairies," tlie predecessor of 
"The Tribune," being associated with the latter 
at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. 
During the early years of his residence in Chi- 
cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. 
On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the 
associate of John Wentworth in the management 
of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which 
was broken up by the consolidation of the latter 
with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became 
the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribime, " 
also holding a position on the staff of Governor 
Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis 
Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington 
correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago 
Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, 
some years later, became a leading writer upon 
the same. He served one term as Clerk of the 
city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to 
the period of his death, was a leading contributor 
to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" 
over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now 
or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. 

FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the 
terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and 
point of intersection of the Illinois Central and 
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 
miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles 
south of Freeport ; founded in 1854, incorporated 
by special charter in 1868, and, under the general 
law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the 
principal industries. The village has a bank, 
water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- 
lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a 
newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,047; (1910), 870. 

FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was 
bom at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; 
received his early education in the common 
schools, and at Asbury University. He was 
reared upon a farm and followed farming as his 
life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he 
served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In 
politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, 
and was chosen President of the Illinois State 
Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 
1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was 
elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, 
though receiving the nominations of the com- 
bined Republican and Greenback parties, was 
defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. 



FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress- 
man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, 
removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he 
was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, 
Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- 
while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became 
County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In 
April of the latter year he enlisted under the first 
call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till 
March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of 
his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of 
the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the 
Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol 
Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his 
return from the field, he was elected to the State 
Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
sixth General As.semblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, 
as Representative in Congress. He died, at 
Lacon, June 13, 1883. 

FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification 
erected by the French in 1718, on the American 
Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. 
The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the 
limestone of which its walls were built was 
quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was 
an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three 
sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on 
the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- 
time, was full of water. During the period of 
French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was 
the seat of government. About four miles east 
soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rochet 
(or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Roclier.) xVt 
the outbreak of the French and Indian War 
(1756), the original fortification was repaired and 
virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- 
mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French 
crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the 
British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of 
government until 1772, when one side of the 
fortification was washed away by a freshet, and 
headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. 
The first common law court ever held in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by 
the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English 
army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the 
northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- 
stituted an object of no little interest to anti- 
quarians, but the site has disappeared during the 
past generation by the encroachments of the 
Mississippi. 

FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United 
States military post, established at the mouth of 
the Cliicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of 
land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in 




EARLY III.STOUIC SCE.NJiS, CHICAGO. 




^^-^^sl-s-n-?-* .1 ^:* i|' 




EARLY HISTORIC SCENES. CHICAGO. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



171 



the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General 
Wayne iu 1795. It originally consisted of two 
block houses located at opposite angles (north 
west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, 
with the Commandant's quarters on the east side 
of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, 
officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, 
contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- 
house on the north — all the buildings being con- 
structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, 
being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- 
ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. 
Its builder and first commander was Capt. John 
Whistler, a native of Ireland who had .surrendered 
with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who 
subsequently became an American citizen, and 
served with distinction throughout the War of 
1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. 
Nathan Heald. As early as 1800 the Indians 
around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, 
Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open 
armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- 
mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. 
Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to 
join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. 
In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack 
upon the United States troops under Gen. 
William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In 
April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared 
in the vicinitj- of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the 
settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites 
sought refuge within the stockade. Within two 
months after the declaration of war against 
England, in 1812, orders were issued for the 
evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of 
the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that 
t'me numbered about 70, including officers, a 
large number of the troops being ill. Almost 
simultaneously with the order for evacuation 
appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- 
tribution of the goods, to which they claimed 
they were entitled under treaty stipulations. 
Knowing that he had but about forty men able 
to fight and that his march would be sadly 
hindered by the care of about a dozen women and 
twenty children, the commandant hesitated. 
The Pottawatomies, through whose country he 
would liavetopass, had always been friendly, and 
he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 
savage warriors had assembled around the fort. 
Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs. 
Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of 
these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who 
had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, 
and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous. 



he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous 
departure before the Indians had time to agree 
upon a line of action. But Captain Heald 
decided to distribute the stores among the sav- 
-ages. and thereby secure from them a friendly 
escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines 
readily assented, believing that thereby all the 
whisky and ammunition wliich they knew to be 
within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. 
Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at 
Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with 
a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. 
He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the 
height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- 
powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied 
the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. 
This was the signal for war. Black Partridge 
claimed he could no longer restrain his young 
braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was 
resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. 
On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort 
were opened and the evacuation began. A band 
of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under 
the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted 
and, within a mile and a half from the fort, 
began the sickening scene of carnage known as 
the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 
Indians participated, their loss being less than 
twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first 
exchange of shots. With but four exceptions 
the wounded white prisoners were dispatched 
with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those 
not wounded were scattered among various tribes. 
The next day the fort with its stockade was 
burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) 
the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. 
The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- 
racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and 
provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- 
ade, and protected by bastions at two of its 
angles. It was again evacuated in 1828 and 
re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once 
more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following 
year during the Black Hawk War. The final 
evacuation occurred in 1836. 

FORT (tAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of 
the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- 
kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the 
British in 1772. It was built of heavy, .square 
timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 
290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was 
captured by a detachment of American troops 
commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who 
held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, 
with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 



172 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who 
happened to be witliin, and the commandant, 
Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping 
with his wife by his side. 

FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. 
Greorge Rogers Clark, under instructions from 
the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on 
the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth 
of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all 
adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- 
grate thither and settle, either with or without 
their families. Many accepted the offer, and 
a considerable colony was established there. 
Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- 
ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, 
the colon}- was scattered, many families going to 
Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, 
erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, 
in October, 1791, Within thirtj' miles of the 
post St. Clair's army, which had been liadly 
weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces 
by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- 
doned. 

FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, 
erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles 
from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. 
It was the first fortification (except Fort St. 
Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating 
Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of 
the name is uncertain. The best authorities are 
of the opinion that it was so called in honor of 
the engineer who superintended its construction ; 
by others it has been traced to the name of the 
French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it 
is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name 
given to the locality because of the massacre 
there of a large number of French soldiers by the 
Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it 
as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by 
the French until after the evacuation of the 
country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. 
It later became a sort of depot for American 
settlers, a few families constantly residing within 
and around the fortification. At a very earlj' 
day a military road was laid out from the fort to 
Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as 
milestones, the number of miles being cut with 
irons and painted red. After the close of the 
Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- 
ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by 
way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. 
With the cession of Louisiana to the United 
States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never 
re-garrisoned. According to the "American 
State Papers," during the period of the French 



occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary 
station and a trading post. 

FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, 
erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short 
distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, 
with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 
1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and 
was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, 
with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois 
French. In December, 1778, Helm and one 
private alone occupied the fort and surrendered 
to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who 
led a force into the country around Vincennes. 

FORT SHERI1).4X, United States Military 
Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division 
of the Chicago & Northwestern Railwa}', 24 miles 
north of Chicago. Highwood, adjacent on the 
.south, has a population (1910) of 1,219. 

FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a 
rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which 
consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of 
the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La 
Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 
feet, and its nearly round summit contains an 
area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side 
facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in 
natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. 
Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty 
began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- 
works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, 
which also served as a dwelling and trading post. 
A windlass drew water from the river, and two 
small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- 
prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated 
by Father Membra, and soon became a gathering 
place for the surrounding tribes, especially the 
Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded 
as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who 
was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- 
placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while 
plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting 
off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack 
him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to 
France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a 
military post, though it continued to be a trad- 
ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the 
Indians and burned. (See L(i Salle.) 

FORT WAYXE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 
(See Pittsburg, Fort ^Vayne <£• Chicago Railiray.) 

FORT WAY>E & ILLIXOIS RAILROAD. (See 
Neil' York, Chicago <fc St. Louis Railway.) 

FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely 
related in interest to the works of the mound- 
builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their 
origin to another era and an entirely different 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



173 



race — are those works which bear evidence of 
liaving been constructed for purposes of defense 
at some period anterior to tlie arrival of white 
men in the country. Wliile tliere are no works 
in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to 
which have been given the names of "Fort 
Ancient"" on the JIaumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan"" 
on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" 
on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are 
a number whose form of construction shows that 
thej' must have been intended for warlike pur- 
poses, and tliat they were formidable of their 
kind and for the period in which they were con- 
structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, 
while La Salle County is the seat of the first 
fortification constructed by the French in Illinois 
that can be said to have had a sort of permanent 
character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), 
it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric 
fortifications, whose remains are in such a state 
of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than 
any other section of the State of equal area. One 
of the most formidable of these fortifications is 
on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth 
of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of 
Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided 
natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines 
of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- 
able engineering skill. From the size of the trees 
within this work and other evidences, its age has 
been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On 
the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the 
rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, 
another work of considerable strength existed. 
It is also said that the American Fur Company 
had an earthwork here for the protection of its 
trading station, erected about 1816 or "18, and 
consequently belonging to the present century. 
Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- 
line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has 
not been positively determined, about half a mile 
south of the former, has been traced in recent 
times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of 
Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said 
to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the 
opposite side of the river from Fort St. ■ Louis, 
which belonged practically to the same era as the 
latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois 
where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- 
tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been 
given. One of these is a hill overlooking the 
Saline River in the southern part of Saline 
County, where there is a wall or breastwork five 
feet in height enclosing an area of less than an 
acre in extent. The other is on the west side of 



Lusk"s Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- 
work has been constructed by loosely piling up 
the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with 
vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the 
creek. Water is easilj- obtainable from the creek 
below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old 
Indian fortification were found by early .settlers 
of SIcLean County, at a point called "Old Town 
Timber," about 1833 to 1835. It was believed 
then that it had been occupied by the Indians 
during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians 
was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 
1813; though this is improbable in view of the 
absence of any historical mention of the fact. 
Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 
1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back 
as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the 
Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- 
kaskia. There was also a tradition that there 
had been a French mission at this point. — One of 
the most interesting stories of early fortifications 
in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old 
citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the 
Chicago Historical Society. Although the work 
alluded to by him was evidently constructed after 
the arrival of the French in the country, the 
exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. 
According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated 
ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the 
western part of Cook County. He says: "I first 
saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in 
company with other persons, some of whom are 
still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- 
ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It 
seems probable that it was the work of French 
traders or explorers, as there were trees a century 
old growing in its environs. It was evidently 
the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the 
science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it 
most completely commanded the surrounding 
country and the crossing of the swamp or "Sag"."" 
Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied 
by Colonel Durantj'e in 1695? The remains of a 
small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- 
ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of 
Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan 
stands, giving to that place its first name of 
"Little Fort."" This structure was seen in 1825 
by Col. William S. Ilajnilton (a son of Alexander 
Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who 
had served in the session of the General Assembly 
of that year as a Representative from Sangamon 
County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, 
and the remains of the pickets or palisades were 
visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 



174 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



erection is unknown, it probablr belonged to the 
latter part of the eighteenth centurj-. There is 
also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected 
by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood 
on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior 
to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. 

FOSS, GeoFfre Edmund, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 3, 
1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 
1885; attended the Columbia Law School and 
School of Political Science in New York City, 
finally graduating from the Union College of Law 
in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the 
bar and began practice. He never held any 
political office until elected as a Republican to 
the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the 
Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of 
more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and 
Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the 
candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a 
majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, 
in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the 
Fifty -fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the 
Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in 
the Department of Agriculture. 

FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and 
educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- 
borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years 
were spent on his father's farm, but at the age 
of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., 
and, three years later, began teaching with an 
older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent 
some sixteen years teaching and practicing 
medicine at various places in his native State, in 
1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan 
County, 111. While there he took part in the 
Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before 
the close of the year he was compelled to come to 
Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who 
was an officer in the army and had been killed by 
an insubordinate soldier at Green Baj-. Having 
thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real 
estate, which, in subsequent years, largely 
appreciated in value, he became identified with 
early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest 
real-estate owners of his time in the city. He 
was an active promoter of education during this 
period, serving on both City and State Boards. 
His death occurred. May 18, 1874, in consequence 
of injuries sustained by being thrown from a 
vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. 

FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, 
was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- 
cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but 



soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, 
being employed for several years in the geological 
survey of Oliio, during which he investigated the 
coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally 
devoted considerable attention to the study of 
metallurg}-. he was employed about 1844 by 
mining capitalists to make the first systematic 
survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon 
which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he 
made a report which was published in two vol- 
umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he 
participated in the organization of the "American 
Partj'"' there, though we find him soon after 
breaking with it on the slavery que.stion. In 
1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the 
Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a 
small majority. In 1858 he removed to Cliicago 
and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of 
the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of 
his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological 
researches and writings, also serving for some 
years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) 
University of Chicago. His works include "The 
Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- 
eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral 
Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 
1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," 
(Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- 
ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of 
several scientific associations and, in 1869, Presi- 
dent of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, 
now a part of Cliicago, June 29, 1873. 

FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born at Kaskaskia. Ill, Jan. 23, 1818; was 
chiefly self-educated and began his career as a 
clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 
1841-42 was associated with the publication of 
"The Belleville Advocate." later studied law, 
and, after being admitted to the bar, served as 
Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that 
office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had 
been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- 
teenth General Assembly (18.50), and, in 1858, 
was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth 
Congress and re-elected two years later. Wliile 
still in Congress he assisted in organizing the 
Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which 
he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on 
account of ill health soon after the battle of Shiloh. 
After leaving the army he removed to New 
Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- 
trator and practiced law for some time. He then 
took up tlie prosecution of the cotton-claims 
against the Mexican Government, in which he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



175 



was engaged some seven years, finally removing 
to Washington City and making several trips to 
Europe in the interest of these suits. He won 
his cases, but died soon after a decision in his 
favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his 
brain in their prosecution. His death occurred 
in Washington, Oct. 3, 1N7G. when he was buried 
in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant 
and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting 
as pall-bearers at his funeral. 

FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837; 
was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, 
Mount Morris, fiuallj' graduating at Genesee 
College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study 
of law in Chicago, but. clianging his purpose, 
entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 
graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to 
the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference 
he was appointed successively to Chicago churches 
till 1872 ; then became President of the North- 
western University, holding this office four years, 
when he was elected to the editorship of "The 
Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he 
was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence 
was in San Francisco, his labors being devoted 
largely to the Pacific States. Died Mar. 20, 1908. 

FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by 
the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., 
and, after running southward through Kenosha 
and Racine Counties in that State, passes into 
Illinois. It intersects 5IcHenry and Kane Coun- 
ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, 
below which point it flows southwestward, until 
it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its 
length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief 
towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. 
It affords abundant water power. 

FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and 
Fo.ves. ) 

FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was 
born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, 
learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in 
connectit)n with a partner, published a paper at 
Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement 
growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, 
(being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, 
and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- 
menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now 
"The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, 
continuing his connection therewitli until 1855, 
when he .sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. 
Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often 
wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was 
active in the organization of the State Agricul- 



tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording 
Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to 
Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon 
Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon 
State Agricultural Society ; in 1861 was ap- 
pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the 
regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired 
on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 
1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, 
was born at Wether.sfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; 
in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and 
became a partner in the publication of "The 
Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was 
appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, 
serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur 
trade. Later he was United States Consul at 
Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — 
Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born 
at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early 
connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 
1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard 
County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to ' 
the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as 
Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. 

FRAJiKLIX, a village of Morgan County, on 
the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles 
southeast of Jacksonville. The place has brick and 
tile works, a newspaper and two banks; the sur- 
rounding country is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 
.578; (1900), 687; (1910), 696. 

FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- 
central part of the State; was organized in 1818, 
and has an area of 430 square miles. Population 
(1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and 
is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is 
fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, 
sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county seat 
is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The 
county contains no large towns, although large, 
well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- 
est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- 
nessee, and the hereditarj' traditions of generous, 
southwestern hospitality are preserved among 
the residents of to-day. Po]i. (1910), 2.5,943. 

FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on 
Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- 
western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. 
Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from 
here. It has banks, water-works, high school, 
and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; 
(1900), 681: (1910). ,'572. 

FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who 
came to Southern Illinois at an early day and 
servetl as State Senator from P2dwards County, in 
the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 



176 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



latter being an opponent of the scheme to make 
Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- 
pation and, at the time he was a member of the 
Legislature, resided in what afterwards became 
Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to 
Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. 
"Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was 
named for him. 

FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on 
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 
miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 
1,038; (1890), 848; (1900). 1,214; (1910), 1..397. 

FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme 
Coui-t Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- 
ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- 
panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor. Mich., 
removing six years afterward to Detroit : was edu- 
cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught 
school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1846 ; removed to 
Shawneetown, IU.,in 1851, was admitted to the 
Illinois bar and practiced some eight jears. He 
then began farming in Marion Count}-. Mo., but, 
in 1863, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, 
was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the 
Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his 
death, %vhich occurred at Springfield near the 
beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 
1894. 

FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in 
the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free 
and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being 
instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. 
John Edgar. Worshipful Master; Michael Jones. 
Senior Warden ; James Galbraith, Junior War- 
den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- 
son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons 
who were, without exception, prominent in the 
early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was 
organized at Yandalia in 1822. with Gov. Shad- 
rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- 
zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took 
place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of 
Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois 
in 1840 was si.x, with l.")T members; the number 
of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 
was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 
47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 
were §37.834. .50; the contributions to members, 
their widows and orphans, §25,038.41; to non- 
members, §6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic 
Orphans' Home, §1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery 
No. 1 of Knights Templar — the jiioneer organi- 
zation of its kind in this or any neighboring 
State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, 



and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- 
nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney. Grand 
Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- 
five subordinate commanderies, with a total 
membership of 9,3.55, and dues amounting to 
§7,754.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were 
Henry Hvmter Montgomery, Grand Commander; 
Jolm Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- 
bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder.— The Spring- 
field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized 
in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch 
Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 
1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally 
chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number 
of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a 
total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council 
of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894. embraced 32 
subordinate Councils, with a membership of 
2,318. 

FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the 
county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west 
of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca- 
tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- 
lishments, the output including carriages, 
wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, 
piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- 
ducts; has three daily and weekly papers. The Illi- 
nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city 
has a Go\ernment postoffice building. Pop. (1890), 
10,189; (1900), 13.2.58; (1910), 17.567. 

FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- 
port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; 
had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 
jjupils. 

FREER, Lemnel Covell Paine, early lawyer, 
was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 
1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous 
anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the 
Government during the W^ar of the Rebellion; 
for many years was President of the Board of 
Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in 
Chicago, April 14, 1892. 

FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of 
Illinois (1846-.52), was born in New Hampshire, 
August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he 
became a resident of Crawford County, and a 
lawyer by profession. He was a member of the 
Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and 
Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- 
tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, 
was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- 
crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17.000 over 
two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of 
his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



177 



tration was free from scandals. He was appointed 
Bank Commissioner by Governor JIatteson, and 
later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree 
College at Lebanon. In 1S58 he was the nominee 
of the Douglas wing of the Hemocratic party for 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of 
the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were 
defeated. His last public service was as a mem- 
ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 
1864. 

FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first 
premonition of this struggle in the West was 
given in 1698, when two English vessels entered 
the mouth of the Missis.sippi, to take possession 
of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then 
included what afterward became the State of 
Illinois. This expedition, however, returned 
without result. Great Britain was anxious to 
have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict 
the French, and began negotiation of treaties 
with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting 
thereby to fortify her original claim, which was 
based on the right of prior discovery. The 
nimierous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in 
Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- 
tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when 
the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant 
of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- 
sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded 
to explore and survey and, about 1752, established 
a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north 
of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities 
were probable, and advanced their posts as far 
east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the 
Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- 
strance on the part of Virginia. Among the 
ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor 
of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, 
in early manhood, became identified with Illinois 
history. His report was of such a nature as to 
induce the erection of counter fortifications by 
the British, one of which (at the junction of the 
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized 
and occupied by the French before its completion. 
Then ensued a series of engagements which, 
while not involving large forces of men, were 
fraught with grave consequences, and in which 
the French were generallj- successful. In 1755 
occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to 
recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now 
stands), which had been captured by the French 
the previous year, and the Government of Great 
Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The 



final result was the termination of French domi- 
nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- 
fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result 
of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet 
hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. 
But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the 
less of Florida, which it did by the cession of all 
of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- 
ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually 
ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military 
post in North America to be garrisoned by French 
troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, 
where St. Ange remained in command until its 
evacuation was demanded by the English. 

FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French 
Governors began to be appointed by the Company 
of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the "Illinois 
Country'' having previously been treated as a 
dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or 
"commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, 
who was commandant for only three years, when 
he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- 
ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. 
du Tisne was in command for a short time after 
his departure, but was succeeded by another 
Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- 
ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and 
Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange 
(the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 
1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren- 
dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors 
of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed 
directly by royal authorit}'. Under the earlier 
Governors justice had been administered under 
the civil law; with the change in the method of 
appointment the code known as the "Common 
Law of Paris" came into effect, although not 
rigidly enforced because found in many particu- 
lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. 
The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre 
d" Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was 
captured while engaged in an expedition against 
the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. 
(See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by 
Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, 
in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 
he gave way to the "Chevalier Bertel or Berthet, 
but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the 
French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was 
Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. 
Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- 
tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede 
him, in 17G5. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 
27, 1774) The administration of the French 
commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 



178 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tive and benevolent. Local self-government was 
encouraged as far as practicable, and, wliile the 
Governors' power over commerce was virtually 
unrestricted, they interfered but little with the 
ordinary life of the people. 

FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- 
tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at 
Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy 
and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 
1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, 
Ohio, where he began the study of law, wliich he 
continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain 
& Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting 
as Principal of a high school at Young America ; 
in 186.5 removed to Paxton, Ford Count}-, which 
has since been his home, and the same year was 
admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- 
nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- 
ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 
was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth 
General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again 
in "78. While practicing law he has been con- 
nected with some of the most important cases 
before the courts in that section of the State, and 
his fidelity and skill in their management are 
testified by members of the bar, as well as 
Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has 
devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, 
with a view to the improvement of his health 
but not with the intention of permanently 
abandoning his profession. 

FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in 
Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the 
trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, 
working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his 
residence near the present town of CarroUton. in 
which he built the first house. Greene County 
was not organized until two years later, and this 
border settlement was, at that time, the extreme 
northern white settlement in Illinois. He served 
as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) 
for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being 
five times reelected. He served through the 
Black Hawk War (fir.st as Lieutenant-Colonel and 
afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment 
Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood 
(afterwards Governor) and Kobert Anderson, of 
Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed 
Commissioner of the Illinois & Micliigan Canal, 
and re-appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming 
Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up 
the business of the former commission, which 
was that year legislated out of office. He was 
afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor 
Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with 



canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- 
fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade 
for three years, meanwhile serving one term in 
the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- 
lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- 
anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his 
friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he 
returned to Greene County ; in 1861. in spite of his 
advanced age. was commissioned Colonel of the 
Sixt}--first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- 
pated in numerous engagements (among them the 
battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and 
ultimately compelled to resign because of im- 
paired healtli and failing eyesight, finalh- becom- 
ing totally blind. He died. June 27, 1881, and 
was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- 
field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- 
tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet 
(Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- 
roUton, 111., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West 
Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was 
assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- 
ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, 
the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, 
remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was 
employed on frontier and garrison duty, and 
again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of 
the Academy- during 1854-59; became Assistant 
Adjutant General, March 16. 1861, then served as 
Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General 
Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull 
Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in 
Kentucky; was made Provost -Marshal-General 
of the L'nited States, in March. 1863, and con- 
ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank 
of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- 
tinued in this office xintil August 30. 1866, during 
which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, 
arrested 76,562 deserters, collected §26.366,316.78 
and made an exact enrollment of the National 
forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- 
General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 
1881, when he was retired at his own request. 
Besides his various official reports, he published a 
"Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, 
United States Army, from 1775 to 1875," and" "His- 
tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of 
Great Britain and the United States, from their 
origin in 1692 to the Present Time." (1877i. Died, 
in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M. 
(Fry), another son, was Provo.st Marshal of the 
North Illinois District during the Civil War, and 
rendered valuable service to the Government. 

FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, juri.st and 
Adjutant-Genei"al, was bom in Farmington, 



HISTORICAL EKCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



179 



Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw, 
N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to 
Belvidere, Boone County, III., and, after practic- 
ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge 
in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced 
to accept the office of Adjutant-General by 
appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon 
tlie duties of the office in November, 1861. At 
first it was understood that his acceptance was 
only temporary, so that he did not formally 
resign his place upon the bench until July, 1863. 
He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- 
General until January, 1865, when, having been 
elected Representative in the General Assembly, 
he was succeeded in tlie Adjutant-Generars office 
by General Ishani N. Haynie. He served as 
Speaker of the House during the following ses- 
sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — 
in the Twentj-tiftli, Twenty -sixth and Twenty- 
seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected 
a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and 
again in 1876. After retiring from office, General 
Fuller devoted his attention to the practice of his 
profession and looking after a large private busi- 
ness at Belvidere. Died Dec. 6, 1901. 

FFLLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, 
was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 
1849; attended the district school until 12 j-ears 
of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk 
in stores at Belvidere and Cherrj' Valley. He 
then spent a couple of years in the book business 
in Iowa, when (1869) he began the studj^ of law 
with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then 
Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- 
dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 
1875-76, the latter year being elected State's 
Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 
he served continuously in the Legislature, first 
as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- 
second General Assemblies, then as a member of 
the House for three sessions, in 1888 being 
returned to the Senate, where he served the 
next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high 
reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and 
was the candidate of his party (the Republican) 
for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a 
delegate to the Republican National Convention 
of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the 
Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the 
judicial election of June, 1897. 

FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- 
tice of the United States Supreme Court, was 
born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated 
from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to 



the bar in 1855, and becafhe City Attorney of his 
native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago 
the following year. Tlirough his mother's 
family he traces liis descent back to the Pilgrims 
of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- 
ments are of a high order. In politics he has 
always been a strong Democrat. He served as a 
Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 
1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, 
after that time devoting his attention to the 
practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 
President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court, since which time he had 
resided at Washington, although still claiming a 
residence in Chicago, where he had considerable 
property interests. Died July 4, 1910. 

FULLERTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler 
and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was 
educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield 
Law .School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, 
finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile 
business, in which he was very successful. His 
name has been given to one of the avenues of 
Chicago, as well as associated with one of the 
prominent business blocks. He was one of the 
original members of the Second Presbyterian 
Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. 

Fl'LTOX, a city and railway center in White- 
side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located 
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & 
Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a 
line of steamers which annually brought millions 
of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from 
Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning 
with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., 
but this river trade gradually died out, having 
been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton 
has extensive factories for the making of stoves, 
besides some important lumber industries. The 
Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- 
lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685; (1910), 2,174. 

FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor- 
dering on the Illinois River; was originally a part 
of Piko County, but separately organized in 1S23 — 
named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 864 
square miles with a population (1910) of 49,549. 
The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- 
age is effected by the Illinois and .Spoon Rivers 
(the former constituting its eastern boundary) 
and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the 
countj'-seat immediately after county organi- 
zation, and so rom.ains to the present time (1899) 
The surface of the county at a distance from the 



180 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



river is generally flat, although along the Illinois 
there are bluflfs rising to the height of 125 feet. 
The soil is rich, and underh-ing it are rich, work- 
able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal 
has been iiiined near Avon, with a contiguous 
vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were 
Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a 
saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and 
Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his 
own land in 1833. The first hotel in the entire 
military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- 
man Phelps, in 1837. A flat-boat ferry across the 
Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The 
principal towns are Can ton{pop. 6, .564), Lewistown 
(3,166), Farmington (1,37.5), and Vermont (1,1,58). 

FULTON COUNTY NARROW-tiAUtiE RAIL- 
WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the 
Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 
61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge 
(3-foot) road, although the excavations and 
embankments are being widened to accommodate 
a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, 
and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, 
the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. 
There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- 
mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of 
iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not 
ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), 
§636,794; bonded debt, §484,000; miscellaneous 
obligations, 8463,363; total capitalization, §1,583,- 
156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) 
was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the 
extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered 
in 1881 and opened in 1882. 

FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark 
County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager 
educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- 
nois, finally settling at what afterwards became 
known as Funk"s Grove in McLean County. 
Here, with no other capital than industry, per- 
severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying 
the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes 
ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of 
trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing 
in live stock, he became the possessor of a large 
area of the finest farming lands in the State, 
which he brought to a high state of cultivation, 
leaving an estate valued at his death at not less 
than §2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions 
in tlie General Assembly, first as Representative 
in the Twelfth (1840-43), and as Senator in the 
Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-06), dying 
before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865. 
Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- 
lican on the organization of that part}', and gave 



a liberal and patriotic support to the Government 
during the war for the preservation of the Union. 
During the session of the Twenty -third General 
Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a 
speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation 
of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, 
although couched in homely language, aroused 
the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government 
throughout the State and won for its author a 
prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. 
(Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk"s 
Grove Township, McLean County. 111., Oct. 17, 
1838. After leaving the district schools, he 
entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army 
in 1862, enlisting as a ]jri\'ate in the Sixt}--ninth 
Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service 
he wa.s lionorably discharged, and re-entered 
the University, completing a three-years' course; 
later, for three years, followed farming, and, in 
1869, located in Bloomington where from 1871 
he served seven consecutive terms as Mayor; 
was a delegate to the National Re])uljKcan Con- 
vention of 1SS8, and in 1892, was elected Repre- 
sentative in Congress for the 14th District; for 
fifteen years was also a Trustee of the State Insti- 
tution for the Blind at Jackson\nllc. Died Feb. 15, 
1899. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac 
Funk, was a Representative from McLean County 
in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena- 
tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other 
sons who have occupied seats in the same body 
include George W., Representative in the Twenty- 
seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the 
Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk 
family have been conspicuous in the affairs of 
McLean County for a generation, and its mem- 
bers have occupied many other positions of im- 
portance and influence, besides those named, under 
the State, County and municijial governments. 

GAGE, Lyman J., Secretarj- of the Treasury, 
was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., 
June 28, 1836; received a common school educa- 
tion in his native county, and, on the removal of 
his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the 
advantages of instruction in an academy. At 
the age of 17 he entered the employment of the 
Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general 
utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to 
Chicago, first securing employment in a planing 
mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- 
keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- 
pany, at a salarj' of §500 a year. By 1861 he had 
been advanced to the position of cashier of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



181 



concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership 
of tlie First National Bank of Chicago, of which 
he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 
1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the 
prominent factors in securing the location of the 
World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of tlie 
guarantors of the §10,000,000 promised to be raised 
by the city of Chicago, and being finallj- chosen 
the first President of the Exposition Company. 
He also presided over tlie bankers' section of the 
■World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a 
number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- 
ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the 
Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 
1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of 
Secretary of the Treasury, wliich he lias con- 
tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899). 

GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of 
Duquoin; has a bank; leading industry is coal- 
mining. Pop. (1S90), ."iin: (lOOn), 042; (1910), 74.5. 

(JALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess 
County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at 
eight years of age, lie fell to the care of older 
sisters who inherited the vigorous character of 
their father, which tliej' instilled into the son. 
He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- 
ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary 
at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson 
Presbytery and assumed the charge of building 
up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., 
serving also for six j-ears as pastor of the Presby- 
terian church at Adams. Here his labors were 
attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- 
ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent 
men were converts. Having resigned his charge 
at Adams on account of illness, he spent the 
winter of 1823-34 in Virginia, where his views 
were enlarged by contact with a new class of 
people. Later, removing to Oneida County, 
N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he 
acquired a considerable property, insuring an 
income which enabled him to extend the field of 
his labors. The result was the establishment of 
the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at 
Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 
to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary 
and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- 
ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an 
institution of learning in the West, and a com- 
mittee representing a party of proposed colonists 
was appointed to make a selection of a site, which 
resulted, in the following year, in the <-lioice of 
a location in Knox County, 111., including the 



site of the present city of Galesburg, which was 
named in hopor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the 
enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first 
practical steps in carrying out plans which had 
been previously matured in New York, for the 
establishment of an institution which first 
received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- 
lege. The manual labor feature having been 
finally discarded, the institution took the name 
of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- 
ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- 
tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, 
and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being 
intimately identified witli its history. From 
1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting 
Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen 
years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy 
and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. 
— William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- 
ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 
15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., 
in 183G, and was educated there. Having read 
law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted 
to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, 
as he began to turn his attention to measures for 
the development of the country. One of these 
was the Central Jlilitary Tract Railroad (now the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quiiicy), of which he was 
the most active promoter and a Director. He 
was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of 
Knox County, from the adoption of township 
organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception 
of four years, and, during the long controversy 
which resulted in the location of the county-seat 
at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg 
part)', and subsequently took a prominent part 
in the erection of public buildings there. Other 
positions held by him include the office of Post- 
master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member 
of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, 
and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General 
Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1873; 
Delegate to the National Republii^an Convention 
of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; 
member of the Commission ap|)ointed by Gov- 
ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue 
Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, 
Superintendent of the Galesburg Government 
Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois 
Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by 
appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also 
been a frequent representative of his party 
(the Republican) in State and District Conven- 
tions, and, since 1801, has been an active and 
leading member of the Board of Trustees of 



182 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Knox College. Mr. Gale was marrieil, Oct. 6, 
1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granijdaugliter of 
the financial representative of tlie Galesburg 
Colon}' of 1836, and has liad eight children, of 
whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. 

GALE\A,'the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, 
a city and port of entry, 1.50 miles in a direct line 
west by northwest of Chicago; is located on 
Galena River, about 4}4 miles above its junction 
with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point 
for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj', the North- 
western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with 
connections by stub with the Chicago Great 
Western. It is built partially in a valley and 
partially on the blulTs which overlook the river, 
the Galena River being made navigable for ves- 
sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The 
vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead 
'galena), from which the city takes its name. 
Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- 
ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which 
stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and 
a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- 
diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost 
their lives during the Civil War. Its industries 
include a furniture factory, a table factory, two 
foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. 
Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the 
city in large quantities, and its mining interests 
will become vast at no distant day. It owns an 
electric light plant, and water is furnished from 
an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one 
of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be 
settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- 
ter part of the seventeenth century. Slany men 
of distinction in State and National affairs came 
from Galena, among whom were Gen. XJ. S. 
Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. Jolm E. 
Smith, Gen. John C. Smith. Gen. A. L. Chetlain, 
Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. 
D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washburne, Secretary of 
State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, 
Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- 
mond. Pop. (1000), 5,005; (1910), 4,835. 

GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago <& Northwesteryi Railway.) 

GALESBURG, the county-seat of Knox County 
and an important educational center. The first 
settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- 
portion of them being members of a colony organ- 
ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, 
N. Y., in whose honor the original village was 
named. It is situated in the heart of a rich 
agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 
99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south- 



west of Chicago; is an important railway center, 
being at the junction of the main line with two 
' branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
and the Atchison, Topeka &. Santa Fe Railroads. 
It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a 
city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti- 
ful parks and the residence streets are well 
shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with 
vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- 
works receiving its supply from artesian wells 
and artificial lakes, has an eflScient and well- 
equipped paid fire-department, an electric street 
car system with three suburban lines, gas and 
electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, 
etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- 
ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- 
cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage 
and wagon works and a broom factory, besides 
other industrial enterprises of minor importance. 
The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite 
e.\tensively carried on at plants near the city 
limits, the city itself being the shipping-point 
as well as the point of administrative control. 
The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad 
Company has shops and stockyards here, wliile 
considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The 
public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- 
ment postofifice building, an opera house, nine- 
teen churches, ten public schools with a high 
school and free kindergarten, and a handsome 
public library building erected at a cost of SlOO,- 
000, of which one-half was contributed by Sir. 
Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction 
as the seat of a large number of high class liter- 
ary institutions, including Knox College (non- 
sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), 
and Corpus Christi Lyceum and Universitj', and 
St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). 
Three interurban electric railroad lines connect 
Galesburg with neighboring towns; city has 2 daily 
and 4 weekly pa|)ers. Pop. (1910), 22.089. 

GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties 
organized in Illinois Territory in 1812^the others 
being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that 
date tlie Territory had consisted of only two coun- 
ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county 
was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then 
Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the 
Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- 
eastern part of the State, and has an area of 340 
square miles; po]>ulation (1910), 1 1,028. The first 
cabin erected by an American settler was the 
home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- 
neetown in 1800. The place early became an 
important trading post and distributing point. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



183 



A ferry across the Wabash was established in 
1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants 
conducted it for more than seventy-five years. 
Although Stephen Rector made a Government 
survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not 
placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, 
the county-seat, is the most important town, 
having a population of some 2,200. Bituminous 
coal is found in large quantities, and mining is 
an important industry. The prosperity of the 
county has been much retarded by floods, particu- 
larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the 
former point the difference between high and 
low water mark in the Ohio River has been as 
much as fifty-two feet. 

GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, 
was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, 
Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- 
don, Ind., in 1830, took a course in Hanover Col- 
lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then 
came to Mount Carmel, W^hite County, 111., with 
a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- 
roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having 
among his pupils a number who have since been 
prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained 
employment as an assistant engineer, serving for 
a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was also Assistant 
Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State 
Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in 
the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49. in the 
meantime having located a farm in La Salle 
County, where the present city of Streator stands. 
In 1849 he was appointed Seci'etary of the Canal 
Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer 
on the IlUnois Central Railroad, later superin- 
tending its construction, and finally being trans- 
ferred to the land department, but retiring in 
1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, 
dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway 
was elected a County Commissioner for Cook 
County, and has since been connected with many 
measures of local importance. 

GALVA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles 
southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- 
northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of 
the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quiucy Railways. It stands at the 
summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- 
sippi and tlie Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- 
turing and coal-mining town. It has eight 
churches, three banks, good schools, and two 
weekly newspapers. The surrounding country 
is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. 
Pop. (1900), 2,682; (1910), 2,498. 



GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township, 
Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 
miles north-northeast of Pontiac ; on the Kanka- 
kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four, " and 
the Elgin, Joliet <t Eastern R. R. Coal-mining 
is the principal industry. Gardner has two 
banks, four cliurches, a high school, and a weekly 
papor. Pop. (1000), 1,036; (1910), 946. 

GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWJi 
RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- 
way. ) 

GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was 
born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- 
rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1821. His early 
educational advantages were such as were fur- 
nished by district schools and a village academy, 
and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the 
carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. 
Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- 
sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in 
Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, 
N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal., in 
1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he 
has since resided. After seven years of active 
practice he vcas elected to the bench of the 
Superior Court of Cook County, where he sat 
for thirty years, being four times nominated by 
both political parties, and his last re-election — for 
a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- 
sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 
1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some 
of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but 
he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- 
tion, and his connection with the case has given 
him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the 
Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the 
l)ench of the Appellate Court, of which he served 
three times as Chief .lustice. Died (!)ct. 31, 1906. 

GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate 
operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt. , April21, 1839, 
came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after 
spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar- 
atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, 
Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as 
a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank 
of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as 
an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation 
for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war 
over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit 
Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- 
estate and loan business as the head of the exten- 
sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was j. 



184 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Republican in politics, active in Grand Army 
circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the 
position of Eminent Grand Commander of 
Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the 
Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He 
also had charge, as President of the Masonic 
Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for 
some time prior to his decease, of the erection of 
the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 26, 1891. 

GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer, 
was born in Warren County, Ky., came to 
Franklin County, lU., in boyhood, removed to 
Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school 
two or three years while studying law; was 
admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five 
General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-32, 
and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man 
of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, 
Jan. 8, 1842. 

GAULT, John C, railway manager, was born 
at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered 
the local freight office of tlie Manchester & Law- 
rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight 
Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- 
cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions 
of Superintendent of Transportation on the 
Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- 
dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- 
western), that of Division Superintendent, 
General Freight Agent and Assistant General 
Manager; Assistant General Manager of the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- 
ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the 
trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of 
the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific 
(1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, 
August 29, 1891. 

GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a 
list of tlie (Jeneral Assemblies which have met 
since the admi.ssion of Illinois as a State up to 
1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — 
with the more important acts passed by each and 
the duration of tlieir respective sessions: 

First General Assembly held two sessions, 
the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- 
tal, Oct. 5, and adjoui-niug Oct. 13, 1818. The 
second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. 
Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over tlie Sen- 
ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John 
Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, 
containing twenty-seven members. The most 
important business transacted at the first session 
was the election of two United States Senators — 
Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and 



the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At 
the second session a code of laws was enacted, 
copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky 
statutes, including the law concerning "negroes 
and mulattoes, " which long remained on the 
statute book. An act was also passed appointing 
Commissioners to select a site for a new State 
Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- 
dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building 
with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, 
the Senate occupying the lower floor and the 
House the upper. The length of the first session 
was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven — 
total, ninety-six days. 

Second General Assembly convened at Van- 
dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen 
Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John 
McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House. A leading topic of discussion was 
the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was 
scarce and there was a strong popular demand 
for an increase of circulating medium. To 
appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders 
and agriculturists, this General Assenably estab- 
lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite 
the earnest protest of McLean and the executive 
veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session 
for the benefit of the debtor class. The number 
of members of the next Legislature was fixed at 
eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives 
— this provision remaining in force until 1831. 
The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- 
four days. 

Third General Assembly convened, Dec. 2, 

1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in 
the Senate, while in the organization of the 
lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen 
Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, 
called attention to the existence of slavery in 
Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged 
the adoption of repressive measures. Both 
brandies of the Legislature being pro-slavery in 
sympathy, the Governor's address provoked 
bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 

1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United 
States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard 
White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing 
Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the 
General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- 
ity and minority reports of the committee to 
which had been referred tlie Governor's address. 
The minority report recommended the abolition 
of slavery, while that of the majority favored 
the adoption of a resolution calling a convention 
to amend the Constitution, the avowed object 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



185 



being to make Illiuois a slave State. The latter 
report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in 
the House lacked one vote of the number neces- 
sary to carrj- the resolution by the constitutional 
two-thirds majority. What followed has always 
been regarded as a blot upon the record of the 
Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who 
had been awarded the seat from Pike County 
at the beginning of the session after a contest 
brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- 
seated after the adoption of a resolution to 
reconsider the vote by which he had been several 
weeks before declared elected. Shaw having 
thus been seated, the resolution was carried by 
the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, 
although previously regarded as a pro-slavery 
man, had voted with the minority when the 
resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence 
followed his deprivation of bis seat. The triumph 
of the friends of the convention was celebrated 
by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- 
tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous 
procession by torchlight and liquor." (See 
Slavery and Slave Laws.) The session adjourned 
Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. 

Fourth General Assembly. This body held 
two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 
1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some 
three weeks before the date for the regular 
session, in order to correct a defect in the law 
relative to counting the returns for Presidential 
Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker 
of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- 
bard presided in the Senate. Having amended 
the law concerning the election returns for Presi- 
dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the 
election of two United States Senators — one to 
fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards 
(resigned) and the other for the full term begin- 
ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen 
for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. 
Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was 
provided that the bench of the Supreme Court 
should consist of four Judges, and that semi- 
annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at 
the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) 
The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, 
but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor 
and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the 
body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a 
new apportionment law under tlie census of 1825. 
A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1828. 
One of the important acts of the regular session 
of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school 
law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- 



duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of 
the State. This Legislature was in session a total 
of ninety-two days, of which sixtj'-five were 
during the first session and twenty-seven during 
the second. 

Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 
1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in 
the Senate and John ^McLean in the House. At 
the reque.st of the Governor an investigation into 
the management of the bank at Edwardsville was 
had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its 
officers. The circuit judgeships created by the 
preceding Legislature were abrogated and their 
incumbents legislated out of office. The State 
was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the 
Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See 
Judicial Department.) This General Assembly 
also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner 
Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth 
ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed 
by the preceding Legislature, presented a well 
digested report on the revision of the laws, which 
was adopted without material alteration. One of 
the important measures enacted at this session 
was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the 
funds for its erection being obtained by the 
sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See 
Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) 
The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued 
seventy-eight days. 

Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1, 
1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- 
ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the 
third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, 
later in the session, was elected United States 
Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of 
State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also 
appointed or elected. The most important legis- 
lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing 
the sale of school lands and the borrowing of tlie 
proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary 
governmental expenses; providing for a return 
to the viva voce method of voting; creating a 
fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge 
therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- 
missioners to determine upon the route of the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com- 
mence its construction. Tlie Assembly adjourned, 
Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. 

Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. 
The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc 
Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided 
over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- 
nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the 
Senate being made up of his political adversaries. 



186 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



experienced no little difficulty in securing the 
confirmation of his nominees. Two United 
States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane 
being chosen to succeed himself and John M. 
Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John 
McLean, deceased. The United States census of 
1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- 
gress instead of one, and this General Assembly 
passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The 
number of State Senators was increased to 
twenty-six, and of members of the lower house 
to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by 
the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- 
tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and 
public flogging. This Legislature also authorized 
the borrowing of §100,000 to redeem the notes of 
the State Bank which were to mature the follow- 
ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, 
the session having lasted seventy-three days. 

Eighth General Assembly. The session 
began Deo. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. 
William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro 
tempore of the Senate, an'd succeeded Zadoc 
Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having 
been elected a Representative in Congress. 
Alexander JI. Jenkins presided over the House as 
Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- 
eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions 
being applicable to towns and public libraries. 
It also incorporated several railroad companies, 
— one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois 
River (projected as a substitute for the canal), 
one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the 
State, running through Springfield. Other char- 
ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- 
porators generally failed to organize under them. 
A notable inci dent in connection with this session 
was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, 
a Justice of tlie Supreme Court. This was the first 
and last trial of this character in the State's his- 
tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a 
conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood 
twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with 
four Senators excused from voting), the House 
attempted to remove him by address, but in this 
the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- 
ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, 
as also a law relating to the "right of way" for 
"public roads, canals, or other public works." 
The length of the session was ninety days. 

Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature 
held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834, 
and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor 
Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple 
was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- 



sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- 
elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln 
was among the new members, but took no con- 
spicuous part in the discussions of tlie body. The 
principal public laws passed at this session were. 
Providing for the borrowing of 8500,000 to be 
used in the construction of the Illinois & Blichi- 
gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of 
Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; 
incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; 
and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County, 
at 10 per cent interest per annum from the 
county school fund, for the erection of a court 
house in that county. The second session of this 
Assembly convened, -Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning, Jan. 
18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging 
the Commissioners" powers and pledging the faith 
of the State for the repayment of money bor- 
rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- 
tionment law was also passed providing for the 
election of forty-one Senators and ninety -one 
Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected 
United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, 
deceased. The length of the first session was 
seventy-five days, and of the second forty-three 
daj's — total, 118. 

Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- 
sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 
1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs 
controlled the Senate by a large majority, and 
elected William H. Davidson, of White County, 
President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who 
had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See 
Jenkins, Alexander M.) James Semple was 
re-elected Speaker of the House, which was 
fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature 
was remarkable for the number of its members 
who afterwards attained National proninence. 
Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both 
voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- 
ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides 
these, the rolls of this Assembly included the 
names of a future Governor, six future United 
States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois 
Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and 
a Cabinet officer. Tlie two absorbing topics for 
legislative discussion and action were the system 
of internal improvements and the removal of the 
State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy 
and State Capitals.) The friends of Springfield 
finally effected such a combination that that city 
was selected as the seat of the State government, 
while the Internal Improvement Act was passed 
over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second 
session of this Legislature met on the call of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



187 



Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 23. 
An act legalizing the suspension of State banks 
was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- 
ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement 
legislation was ignored. The length of the first 
session was ninetj'-two days and of the second 
thirteen — total 105, 

Eleventh General Assembly, This body 
held both a regular and a special session. The 
former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 
1839. The Wliigs were in a majority in both 
houses, and controlled the organization of the 
Senate. In the House, however, tlieir candidate 
for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure 
his full party vote, was defeated by W, L. D. 
Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- 
priated for the "improvement of water-ways and 
the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an 
end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on 
account of internal improvements meeting with 
defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made 
for a librarj- for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois 
Institution for the Education of the Deaf and 
Dumb was established, and the further issuance 
of bank notes of a smaller denomination than §5 
was prohibited. By this time the State debt had 
increased to over $13,000,000, and both the people 
and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as 
to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A 
crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on 
Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special 
session to consider the situation. (This was the 
first session ever held at Springfield ; and, the new 
State House not being completed, the Senate, the 
House and the Supreme Court found accommo- 
dation in three of the principal church edifices.) 
The struggle for a change of State policy at this 
session was long and hard fought, no heed being 
given to part}- lines. The outcome was the vir- 
tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- 
ment system. Provision was made for the calling 
in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the 
speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of 
the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- 
lated out of office. The special session adjourned 
Feb. 3, 18-10. Length of regular session ninety- 
two days, of the special, fifty -seven — total, 149. 

Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- 
ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. 
It first convened, by executive proclamation, 
Nov, 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- 
ment of interest on the public debt. In reference 
to this matter the following enactments were 
made: Authorizing the hypothecation of $300,000 
internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest 



due Jan. 1, 1841; directing the issue of bonds to 
be sold in the open market and the proceeds 
applied toward discharging all amounts due on 
interest account for which no other provision was 
made ; levj'ing a special tax of ten cents on the 
§100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned 
class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- 
tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- 
field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of 
$100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, 
sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began 
two days later. The Senate was presided over by 
the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), 
and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of 
the House. Tlie most vital issue was the propri- 
ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of 
the State Bank, with its branches, and here 
party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally 
succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- 
tions which had suspended specie payments, and 
in securing for those institutions the privilege of 
issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- 
ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- 
tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of 
its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit 
Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- 
tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. 
The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- 
journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in 
session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the 
special .session and eighty-five during tlie regular. 
Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of 
forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- 
vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were 
Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. 
Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of 
the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the 
House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been 
acting Governor and United States Senator, as 
Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. 
Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, 
were among the new members. The existing 
situation seemed fraught with peril. The State 
debt was nearly $14,000,000; immigration had 
been checked : the State and Shawneetown banks 
had gone down and their currency was not worth 
fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were 
worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were 
quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge 
Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, 
having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the 
Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth 
ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State 
Bank (in which the State had been a large share- 
holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 



188 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a 
like amount of bank stock owned by the State. 
The same conditional release was granted to the 
bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a 
reduction of the State debt by about 53.000,000. 
The Governor was autliorizeJ to negotiate a 
loan of SI. 600,000 on the credit of the State, for 
the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal 
and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. 
The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- 
missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered 
(in connection with the Auditor) to sell the 
railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public 
auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- 
tion of the bonds hypothecated with Slacalister 
and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stchbins 
Bonds.) Tlie Congressional distribution of the 
moneys arising from the sale of public lands was 
acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of 
the State were pledged to the redemption "of 
every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a 
good and valuable consideration." To establish 
a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of 
twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was 
levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- 
tionment of the State into Seven Congressional 
Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 
1843, after a session of ninety-two days. 

Fourteenth Gener.\l Assembly convened 
Dec. 3, 1814, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- 
sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was 
composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen 
Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and 
thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the 
new members. William A. Richardson defeated 
Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James 
Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- 
ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal 
law was amended by the passage of a supple- 
mental act, transferring the property to Trustees 
and empowering the Governor to complete the 
negotiations for the borrowing of 81,600,000 for 
its construction. The State revenue being in- 
sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the 
government, to say nothing of the arrears of 
interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on 
each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 
1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. 
Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was 
set apart to pay the interest on the State debt 
and one and one-half mills for tjie same purpose 
from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever 
thereafter." 

Fifteenth Gener.\l Assembly convened Dec. 
7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford 



and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- 
ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds 
majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. 
Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud 
was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- 
mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen 
T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected 
United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus 
Edwards. State officers were elected as follows: 
Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, 
Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and 
Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed 
Secretary of State. A new school law was 
enacted; the sale of the Gallatin County salines 
was authorized ; the University of Chicago was 
incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at 
Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- 
ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District 
Courts were established ; and provision was made 
for refunding the State debt. The Assembly 
adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of 
eighty-five days. 

Sixteenth General Assembly*. This was the 
first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- 
tion of 1847. There were twenty-five memlters 
in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. 
The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- 
ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being 
limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc 
Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard 
Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After 
endorsing the policy of the administration in 
reference to tlie Mexican War and thanking the 
soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election 
of United States Senator to succeed Sidney 
Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, 
the other caucus candidates being Breese and 
McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led 
the forlorn hope- for the Whigs. The principle of 
the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor 
convened tlie Legislature in special session on 
■ Oct. 33. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. 
Shields having ari.sen (growing out of his nativity 
and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- 
ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was 
re-elected Senator at the special session. Outsi<le 
of the passage of a general law authorizing the 
incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- 
tion was enacted. The special session adjourned 
Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three 
days; special, seventeen — total sixty. 

Seventeenth Gener.\l Assembly convened 
Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of 
session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- 
Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



189 



characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not 
all of which was well considered. By joint reso- 
lution of both houses the endorsement of the 
WiLmot proviso at the previous session was 
rescinded. The first homestead exemption act 
was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, 
the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart 
being prohibited. Township organization was 
authorized and what was virtually free-banking 
was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by 
popular vote in November. 1851. An act incorpo- 
rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also 
passed at this session, the measure being drafted 
by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of 
this Assembly was held in 18.52 under a call by 
the Governor, lasting from Jime 7 to the 23d — 
seventeen days. The most important general 
legislation of the special session was the reappor- 
tionment of the State into nine Congressional 
Districts. This Legislature was in session a total 
of sixtj' days. 

Eighteenth General Assembly. The first 
(or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and 
adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of 
twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of 
fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one 
"Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner 
presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Re3-nol(ls 
in the lower house. Governor Matteson was 
inaugurated on the 16tli ; Stephen A. Douglas was 
re-elected Uuitetl States Senator, Jan. 5, the 
Wliigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph 
Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the 
majoritj' being "private acts." The prohibitory 
temperance legislation of tlie preceding General 
Assembly was repealed and the license system 
re enacted. This body also passed the famous 
"black laws" designed to prevent the immigration 
of free negroes into tlie State. The sum of 
§18,000 was appropriated for the erection and 
fui'nishing of an executive mansion ; the State 
Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- 
mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and 
any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated 
toward reducing the State debt. A special session 
was convened on Feb. 9, 18.54, and adjourned 
March 4 The most important measures adopted 
were; a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- 
viding for the election of a Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- 
sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session 
lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four 
— total, si.xty-seven. 

Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 
1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting 



forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected 
Speaker of tlie House. The political complexion 
of the Legislature was much mixed, among the 
members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, 
Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- 
crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The 
Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in 
reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen 
Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the 
House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while 
the entire strength of the opposition was forty- 
one. A United States Senator was to be chosen 
to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of 
free-soil had a clear majoritj* of four on joint 
ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- 
nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- 
crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. 
The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- 
five; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen; 
present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's 
strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on 
the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. 
Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot 
to forty-two, but having dropped on the next 
ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn anil 
that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- 
teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, 
which was the limit of his strength. On the 
ninth ballot. Loncoln's vote having dropped to 
fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own 
request, his support going, on the next ballot, to 
Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, 
who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for 
Matteson and one for Archibald Williams— one 
member not voting. Trumbull, having received 
a majority, was elected. Five members had 
voted for him from the start. These were Sena- 
tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton 
C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and 
George T. Allen. It had been hoped that tliey 
would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- 
coln, but they explained that they had been 
instructed by their constituents to vote only for 
an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- 
.sequeutly prominent leaders in the Republican 
party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- 
plisliing a political revolution, this Legislature 
proceeded to adopt several meiisures uu)re or les.s 
i-adical in their tendenc^y. One of the.se was the 
Maine liquor law. with the conditii)n that it be 
submitted to popular vote. It faile<l of ratifica- 
tion by vote of the people at an election held in 
the following June. A new common school law 
was enacted, and railroads were required to fence 
their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 



190 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- 
stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. 

Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan. 
5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A 
Republican State administration, with Governor 
Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the 
Legislature was Democratic in both branches. 
Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, 
and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated 
Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of 
the House. Among the prominent members were 
Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of 
Johnson ; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon ; John 
A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of 
Monroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook; Joseph Gilles- 
pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. 
Among the important measures enacted by this 
General Assembly were the following: Acts 
establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- 
lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending 
the banking law ; providing for the general incor- 
poration of railroads ; providing for the building 
of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued 
arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of 
session, forty-six days. 

Twenty-first General Assembly convened 
Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three 
days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted 
of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five 
members. The presiding officers were: — of the 
Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. 
Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his 
Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, 
on a viva voce vote. Tlie Governor's message 
showed a reduction of SI, 100,877 in the State debt 
during two years preceding, leaving a balance of 
principal and arrears of interest amounting to 
$11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in 
joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- 
ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote 
of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. 
The Legislature was thrown into great disorder 
in consequence of an attempt to prevent the 
receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- 
tive apportionment bill which had been passed by 
the Democratic majority in the face of bitter 
opposition on the part of the Republicans, who 
denounced it as partisan and unjust. 

Twenty-second General Assembly convened 
in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of 
twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- 
atives. For the first time in the State's history, 
the Democrats failed to control the organization 
of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman 
presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of 



Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the 
Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. 
Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected 
President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- 
kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring 
Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of 
the State debt, during four years of Republican 
administration, of 82,860,402, and showed the 
number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir- 
culation was 812,320,964. Lyman Trumbull was 
re-elected United States Senator on January 10, 
receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for 
Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau- 
gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation 
of this session related to the following subjects: 
the separate property rights of married women ; 
the encouragement of mining and the support of 
public schools ; the payment of certain evidences 
of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of 
the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the 
people the question of the calling of a Convention 
to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were 
passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ; 
to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a 
Peace Conference in Washington, and referring 
to federal relations. Tlie latter deprecated 
amendments to the United States Constitution, but 
expressed a willingness to unite with any States 
which might consider themselves aggrieved, 
in petitioning Congress to call a convention 
for the consideration of such amendments, at the 
same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- 
nois to the National Government for the preser- 
vation of the Union and the enforcement of the 
laws. The regular session ended Feb. 23, having 
lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following 
President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to 
suppress the rebellion. Governor Yates recon- 
vened the General Assembly in special session to 
consider and adopt methods to aid and support 
the Federal authority in preserving the Union and 
protecting the rights and property of the people. 
The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 
25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the 
issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- 
veyed in a joint resolution. The special session 
closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators 
promptly volunteered in the Union army. 
Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; 
of the special, eleven — total fifty-eight. 

Twenty-third General Assembly was com- 
posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight 
Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and 
was Democratic in both branches. The presiding 
officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



191 



Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected 
Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to 
twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson 
was elected United States Senator to succeed 
S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee 
being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight 
votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time 
of the session was devoted to angrj- discussion of 
the policy of the National Government in the 
prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- 
ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- 
ity reports from the Committee on Federal 
Relations — the former condemning and the latter 
upholding the Federal administration. The 
majority report was adopted in the House on 
Feb. 13, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, 
and the resolutions which it embodied were at 
once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before 
they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- 
cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers. of Clinton County 
— died. This left the Senate politically tied, a 
Republican presiding officer having the deciding 
vote. Consequently no action was taken at the 
time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned 
till June 3. Immediately upon re-assembling, 
joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- 
ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- 
ment regarding the date of such adjournment 
ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the 
power conferred upon hirf bj' the Constitution in 
such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) 
proroguing the General Assembly until "the 
Saturday next preceding the first Monday in 
January, 1865." The members of tlie Republican 
minority at once left the hall. The members of 
the majority convened and adjourned from day 
to day until June 34, when, having adopted an 
address to the people setting forth tlieir grievance 
and denouncing the State executive, they took a 
recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- 
ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was 
sustained, and no further session of this General 
Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence 
of political issues, no important legislation was 
effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- 
priations for the State institutions faiUng. This 
caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- 
ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and 
capitalists came to its aid, and no important 
interest was permitted to suffer. The total 
length of the session was fifty days — forty-one 
days before the recess and nine days after. 

Twenty-fourth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 3, 1865, and remained in session forty-six 



days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and 
eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans 
had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Bross presidetl over the Senate, and Allen 
C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, 
the vote standing 48 to 33. Governor Yates, in 
his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- 
standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon 
the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., 
the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four 
years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was 
elected to the United States Senate, receiving 
sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. 
Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- 
ture, and sundry special appropriations made. 
Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the 
State's proportion for the establishment of a 
National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $35,000 for 
the purchase of the land on which is the tomb 
of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums 
for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and 
an experimental school for the training of idiots 
and feeble-minded children. The first act for 
the registry of legal voters was passed at this 
session. 

Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This 
body held one regular and two special sessions. 
It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. 
Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the 
upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, 
over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), 
in his message, reported a reduction of $2,607,958 
in the State debt during the two years preceding, 
and recommended various appropriations for pub- 
lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- 
vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, 
Lyman Trumbull was chosen LTnited States Sena- 
tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being 
given to T. Lyle Dickey, vvho received thirty- 
three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted 
fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- 
teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- 
tion was ratified and important legislation enacted 
relative to State taxation and the regulation of 
public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization 
of Assessments was established, and the office of 
Attorney-General created. (Under this law 
Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee.) 
Provision was made for the erection of a new 
State House, to establish a Reform School for 
Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other 
State institutions. The first special session con- 



192 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned 
to consider questions relating to internal revenue. 
The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered 
his lease without notice, the Governor found it 
necessary to make immediate provision for the 
management of that institution. Not having 
included this matter in his original call, no ne- 
cessity then existing, he at once summoned a 
second special session, before the adjournment 
of the first. This convened on June 14, remained 
in session until June 28, and adopted what is 
substantially the present penitentiary law of the 
State. This General Assembly was in session 
seventy-one days— fifty-three at the regular, 
three at the first special session and fifteen at the 
second. 

Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 4, 18G9. The Republicans had a majority in 
each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, 
and Franklin Corwin of Peru, was again chosen 
Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- 
mitted his final message at the opening of the 
session, showing a total reduction in the State 
debt during his term of §4,743,831. Governor 
John JI. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The 
most important acts passed bj- this Legislature 
were the following: Calling the Constitutional 
Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth 
Amendment to the United States Constitution ; 
granting well beliaved convicts a reduction in 
their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention 
of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- 
tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- 
lishing the Southern Normal L^niversity; pro- 
viding for the erection of the Nortliern Insane 
Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- 
missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated 
"Lake Front Bill,'' especially affecting the 
interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a 
great deal of time during this session, and 
though finally passed over the Governor's veto, 
was repealed in 1873. This session was inter- 
rupted by a recess which extended from Marcli 
12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- 
bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, 
liaving V)een in actual session seventy-four days. 

TWKNTY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY had 

four sessions, one regular, two special and one 
adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and 
adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, 
when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. 
The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 
Representatives. The Republicans again con- 
trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, 



Speaker (over "William R. Morrison, Democrat), 
while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in 
the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- 
resentatives in the old State Capitol, while tlie 
House held its sessions in a new church edifice 
erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. 
John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- 
tor, defeating Tliomas J. Turner (Democrat) b3- a 
vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the 
first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption 
of the Constitution of 1870. and its time was 
mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- 
ing laws required by the changes in tlie organic 
law of the State. The first special session opened 
on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- 
ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor 
Palmer to make additional appropriations for the 
necessary expenses of the State Government and 
for the continuance of work on the new State 
House. The purpose of tlie Governor in sum- 
moning the .second special session was to provide 
financial relief for the city of Chicago after the 
great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- 
moned by special telegrams and were in their 
seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. '24 
— twelve, days. Governor Palmer had already 
suggested a plan by which the State miglit 
aid tlie .stricken city without doing violence 
to either the spirit or letter of the new Cf)n- 
stitution, which expressly prohibited special 
legislation. Chicago had advanced $2,.500,(t00 
toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal, under the pledge of the State that this 
outlay sliould be made good. The Legislature 
voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both 
principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in 
round numbers, to about §3.000,000. The ad- 
journed session opened on Nov. l.i, 1871. and came 
to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 
days. It was entirely devoted to considering and 
adopting legislation germane to tlie new Consti- 
tution. The total length of all sessions of this 
General Assembly was 293 days. 

Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena- 
tors and 1,53 Representatives; the upper house 
standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
Democrats, and tlie lower, eighty-six Republicans 
to sixtj' .seven Democrats. The Senate chose 
Jolm Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, 
and Shelby 51. Cullom was elected Speaker of the 
House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United 
States Senate, lieing succeeded in the Governor- 
ship by Lieut. -Gov. Jolm L. Beveridge. An 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



103 



appropriation of §1,000,000 was made for carrying 
on the work on the new capitol and various other 
acts of a public character passed, the most impor- 
tant being an amendment of the raih-oad hiw of 
the previous session. On Jlay 6, tlie Legislature 
adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the 
recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision 
of the Laws to complete a report. The work was 
duly completed and nearly all the titles reported 
by the Commissioners were adopted at the 
adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, 
was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions 
having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — 
total 202. 

TwE>rrY-NiNTH General Assembly convened 
Jan 6, 1875. While the Uepublicans had a plu- 
rality in both houses, they were defeated in an 
effort to secure their organization through a 
fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. 
Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- 
pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- 
Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen 
presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders 
on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, 
and the session, as a whole, was one of the most 
turbulent and disorderly in the history of the 
State. Little legislation of vital importance 
(outside of regular appropriation bills) was 
enacted This Legislature adjourned, April 15, 
having been in session 100 days. 

Thtrtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 
; 1877, and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The 
Democrats and Independents in the Senate united 
in securing control of that body, although the 
House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La 
Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore 
of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the 
lower, house. The inauguration of State officers 
took place Jan. 8. Shelby M. Cullom becoming 
Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. This was one of the most exciting j'ears 
in American political history Both of the domi- 
nant parties claimed to have elected the President, 
and the respective votes in the Electoral College 
were so close as to excite grave apprehension in 
many minds. It was also the year for the choice 
of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the 
attention of the entire country was directed 
toward this State Gen. John M. Palmer was 
the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John 
A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- 
fourth ballot the name of General Logan was 
withdrawn, most of the Republican vote gfiing 
to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going 
over to David Davis, who, although an original 



Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Jastice of 
the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On 
the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis 
received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawren::,c 
(Republican) and five scattering, thus securing 
Davis" election. Not many acts of vital impor- 
tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate 
Courts were established and new judicial districts 
created, the original jurisdiction of county 
courts was enlarged; better safeguards were 
thrown about miners ; measures looking at once 
to the supervision and protection of railroads were 
passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to 
the police administration of the State and of 
municipalities. The length of the session was 
142 days. 

Thirty-first General Assembly convened 
Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each 
house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and 
William A. James of Lake County was chosen 
Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of 
McLean County (afterwards Governor), was 
chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. 
John A. Logan was elected United States Senator 
on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote 
being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various 
laws of public importance were enacted by this 
Legislature, among them being one creating the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- 
ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the 
reorganization of the militia; an act for the 
regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the 
pardoning power, and various laws looking 
toward the supervision and control of railways. 
The session lasted 144 daj'S, and the Assembly 
adjourned, .sine die. May 31, 1879. 

Thirty second General Assembly convened 
Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority 
in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell 
of Cook County being elected President pro tem- 
pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was 
chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- 
tine legislation, the most important measures 
enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent 
the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: 
regulating the sale of firearms; providing more 
stringent penalties for the ailultcration of f(X)d, 
drink or medicine; regulating the practice of 
pharmac}' and dentistry amending the revenue 
and school laws; and reciuiring .annual statements 
from official custodians of public moneys. The 
Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 



194 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in session 146 days, but was called together again 
in special session by the Governor on March 23, 
1682, to pass new Legislative and Congressional 
Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration 
of other subjects. The special session lasted 
forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions 
occupying a total of 190 days. 

Thirty-third General Assembly convened 
Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the 
majority in both houses. William J. Campbell 
was re-elected President pro tempore of the 
Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six 
Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- 
tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at 
Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was 
elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- 
ary Democratic vote was given to Tliomas M. Shaw 
in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the 
House. Governor CuUom, the Republican caucus 
nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 
16, receiving a majority in each branch of the 
General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper 
H?gh-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory 
School Law" were passed at this session, the 
other acts being of ordinary character. The 
Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in 
session 168 days. 

Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a 
majority of one, there being twenty-six members 
of tliat party, twenty-four Democrats and one 
greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of 
Cook County, was for the third time chosen 
President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- 
six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with 
one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — 
calling himself an "Independent." The contest 
for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, 
when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- 
nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate 
and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- 
ance, filling the minor offices with their own 
men. After the inauguration of Governor 
Oglesby, Jan. 80, the first business was the elec- 
tion of a United States Senator. The balloting 
proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- 
ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and 
five scattering. Three members — one Republican 
and two Democrats — had died since the opening 
of the session ; and it was through the election of 
a Republican in place of one of the deceased 
Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in 
electing their candidate. The .session was a 
stormy one througliout. the Speaker being, much 
of the time, at odds with the House, and an 



unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. 
Charges of bribery against certain members were 
preferred and investigated, but no definite result 
was reached. Among the important measures 
passed by this Legislature were the following; A 
joint resolution providing for submission of an 
amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- 
tract labor in penal institutions; providing by 
resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan 
Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue 
code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act 
amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- 
lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- 
quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock 
Commission and appropriating §531,712 for the 
completion of the State House. Tlie Assembly 
adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session 
of 171 days. 

Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of 
twelve in the Senate and three in the House. 
For President pro tempore of the Senate. August 
W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the 
House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt 
County. The death of General Logan, wliich 
had occurred Dec. 36, 1886, was officially an- 
nounced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, 
Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as 
United States Senator. William R. Morrison and 
Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of 
the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. 
Some of the most important laws passed by this 
General Assembly were the following: Amend 
ing the law relating to the spread of contagious 
diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to 
prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat- 
ing trust companies; making the Trustees of 
the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting 
aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding 
the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually 
creating a new State banking system was also 
passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. 
Other acts, having more particular reference to 
Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making 
cities and counties responsible for tliree-foiu-ths 
of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the 
Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- 
sion law. and an act for the suppression of 
bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 
15, 1887. having continued 162 days. 

Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the 
Republicans being largely in the majority. The 
Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey 
County, President pro tempore, and the House 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



195 



Asa C Matthews of Pike Coiinty, Speaker. Mr. 
Matthews was appointed Fir.st Comptroller of the 
Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see 
Matthews, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership 
on the following day. He was succeeded by 
James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. 
Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate 
on January 22, the Democrats again voting for 
ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- 
age District Law," designed for the benefit of the 
city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an 
asylum for insane criminals was established at 
Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, 
etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; 
more stringent legislation was enacted relative to 
the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- 
pulsory education law was passed, and the em- 
ploj'ment on public works of aliens who had not 
declared their intention of becoming citizens was 
prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A 
special sefsion was convened by Governor Fifer 
on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation 
rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- 
ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. 
Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker 
of the House. The special session concluded 
Aug. 1, 1890. having enacted the following meas- 
ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, 
(submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to 
the World's Columbian E.xposition for a period to 
extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- 
tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park 
Commissioners to grant the use of the public 
parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects 
of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing 
for the submission to the people of a Constitu- 
tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago 
the power (provided a majority of the qualified 
voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not 
exceeding 55,000,000, the same to bear interest 
and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over 
to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the 
use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See 
also World's Columbian E.rposition.) The total 
length of the two sessions was l.'iO daj's. 

Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened 
Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. 
Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton 
W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being 
elected President pro tem. The Democrats had 
control in the House and elected Clayton E. 
Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most 
exciting feature of the session was the election of 
a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. 



Far well. Neither of the two leading parties had 
a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power 
being held bj- three "Independent" members of 
the House, who had been elected as represent- 
atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- 
ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus 
nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer 
of the Democrats. For a time the Independents 
stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of 
the three voted for ex-Governor Pahner, finally, 
on March 11, securing his election on the 154th 
ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- 
licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. 
Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- 
ing the Independents to their support, but without 
effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 
103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- 
duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 
became laws, the most important being: The 
Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- 
ing and loan associations; prohibiting the employ- 
ment of children under thirteen at manual Labor ; 
fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent; 
prohibiting the "truck system'' of paying em- 
ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to 
women in the election of school oificers. An 
amendment of the State Constitution permitting 
the submission of two Constitutional Amend- 
ments to the people at the same time, was sub- 
mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the 
election of 1892. The session covered a period of 
157 days. 

Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This 
bodj' convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were 
in the ascendency in both houses, having a 
majority of seven in the Senate and of three in 
the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- 
Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, 
and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen 
President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook 
Count}' was again chosen Speaker of the House. 
The inauguration of the new State oflScers took 
place on the afternoon of Tuesdaj', Jan. 10. This 
Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning 
June 16, 1893. Not veiy much legislation of a 
general character was enacted. New Congres- 
sional and Legislative apportionments were 
passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- 
two districts; an Insurance Department was 
created; a naval militia was established; the 
scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged 
and the compulsory education law was amended. 

Thirty'-ninth General Assembly. This 
Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a 
special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 



196 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



closed June 14, following. The political com- 
plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- 
three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, 
ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. 
John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker 
of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt 
County, President pro tem. of the Senate. Acts 
were passed making appropriations for improve- 
ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; 
authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- 
pital for the Ir»sane (5100,000); appropriating 
$100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; 
$05,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; $50,- 
000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one 
in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; 
$25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home — all being 
new institutions — besides $15,000 for a State 
exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; $65,000 to 
mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois 
troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts 
passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- 
eral Assembly at $1,000 each for each regular 
session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln 
monument at Springfield, authorized provision 
for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in 
public schools, and authorized the adoption of 
civil service rules for cities. Tlie special session 
convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on 
June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, 
re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, 
sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- 
tion, no laws were passed except one providing 
additional necessary revenue for State purposes 
and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. 
The regular session continued 157 days and the 
special twenty-nine — total 186. 

Fortieth General Assembly met in regular 
session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, 
sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- 
ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- 
eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and 
two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- 
licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, 
giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot 
of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- 
ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward 
C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen 
Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, 
of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen- 
ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican 
State officers were formally inaugurated on 
Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason 
(Republican) was chosen United States Senator 
to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint 



session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. 
Altgeld (Democrat). An'iong the principal laws 
enacted at this session were the following: An 
act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to 
hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and 
conditions for the conveyance of the same; 
empowering the Commissioners who were ap- 
pointed at the previous session to ascertain and 
mark the positions occupied by Ilhnois Volunteers 
in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- 
tain and Missionarj' Ridge, to expend the remain- 
ing appropriations in their hands for the erection 
of monuments on the battle-grounds ; authorizing 
the appointment of a similar Commission to 
ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois 
troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the 
University of Illinois for the less of funds result- 
ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming 
the liability of the State for "the endowment 
fund of the University, amounting to $456,712.91, 
and for so much in addition as may be received 
in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing 
the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in 
the conveyance and registration of land titles by 
vote of the people in any county ; the consolida- 
tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the 
State into one and locating the Court at Spring- 
field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and 
prescribing the manner of applying for pardons 
and commutations. An act of this session, which 
produced much agitation and led to a great deal 
of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the 
street railroad law empowering the City Council, 
or other corporate authority of any city, to grant 
franchises to street railway companies extending 
to fifty years. This act was repealed by the 
General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- 
way corporation had secured a francliise under it. 
A special session was called by Governor Tanner 
to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming 
five topics for legislative action. The session 
continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- 
ures named by the Governor in his call being 
affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an 
elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- 
ing primary elections of delegates to nominating 
conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- 
ing tlie manner of assessing and collecting taxes. 
One provision of the latter law limits the valuation 
of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth 
its cash value. The length of the regular session 
was 150 days, and that of the special session 
eighty days — total, 230 days. 

GENESEO, a city in Henry Covmty, about two 
miles south of the Green River. It is on tlie Chi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



197 



cago, Rock Island «fe Pacific Raihva}-, 23 miles 
east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. 
It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and 
has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is 
also carried on to a considerable extent here, 
furniture, wagons and farming implements con- 
stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven 
churches, a graded and a high school, a col- 
legiate institute, two banks, and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1S90), 3,182; (1900), 3,356; 
(1910), 3,199. 

GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox 
River, and the county -seat of Kane County; 35 
miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, 
completed in 1893 at a cost of §250.000, and 
numerous handsome churches and school build- 
ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female 
offenders has been located here. There is an ex- 
cellent water-power, operating six manufac- 
tories, including extensive glucose works. The 
town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas 
and electric light plant, and two semi-weekly news- 
papers. The surrounding country is devoted to 
agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1890), 
1,692; (1900), 2,446; (1910), 2,451. 

GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha 
Division of the Chi.. Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent. 
and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west of 
Chicago. Bairj'ing is a leading industn,'; has two 
banks, shoe and telephone factories, and one weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 1,140; (1010), 1,257. 

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological 
structure of Illinois embraces a representation, 
more or less complete, of the whole paleonic 
series of formations, from the calciferous group 
of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- 
ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a 
limited area in the extreme southern end of the 
State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- 
spreading these formations are beds of more 
recent age, comprising sands, claj-s and gravel, 
vp.rying in thickness from ten to more than two 
hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be 
divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- 
stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- 
gists. 

Lower Silurian System. — Under this heading 
may be noted three distinct groups: the Calcifer- 
ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first 
mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- 
stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The 
former outcrops only at a single locality, in La 
Salle County, extending about two miles along 
the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of 
Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing 



above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of 
Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of 
Calciferous sandstone. Many of the laj-ers con- 
tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the 
manufacture of cement. The entire tliickness of 
the rock below the surface has not been ascer- 
tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The 
St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of 
the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the 
blufifs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and 
forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern 
townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops 
on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, 
and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi 
in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in 
the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It 
is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as 
a building stone, though some of the upper strata 
in Lee County have been utilized for caps and 
sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand 
for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton 
group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's 
Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- 
est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, 
usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying 
from four inches to two feet in thickness. The 
aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in 
the northern portion of the State, to sixty or 
seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At 
the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in 
fossils, including a large Lituites and several 
specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The 
middle division of the Trenton group consists of 
light gray, compact limestones in the southern 
and western parts of the State, and of light blue, 
thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- 
tions. The upper division is the well-known 
Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the 
Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, 
sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, 
giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when 
decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, 
caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were 
probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from 
crystallization or by some disturbing force from 
beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- 
tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to 
a lower order of marine animal than the coral are 
found in this rock, as are also marine shells, 
corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone 
crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- 
tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, 
the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to 
Jo Davi&ss and Stephenson Counties. All the 
divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 



198 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing material, some of the rock being susceptible 
of a high polish and making a handsome, durable 
marble. About seventy feet are exposed near 
Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the 
Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau 
marble, from its being extensively quarried at 
Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group 
immediately succeeds the Trenton in tlie ascend- 
ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of 
the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of 
argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the 
northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- 
stone is found with the shales. The prevailing 
colors of the beds are light blue and drab, 
weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is 
found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, 
Alexander County, furnishing a durable building 
stone extensively used for foundation walls. 
Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, 
man}- fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- 
vation, having been exhumed. 

Upper Silurian System. — The Niagara group 
in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and 
buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly 
bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes 
concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and 
Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets 
of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has 
been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet 
of the rock contain bituminous matter. The 
quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine 
building and flagging stone. The rock is of a 
light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. 
In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- 
croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. 
It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in 
thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- 
ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western 
and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 
feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the 
southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian 
series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or 
buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty 
material largely preponderating over tlie lime- 
stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, 
although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook 
County, have aftorded casts of nearly 100 species 
of marine organisms, the calcareous ]iortion hav- 
ing been washed away 

Devonian System. — This system is represented 
in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- 
responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- 
daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous 
beds of New York. To these the late Professor 
Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, 



although with some hesitancy, the black shale 
formation of Illinois. Although these comprise 
an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their 
exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings 
along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and 
Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear 
Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is 
only found in the extreme southern end of the 
State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and 
thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather 
compact in texture, and of buff or light gray 
to nearly white colors. When decomposed by 
atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, 
resembling common chalk in appearance. Some 
of the clierty beds resemble burr stones in poros- 
ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in 
Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, 
or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving 
a high polish, and making an elegant and durable 
building stone. The Onondaga group comprises 
some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and 
striped silicious shales. The structure of the 
rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's 
Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in 
Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, 
also variegated in color. The rock strata are 
about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a 
coarse, granular structure, which renders the 
stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group 
has not been found north of Jackson County. 
Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. 
The rocks composing the Hamilton group'are the 
most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian 
system, and the outcrops can be identified only by 
their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is 
found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two 
beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- 
rated by aliout twenty feet of calcareous shales. 
The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey 
and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to 
ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious 
limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose 
sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, 
as at Grafton. The most northern outcro]! is in 
Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- 
ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- 
poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. 
Fossils are numerous, among them being a few 
fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains 
of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. 
The black shale probably attains its maximum 
development in Union County, where it ranges 
from fifty to seventy -five feet in thickness. Its 
lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, 
sometimes closely resembling the bituminous 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



199 



shales associated with the coal seams, wliich cir- 
cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of 
much time and money. The bituminous portion 
of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely 
resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites 
are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the 
group, which does noi extend north of the coun- 
ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. 

Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- 
visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- 
hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the 
Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its 
greatest development is in the southern portion 
of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 
1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly 
that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the 
Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it 
wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- 
hook group is variable in its lithological charac- 
ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, 
with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, 
passing locally into calcareous shales or impure 
limestone. The entire formation is mainly a 
mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- 
tion of organic matter. Tlie Burlington lime- 
stone, on the other hand, is compo.sed almost 
entirely of the fossilized remains of organic 
beings, with barely enough sedimentary material 
to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness 
scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- 
crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, 
Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. 
Tlie rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown 
limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline 
in structure. The Keokuk group immediately 
succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, 
with no well defined line of demarcation, the 
chief points of difference between the two being 
in color and in the character of fossils found. At 
the upper part of this group is found a bed of 
calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great 
variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet 
specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, 
dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe 
Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to 
the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of 
this formation. The St. Louis group is partly 
a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluisli-graj' 
limestone, and partly concretionary, as around 
Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State 
the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of 
receiving a high polish, being used as a black 
marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found 
here and there, which furnish a good stone for 
foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock 



is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying 
galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is 
only found in the southern part of the State, 
thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred 
feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about 
twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, 
crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating 
with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, 
which locally replace each other. A few species 
of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- 
naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the 
earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in 
the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt 
from the southern part of Hardin County to the 
southern line of St. Clair County, passing around 
the southwest border of the coal field. 

Upper Carbonifeeous System.— This includes 
the Conglomerate, or "Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- 
pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the 
southern portion of the State its greatest thick- 
ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner 
toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 ^ 
feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- 
glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone 
that lies at the base of the coal measures, and 
appears to have resulted from the culmination of 
the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It 
consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- 
times nearly white, but more frequently stained 
red or brown by the ferruginous matter wliich 
it contains, and is frequently composed in 
part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size 
of a pea to several inches in diameter. When 
highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements 
the sand into a hard crust on the surface 
of the rock, which successfully resists the de- 
nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the ■ 
rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the 
stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness 
varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the 
State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has 
afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no 
animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois 
are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly 
three-fourtlis of its entire area. The strata are 
horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten 
feet to the mile. The formation is made up of 
sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, 
and its associated fire clays. The thickness of 
the workable beds is from six to twenty-four 
inches in the upper measures, and from two to 
live feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, 
on which the coal seams usually rest, probably 
represent the ancient soil on which grew the 
trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 



200 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



When pure, these clays are valuable for the 
manufacture of fire brick, tile and common 
pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- 
nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which 
resulted in the production of anthracite coal in 
Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. 
Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in 
the coal measures. 

Tertiary System. — This system is represented 
only in the southern end of the State, where cer- 
tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- 
glomerate are found, which appear to mark the 
northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- 
tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and 
silicious woods are found in the formation. 

Quaternary System. — This system embraces 
all the superficial material, including sands, clay, 
gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- 
mations in all portions of the State. It gives 
origin to the soil from which the agricultural 
wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly 
separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary 
sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- 
named occupies the lowest position in the series, 
and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and 
blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a 
black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are 
found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a 
good state of preservation. Next above lie the 
drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and 
brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of 
various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- 
ments of rocks, many of which have been washed 
down from the northern shores of the great 
lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness 
from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations 
are probably due to the combined influence of 
water currents and moving ice. The subsoil 
over a large part of the northern and central 
portions of the State is composed of fine brown 
clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- 
vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay 
and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- 
ing it to the growth and decomposition of a 
peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- 
ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in 
some body of fresh water. It consists of marly 
sands and clays, of a thickness vai-ying from five to 
sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the 
bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found 
in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and 
teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- 
moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of 
primeval man are also discovered. The term 
alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits 



forming the bottom lands of the rivers and 
smaller streams. They consist of irregularly 
stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- 
quently found in alternate layers, and contain 
more or less organic matter from decomposed 
animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- 
ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and 
most productive farming lands in the State. 

GEORGETOWN, a city (incor. 1909) of Ver- 
milion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles south of 
Danville. It has a bank and one weekly paper; 
extensive coal mines in vicinity. Pop. (1910), 2,307. 

GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at 
Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1853 ; 
has a faculty of three instnictors and reports 187 
pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of 
S9,G00. 

GERMANTOWN, a village of Clinton County, 
on the Southern Railroad 25 miles east of Belle- 
ville, in a farming and stock-raising district. Pop. 
(1910). 0.").5; (19101. 711. 

GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. 
When but four years old his parents removed to 
Rock Island, where he has since resided. He 
graduated from Williams College in 1860, was 
admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been 
actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was 
elected to Congress by the Republicans of the 
Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 
1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. 
Cable. Democrat. 

GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to 
have been born at New Madrid in what is now 
Southeastern Jlissouri, early in the eighteenth 
century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with 
ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at 
Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at 
the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. 
George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clai"k 
important aid in conciliating the French citizens 
of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and 
induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- 
ance to the new government. He even advanced 
means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond 
a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- 
ture, he does not appear to have received any 
recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to 
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt 
impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's 
services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of 
him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the 
United States are indebted more to Father 
Gibault for the accession of the States comprised 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



201 



in what was the original Northwest Territory 
than to any other man." The date and place of 
his death are unknown. 

GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- 
ated on the Lake Erie «fe Western Railroad, 34 
miles east of Blooniington, and at the intersec- 
tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield 
Division of the Illinois Central. Tlie principal 
mechanical industries are iron works, canning 
works, a shoe factor}', and a tile factory. It has 
two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and 
an academy. A college is projected. Popula- 
tion (1S90), 1,803; (1900), 2.0.54; (1910), 2,086. 

GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 
97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson 
County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father 
settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still 
makes his home. His academic education was 
received at the school of the Christian Brothers, 
in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal 
University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated 
from the Law Department of the Michigan State 
University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he 
purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- 
pendent," which paper he conducted and edited 
up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to 
the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected 
in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a 
champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was 
nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 
1893, to '97. 

GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis 
Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litclifield. This 
is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising 
region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. 
Pop. (1890), 948; (1900), 873; (1910), 2,241. 

GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was 
born in New York City, August 23, 1809, of Irish 
parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling 
on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to 
Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over 
two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines 
at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the 
invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study 
of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, 
having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He 
also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) 
in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in 
politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham 
Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower 
house of the Legislature, serving one term, and 
was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 
1859. In 18.53 he received the few votes of the 



Whig members of the Legislature for United States 
Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, 
and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican 
State Convention at Decatur, at which elements 
were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- 
nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency 
for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was 
elected Judge of the Twentj'-fourth Judicial 
Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, 
serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- 
ville, Jan. 7, 188.5. 

GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and .stock- 
man, was born in Coimecticut, April 28, 1819; 
spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, 
in 1838, came to Illinois bj' way of St. Louis, 
finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan Comity, 
where an uncle of tlie same name resided. Here 
he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious 
investments, finally acquired a large body of 
choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations 
the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago 
and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably 
succassful. In his later years he was President 
of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of 
his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 
16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of 
Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of 
fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large 
family, one of his daughters being the wife of 
the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . 

GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- 
cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was 
educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. , 
graduating in 1852, and the same year became an 
instructor in the Institution for the Education of 
the Deaf and Dumb in tliat State. In 1856 he 
became Principal of the Illinois Institution for 
the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
ville, remaining there until 1893, when he 
resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was 
President of the As,sociation for the Promotion of 
Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- 
ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, 
where he died Oct.. 2, 1901. 

GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- 
lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in 
Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father 
being a farmer and itinerant Metliodist preacher, 
who belonged to one of tlie pioneer families in 
the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- 
ject of this sketcli was educated in tlie common 
schools and at McKendree College, but did not 
graduate from the latter. In his early life he 
followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- 
grower in one of the mo.st prosperous and liiglily 



202 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a 
few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to 
Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. 
He became a member of the State Board of Agri- 
culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin- 
tendent and later as its President; was also a 
Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five 
years, and for a time President of the Board. In 
1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the 
State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years 
in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he 
was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving 
a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of 
which he died, April 6, following. The identity 
of his assailant was never discovered, and the 
crime consequently went unpunished. 

6ILMAM, a city in Iroquois County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- 
ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south 
by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast 
of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the 
richest corn districts of the State and has large 
stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has 
an opera house, a public library, an extensive 
nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, 
two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- 
sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 
200 feet. Pop. (1900), 1,441; (1910), 1,305. 

OILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111. , June 
82, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the 
firm of Oilman & Oodfrey, in whose warehouse 
the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was 
stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 
1837; was educated in St. Louis and New York, 
began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, 
removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected 
himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Oilman 
was one of the prime movei's in what is known as 
"The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal 
collegiate advantages for women, and has written 
much for the periodical press, besides publishing 
a number of volumes in the line of history and 
English literature. 

GILMAN, CLINTON & SPRIJfOFIELD RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west 
from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of 
Carlinville. Coal-miuing is carried on extensively 
here. The city also has a bank, five churches 
and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
1,024; (1S90), 1,.'",24; (1000), 1,601; (1910), 1,891. 

GLEJfCOE, a village of Cook County, on the 
Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 



em Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- 
lation (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020; (1910), 1,899. 

GLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Oovernor, 
was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. 
In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, 
settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler 
County. At the age of 13, being forced to 
abandon school, for six years he worked upon the 
farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered 
a printing office at Rushville, where he learned 
the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a 
Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued 
after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven 
years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, 
during which period he was admitted to the bar ; 
was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
o* 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization 
from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected 
to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, 
chosen its President, thus becoming ex-oflicio 
Lieutenant-Oovernor. He early abandoned legal 
practice to engage in banking and in mercan- 
tile investment. After the expiration of his term 
in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where he 
resided until his death. May 21, 1901. 

GLEN CARBON, a village of Madison County, 
on the Illinois Central Railroad; in coal mining 
region. Pop. (1910), 1,220. 

GLEN ELLYN, a village of Dupage County, two 
miles east of Wheaton, on Chicago & North Western 
Railroad. Pop. (1910), 1,763. 

GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was bom 
in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831 ; gradu- 
ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858, 
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. 
Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer 
County, a year later removing to Monmouth in 
Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 
he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- 
cuit and re-elected in 1879, "85, '91, and '97. 
After his last election he served for some time, 
by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- 
ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield 
District, but ultimatelj' resigned and returned to 
Circuit Court dutj'. His reputation as a cool- 
headed, impartial Judge stood very high, and his 
name had been favorably regarded for a place on 
the Supreme Bench. Died Jan. 6, 1905. 

GLOVER, Josepli Otis, lawyer, was bom in 
Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- 
cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. 
In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at 
Oalena for his father, and, although not then a 
lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that 
he was asked to take charge of two others. This 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



203 



determined the bent of his mind towards the law, 
to the study of which he turned his attention 
under tlie preceptorship of the late Judge The- 
ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after 
being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a 
partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, whioh 
lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected 
as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- 
teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of 
the Missouri Ckimpromise. he became one of the 
founders of the Republican party and a close 
friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, 
At the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator 
Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served 
as Presidential Elector at the time of General 
Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the 
following year was appointed United States Dis- 
trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving 
until 187.5. In 1877 he was appointed bj' Gov- 
ernor Cullom a member of the Board of Railway 
and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards 
became President, serving six years. Died, in 
Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893. 

GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and 
philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass., Dec. 
4, 1794 : at nine years of age he ran away from 
home and went to sea, his first voyage being to 
Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 
1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a 
part of the next three years in the naval service, 
also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- 
gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- 
vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West 
Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck 
in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. 
In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at 
Matamoras, Mex. , where he accumulated a hand- 
some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting 
to some $200,000 in silver) across the country on 
pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by 
brigands, with which that country was then 
infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he 
was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, 
locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging 
in the warehouse and commission business as the 
partner of Winthrop S. Oilman, under the name 
of Grodfrey & Oilman. It was in the warehouse 
of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of 
Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized 
and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, 
in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy. Elijah P.) Soon 
after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- 
frey made a donation of land and money for the 
erection of a young ladies' seminary at tlie village 
of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- 



cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the 
erection of buildings, borne by him, was $.53,000. 
The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and 
Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees 
as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- 
ing spirits in the construction of the Alton & 
Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago 
& Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- 
profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. 

GOLCONDA, a village and county-seat of Pope 
County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast 
of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis- 
trict; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity; 
has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one 
bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw 
mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- 
nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
Pop. (1890), 1,174; (1900), 1,140; (1910), 1,088. 

GOLDZIER, Julius, ex- Congressman, was 
born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and 
emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he 
settled in Chicago, where he was admitted 
to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced 
law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a 
member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 
1892, was the successful Democratic candidate 
in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was 
defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the 
Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- 
turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- 
second Ward. 

GOODING, James, pioneer, was born about 
1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario 
County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook Coimty, 
111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's 
Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove 
was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from 
the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. 
Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by 
three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and 
a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became 
prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 
1849, at the age of 82 years.— William (Gooding), 
civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at 
Bristol, Ontario Comity, N. Y., April 1, 1803; 
educated in the common schools and by private 
tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly 
between teaching and working on the farm of 
his father, James Gooding. Having devoted 
considerable attention to surveying and civil 
engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on 
the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. 
He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- 
port, N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first 
year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 



304 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- 
ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a 
position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. 
After a brief visit to his fatlier's in 1832, he 
returned to Ohio and engaged in business there 
for a short time, but the following year joined 
his father, who had previously settled in a portion 
of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- 
ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the 
lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" 
and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- 
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, but, in 1842, became Chief Engi- 
neer, continuing in that position until the com- 
pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became 
Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, 
Will County, in May, 1878. 

GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was 
bom in Milton, Saratoga, Coimty, N. Y., August 
7, 1811 ; grew up in Western New York, studied 
law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one 
of the most prominent and reputable members of 
his profession, as well as a leader in many of the 
movements for the educational, moral and reli- 
gious advancement of the community. He was 
one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- 
copal Church of Chicago, an active member of 
the Union Defense Committee during the war, an 
incorporator and life- long Trustee of tlie North- 
western University, and President of the Board 
of Trustees of Garrett Biblical In.stitute, besides 
being identified with many organizations of a 
strictly benevolent character. In ISjO Judge 
Goodrich was elected a Judge of tlie newly organ- 
ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, 
resumed the practice of his profession. Died, 
March 15, 1889. 

GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in 
Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his 
parents to Mailison County, 111. , in 1834, and served 
in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards 
locating in Macoupin County, where he lias been 
extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was 
an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for 
State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State 
Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, 
in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, 
Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. 
For some sixteen years he was a member of the 
State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of 
that period being its President. His home is at 
Carlinville. 

GOTJDY, Calvin, early printer and physician, 
was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with 
his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and 



in 1882 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the 
State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 
1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the 
following year he entered Illinois College, being 
for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- 
wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation 
as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's 
Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," 
of which his fatlier was publisher. In association 
with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began 
the publication of "The Common School Advo- 
cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the 
Northwest, which was continued for about a 
year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry 
and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating 
at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844, 
began practice at Taylorville; in 1847 was elected 
Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of 
four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness, wliich he continued nineteen years. In 1856 
he was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly and, in the session of the following 
year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- 
lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still 
later serving for some sixteen years on the State 
Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 
1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late 
William C. Goudy of Chicago. 

GOUDY, William C, lawyer, was born in 
Indiana, May 1.5, 1824; came to Illinois, with Ids 
father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- 
sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began 
the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a 
well-known publication of that time. At Jack- 
sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, 
graduating in 1845, when he began the study of 
law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield; 
was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year 
began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County; 
served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State 
Senator (18.56-00); at the close of his term re- 
moved to Cliicago, where he became prominent 
as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- 
coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad. During President Cleveland's 
first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a 
large influence with the administration, and was 
credited with having been largely instrumental 
in securing tlie appointment of his partner, Mel- 
ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court. Died, April 27, 1893. 

GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after 
graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, 
spent ont; year in Wabash College at Crawfords- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



205 



ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was 
admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in IHTS); in 
1892 was a delegate to the Kepublican National 
Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- 
tion of President of the Board of Education, 
never held any public office until elected to Con- 
gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a 
Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a 
successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and 
again in '98. 

GRAFTON, a city in Jersey Count}', situated 
on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the 
mouth of tlie Illinois River. The bluffs are high 
aud fine river views are obtainable. A fine 
quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here 
and exported by the river. The town has a 
bank, three churches, a graded school and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 988; (1910), 1,116. 

GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating 
the grain-trade in accordance with State law, aud 
under the general supervision of the Railroad and 
Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- 
utive officer of the department is the Chief 
Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- 
tration are borne by fees. The chief business of 
the inspection department is transacted in Chi- 
cago, where the principal offices are located. (See 
Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) 

GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, 
came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and 
served as a member of the Third Territorial 
Council for .Tohnson County (1816-18); was a 
citizen of Union County when it was organized 
in 1818, and served as State Senator from that 
county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- 
blies (^1822-26), and again in the Seventh and 
Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- 
trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander 
Counties. He is described as having been very 
illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and 
considerable influence. 

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- 
ternal, charitable and patriotic association, 
limited to men who served in the Union army or 
navy during the Civil War, and received hon- 
orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. 
Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- 
teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had 
the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, 
Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M. 
Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. 
Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, 
Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. 
John S, Phelps, Capt. Jolm A. Lightfoot, Col. 
B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. 



Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- 
ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- 
field, in thi.s State, a ritual was prepared, and the 
first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6, 
1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, 
George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, 
J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. 
Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, 
and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had 
served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work 
of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers 
generally being somewhat doubtful of the result 
of the project; but, before July 12, 1866, the date 
fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to 
form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts 
had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 
reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- 
ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established 
in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- 
chussetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the 
District of Columbia, and the first National 
Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 
20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, 
located in every State and Territory of the Union, 
with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of 
organization provides for precinct. State and 
National bodies. The first are known as posts, 
each having a number, to which the name of 
some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier 
may be prefixed ; the second (State organizations) 
are known as Departments; and the supreme 
power of the Order is vested in the National En- 
campment, which meets annually. As has been 
said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. 
The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his 
associates was to create a grand organization of 
veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than 
its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- 
tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- 
ism as well as niutuM support. While he died 
sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of 
his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest 
realization of his dream. (See Stephenson. B. F. ) 
The constitution of the order expressly prohibits 
any attempt to use the organization for partisan 
purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, 
of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and 
strengthen fraternal feelings among members; to 
assist comrades needing help or protection and 
aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- 
cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief 
Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating 
at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list 
of Illinois Department Commanders, chrouolog- 



206 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 
1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. 
Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), 
Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram 
Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), 
T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), 
J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), 
S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884), 
William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post 
(1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton 
(1888), James S. Martin (1889), "William L. Distin 
(1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan 
(1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. 
McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William 
G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John 
C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol- 
lowing Illinoisans have held the position of Com- 
mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms) 
1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; 
Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. 

GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa- 
tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- 
corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach- 
ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 
female. It reports an endowment of $10,000 and 
property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual 
classical and scientific departments, instruction 
is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- 
tory studies. 

GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, 
situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles southwest 
of Carbondale; the western terminus of the Grand 
Tower & Carbondale R. R. ; named from a high, 
rocky island in the river. Pop. (1910), 873. 

GRANT PARK, a village of Kankakee County 
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad; .50 miles 
south of Chicago. Pop. (1910), 692. 

GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) 

GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) 

GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and 
legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y. , 
May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus 
in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., 
in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was 
admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McHenry 
County the same year, and soon after engaging in 
the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was 
elected as a Republican Representative in the 
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- 
sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth 
and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary 
Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. He 
was a member of tlie State Senate for the 



Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His 
home was at West McHenrj-, 111. Died June 10, 1905. 

GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and 
jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; 
came to Illinois at an early day and located at 
Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry 
Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. 
Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, 
as were many of the early settlers of that region. 
In February, 1835, he was elected by the General 
Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- 
sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a 
few months, dj'ing at Vandalia the same year. 

GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram 
Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, 
was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West 
Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served 
through the Mexican War. After a short resi- 
dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena 
in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the 
Nation's history. Entering the service of the 
State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- 
General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out 
of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a 
drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he 
was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of 
the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he 
immediately led into the field in the State of 
Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- 
Generalship and became a full Major-General of 
Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donel-son and 
Henry, in February following. His successes at 
Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big 
Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- 
burg, were the leading victories of the Union 
armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- 
tanooga was also one of his victories in the West 
in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General 
of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, 
he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in 
March of that year, assumed command of all the 
Northern armies. Taking personal command of 
the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- 
paign against Richmond, which resulted in the 
final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate 
capital and the surrender of General Lee at 
Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he 
was made General — the office being created for 
him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad 
interim, under President Johnson, from Au- 
gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was 
elected President of the United States and re- 
elected in 1872. His administration may not 
have been free from mistakes, but it was charao- 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



307 



terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. 
During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being 
received everywhere with the highest honors. In 
1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to 
secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- 
date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount 
McGregor, N. Y. , July 23, 1885. His chief literary 
work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), 
which was very extensively sold. 

GRANVILLE, a village of Putnam County, six 
miles east of Hennepin, at the junction of the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad with two 
other lines; is in an agricultural and coal mining 
district; has one weekly paper. Population (1900), 
320; (1910), 1,391. 

GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, 
bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After 
receiving a mercantile training in the counting 
house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to 
Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at 
Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- 
try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one 
year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- 
ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young 
Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots 
at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of 
Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered 
that commander material financial assistance, 
becoming personally responsible for the supplies 
needed by the penniless American army. When 
the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. 
Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory 
became a part of the United States, it was from 
the balcony of his house that the first American 
flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- 
pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 
30,000 acres of land near the present site of 
Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at 
St. Louis, April 21, 1817. 

GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- 
ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be 
stated with certainty. After some years spent in 
Canada he was sent by liis ecclesiastical superiors 
to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding AUouez 
as Superior two years later, and being made 
Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the 
Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most niimer- 
ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as 
also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and 
Missouris. It is said to liave been largely through 
his influence tliat the Illinois were induced to 
settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 
1705 he received a severe wound during an attack 
by tlie Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually 
led, by one of their medicine men. It is said 



that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed 
to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as 
to time and place, but all agree that it resulted 
from the wound above mentioned. Some of his 
biographers assert that he died at sea; others 
that he returned from France, yet suffering from 
the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 
1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. 

GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was 
born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after 
serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a 
course at Oberlin College, devoting especial 
attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile 
supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he 
began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, 
received his first patent; devised a method of 
transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- 
ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- 
ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a 
year later accomplishing the same with eight 
messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- 
fessor Gray also invented a telegraph switch, a 
repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. 
From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- 
facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and 
Chicago, but has since been electrician of the 
Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest 
invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing 
by telegraph the handwriting of the sender 
of a telegram — attracted great interest at the 
World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He was 
author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Ex- 
perimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Teleg- 
raphy and Telephony." Died Jan. 20, 1901. 

GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was bom in 
Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from 
the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, 
read law and began secular editorial work in 
1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, 
with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" 
and "Newark American." Then, after several 
years spent in general publishing business in 
Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to 
Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the 
organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he con- 
ducted until his death, Sept. 29, 1901. The success 
of the paper under his management gave evidence 
of his practical good sense. He received the degree 
of Ph.D. from Wooster University in 1881. 

GRAYYILLE, a city situated on the border of 
White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in 
the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- 
west of EvansviUe, Ind., 16 miles northeast of 
Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. 
It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



region and is an important hard-wood market. 
Valuable coal deposits exist. The industrias in- 
clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories 
and creamery. The city has an electric light 
and water plant, two banks, eight churclies, and 
two weekly papers. Poi). (1910), 1,940. 

WRAYVILLE & MATTOO^S RAILROAD. (See 
Peoria. Decatur <£■ Evansville Railway.) 

GREATHOL'SE, Lucien, soldier, was born at 
Carlinville, 111., in 18-13; graduated at Illinois 
Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied 
law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the 
War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of 
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volvmteers; 
bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the 
Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near 
Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864. 

GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and 
'49). (See UUnois Central Railroad.) 

GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See 
Wabash Raihray.) 

GREEJf RITER, rises in Lee County, and, 
after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- 
ward through Henry County, and enters Rock 
River about 10 miles east by south from Rock 
Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. 

GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, 
was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 
he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, 
and, for three years following, taught school, at 
the same time reading law. He was admitted to 
the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount 
Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, 
and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to 
the lower house of the General Assembly, was 
re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was 
elected to the State Senate for four years. In 
December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the 
Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term 
of Judge MuLkey, retiring with the expiration of 
nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Conventions of 1860. '64. 
•68, '80, '84 and "88, besides being for many years 
a member of the State Central Committee of tliat 
party, and also, for four terms, a member of the 
State Board of Education, of which he has been 
for several years the President. He was engaged 
for several years in the practice of his profession 
at Cairo. Died June 6, 1902. 

GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was 
born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought 
to Canada at five year.s of age, antl from nine com- 
pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk 
and at others setting type in a printing office. 
After spending some time in Western New York, 



in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- 
ville, Ind. . with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; 
four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt 
County, where he taught and studied law with 
Lawrence Weldon, now of the Coui't of Claims, 
Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar 
at .Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- 
coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, 
with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton ; later 
served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term 
(1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- 
bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature 
he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- 
ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under 
the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later 
becoming the head of the firm of Greene & 
Humphrey. From the date of his removal to 
Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- 
ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most 
part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and 
the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his 
home in Springfield, after a proti-acted illness, 
Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly 
devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- 
able in all his dealings, he commanded respect 
wherever he was known. 

GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in 
Tennessee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with 
his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the 
vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. 
The younger Greene was an intimate friend and 
fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard 
Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early 
friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under 
whom he held an appointment in Utah for some 
years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 
1894. 

GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of 
Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis 
Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles 
north of St. Louis ; is an agricultural, coal-mining 
and stock-raising region. The city has several 
churches, public schools, a seminary, electric 
light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly 
paper. It is an important shipping point for 
cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. 
Pop. (1S90), 1.131: (1900), 1,085; (1910), 1,161. 

GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and 
separately organized in 1821; has an area of 540 
square miles; population (1910), 22.,363; named 
for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- 
dier. Tlie soil and climate are varied and adapted 
to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being 
among the principal. Building stone and clay 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



209 



are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- 
ing settlers were David Stockton and James 
Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek 
in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others 
(among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon 
afterward. The Indians were numerous and 
aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the 
moniuuents of the Government surveys, erected 
some years before. Immigration of the whites, 
however, was rapid, and it was not long before 
the nucleus of a village was established at Car- 
rollton, where General Fry erected the first house 
and made the first coffin needed in the settle- 
ment. This town, the county-seat and most 
important place in the county, was laid off by 
Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns 
are Whitehall (population, 1,961), and Roodhouse 
(an important railroad center) with a population 
of 2,360. 

GREENUP, village of Cumberland County, at 
intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansviile 
branch 111. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- 
growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom 
factory, several churches, public library, good 
schools and two papers. Pop. (1910), 1,224. 

GREEXVIEW, a village in Menard County, on 
the Jackson\-ille branch of the Chicago & Alton 
Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield 
and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a 
coal mine, bank, one weekly paper, seven churches, 
and a graded and high school. Pop. (1900), 1,019; 
(1910), 921. 

GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the 
county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of 
Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & 
Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of 
St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- 
ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- 
sively in the surrounding country, and there are 
extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The 
leading manufacturing product is in the line of 
wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a 
coeducational institution); has several banks and 
one weekly and two semi-weekly newspajiers. Pop. 
(1890), 1.808; (1900), 2,.-)04; (1910), .3,178. 

GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- 
ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of 
Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- 
ville, after his victory over the savages at the 
battle of Maumee Rapids, in Augu.st, 179.5. This 
was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in 
which a number of tribes united The lands con- 
veyed within the present limits of the State 
of Illinois were as follows. A tract six miles 
tiquare at the mouth of the Chicago River; 



another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of 
the Illinois River; another, six miles square, 
around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort 
Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty 
lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, 
and "the lands at all other places in the pos.ses- 
sion of the French people and other white set- 
tlers among them, the Indian title to which has 
been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the 
United States relinquished all claim to all other 
Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of tne Mis- 
sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash 
consideration paid by the Government was 
$210,000. 

GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of 
State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y. , and began 
the practice of law at Joliet, III, where, in 1839, 
he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first 
paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 
1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois 
Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- 
eral Assemblies ; later removed to Chicago, after 
which he served for a time as United States Dis- 
trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the 
Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- 
tutional Convention of that year, and served as 
Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor 
to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former 
year. In the Democratic State Convention of 
1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the 
nomination for Governor, though finally defeated 
by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential 
Elector for that year, and, in 1853, -n-as appointed 
by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich 
Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- 
ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died 
in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- 
pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Carson City, Nev., where he died, Dec. 
23, 1868. 

GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., 
N. Y., July 6. 1822; graduated from Union Col- 
lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the 
study of law, studied theology and entered the 
Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the 
East he came West, becoming Principal of a 
classical school at Detroit. His ability as an 
educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he 
was elected State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- 
tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding 
"The Michigan Journal of Edu(%ation,"' of which 
he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the 
Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 



210 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later was called to that of the newly founded 
University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he 
remained until 1880. He was United States 
Commissioner to tlie Vienna Exposition in 1873, 
Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- 
tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in 
the educational department of the Philadelphia 
Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to "85 he was a 
member of the United States Civil Service Com- 
mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred 
upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. 
N. Y.) in 1866. Wliile State Superintendent he 
published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- 
gan, besides numerous addresses on educational 
subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of 
History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A 
New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and 
"Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). 
While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of 
Political Economy in the University of Illinois 
during the latter years of his life, he resided in 
Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. 
By his special request he was buried on the 
grounds of the University at Cliampaign. 

GRESHAM, Walter Qainton, soldier, jurist 
and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- 
son County, Ind., March 17, 1833. Two years at 
a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at 
Bloomington University, completed his early 
education, which was commenced at the common 
schools. He read law at Corydon, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was 
elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned 
to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost 
immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- 
third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he 
was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was 
brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At 
Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled 
from service for a year. After the war he re- 
sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- 
ical career began in 1856, when lie stumped his 
county for Fremont. From tliat time until 1893 
he was always prominently identified witli tlie 
Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 
1867-68, was the financial agent of liis State 
(Indiana) in New York. In 1869 Pre.sident Grant 
appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- 
trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this 
position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- 
eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 
1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was 
made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, 



he was appointed United States Judge of the 
Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made 
his lioine in Chicago. He was an earnest ad\o- 
cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, 
but subsequently took no active personal part in 
polities. In 1888 lie was the substantially unani- 
mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- 
dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 
he was tendered the Populist nomination for 
President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- 
land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of 
State, whicli he accepted, dying in office at 
Wasliington, D. C, May 28, 1895. 

GREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- 
many, July 4, 1817, the son of a .soldier of Murat; 
came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., 
in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan 
Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to 
Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on 
Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself 
as a private in a company organized at Aurora, 
of which he was elected Captain and attached to 
the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later 
being advanced to tlie rank of Major. Re-enlisting 
for tliree years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- 
Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took 
part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville 
and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to 
resign on account of failing health, in February, 
1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 
whence he returned to Am'ora in 1893. Died at 
Aurora, April 25. 1896. 

GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was 
born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was 
educated at Poinpey Academy and, at the age of 
21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and 
engaging in the mercantile business, which he 
carried on quite extensively some eight years. 
He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- 
pany during the Black Hawk War of 1833, and 
soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of 
militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." 
In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began 
to turn his attention to tlie study of law, subse- 
quently forming a partnersliip witii Col. J. H. 
Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. 
Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, 
he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding 
sessions of the General Assembly in securing the 
location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois 
Central Railroads by way of Bloomington : was 
also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



211 



Indiana. Bloomington & Western and other lines. 
In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scainnion and J. H. Burch 
of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean 
County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became 
President and ultimately sole proprietor; also be- 
came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- 
Light & Coke Company, which he managed some 
twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- 
fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, 
serving upon the State Central Committee during 
the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took 
part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- 
ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, 
where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis 
for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 
20. 1881. 

GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- 
chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; 
received a common school education and, in 
1852, came to Peoria, 111, where he engaged in 
the grain business, subsequently, in partnership 
with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator 
in Peoria, with three or four at other points. 
Early in the war he recruited a company of which 
he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota 
was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, 
but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the 
Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- 
zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry 
and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege 
and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was 
ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- 
field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a 
commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained 
command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During 
that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- 
sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command 
of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the 
Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command 
of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a 
conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan 
and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- 
bama. He subsequently had command of a 
division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with 
the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
war, General Grier resumed his business as a 
grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to 
E^st St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection 
and management of the Union Elevator there — 
was also Vice-President and Director of the St. 
Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 
1891. 

GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in 
Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood 



to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to 
Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a 
time in teaching music, later embarking in the 
grain and produce business at Meredosia. He 
enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil 
War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss 
at Cairo during the three-months' service, later 
being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois 
Cavalry. From this time his promotion was 
rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same 
regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a 
brigade in December following. He was promi- 
nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between 
Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April 
and Jlay, 1863, led the famous raid from La 
Grange, Tenn. , through the States of Mississippi 
and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for 
the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- 
federacy and causing consternation among the 
rebel leaders, while materially aiding General 
Grant s movement against Vicksburg. This dem- 
onstration was generally regarded as one of the 
most brilliant events of the war, and attracted 
the attention of the whole country. In recog 
nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, 
made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a 
full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the 
close of the war he entered the regular army as 
Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and 
was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major- 
General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas 
during December, 1864. His subsequent service 
was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- 
paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile 
being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and 
elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles 
to a Major-Generalship following the death of 
Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 
1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior 
Colonel for some j-ears, was promoted Brigadier- 
General and retired with that rank in July fol- 
]owin£c;honieinJacksonvillp,Ill DicilAug.31, 1911. 
GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was 
born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began 
business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N Y., but 
removed to Chicago, where he established the 
largest bookselling trade in tlie Northwest. Mr. 
Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and 
the following year, having sold out to his part- 
ners, established himself in the publishing busi- 
ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he 
retired. The class of books published by him 
include many educational and classical, with 
others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- 
cago, April 5, 1897. 



212 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



GiRICMJSTILLE, a city in Pike County, on the 
Wabash Railroaii. 4 miles west of the Illinois 
River, and 50 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp 
stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The 
city has churches, graded schools, a public 
library, fair grounds, opera house, a bank and two 
weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,400; (1900), 
1,404: (1910), 1,262. 

GBIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, 
was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo- 
Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- 
tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began 
the study of law with liis father, who was a lawyer 
and an author of repute. His professional studies 
were interrupted for a few years, during whicli he 
was employetl at surveying and civil engineering, 
but he watj admitted to the bar at Harrisburg. in 
1848. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111., 
where he formed a partnership with his brother, 
"William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to 
Quincy, wheie he resided for the remainder of his 
life. He was a member of the first Republican 
Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was 
twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
(1856 and '58) in a strongl}- Democratic District. 
He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- 
sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served 
as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. 
Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- 
nouncing the captm-e of Jefferson Barracks, JIo. 
On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- 
roads had been torn up by rebel sj-mpathizers, he 
walked from that city to the capital, and was 
summoned into the presence of the President and 
General Scott with his feet protruding from his 
boots. In 1S65 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- 
lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- 
trict, whicli office he held until 1869. Died, at 
Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. 

GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was 
bom in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar 
in his native citj' at the age of 19; in 1833 came 
to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- 
tice until his death. He servedin the State Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit 
of preparing the article in the second Constitution 
prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention which 
nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second 
time ; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. 
He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the 
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson 
vi'le, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State 
Boaril of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- 
dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. 



6RINNELL, Julins S., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, 
of New England parents, who were of French 
descent. He graduated from Middlebury College 
in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the 
bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to 
Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent 
position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in 
1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he 
was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in 
which capacity he successfully conducted some 
of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in 
the history of Illinois. Among these may be 
mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin 
and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an 
election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the 
conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- 
sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- 
.viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with 
complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre 
in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being 
held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was 
elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but 
resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for 
the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, 
June 8, 1898. 

GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, 
was born in German}', Feb. 11, 1840; having lost 
his father by death at 13, came to the United 
States two years later, spent a year in Chicago 
schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and 
clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he 
enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers 
(the second "Hecker Regiment''); afterwards par- 
ticipated in some of the most important battles 
of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At 
Dallas, Ga., he had his right leg badly shattered 
by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive 
amputations being found necessary in order to 
save his life. Having been discharged from the 
service in February, 1865, he took a course in a 
commercial college, became deputy clerk of the 
Police Court, served three terms as Collector of 
the AVest Town of Chicago, and an equal number 
of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court 
of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State 
Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, 
Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- 
ness, being President, for several years, of the 
Commercial Bank of Chicago. 

GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- 
kimer County. N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with 
his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the 
bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



213 



entered the service of the Government, and, a 
year later, was apjiointed bj- President Lincoln 
Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under 
command of Ueueral Stager, assigned to the 
Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- 
ent of Telegraplis. At the close of the war he 
was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, 
taking control of militar)- telegraphs in that 
Department with headquarters at New Orleans, 
remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being 
brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For 
the next two j'ears he occupied various positions 
in the ci^nl telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed 
the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction 
with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing tlie first 
volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed 
in subsequent years by two additional volumes, 
besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 
1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General 
Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, 
was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit 
Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been 
appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- 
zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge 
Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 
1883, when he was elected President, again serv- 
ing as Secretary and Treasurer. Died Jan. 18, 1909. 
GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, bom in 
Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1853; was educated in the 
local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating 
from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., 
and settled down to practice in his native town, 
in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a 
Democratic District before he was 25 years old, 
but, being a Republican, was defeated.^ Two 
years later, being thrown by a reapportionment 
into the same district with William McKinley, 
he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat 
in Congress to which he was elected. He re- 
moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several 3ears, 
was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in 
December, 1892, was appointed by President 
Harrison Judge of the United States District 
Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- 
ces.sor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the 
death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, 
Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as 
Judge of the LTnited States Circuit Court for the 
Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the 
youngest incumbents upon the bench of the 
United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given 
ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides 
proving himself in harmony with the progressive 
spirit of the time on questions of national and 
iuternationaV interest. 



GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- 
ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 
square miles and a population (1910) of 24,162. 
The surface is ^mainly rolling prairie, beneath 
which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. 
Building stone is abundant (particularly near 
Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- 
ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois 
River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the 
Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. 
The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, 
although there are several manufacturing estab- 
lishments. The first white settler of whom any 
record has been preserved, was William Marquis, 
who arrived at the nrouth of the Mazon in a 
"prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers 
were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Hollowaj', Alex- 
ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney 
and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale 
was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was 
organized out of a part of La Salle, and named 
after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. 
The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris 
was chosen the county-seat and has so re- 
mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another 
prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- 
itants. 

GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, 
Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, 
in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 
1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal 
of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he 
was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 
1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, 
and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- 
burg, III. The latter year he became pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, 
N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when he was elected 
Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and 
Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- 
tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor 
Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was 
a member of the Corporation of Yale College 
and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. 
and LL.D. 

GURLEY, ■R'ilHam F. E., State Geologist, was 
born at Oswego, N. Y. , June 5, 1854; brought by 
his parents to Danville, 111., in 1804, and educated 
in the public schools of that city and Cornell 
University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of 
Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-83. In 
July of the latter j'ear he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. 
Joshua Liudahl. 



214 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the 
Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., 
November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- 
souri, where he was employed in the stock and 
produce trade witli New Orleans. Having married 
in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 
111., where he kept a tavern for a number of 
years, and was also engaged some thirty years in 
mercantile business. It is said that he was 
unable to read until taught after marriage by his 
wife, who appears to have been a woman of 
intelligence and many graces. In 1824 lie was 
elected Representative in the Fourth General 
Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- 
ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a 
supporter of the internal improvement scheme. 
In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State 
capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though 
differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was 
one of his warm personal friends. He served in 
the "War of 1812 as a private in the Jlissouri 
militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a 
company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- 
teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the 
staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained 
the title of Colonel. He received the nomination 
for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal 
State Convention of the Democratic party in 
December, 1837, but the head of tlie ticket (Col. 
J, W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account 
of charges connected with his administration of 
the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also 
declined, and a new ticket was put in the field 
headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was 
elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made 
the overland journey to California, but returning 
with impaired liealth in 1852, located in Cairo, 
where he held the position of Surveyor of the 
Port for three years, when he was removed by 
President Buchanan on account of his friendship 
for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 
to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on 
Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator 
Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of 
tlie House of Representatives in Washington. In 
1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent tlie 
remainder of his life in practical retirement, 
d}'ing at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 
18, 1878. 

HADLET, WilUam F. L., lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 
15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- 
tion in the common schools and at McKendree 
College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he 
graduated from the Law Department of the 



University of Michigan, and established him 
self in the practice of his profession at 
Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- 
ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four 
years, and was nominated for a second term, but 
declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- 
lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, 
was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth 
District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- 
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected 
in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. 
Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, 
but was prevented by protracted illness from 
making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He 
was a son-in-law of the late Edward M. ^^'est, long 
a prominent business man of Edwardsville, and 
after his retirement from Congress devoted his 
attention to his profession and banking business. 
Died at Riverside, Gal, .^pril 25, 1901. 

HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- 
pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with 
twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of 
wooden buildings, the use of which was given 
rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was 
known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire 
of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- 
erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical 
College, and the hospital was placed on the list 
of public charities. It also received a donation 
of §10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, 
besides numerous private benefactions. In 
April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, 
the name of the institution was changed to the 
Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it 
has since been known. In 1893 the cornerstone 
of a new hospital was laid and the building com- 
pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with 
a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all 
the improved appliances and facilities for the 
care and protection of the sick. It has also about 
sixty private rooms for paying patients. 

HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located 
in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- 
ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were 
secured over a drug-store, and the first college 
term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering 
nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- 
strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved 
into larger quarters and, in 1870, the comer-stone 
of a new college building was laid. The six suc- 
ceeding years were marked by internal dis.sen- 
sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to 
establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- 
tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA.' OF ILLINOIS. 



215 



1892, the corner-stone of a second building was 
laid with appropriate Masonio ceremonies, the 
new structure occupying the site of the old, but 
being larger, better arranged and better equipped. 
Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and 
co-education of the sexes has ever since continued 
an e.stablished feature of the institution. For 
more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has 
been in operation in connection with the college. 
HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chieago and 
legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1885, and, for 
the next eleven years, was employed in various 
pursuits; served three terms (1848-.'5)4) in the City 
Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner 
(1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was ihosen Mayor, 
serving two terms. He also serv4d as Delegate 
from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the 
State Senate from the First District, serving in 
the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- 
blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- 
nine votes for the seat in tlie United States 
Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- 
wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the 
Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the 
old Chicago West Division Railway and President 
of the Savings Institute. During his later years 
he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, 
July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), 
brother of the preceding, lawj-er, politician 
and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
April 21, 1822; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- 
ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to 
Lake County, where he resided until his death. 
His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- 
sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy 
and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining 
his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was 
admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- 
kegan; in 1860 opened an oiBce in Chicago, still, 
however, making liis home at W^aukegan. In 
1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois 
township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the 
Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He 
made similar compilations of the township laws 
of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. 
By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his 
career as a politician both checkered and unique. 
Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- 
ganization upon the formation of tlie Republican 
party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- 
lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 
1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- 
list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- 



tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was 
again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- 
ent, "and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and 
'88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- 
crats in a District normally Republican. He 
served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and 
'85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies 
being so equally divided that he either held, or 
was able to control, the balance of power. He 
was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions 
were the cause of much severe criticism, being 
regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as 
often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions 
over which he presided were among the stormiest 
in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 
35, 1889. 

HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born 
at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some 
years spent as a clerk in a country store at 
Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- 
ical department of Yale College, later serving as a 
home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in 
1831, doing home missionary work in Bond 
County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where 
his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct 
enabled him to exert a powerful influence over 
the drunken aborigines who constituted a large 
and menacing class of the population of what 
was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed 
the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church 
in Springfield, continuing that connection until 
1865. From that time until his death, his life 
was largely devoted to missionary work among 
the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. 
Among these he wielded a large influence and 
always commanded genuine respect from all 
denominations. His forte was love rather than 
argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- 
cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. 

HALE, (Dr.) Edniu M., physician, was born 
in Newport, N. H., in 1829, commenced the study 
of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the 
Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the 
session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 
he labored in the interest of a representation of 
homeopathy in the University of Michigan. 
When this was finally accomplished, he was 
offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- 
quence of having been elected to the same position 
in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. 
In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his 
return, severed his connection with the Hahne- 
mann and accepted a similar position in tlie Clii- 
cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 



216 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- 
fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of 
several volumes held in high esteem by members 
of the profes.sion, and maintained a high reputa- 
tion for professional skill and benevolence of 
character. He was a member of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of 
various home and foreign associations. Died, in 
Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. 

HALL, (CoL) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- 
ette County, 111., August 29, 1822— the son of a 
pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of 
its admission as a State. He served as Second 
Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. 
Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, 
and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in 
hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he 
raised the first company for the war in Shelby 
County, which was attached to the Fourteenth 
Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment); was 
promptly promoted from Captain to Major and 
finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion 
of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to 
command of the regiment. The Fourteenth 
Itegiment having been finally consolidated with 
the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was 
transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the 
command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth 
Illinois, which he resigned in Marcli, 18G4, was 
brevelted Brigadier-General for gallant and 
meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, 
and mustered out Sept. 16, 186.5. Returning to 
Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, 
later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten 
years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. 

HALL, James, legislator, jurist, State Treasurer 
and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 
19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and 
spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur 
in the Mediterranean, in 1S1.5, he studied law, 
beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. 
He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was 
appointed State's Attoi-nej- in 1821, and elevated 
to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He 
was legislated out of office two years later and 
resumed private practice, making his home at 
Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert 
Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois 
Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was 
elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- 
tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to 
Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- 
ducted "Tlie Western Monthly Magazine," the 
first periodical published in Illinois. Among his 
published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of 



the Border," "Notes on the Western States," 
"Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western 
Historj'," and "History of the Indian Tribes." 

HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was 
born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came 
to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- 
chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 
assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; 
was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- 
turned to duty after partial recovery, but was 
finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- 
ity. Returning home he resumed business, but 
retired in 1878 ; was elected Representative in the 
General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 
1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making 
ten years of continuous service. 

HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the 
Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- 
tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk 
branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at 
the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant 
water power for manufacturing purposes. An 
iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- 
nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- 
tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high 
school, and an apiary. The surrounding country 
is a farming and fruit district. The city is the site 
of Riverside Mineral Springs and a sanitarium. Pop. 
(1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,344; (1910), 1,627. 

HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, 
was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 
111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather. Thomas M. 
Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to 
Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- 
ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder 
Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a 
Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, 
from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- 
nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- 
ceived his literary education at home and with a 
classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 
Itegan the study of medicine, and the following 
year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was 
rejected on accoimt of being a minor. In 1869 he 
graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
and. for the next five years, was engaged in gen- 
eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- 
tion before an Army Examining Board, he wiis 
appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army 
with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- 
cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis: Fort 
Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital 
at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- 
General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth 



J 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



■^i: 



and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the 
South, a few years later, rendered efficient service 
in checking the spread of the disease by taking 
charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville 
and other stricken points. Resigning the position 
of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the 
Marine Hosjiital at Chicago and became Pro- 
fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides 
holding other allied positions; was also editor of 
"The Journal of the American Medical Associ- 
ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the 
Medical Department of the United States Arm}', 
in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the 
Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but 
died, Dec. 24, 1898. 

HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, 
was born at Newry. Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- 
grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he 
began life working on a farm. Later, he followed 
the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- 
pin Counties, finallj- locating, in 1864, in Iroquois 
County, wliich has since been his home. After 
filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected 
County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- 
lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and "79), also, in 
1880, being Chairman of the Republican County 
Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to 
the House of Representatives, being one of the 
"103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- 
orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected 
in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 
1890 and '98. 

HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- 
Governor, was born in Union Count)', Ohio, May 
28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to 
Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in 
Marshall County. In 1884 (at the age of 17; he 
enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- 
nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After 
being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- 
leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- 
ated in 1868. For a year he tauglit school at 
Henry, and later became Professor of Languages 
at the Weslej-an (111.) University at Blooming- 
ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has 
been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 
1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean 
County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the 
ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6. 
1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed 
Governor Cullom. wlio had been chosen United 
States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for 
the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- 
lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body 
selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. 



OglesI)y to head the State ticket. Later Governor 
Hamilton was a prominent practitioner at the 
Chicago bar until his death, Sept. 22, 1905. 

HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, 
was born near Danville, Ky., August 21, 1799; 
studied law and, alx)Ut 1820, came to Jonesboro, 
Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, 
afterwards State Treasurer ; in 1821 was appointed 
cashier of the newly established Branch State 
Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 
1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds 
having apix)inted him the first Probate Judge of 
Cook County. At the same time he also held the 
offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and 
Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the 
Chicago school section being made under his 
administration. He was a Colonel of State militia 
and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- 
ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; 
also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the 
Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), 
but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, 
Dec. 26. 1860. 

HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son 
of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- 
tary of the Treasury — was born in New York 
City. August 4, 1797; .spent three years (1814-17), 
at West Point ; came west and located at an early 
day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of 
public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- 
mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly 
(1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine 
region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's 
Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, 
and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a 
member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature 
of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and 
died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some 
twenty years later, a monument was erected to 
his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- 
camp of Governor Coles, who sent liim forward 
to meet General La Fayette on his way from New 
Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- 
nois in 1825. 

HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- 
eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 
square miles, and population (1910) of 18,227 — 
named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- 
ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as tlie county- 
seat. The surface of the county is rolling and 
the fertile soil well watered and drained by 
numerous creeks, flowing east and south into tlie 
Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 



218 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



boundary. Coal crops out at various points in 
the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton 
County was a dense forest, and timber is still 
abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the 
hard woods found are black and white oak, black 
walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are 
in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the 
principal crops, although considerable fruit is 
cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- 
toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. 
Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for 
whom a water course was named), in 181.5; Adam 
Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle, in 1818, 
and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. 
The most important town is McLeansboro, whose 
population in 1890 was 1.3,i5. 

HAMMOXD, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- 
ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, 
spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., 
where he became Principal of the Whitesboro 
Seminary (in which he was partially educated), 
and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; 
in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held 
various offices, including member of the Legisla- 
ture and Auditor; in 18.52 completed the con- 
struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the 
first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up 
his residence in that city. In 1855 he became 
Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a 
trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. 
Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the 
Superintendency of tlie Union Pacific Railroad, 
but was compelled to resign by failing health, later 
becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace 
Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago 
Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and 
one of the founders of the Chicago Theological 
Seminary (Congregational) ; also President, for 
several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- 
less. Died, April 15, 1884. 

HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on 
the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from 
Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large 
canning factory, pickle factory, and machine 
shop ; dairy and stock interests are large. The 
place has a bank, electric lights and water- works, 
and a weekly paper. Poji. (1910), 697. 

HANCOCK COUXTY, on the western border of 
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
River; was organized in 1S25 and named for ,Iohn 
Hancock; has an area of 780 square ii ile.s; jiopu- 
lation (1910) 30,638. Its early settlers were 
chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, 



among them being I, J. Waggen. for nearly sixty 
years a resident of Montebello Township. Black 
Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to 
have been born within the limits of Camp Creek 
Township, in this county. Fort Edwards waa 
erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after 
the War of 1812, but was shortlj' afterwards evac- 
uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- 
dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. 
Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham 
Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, 
Mendenhalls, I..ogans, and Luther Whitney. 
James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- 
ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the 
Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being 
expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of 
Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Naiivoo.) 
Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid 
out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- 
sippi was established at Montebello (near the 
present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, 
two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. 
The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has 
a fine public school system, numerous thriving 
towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the 
State. 

HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born 
at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was 
one year old was taken back to Maryland, his 
parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- 
mouth, Va. , and was a student at the Virginia 
Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the 
Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army 
at the age of seventeen. When the war ended 
Handy found himself penniless. He was school- 
teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime 
writing some for a New York paper. Later he 
became a clerk in the office of "The Christian 
Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever 
reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was 
able to secure a regular position on the local staff 
of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a 
successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city 
editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion 
was rapid, being employed at different times upon 
many of the most prominent and influential 
papers in the East, including "The New York 
Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- 
delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and 
"Daily News. " In 1893, at the request of Director- 
General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of 
the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- 
ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, 
tendered him about the same time by President 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



219 



Harrison. Later, as a member of the National 
Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse llie 
interest of foreign countries in tlie Exposition. 
For some time after tlie World's Fair, he was 
associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." 
In 1897, having been appointed by President 
McKinley United States Commissioner to the 
Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon 
his return to this country he found himself in 
very poor health, and went South in a vain 
attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but 
died, at Augusta, Ga. , Jan. 8, 1898. 

UA?fKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin 
County, Ky. , May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the 
mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten 
years the senior of the latter, was his intimate 
friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- 
tion, he often led the future President in boyish 
pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- 
hold in Spencer Count)', Ind. , and finally married 
Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, 
the families removing to Macon County, 111., 
together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks 
removed to Coles County, where he remained 
xmtil some three years before his death, when he 
went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar 
County. It has been claimed that he first taught 
the youthful Abraham to read and write, and 
this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's 
teacher. He has also been credited with having 
once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while 
crossing a swollen stream. Austin GoUaher, a 
school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made 
the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- 
sumably referring to the same event After the 
riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1863, in which 
several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit 
to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- 
est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although 
they were not immediately released, the fact tliat 
they were ordered returned to Charleston for 
trial and finally escaped punishment, has been 
attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. 
He died at Paris. Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1893, in 
the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries 
received from being run over by a buggy while 
returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- 
tion, near that city, on the 32d day of September 
previous. 

HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother 
of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, 
Ky., Feb, 9, 1803; joined the Lincolns in Spencer 
County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with 
them two years; engaged in flat-boating, making 
nimierous trips to New Orleans, in one of them 



being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then 
about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings 
aroused against slavery by his first sight of a 
slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to 
Macon County, 111., locating about four miles 
west of Decatur, and it was partly through his 
influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- 
grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had 
cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house 
when they arrived, and these were hauled by 
Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which 
was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon 
River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- 
ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- 
coln worked together splitting rails to fence a 
portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln 
— some of these rails being the ones displayed 
during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and 
Lincoln worked together in the construction of a 
flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- 
field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took 
to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as 
St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, 
Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in 
the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, 
afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He 
followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, 
when he went to California, where he spent three 
years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as 
a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry (afterwards commanded by General 
Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was 
placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, 
in which capacity he remained two years, serving 
in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, 
Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with 
the regiment. Hanks had charge of the staff team. 
Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally 
discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made 
three trips to California after the war. Died, 
July 1, 1891. 

HANNIBAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- 
ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to 
Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, 
in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian 
County, being the first white settler in that 
region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, 
April 5, 1879. 

HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on 
Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. 
It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and 
a graded school. Tlie Township (also called Han- 



220 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- 
lation of about 1,700. Population of the village 
(1S90), 743; (1900), 785; (1910), 650. 

HARDIX, the county-seat of Calhoun County, 
situated in Hardin Tow-nship, on the west bank of 
the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of Alton; 
is in an agricultural and fruit-growing region; has 
churches, a graded school and two newspaper offices. 
Pop. (1890), 311; (1900), 494; (1910), 6.54. 

HARDIN, Jobn J., lawyer, Congressman and 
soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. fi, 1810. 
After graduating from Transylvania University 
and being admitted to the bar, he began practice 
at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he 
was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, 
later being elected to the lower house of the 
Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. 
The latter year he was elected to Congress, his 
term expiring in 1845. During the later period 
of his professional career at Jacksonville he was 
the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- 
yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a 
pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois 
Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the 
second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 
1847) while leading the final charge. His remains 
were brought to Jacksonville and buried with 
distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his 
former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- 
neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, 
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., 
June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military 
Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as 
brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, 
a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- 
tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. 
Being assigned to the command of volunteer 
troops, he passed through various grades until 
May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of 
Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North 
River, Va. , became Brigadier-General of Volun- 
teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- 
General of the regular army in March, 1865, 
for service during the war, and was finally mus- 
tered out of the volunteer service in January, 
1866. He continued in the regular service, how- 
ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was 
retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other 
wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. 
— Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of 
Col. John J. Ilardin, was born in Jacksonville, 
111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female 
Seminary in that place; was married about 1854 



to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor 
R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband 
became anauthorof considerable repute, chiefly in 
the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by 
a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder 
on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a 
leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and 
has given much attention, of late years, to literary 
pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the 
Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena 
Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine 
of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. 
Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," 
besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous 
poems and essays. She served for several years 
as a member of the Board of Education, and was 
for six years principal of a young ladies' school 
at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 

HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast 
border of tlie State, and bounded on the east and 
south by the Ohio River. It has an area of ISO 
square miles, and was named for a county in 
Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and 
deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with 
oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- 
wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple 
agricultural products. The minerals found are 
iron, coal and lead, Ijesides carboniferous lime- 
stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is 
the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 
7,234; (llioO), 7.448; (1910), 7,015. 

HARDING, Abiier Clark, soldier and Member 
of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex 
County. Conn., Feb. 10, 1807 ; was educated chiefly 
at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- 
ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to 
Illinois, resuming practice and managing several 
farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- 
ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 
1847 from Warren County, and of the lower 
branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly 
(1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged 
in railroad enterprises. In 186' he enlisted as a 
private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less 
than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. 
In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected 
in 1866. He did much for the development of the 
western part of the State in the construction of 
railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of 
the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune 
of about 52,000,000, and, before his death, en- 
dowed a professorship in Monmouth College 
Died, Julv 19, 1874. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



221 



HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- 
tucky to Illinois in 1810. settling near Carmi in 
White County; served in the Third Territorial 
Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General 
Assembly of the State (1818-20). His biLsiness- 
life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- 
manufacture. 

HARLA\, James, statesman, was born in Clark 
County, 111. , August 2-5, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury 
University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction in Iowa (1817), President of 
Iowa Wesleyan University (IS.'JS), United States 
Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior 
(1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter 
year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- 
versity. He was also a member of the Peace 
Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- 
delphia Loj-ahsts' Convention of 1866; in 1873, 
after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The 
Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, 
presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of 
the .\labama Claims. .\ daugliter of ex-Senator 
Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of 
President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States 
Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at 
Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. 

HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio 
about 1801 and, at the age of 25. .settled in Clark 
County, 111. ; served in tlie Black Hawk War of 
1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the 
Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Con.stitu- 
tional Convention of 1847 and the following year 
was elected to the Circuit bench under the new 
Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1863 
he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian 
Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 
was elected County Judge of Clark County. 
Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 
1879. 

HARLOW, Georgre H., ex-Secretary of State, 
born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in 1830, removed 
to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in 
business as a commission merchant ; also served 
a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he 
took a prominent part in the history of the State. 
Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, 
at Pekin, the "Union League of America.'' a 
patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve 
the Union, working in harmony with the war 
party and against the "Sons of Libert}-." In 
1862 h^ enlisted, and was about to go to the front, 
when Governor Yates requested him to remain at 
home and continue his effective work in the 
Union League, saying that he could accomplish 
more for the cause in this wav than in the field. 



Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an 
organizer, and the League became a powerful 
factor in State politics. In 18G") he was made 
First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, 
but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private 
secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- 
General on the Governor's staff, and had charge 
of the troops as they were mustered out. During 
a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1809-73) as Secre- 
tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, 
and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary 
Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- 
field he acted as correspondent for several news- 
papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The 
Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his 
residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at 
different periods in tlie commission and real 
estate business, but has been retired of late years 
on account of ill health. Died May 10, 1900. 

HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- 
sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., 
May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- 
hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the 
One Hundred and Forty -fifth Illinois Volunteers ; 
took a course in a commercial college and engaged 
in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- 
ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the 
commission business in Chicago. From 1873 to 
'75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, 
as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of 
the city of Cliicago; in 1882 was elected to the 
Thirty-third General .A.ssembly and re-elected in 
1884. During his first term in the Legislature, 
Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage 
of the '■ High License Law." For a time he was in 
grain commission trade, but later was President of 
the Grand Pacific- Hotel Co. Died Sept. 22, 1909. 

H.4.RPER, William Rainey, clergyman and 
educator, was born at New Concord. Ohio, July 
26, 1856; graduated at Muskingum College at the 
age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this 
being one of the principal commencement honors 
in that in.stitution. After three years' private 
study lie took a post-graduate course in philology 
at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age 
of 19. For several years he was engaged in 
teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- 
versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- 
logical studies and devoting special attention to 
Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the cliair of 
Hebrew in tlie Baptist Union Theological Semi- 
nary at Jlorgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here 
he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" 
of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. 
The school by correspondence was known as the 



222 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"American Institute of Hebrew, " and increased 
so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- 
dents, from all parts of the world, many leading 
professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the 
professorship of Semitic Language and Literature 
at Yale University, having in the previous year 
become Principal of the Chautauqua College of 
Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the 
entire Chautauqua system. During the winters 
of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- 
tures on the Bible in various cities and before 
several universities and colleges, having been, 
in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical 
Literature at Yale, although still filling his 
former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation 
to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- 
cago University, which has rapidly increased in 
wealth, extent and influence. (See University 
of Chicago.) For some years he was a member of 
the Chicago Board of Education; was author of 
numerous philological text^books, relating chiefly to 
Hebrew, but applying the "inductive method" to 
the study of Latin and Greek, and sought to im- 
prove the study of English along the same lines. 
In addition, he edited two scientific periodicals 
and published numerous monographs. Died of 
cancer of the stomach, Jan. 10, 1906. 

HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- 
ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., 
Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- 
ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, 
and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1843, 
the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard 
County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School 
Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the 
Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. 
E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was 
present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of 
General Shields at the latter, taking command of 
the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had 
assumed command of the brigade. During his 
absence in the army (1846) he was chosen 
to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to 
the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by 
Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, 
'56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after 
his fourth election and before completing his 
preceding term. 

HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; 
was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to 
preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the 
Michigan Conference, being transferred to the 
Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a 



tutor in the Ohio 'Wesleyan University; then, 
after two years' pastoral work and some three 
years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 
returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position 
first of Principal of the Academic Department 
and then a professorship; was Secretary of the 
General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, 
Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 
1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist 
Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; 
joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining 
until his death, which occurred in New York, 
Sept. 2. 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- 
thority on Methodist Church law, and published 
a small work entitled "Powers of the General 
Conference" (1859), and, in connection with 
Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise 
on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- 
ence to the Methodist Church. 

HARRISBURG, county -seat of Saline County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The 
region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- 
ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron 
are found. The town has flour and saw mills, 
coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage 
and other wood-working establishments, two 
banks and one ilaily and two weekly newspapers. 
Pop. (1890), 1,72.3; (1900), 2,202: (1910), 5,309. 

HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician. Con- 
gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in 
Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15. 1825; at the age of 
20 years graduated from Yale College and began 
reading law, but later engaged in farming. After 
spending two years in foreign travel, he entered 
the Law Department of Transylvania University, 
at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled 
at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in 
real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- 
sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 
1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, 
was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being 
re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor 
of Chicago, filling that oflSce for four successive 
biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election 
in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. 
Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for 
Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He 
thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on 
his return, published an entertaining account of 
his journey under the title, "A Race with the 
Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- 
cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but 
was defeated by Hempstead Washburne. Repub- 
lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



223 



tion of his party for the ofBce, and was elected. 
In 1893, in connection with a few associates, he 
purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, ' ' plac- 
ins his sons in charge. He was a man of strong 
character and intense personality, making warm 
friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and 
kindlj', and accessible to any one at all times, at 
either his office or his home. Taking advantage 
of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night 
of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- 
ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition 
— gained admission to his residence, and, without 
the slightest provocation, shot him down in his 
library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin 
was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. 

HARRISOX, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the 
preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, 
being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, 
an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- 
erally related to the signer of the Declaration 
of Independence of that name, and to President 
William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was 
educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the 
Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- 
tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter 
in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law 
School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, 
remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- 
tion to real estate. His father having purchased 
the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became 
associated with the editorship of that paper and, 
for a time, had charge of its publication until its 
consolidation with "The Herald" in 189.5. In 
1897, he received the Democratic nomination for 
Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by 
receiving a majority of the total vote. Again 
in 1899, he was re-elected to the same office, 
receiving a jilurality over his Republican com- 
petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of 
the youngest men who ever held the office. 

HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of 
Indiana Territory (including the present State of 
Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773, 
being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of 
the Declaration of Independence; was educated 
at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study 
of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he 
was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. 
Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of 
Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a j'ear 
later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the 
Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- 
viously served as Aid-deCamp to Gen. Wayne, 
by whom he was complimented for gallantry at 
the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by 



President Adams Secretary of the Northwest 
Territor}', but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- 
gate in Congress; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- 
ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, 
serving by I'eappointment some 12 years. During 
his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years 
later, he negotiated many important treaties 
with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive 
victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers 
at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- 
General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to 
Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the 
Army of the Northwest, he won the important 
battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission 
in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative 
in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential 
Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator 
(1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of 
Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United 
States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas of Hamilton Count}', serving twelve 
years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Wliig 
candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, 
dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one 
month after his inauguration. 

HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born 
in Stark County. Ohio. Fel). 20. 1837. When he 
was three years old his parents removed to lUi 
nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 
1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph 
County, which became his permanent home. He 
was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- 
Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five 
years later he was admitted to the bar, and began 
practice. He was Representative in Congress for 
two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, 
and again in 1876. 

HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry 
County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- 
tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware 
and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage 
and .packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- 
wheel factory and two weekly papers. The 
region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; 
(1900), 2,002; (1910), 3,008. 

HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third 
Principal of Mouticello Female Seminary, was 
born at Waldboro, Lincoln County. Maine, Jan. 14. 
1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and 
Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating 
from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as 
Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston 
until 1862, when she was called to the principal- 
ship of Castleton Seminary. She resiirned this 



224 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- 
cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey. 111., where 
she spent her last year.s. The main Imilding of 
tliis mstitution having been burned m November, 
1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and improved 
plan, largely through the earnest efforts of Miss 
Haskell. (See Muntkdlo Female Seminary.) Died 
May 6, 1907. 

HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State 
of Illinois (185T'65), was born at Hillsborough 
Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to 
Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as 
a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- 
ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- 
keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was 
appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, 
holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again 
embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 
he was elected to the Legislature, serving one 
term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was, in 
1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- 
lican party for Secretary of State and elected, 
being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with 
Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal 
friend and admirer. During the war he gave a 
zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' 
administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- 
nation and retired from political life. He was an 
original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- 
ment Association from its organization in 1865 to 
his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. 
Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- 
lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- 
ment. After retiring f ronijaflfice he was interested 
to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- 
ville, and was influential in securing the con- 
struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway 
from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over 
thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying 
there, March 12, 1893. 

HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy 
man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester 
County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed 
only such educational advantages as could be 
obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em 
ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New 
York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the 
Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- 
ing the next eleven years supplying churches in 
Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he 
went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that 
vicinity until 1865, when lie assumed the pastor- 
ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal 
Church in Chicago, two years later going to the 
Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- 



quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and 
Philadelphia, but, returning to IlUnois in 1877. 
he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in 
Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- 
merfleld Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, 
which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, hb 
became Financial Agent of the Northwestern 
University at Evanston, of which he had been a 
Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for 
pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his 
services were in constant demand during this 
period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the 
General Conferences of 1860, "64, '76, '80 and '84, 
and was a leader in some of the most important 
debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, 
March 31. 1891. 

HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- 
General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 
1846; entered his father's newspaper office at 
Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- 
coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862, at the 
age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio 
Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One 
Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- 
sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being 
chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- 
ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After 
the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had 
preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount 
Pleasant Journal" (1869-74); then removed to Bur- 
lington, where he secured a controlling interest 
in "The Hawkeye, " which he brought to a point 
of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city 
under President Grant, and, in 1881, became 
First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the 
retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 
1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, 
serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- 
tration, being the youngest man who ever held 
a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. 
From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The 
National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 
removed to Chicago, where he became one of the 
proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening 
Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- 
chasing the plant of "The National Republican" 
in Washington, commenced the publication of 
"The Washington Post, "with which he was con- 
nected until his death, April 30, 1894. 

HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an 
incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois 
River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a 
point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- 
ping-point for corn and o.sage orange hedge 
plants. A number of manufactories are located 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



225 



here. The city has several churches, three pub- 
lic schools and two weekly papers. Population 
(1890), 2,525; (1900), 3,20S; (1910), 3,.525. 

HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 

HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; 
graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, 
and taught in various institutions in Massachu- 
setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- 
ogy. In 18-18 he entered the Methodist ministry 
as a member of the New York Conference ; five 
years later accepted a professorship in Michigan 
University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor 
of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in 
that time serving two terms in the State Senate 
and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- 
vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- 
dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 
111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist 
Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to 
become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. 
In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in 
August. 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great 
versatility and power as an orator, wrote much 
for the periodical press and published several 
volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on 
rhetoric. 

HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near 
Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a 
meager country-school education, at the age of 
17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- 
tion six or seven years, after which he spent 
three years in a more liberal course of study in a 
private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was 
next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a 
teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He 
then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, 
when he removed to Chicago. After several- 
years spent in manufacturing and real-estate 
business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The 
Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- 
trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest 
in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for 
the promotion of popular education. For ten 
years following 1853, he was officially connected 
with the Chicago Board of Education, being for 
four years its President. The comptroUership of 
the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. 
During the war he was a zealous supporter of the 
Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed 
by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of 
Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States 
for the Department of the Northwest, serving in 



this capacity during a part of President Johnson's 
administration. In 1866 he was attacked with 
congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of 
that year. 

HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born 
in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to 
Carroll County, 111., in boy hood, where he attended 
the common schools and later graduated from Eu- 
reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union 
arm}', was commissioned First Lieutenant, next 
promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted 
Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 
he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, 
and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 
1879. The latter year he resigned, having been 
elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 
1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before 
the expiration of his term, his successor being 
Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen 
at a special election to fill the vacancy. 

HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First 
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in 
Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- 
nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing 
in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock 
County. At the age of 23 (1854) .lie was admitted 
to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. 
From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of 
Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the 
Union army as Captain, but was so severely 
wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was 
obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President 
Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, 
but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- 
dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress 
as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 
1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- 
Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was 
appointed by President Hayes First Assistant 
Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, 
when he resigned. During the last six years of 
his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North • 
western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, 
Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, Soutli Dakota, May 
24, 1895. 

HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary 
of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of 
Scottish ancestry ; graduated at Brown Univer- 
sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his 
father, in the meantime, having become a resi- 
dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice 
in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as 
assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, 
acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- 
camp, also serving for some time under General 



226 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Hunter andGilmore, with the rank of Major and 
Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's 
assassination lie served as Secretary of Legation 
at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at 
Vienna ; was also editor for a time of ' 'The Illi- 
nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading 
editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." 
Colonel Hay's more important literary works 
include "CastiUan Days," "Pike County Ballads, " 
and the ten-volume "History of the Life and 
Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- 
ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled 
at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The 
New York Tribune, " made Washington his home. 
In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- 
bassador to England, where, by his tact, good 
judgment and sound discretion manifested as a 
diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he 
won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- 
complished foreign representatives America has 
pi-oduced. His promotion to the position of 
Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary 
William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- 
American War. in September, 1898, followed 
naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he 
had won as a diplomatist, was reappointed by Presi- 
dent Roosevelt and died in office July 1, 190.5. 

HAT, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at 
Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- 
mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 
16 years of age, when he learned the printer's 
trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won 
considerable local prominence in his profession, 
being for eight years State's Attorney for the 
Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in 
the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, 
and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the 
Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. 

HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born 
in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed 
with his father's family to Springfield, 111. , in 
1832 ; in 1838 became a student in the law office 
of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the 
bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, 
Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield 
and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen 
T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which 
ended by the retirement of the latter from prac 
tice in 1861. Others who were associated with 
him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby 
M. CuUom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. 
Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected 
a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue 
and member of the Judiciary Committee, was 



prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. 
Again, as a member of the lower branch of the 
Twenty-eighth General A.ssembly (1873-74), he 
assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the 
new order of things under the new Constitution. 
The estimate in which he was held by his associ- 
ates is shown in the fact that he was a member 
of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the 
Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the 
State, which was especially complimented for 
the manner in which it performed its work by 
concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- 
servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- 
trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate 
judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man 
was more frequently consulted by State execu- 
tives on questions of great delicacy and public 
importance, during the last thirty years of his 
life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the 
active prosecution of his profession, devoting his 
time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, 
Sept. 15, 1893. 

HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was bom 
at Granby, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a 
year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 
111., where the first twenty years of his life were 
spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from 
Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- 
listed in tlie Union army, being commissioned 
successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and 
Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. 
After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- 
ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris 
Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris, 
Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the 
National Republican Convention at Philadelphia 
which renominated Grant, and represented his 
district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he 
became editor and part proprietor of ' 'The Repub- 
lican" at Joliet, 111. , but retired some years since. 

HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- 
cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; 
settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in 
tlie drug business for two years ; then began the 
study of law and was admitted to practice in 
1843, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at 
Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, 
stumping the southern counties for the Demo- 
cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a 
delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention 
and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of 
the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 
1847 he raised a company for service in the 
Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from 
the seat of government, its muster rolls were not 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



227 



received until the quota of the State had been 
filled. The same jear he was chosen a Delegate 
to the State Constitutional Convention for White 
County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- 
dential Elector. About 18,53 he removed to Chi- 
cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and 
(1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate 
to the National Democratic Conventions at 
Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest 
worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- 
lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was 
strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- 
tion, particularly in its attitude on the question 
of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- 
gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an 
orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- 
lar assemblies, were of a very high order. 

HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic 
outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the 
evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, 
meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been 
addressed by orators who sought to inflame the 
worst passions of their hearers. The excitement 
(previously more or less under restraint) cubni- 
nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket 
Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed 
by the widening of West Randolph Street for an 
open-air produce-market. An immense concourse 
assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- 
matory speeches were made from a cart, which 
was used as a sort of improvised jjlatform. Dur- 
ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor 
(Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his 
withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned 
and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one 
whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, 
threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the 
police, who, under command of Inspector John 
Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd 
and were endeavoring to enforce the command. 
Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- 
ing in the street. The majoritj- of the crowd 
fled, pursued by the oSicers. Numerous arrests 
followed during the night and the succeeding 
morning, and search was made in the office of 
the principal AnarchLstic organ, which resulted 
in the discovery of considerable evidence of an 
incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook 
County found indictments for murder against 
eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were 
convicted after a trial extending over several 
months, both the State and the defense being 
represented by some of the ablest counsel at the 
Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- 



demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was 
given twenty years' imprisonment. The death 
sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus 
Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- 
ernor Oglesb}' to life-imprisonment, but executive 
clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor 
Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the 
penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, 
one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the 
county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a 
small dj-namite bomb whicli he had surrepti- 
tiously obtained; the remaining four (August 
Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph 
Fischer) were hanged in the county jail at 
Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair 
attracted wide attention, not only throughout the 
United States but in other countries also. 

HAYNIE, Isliam Nicolas, soldier and Adju- 
tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 
1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received 
but little education at scliool, but worked on a 
farm to obtain means to study law, and was 
licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the 
Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the 
Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, 
resumed practice in 1849, and, in 18.50, was 
elected to the Legislature from Marion County. 
He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 
18."i2 and, in 18,56, was appointed Judge of the 
Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a 
candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- 
las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as 
Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
which he Iiad assisted in organizing. He partici- 
pated in the battles of Fort Douelson and Shiloh, 
and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1863 
he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as 
a War Democrat, being defeated bj' W. J. Allen, 
and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at 
Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by 
Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor 
to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at 
Springfield, November, 1868. 

HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL 
SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County; incorpo- 
rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils ir 
1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. 

HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his 
fatlier at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's 
trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was 
studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, 
was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of 
which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 



228 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in 
Union County; in 1833 went to Buffalo, N. Y., 
but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- 
cago now stands on July 4; in 1838 was living 
inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located 
several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago 
Kiver, where he opened a small farm at a place 
which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." 
In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 
1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, 
had a law office in the village of Chicago. He 
took a prominent part in the organization of Cook 
County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost 
it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- 
alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. 
— Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, 
was member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1847, from Cook County. 

HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State 
Government, created by act of Maj' 2.5, 1877. It 
consists of seven members, named by the Gov- 
ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is 
charged with "general supervision of the inter- 
ests connected with the health and life of the 
citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to 
quarantine fall within its purview, and in this 
respect it is invested with a power which, while 
discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same 
standard holds good, although to a far less ex- 
tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- 
gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also 
has a modified control over medical practitioners, 
under the terras of the statute popularly known 
as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its 
powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled 
from the State an armj' of irregular practition- 
ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- 
ard of professional qualification. . 

HEALY, George P. A., artist, was born in 
Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a 
predilection for art, in which he was encouraged 
by the painter Scull}-. He struggled in the face 
of diiBculties until 1836, when, having earned 
some money by his art, he went to Europe to 
stud}', spending two years in Paris and a like 
period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, 
contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- 
mained until 1867. During this time he is said 
to have painted 575 portraits, many of them 
being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago 
and of the State. Many of his jiictures, deposited 
in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society 
for safekeeping, were destroyed by the fire of 
1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly 
in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he 



painted the portraits of a large number of royal 
per.sonages, including Louis Phillippe of France, 
as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents 
and other distinguished persons. One of his his- 
torical pictures was "\Veli.ster Replying to 
Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A 
few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a 
large number of his pictures to the Newberry 
Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 
24, 1894. 

HEATON, WiUiam Weed, lawyer and jurist, 
was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., 
April 18, 1814. After completing his academic 
studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, 
but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, 
was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 
1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided 
until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of 
the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, 
and occupied a seat upon the bench, through 
repeated re-elections, until his death, which 
occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- 
ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. 

HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- 
triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, 
Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his 
native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a 
member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a 
leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was 
forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a 
refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled 
as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 
111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being 
earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined 
the Republican party, and took an active part in 
the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 he was 
commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- 
nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the 
command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave 
soldier, and actively participated in the battles 
of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 
1864 he resigned his commission and returned to 
his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, 
Mo., March 24, 1881. 

HEDDIJfG COLLEGE, an institution inooi-po- 
rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of 
the Metliodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, 
Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen 
instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, 
of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The 
branches taught include the sciences, the classics, 
music, fine arts, orator}- and preparatory courses. 
Tlie institution has funds and endowment 
amounting to $55,000, and property valued at 
51.58,000. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



239 



HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and 
first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- 
land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the .son of 
Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. 
In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, 
descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- 
etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across 
the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and 
finally to St. Louis, where he joined another 
brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the 
study of law. Having been admitted to the bar 
in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, lie re- 
moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office 
of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the 
Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 
and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- 
lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 
111., which continued to be his home for the re- 
mainder of his life, and where be was one of the 
earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- 
ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. 
Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a 
partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- 
moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- 
road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), 
serving upon the first Board of Directors; was 
elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in 
the early days of the Civil "War, was appointed 
by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. 
Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- 
stead), an older brother of the preceding, already 
mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding 
various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
under Gov. "William Henrj' Harrison, located at 
. St Louis and became the first Territorial 
Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory 
(1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an 
accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp- 
stead), another member of this liistoric family, 
was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, 
Feb. IG, 1883. 

HEXDERSON, Thomas J., Princeton, 111., 
was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; 
came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a 
farm, but received an academic education. In 
1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- 
missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, 
Clerk of the County Court of the same county, 
serving in that capacity for foiu: years. Jlean- 
while he had studied law and had been admitted 
to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a 
member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered 
the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One 
Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and 



served until the close of the war, being brevetted 

Briftadier-Goncnil in Janviary, 18(>o; served as 
Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, 1868, 
and as Congressman, 1S7.5-95; later, as First Vice- 
President of National Board of Managers of Sol- 
diers' Homes and had sujfervision of the Home 
at Danville, 111. Died Feb. 5, 1911. 

HEXDERSON, "W'illiam H., politician and legis- 
lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky., Nov. 16, 
1793. After serving in the "War of 1812, he settled 
in Tennessee, where he held many positions of 
public trust, including that of State Senator. In 
1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, , 
was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- 
sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, 
being reelected in 1840. In 1842 he was the 
unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- 
Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 
1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. 

HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 
380 square miles of territory, located in the west- 
ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- 
sissippi River. The first settlements were made 
about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. 
Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk 
"War, but revived after the removal of the Indians 
across the Mississippi. The county was set off 
from "Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the 
county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 
9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- 
stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- 
bered. Pop. (1900), 10,836; (1910), 9,734. 

HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam 
County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois 
River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles 
southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of 
Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, 
two grain elevators, thi-ee churches, a graded 
school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping 
point for produce by the river. The Hennepin 
Canal, in process of construction (1902-07) from 
Illinois River to the Mississippi at the moutli of 
Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles 
above Hennepin. Populiition (18S0), 623; (1890), 
574; (1900), 523; (1910), 151. 

HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) 
friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 
1040. After several years of clerical service in 
Belgium and Holland, he was ordered ( 1075) by 
his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. 
In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- 
rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- 
sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of 
Lake Michigan, early in the followingyear (1680), 
La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 



230 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



side of the Illinois River, a little below the 
present site of Peoria, which afterwards received 
the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February, 
1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La 
Salle, with two companions, by way of the 
mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- 
sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party 
was captured by the Sioux and carried to the 
villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, 
but finally rescued. During his captivity he 
discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he 
named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to 
Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he 
published a work describing La Salle's first 
expedition and his own explorations. Although 
egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work 
was a valuable contribution to history. Because 
of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France 
for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- 
nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a 
discoverer which have been wholly discredited. 
His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 
1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country 
Larger than Europe." It was a compilation 
describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the 
Mississippi. His three works have been trans- 
lated into twenty-four different languages. He 
died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. 

HENNEPIN CANAL. (See lUinoiss & Minsis- 
tippi Canal. ) 

HENRY, a city in Marshall County, on the Illi- 
nois River and the Peoria branch of the Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 33 miles north- 
northeast of Peoria; is a thri\nng commercial center; 
has grain elevators, flour miUs, a creamery, banks 
and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,637; (1910), 
1,687. 

HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born 
in Penns3-lvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating 
at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- 
tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day 
and attended school at night; engaged in mer- 
chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and 
was soon after elected Sheriff; served in the Win- 
nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the 
Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel 
and Colonel, finally being placed in command of 
a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad 
Axe, his success in both winning for him great 
popularity. His exposures brought on disease of 
the lungs, and, going South, he died at New 
Orleans, March 4, 1834. 

HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
counties of Northern Illinois, near the western 
border of the State, having an area of 830 square 



miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- 
can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who 
located in 1835 on %vhat afterwards became the 
town of Colona. During the two years following 
several colonies from the eastern States settled at 
different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. 
The act creating it was passed in 1825, though 
organization was not completed until 1837. The 
first county coiirt was held at Dayton. Subse- 
quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ; 
Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- 
bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 
33,338, (1900), 40.049; (1910), 41,7.36. 

HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated 
"Long Nine" members of the General Assembly 
of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., 
Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, 
Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to 
Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- 
field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile 
business ; served eight years in the State Senate 
(1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land OflSce 
1842-49. Died, Jan. 3. 1867. Mr. Herndon was 
the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- 
ner of Abraham Lincoln. 

HERNDON, WiUiam H., lawyer, was born at 
Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- 
nois by his father. Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, 
and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois 
College in 1836, but remained only one year on 
account of his father's hostility to the supposed 
abolition influences prevailing at that institution; 
spent several years as clerk iu a store at Spring- 
field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- 
coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar 
and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- 
tinuing until the election of the latter to the 
Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- 
nent of slavery and labored zealouslj- to promote 
the advancement of his distinguished partner. 
The offices he held were those of City Attorney, 
Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- 
ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, 
and, in conjunction with Jesse W.Weik, published 
a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — 
afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume 
edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. 
Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. 

HERRIN, a city of Williamson County, 10 
miles northwest of Marion; junction of three lines 
of railroad and center of coal-mining district; has 
banks, powder plant, machine shops and foundrj'; 
two weekly new.-;papers. Pop. (1910), 6,861. 

HERRINGTON, Augustus M., lawyer and poli- 
tician, was born at or near Meadville. Pa., in 1833; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



231 



when ten years of age was brought by his father 
to Chicago, the family removing two years later 

(1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder 

Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was 
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- 
nence as a Democratic politician, serving as 
Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 

1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National 
Conventions in 1860, "64, '68, '76 and '80, and was 
almost invariably a member of the State Conven- 
tions of his party during the same period. He 
also served for many years as Solicitor of the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- 
neva. Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James 

(Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born 
in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to 
Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken 
by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 
he was apprenticed to the printing business on 
the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, 
publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned 
to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being 
also connected for a year or two with a local 
paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- 
maining in office eight years; also served three 
terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving 
continuously in the lower branch of the General 
Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- 
ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- 
quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. 
Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., 
father of the two preceding, was a Representative 
in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for 
the District embracing the counties of Kane, 
McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. 

HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was 
born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- 
ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, 
and after pursuing the study of medicine for two 
years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After 
various experiences in selling sewing-machines, 
as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. 
Hertz was emploj-ed in the Recorder's office of 
Cook County; in 1878 was record writer in the 
Criminal Court Clerk's office ; in 1884 was elected 
Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. 
In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- 
urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a 
candidate for the same office, was elected by a 
majority of 115.000, serving until 1899. He is 
now a resident of Chicago. 

HESIJTG, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- 
cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at 
the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, 
landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- 



cinnati. From 1840 to 1843 he worked in a gro- 
cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small 
hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he 
was for a time engaged in the manufacture of 
brick. In 1860 lie was elected Sheriff of Cook 
County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased 
an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " 
and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he 
admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- 
nership, installing him as general manager. 
Died, in Chicago, March 81, 1895.— Washington 
(Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago 
and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 
1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he 
returned to Cliicago and began work upon "The 
Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, 
and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young 
man he was made a member of the Chicago 
Board of Education, but declined to serve a 
second term. In 1872 he entered actively into 
politics, making speeches in both English and 
German in support of General Grant's Presi- 
dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the 
Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic 
nomination for the Chicago mayoralt}', being 
defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 
1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four 
years. His administration was characterized by 
a high degree of efficiency and many improve- 
ments in the service were adopted, one of the 
most important being the introduction of postal 
cars on the street-railroads for the collection of 
mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- 
pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated 
by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic 
nominee. Died. Dec. 18, 1897. 

UEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on 
the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of 
Bloomington ; has a bank, churches, gas wells, 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 6S3; (1910), f.SI. 

HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at 
Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his 
early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- 
ance upon the common schools. After a short 
term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age 
of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also 
fitting himself for college with a private tutor. 
Later, having obtained means by teaching, he 
took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- 
mont Univei-sity, graduating from the latter in 
1850 Then, having spent some years in teach- 
ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 



232 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later continuing his studies at Burlington and 
finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. 
Here he opened a law office in connection with 
his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- 
son, but early in the following year removed to 
Freeport, where he subsequently served as City 
Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of 
the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 
1860, he became a member of the law firm of 
Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the 
head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 
1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond 
Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, 
serving during the life of the law. He was also, 
for some time, a Director of the National Bank 
of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American 
Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. 

HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of 
three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., 
Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the 
seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, 
Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father 
at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, 
working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, 
and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; 
served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, 
finally locating in Jefferson County, where he 
studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here 
he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth 
General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- 
sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early 
in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- 
pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was 
chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of 
the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his 
profession at Salem, Marion County. He 
promptly raised a company which became a part 
of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- 
ment saw active service in the campaign in West- 
ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, 
where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded 
through the lungs, only recovering after some 
months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined 
his regiment in July following, but found him- 
self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, 
a few months later, on account of disability. 
Having finally recovered, he was restored to his 
old command, and served to the close of the war. 
In October, 1863, he was placed in command at 
Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen 
months, after which he was transferred to Colum- 
bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the 
place was desperately assaulted by the rebel 



Colonel Forrest, but successfiolly defended, the 
rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 
killed and wounded. After the war Colonel 
Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 
1869, and was birried, in accordance with his 
request, in the folds of the American flag. Born 
on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat 
curious coincidence that the death of this brave 
soldier should have occurred on the anniversary 
of that of the "Father of His Country." 

HltJBEE, Channcey L., lawyer and Judge, was 
born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, 
and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He 
early took an interest in politics, being elected to 
the lower house of the Legislature in 18.54, and 
two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he 
was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and 
was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and 
again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the 
Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. 

HIG{tI>'S, Van Hollis, lawyer, was born in 
Genessee County, N. Y. , and received his early 
education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to 
Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as 
clerk in his brother's store, taught some months 
in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis, 
where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The 
Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial 
pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 
111. , where he read law and was admitted to the 
bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in 
Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, 
but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- 
ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 
he was elected as a Republican Representative in 
the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- 
eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, 
and was a zealous supporter of the Government 
during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins 
was successful as a lawyer and business man, and 
was connected with a number of important busi- 
ness enterprises, especially in connection with 
real-estate operations; was also a member of sev- 
eral local societies of a professional, social and 
patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 
17, 1893. 

HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and 
Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- 
go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, 
who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged 
in the real-estate business; was educated at the 
Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., 
and entered the engineering department of the 
Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, 
remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



233 



chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw 
Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, 
and soon after assumed the same position in con- 
nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
being transferred to the Auditorship of the 
latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant 
to President Riplej' of the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his 
death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 
1899. Mr. Higgin.son was. for several years, 
President of tlie Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
and a member of the Board of Managers of the 
Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. 

HIGH, James L., la\vyer and author, was born 
at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came 
to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State 
University, at Madison, in 18G4, also serving for 
a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment 
Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- 
gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to 
Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the 
winter of 1871-73 in Salt Lake City and, in the 
absence of the United States District Attorney, 
conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for 
connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow 
Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The 
New York Times." his letters being widely 
copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high 
rank in his profession. He was the author of 
several volumes, including treatises on "The Law 
of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of 
England and America, ' ' and "Extraordinary Legal 
Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- 
tions," which are accepted as high authority with 
the profession. In 1870 he published a revised 
edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all 
his legal arguments, together with a memoir of 
his Ufe. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. 

HIGHLA>'D, a city in the southeastern part of 
Madi.son County, founded in 1836 and located on 
the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its 
manufacturing industries include a milk-con- 
densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, 
breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains 
several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic 
Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — 
one Germ^i. Pop. (1900), 1,970; (1910), 2,G75. 

HIGHWOOD, a village of Lake County, on the 
Chicago & North Western Railroad, 24A miles north 
of Chicago; is adjacent to Fort Sheridan. Pop. 
(1910), 1,227. 

HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of 
Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. 
It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above 



Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and 
liealth resort. It has a large hotel, several 
churches, a military academy, and a weekly 
paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions 
here. Pop. (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806; (1910), 4,209. 

HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator. 
wasborninMiddletown, Conn., March 14, 1833, at 
15 removed to the State of New York and after- 
wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- 
dere. 111., where he began the practice of law, 
also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township 
Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the 
war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- 
portant elective ofSee was that of Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he 
was elected Representative in the General Assem- 
bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in 
the House he took a prominent part in the legis- 
lation which resulted in the organization of the 
Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup 
was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 
1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern 
District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During 
the last few years much of his time has been 
spent in California for the benefit of the health 
of some members of his family. 

HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, 
was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y. , 
August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education 
by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 
18.54 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will 
County, where, for several years, he taught 
school, as he had done while in New York. 
Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being 
Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he 
was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will 
County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the 
Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the 
battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned 
First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- 
ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained 
until the close of the war, rising to the rank of 
Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the 
practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected 
State's Attorney for the district comprising Will 
and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- 
tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican 
candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois 
District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 
by Lewis Steward, Democrat. 

HILLSBORO, an incorporated citj', the county- 
seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 67 
miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures 
are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 



234 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



fumiture and woolen goods. It has a liigh 
school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The 
surrounding region is agricultural, though con- 
siderable coal is mined in the %ncinity; dairying is 
also carried on. Pop. (1900), 1,937; (1910), 3,424. 

HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on 
the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in 
rich agricultural and dairying region; has grain 
elevators, brick and tile works, creamery, water and 
electric light plants. Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 661. 

HINRICHSEX, William H., ex Secretary of 
State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, 
Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at 
the University of Illinois, spent four years in the 
office of his father, who was stock-agent of the 
Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as 
Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went 
into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- 
ville "Evening Courier," until 1880, after which 
he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 
1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- 
sumed his place on "The Courier. ' ' He was Clerk 
of the House of Representatives in 1891, and 
elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until 
January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen was also a member 
of the Democratic State Central Committee from 
1890, and was Chairman of that body during 
1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee 
of his party for Congress in the Sixteenth Dis- 
trict and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but 
failed to secure a renomination in 1S9S. Died 
Dec. 18, 1907. 

HIXSDALE, a village in Du Page County and 
popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of 
Cliicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an 
academy, electric light plant, waterworks, sewerage 
system, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 
2,578; (1010), 2,451. 

HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at 
Hanson, Plymouth Coimty, Mass., April 4, 1827; 
studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard 
Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, 
soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- 
tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. 
Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional 
Convention, which was the only important pub- 
lic ofBoe that he held, though his capacity was 
recognized by his election to the Presidency of 
that body. Died, May 6, 1881. 

HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born 
April 18, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the 
ministry of the Metliodist Episcopal Church in 
1834, and, after supplying various charges in 



that State during the next five years, in 1839 
came to Chicago, becoming one of the most 
influential factors in the Methodist denomination 
in Noithem Illinois. Between that date and 
1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- 
siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, 
Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles 
and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with 
two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock 
River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant 
labors being interrupted at two or three periods 
by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- 
annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, 
he was a delegate every four years to the General 
Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of 
the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior 
representative, was placed in charge of the 
depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the 
Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His 
subsequent service included two terms as Presid- 
ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; 
the position of Superintendent of the Chicago 
Home Jlissionary and Church Extension Society ; 
Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he 
assisted to organize), his last position being that 
of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- 
ates' Relief Association. He was also influential 
in securing the establishment of a church paper 
in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern 
University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, 
while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, 
N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. 

HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, 
was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 
— the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his 
slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 
1829 the son began the study of engineering and, 
removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- 
pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- 
ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at 
Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk 
War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson 
Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period 
resumed survejnng and, having settled in La 
Salle Coiinty, became the first Surveyor of that 
county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushnian, of 
Ottawa, in tlie organization of the Fifty-third 
Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into tlie service 
in Slarch, 1802, and commissioned its Lieutenant- 
Colonel. The regiment took part in various 
battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and 
La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt 
received an injurj- by being thrown from his 
horse which compelled his resignation and from 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



235 



which he never fully recovered. Returning to 
Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his 
death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of 
Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the 
Chic;igo, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and 
iincle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount 
Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself 
with the Republican party on the breaking out 
of the Civil War. He was a thirty -second degree 
Ma.son and prominent in Grand Army circles. 

HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born 
at Boonsboro, Md., June 3, 1828; in 1845 entered 
the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., 
graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 
ni., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, 
in 1853, entered into the forwarding and com- 
mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile 
devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 
he began buying and selling real estate while 
continuing his farming operations, adding thereto 
coal-mining. In Maj*, 1856, he was a delegate 
from La Salle County to the State Convention at 
Bloomington which resulted in the organization 
of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing 
to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate 
business there ; in 1863 was appointed on a com- 
mittee of citizens to look after the interests of 
wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort 
Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at 
Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- 
ing the war he engaged to some extent in the 
business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. 
Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and 
the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, 
was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- 
mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. 
Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he 
aided in the erection of the Woman's College in 
connection with the Northwestern University. 
In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent 
to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp 
lands within its Umits, and gave much of his atten- 
tion to that business. Died June 13, 1909. 

HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born 
at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was 
three years old his parents removed to Illinois, 
settling in Ogle County. His education was 
accjuired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount 
Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. 
In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who 
reported the celebrated debate of that year 
between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 
1874, imtil March, '81, he was connected with the 
United States embassy at Paris, serving as First 
Secretary of Legation and Charge d'AlIaires ad 



interim. He vras Assistant Secretary of State in 
1881, but resigned the post in 1883, having been 
elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- 
trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- 
tions he represented the District continuously 
since, his career being conspicuous for long service 
In that time ho had taken an important part 
in the deliberations of the House, serving as 
Chairman of many important committees, not- 
ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he had 
been Chairman for several terms, and for which 
his diplomatic experience well qualified liim. In 
1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a 
member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and 
report upon a form of government for that por- 
tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. 
Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for 
the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably 
considered for the position of Slinister to Eng- 
land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 
1898. Died Sept. 20, 1906. 

HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin 
in 1839; graduated at Beloit College and, after a 
brief experience in new.spaper work, enlisted, in 
1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was 
assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. 
Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- 
pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy 
Provost Marshal of tlie Second Wisconsin Dis- 
trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as 
reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later 
was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago 
Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was 
editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and 
"The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for 
some years from 1869, Western Manager of the 
American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Ilobart 
became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" 
(Chicago), with which he remained until the 
close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his 
attention to real-estate matters. 

HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor 
(1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1833, 
and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- 
go the same year. There he became a boot-black in 
a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching 
a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now 
Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating 
as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented 
that county in the River and Harbor Convention 
at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, 
the following year, entered the City Council. 
Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, 
and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 



236 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



forced to assign in 1861. He early became a 
recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor 
to the German press, and, in 1806, was nominated 
for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican 
State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was 
found ineligible by reason of liis short residence 
in the United States, and withdrew, giving place 
to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again 
nominated, and having in the meantime become 
eligible, was elected. In 186-1 he was a Repub- 
lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and 
assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He 
was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for 
the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul 
at Cliicago for several German States. For a 
number of years in his later life Mr. Hoffman was 
editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wis- 
consin. Died Jan. 23, 1903. 

HOGAN, John, clergyman and early politician, 
was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, 
Ireland, Jan. 2, 180.5; brought in childhood to 
Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at 
eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- 
maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- 
dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, 
preaclied at various points in Indiana, Illinois 
and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss 
Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon 
after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged 
in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. 
In 1836 he was elected Representative in the 
Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, 
two years later was appointed a Commissioner of 
Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was 
made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- 
pointed by President Harrison Register of the 
Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 
1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which 
attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy 
in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- 
garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the 
pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the 
Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, 
where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- 
ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, 
but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; 
in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan 
Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until 
the accession of Lincoln in 1861; in 1864 was 
elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- 
gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate 
to the National Union (Democratic) Convention 
at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement 
from the Methodist itinerancy lie continued to 
officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed 



a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His 
death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- 
eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- 
souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. 
Louis," and a "History of Methodism." 

HOtiE, Joseph P., Congressman, was bom in 
Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 
111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a 
lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative 
in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of 
the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. 
In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- 
came a Judge in that State, dying a few years 
since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- 
sented to have been a man of much ability and a 
graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a 
son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- 
tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who 
held office until 1848. 

HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- 
cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was 
brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- 
fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 
went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally 
graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, 
Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, 
Jlich. Two years later he removed to Grand 
Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, 
for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- 
omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- 
came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical 
College, in which he has held various chairs. He 
also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and 
was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the 
same institution; was President of the State 
Medical Society, and, for twentj" years, its Treas- 
urer. Other positions held by him have been 
those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- 
ation and editor of its journal. President of the 
Young Men's Christian Association and of the 
Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been 
prominent in Sunday School and church work in 
connection with the Armour Mission, with which 
he has been associated for man)' years. 

HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- 
MALE). The establishment of this institution 
was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which 
appropriated $75,000 towards its erection and 
maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- 
pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for 
Oirls.) It is designed to receive girls between the 
ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court 
of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the 
term of commitment not to be less than one 
year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the 



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HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



237 



Peace, however, may send girls for a term not 
less than three months. The act of incorporation 
provides for a commutation of sentence to be 
earned by good conduct and a prolongation of 
the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are 
empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- 
tice the girls or to adopt them out during their 
minority. Temporary quarters were furnished 
for the Home during the first two years of its 
existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings 
for the institution have been erected on the 
banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. 

HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on 
the Wabash Railway, 2(1 miles west-soutliwest 
from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast 
from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; 
also has two banks several churches, a seminary, 
an opera house, and one weekly paper. The 
region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 
92-1; (1S90), 917; (1900), 1,080; (1910), 1,086. 

HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws 
have been defined to be "legislation enacted to 
secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home 
and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- 
ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- 
pied by the family or individual, from liability to 
be sold for tlie payment of tlie debts of its owner, 
and by restricting his rights of free alienation." 
In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm 
and dwelling thereon of every houseliolder hav- 
ing a family, and occupied as a residence, 
whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the 
value of §1,000. The exemption continues after 
death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- 
band occupying the homestead, and also of the 
children, if any, until the youngest attain the 
age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in 
releasing the exemption, but the property is 
alwaj's liable for improvements thereon. — In 1863 
Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead 
Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers 
on public lands under certain restrictions as to 
active occupancy, under which most of that 
class of lands since taken for settlement have 
been purchased. 

HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the 
Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- 
cago. Population (1900), 3.52; (1910), 713. 

HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, 
was born in Ireland, April 13, 1832; at the age of 
18 entered the theater as a musician and, four 
years later, came to America, soon after forming 
an association with E. P. Christy, the originator 
of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went 
under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted 



a company of minstrels through the principal 
towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to 
some of the chief cities on the continent ; re- 
turned to America five years later, and subse- 
quently managed houses in San Francisco, 
Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally 
locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained 
the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of 
the most widely known and popular in the city. 
Died, Sept. 8, 1898. 

HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion 
County at the intersection of the Chicago & East- 
ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- 
roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain 
elevators, a nai. factory, brick and tile works, 
carriage and machme shops, and two large can- 
ning factories, besides two banks and two news- 
papers, issuing daily and weeklj' editions, several 
churches, a high school and a business college. 
Pop. (1S90), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1910), 4,698. 

HOPKIXS, Albert J., Congressman, was born 
in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After 
graduating from Hillsiiale College, Mich. , in 1870, 
he studied law and began practice at Aurora. 
He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, 
in 1873, was elected State's Attorney for Kane 
County, serving in that capacity for four years. 
He is an ardent Republican and high in the 
party's councils, having been Chairman of the 
State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a 
Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan 
ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to 
the Forty -ninth Congress from the Fifth District, 
serving by successive re-elections until 1903, when 
he was chosen United States Senator as successor 
to Hon. William E. Mason, serving one term. In 
1908 he received a majority vote in the primaries 
for re election as Senator, but was defeated by 
William A. Lorimer in the General Assembly. In 
1898 he received a majority of more than 18,000 
over the combined vote of two competitors for Con- 
gress in his district. His residence is at Aurora, lU. 

HOUGHTOJf, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer 
and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 
26, 1806, spent his 3'outh on a farm, and at eight- 
een began learning the printer's trade in the office 
of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his 
majority became a journeyman printer and, in 
1828, went to New York, spending some time in 
the employment of the Harper Brothers. After 
a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of 
"The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, 
again went to New York, taking with him a 
device for throwing the printed sheet off the 
press, which was afterwards adopted on the 



238 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next 
move was to Marietta, Oliio, in 1834, thence by 
way of Cincinnati anii Louisville to St. Louis, 
working for a time in the office of the old "St. 
Louis Republican.'" He soon after went to 
Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later 
became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in 
the management of "The Northwestern Gazette 
and Galena Advertiser,'' finally becoming sole 
proprietor. In 18-12 he sold out the paper, but 
resumed his connection with it the following 
year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold 
out. He afterwards spent some time on the 
Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to 
the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to 
Galena and, during the later years of his life, 
was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. 

HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier 
and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., 
April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 
18.53, and became successively Principal of high 
schools at Fannington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. 
Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State 
Normal School at Normal, of which he was 
President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President 
of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- 
ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some 
years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- 
gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- 
missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois 
Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- 
Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was 
composed largely of teachers and young men 
from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted 
to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few 
months later, to brevet ]Major-General for gallant 
and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military 
service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice 
of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- 
ton, Nov 17, 1897. 

HOTVLAND, George, educator and author, was 
born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., 
July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst 
College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching 
in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- 
ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in 
Latin, Greek and French. He began the study 
of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned 
it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- 
ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 
1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 
1880. was elected Superintendent of Cliicago City 
Schools. This position he filled until August, 
1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- 
tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a 



member of the Illinois State Board of Education, 
being President of that body in 1883. As an 
author he was of some note; his work being 
cliiefly on educational lines. He published a 
translation of the -.-Eueid adapted to the use of 
schools, besides translations of some of Horace's 
Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He 
was also the author of an English grammar. 
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. 

HOTXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States 
Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 
20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after 
spending eleven years alternately in Galena and 
Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, 
in 1852 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- 
er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five 
years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, 
and appointed United States Commissioner the 
same year, remaining in office until his death, 
Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the 
Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the 
t^nion League Club. 

HUBBARD, Gurdou Saltonstall, pioneer and 
Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 
22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, 
cliiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- 
pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and 
for nine years traveled back and forth in the 
interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- 
barked in business on his own account, he estab- 
lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming 
a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time 
forward he became identified with the history 
and development of tlie State. He served with 
distinction duiing the Black Hawk and Winne- 
bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, 
and did much to promote the early development 
of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature 
from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, 
was appointed bj- Governor Duncan one of the 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time 
he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, 
no man was more active or public-spirited 
in promoting its commercial development and 
general prosperity. He was identified with 
almost ever}' branch of business upon which its 
growth as a commercial city depended, from that 
of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate 
operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- 
ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of 
early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, 
he was one of the most earnest supporters of 
Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was 
prominently identified with every local measure 



UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Vd9 



for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for 
a year, helJ a commission as Captain in the 
Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." 

HUGHITT, MarTin, Railway President, was 
born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- 
road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway 
as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- 
spatcher. In 18C0 he entered the service of the 
Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, 
still later occupying the positions of Assistant 
Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- 
maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he 
resigned to become Assistant General Manager 
of the Cliicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 
he became associated with the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad, in connection with which he 
has held the positions of Superintendent, General 
Manager, Second Vice-President and President — 
the last of which (1899) he still occupies. 

HULETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near 
Rockford. 111., June 4, 185-t; early learned teleg- 
raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- 
sequently engaged in teaching and the study of 
law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- 
nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but 
was rejected on account of sex. She then, in 
conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, 
interested herself in securing the passage of an 
act by the Legislature giving women the right 
that had been denied her, which having been 
accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted 
to the bar and began practice Died, in Cali- 
fornia, March 27, 1877. 

HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in 
Wyoming County. N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to 
De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been 
engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- 
ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- 
ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 
1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he 
was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 
1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous 
service in one or the other branch of the General 
Assembly of sixteen years. During the se.ssion 
of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in 
the legislation which resulted in the location of 
the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De 
Kalb. 

HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- 
eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; 
having lost both parents in childhood, came, 
with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In 
July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the 
Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enListing as a veteran 



in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaint^. 
After the close of the war, he studied law, was 
admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar 
County, soon acquired a large practice. He was 
elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 
1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '83. In 1884 he 
received his first nomination for Attorney -Gen- 
eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both 
times, serving eight years. Among the im- 
portant questions with which General Hunt had 
to deal during his two terms were the celebrated 
"anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-93. In tlie 
former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied 
through their counsel to the Supreme Court of 
the United .States, for a writ of error to the Su- 
preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to 
grant them a new trial, which was refused. The 
case, on the part of the State, was conducted by 
General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- 
chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, 
Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Slessrs. W. P. 
Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the 
plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, 
who had been condemned to life imprisonment, 
attempted to secure their release — the former by 
an application similar to that of 1887, and the 
latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham 
of the United States Circuit Court refusing a 
writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of 
these cases was had before the Supreme Court of 
the United States in January, 1893, General 
Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the 
plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. 
General Hunt's management of these cases won 
for him much deserved commendation both at 
home and abroad. Died March 17, 1901. 

HUNTER, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle, 
Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by 
his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His 
early education was received in the common 
schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced 
his business life as a civil engineer, but, after 
three years spent in that profession, began the 
study of law and was admitted to the bar. He 
has since been actively engaged in practice at 
Paris, Edgar County. From 1804 to 1868 he repre- 
sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 
1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- 
teenth Congressional District against General 
Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his 
party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his 
Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected 
Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, 
was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893, 
having been elected Congressman for tlie State- 



240 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- 
didate for Congress from tlie Nineteenth District 
again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a 
majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his 
Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. 

HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in 
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at 
the United States Military Academy in 1823, 
and assigned to tlie Fifth Infantry with the rank 
of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant 
in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During 
this period he twice crossed the plains to the 
Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- 
mission and engaged in business in Chicago, 
Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he 
was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command 
in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed 
at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis 
and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of 
President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when 
the latter set out for Washington in February, 
1801, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his 
collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was 
appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States 
Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made 
Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he 
commanded the main column of McDowell's 
army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; 
served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded 
him in command in November, 1861, remaining 
until March, 1862. Being transferred to the 
Department of the South in May following, he 
issued an order declaring the persons held as 
slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina 
free, which order was revoked by President Lin- 
coln ten days later. On account of the steps 
taken by him for the organization of colored 
troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring 
him, in case of capture, subject to execution as 
a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- 
mand of the Department of the West, and, in 
1865, served on various courts-martial, being 
President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- 
coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in 
March, iseij, retired from active service July, 
1860, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- 
eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, 
the first permanent citizen of Chicago. 

HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- 
field County, Conn. , Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 
15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life 
as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a 
journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 
1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, 



but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 
1846. There he found temporary employment 
as a compositor, later commencing the study of 
law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848, A 
portion of the present city of Evanston is built 
upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. 
Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy 
with the old school and most radical type of 
Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- 
sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- 
ber of tlie "National Kansas Committee" 
appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of 
which body he was a member. He was chosen 
Secretary of the executive committee, and it is 
not too much to say that, largely through his 
earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was 
finally admitted into the Union as a free State. 
It was mainly through his efforts that seed for 
planting was gratuitously distributed among the 
free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a 
member of the Commission to revise the statutes 
of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving 
upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of 
his colleagues. The revision was completed in 
1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of 
Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- 
lature of 1873. No statutory revision having been 
ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd 
carried on the same character of work on inde- 
pendent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes 
from time to time, which are regarded as standard 
works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by 
the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme 
bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle 
Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the 
faculty of the Union College of Law. Died in his 
home, Evanston, 111., Jan. 20, 1906. 

HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman 
and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, 
S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal 
education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. 
Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making 
his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an 
unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector 
on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of 
the Republican party in 1850, promptly identified 
him.self with that party and was elected to the 
lower branch of the General Assemblj' as a 
Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During 
tlie War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- 
tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered 
the service as Brigadier-General, commanding 
the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg 
Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septeni- 




HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



241 



ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of 
the Sixteenth Armj- Corps, at Memphis, and sub- 
sequently to the command of the Department of 
the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he 
served another term in the General Assembly 
(1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the 
State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed 
by President Grant Minister Resident to the 
United States of Colombia, serving until 1873. 
The latter year he was elected Representative to 
Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 
1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an 
independent Republican, but was defeated by 
William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 
he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and 
died at Lima, March 27, 1882. 

HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, 
N. J., in 1730, died in Pitt.sburg, Pa., April 28, 
1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- 
quently called the "Geographer"; was also an 



officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, 
and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the 
outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at 
Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- 
cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three 
years later he was charged with being in treason- 
able correspondence with Franklin, and im- 
prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to 
have devised the present system of Government 
surveys in this country, and his services in carry- 
ing it into effect were certainly of great value. 
He was the author of several valuable works, the 
best known being a "Topographical Description 
of Virginia." 

HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles 
south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The 
town has a bank, brick and tile works, and a weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 743; (1910), 722. 



ILLINOIS. 

(gekeral history.) 



Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal 
Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth 
in present area and the third in point of popula- 
tion. A concise history of the region, of which it 
constituted the central portion at an early period, 
will be found in the following pages: 

The greater part of the territory now comprised 
within the State of Illinois was known and at- 
tracted eager attention from the nations of the 
old world — especially in France, Germany and 
England — before the close of the third quarter of 
the seventeenth century. More than one hun- 
dred years before the struggle for American Inde- 
pendence began, or the geographical division 
known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had 
an existence; before the names of Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, 
and while the early settlers of New England and 
Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, 
the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the 
maps of North America as distinct and definite 
as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that 
time forward, until it assumed its position in the 
Union with the rank of a State, no other section 
has been the theater of more momentous and 
stirring events or has contributed more material, 
affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- 
ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than 



that portion of the American Continent now 
known as the "State of Illinois." 

The "Illinois Country." — What was known 
to the early French explorers and their followers 
and descendants, for the ninety years which 
intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and 
La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to 
the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- 
scribed with great clearness and definiteness by 
Capt. Philip Pittman, an Euglisli engineer who 
made the first survey of the Mississippi River 
soon after the transfer of the French possessions 
east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
published the result of his observations in London 
in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a 
work of the highest authenticity, and is the more 
valuable because written at a transition period 
when it was of the first importance to preserve 
and hand down the facts of early French history 
to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries 
of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 
"The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the 
Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on 
the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the 
east and the Ohio on the south." 

From this it would appear that the country lying 
between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to 
the west and northwest of the former, was not 
considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 



242 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



this agrees generally with the records of the 
early French explorers, except that they regarded 
the region which comprehends the site of the 
present city of Chicago — the importance of which 
appears to have been appreciated from the first 
as a connecting link between the Lakes and the 
upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the 
Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto 

Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears 
to have derived its name from Inini, a word of 
Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- 
phemized by the French into Illini with the 
suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the 
term, applied both to the coimtry and the Indians 
occupying it, has been still further defined as "a 
perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and 
the derivative has been used by the French 
chroniclers in various forms though always with 
the same signification — a signification of which 
the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well 
as their successors of a different race, have not 
failed to be duly proud. 

Boundaries and Area. — It is this region 
which gave the name to the State of which it 
constituted so large and important a part. Its 
boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio 
Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth 
of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
cerned, are identical with those given to the 
"Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is 
bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east 
by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the 
Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing 
between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west 
and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- 
rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the 
boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while 
the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle 
of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north 
bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been 
a sort of concession on the part of the framers of 
the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and 
Bloody Ground. " Geographically, the State lies 
between the parallels of 36" 59' and 42° 30' north 
latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of 
longitude west from the city of Washington. 
From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, 
its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme 
breadth, from the Indiana State line to the 5Iis- 
sissippi River at a point between Quincy and 
Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous 
course of its river and lake boundaries, which 



comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its 
physical outline is extremely irregular. Between 
the Limits described, it has an estimated area of 
56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is 
water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. 
This area is more than one and one-half times 
that of all New England (Maine being excepted), 
and is greater than that of any other State east 
of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and 
Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred 
square miles of the same. 

When these figures are taken into account 
some idea may be formed of the magnificence of 
the domain comprised within the limits of the 
State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than 
that of England, more than one-fourth of that of 
all France and nearly half that of the British 
Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The 
possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil 
unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, 
by any other State of the Union and with re- 
sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- 
merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of 
the globe, transcend all human conception. 

Streams and Navigation. — L3'ing between 
the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the 
Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- 
sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois 
and its nvunerous affluents, and with no moun- 
tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once 
one of the best watered, as well as one of the most 
level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- 
mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, 
chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia 
draining the region between the Illinois and the 
Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion 
of the State, is most important on account of its 
valuable water-power. All of these streams were 
regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- 
ing at least a portion of the year, in the early 
history of the country, and with the magnificent 
Mississippi along the whole western border, gave 
to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters 
than that of any other single State. Although 
practical navigation, apart from the lake and by 
natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- 
sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate 
of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the 
smaller streams, when the people were dependent 
almost wholly upon some means of water com- 
munication for the transportation of heavy com- 
modities as well as for travel, could not be 
over-estimated, and it is not witliout its effect 
upon the productiveness of the soil, now that 
water transportation has given place to railroads. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



243 



The whole number of streams shown upon the 
best maps exceeds 380. 

Topography. — In physical conformation the 
surface of the State presents the aspect of an 
inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
general direction of the streams toward the south 
and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern 
end of the State and the point of lowest depres- 
sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 
300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Micliigan at 
Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is 
reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern 
part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from 
the Ozark Mountains of Missoiu-i, projected across 
the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson 
and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. 
The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast 
corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 
1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of 
the country between the Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. 
These included some of the most valuable species 
of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the 
different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, 
sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, 
hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- 
wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. 
The native fruits included the persimmon, wild 
plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of 
berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- 
berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
Most of the native growths of woods common to 
the south were found along the streams farther 
north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few 
others. 

Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, 
in the middle and northern portion of the State, 
wliich excited the amazement of early explorers, 
was the vast extent of the prairies or natural 
meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- 
uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of 
the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent 
upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other 
bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many 
sections there appears little to distinguish the 
soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the 
character of their vegetation and other causes, 
for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and 
other productions has demonstrated that they do 
not lack in fertility, and the readiness with 
which trees take root when artificially propa- 
gated and protected, has shown that there is 
nothing in the .soil itself unfavorable to their 
growth. Whatever may have been the original 



cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt 
that annually recurring fires have had much to 
do in perpetuating their existence, and even 
extending their limits, as the absence of the same 
agent has tended to favor the encroachments of 
the forests. While originally regarded as an 
obstacle to the occupation of the country by a 
dense population, there is no doubt that their 
existence has contributed to its rapid develop- 
ment when it was discovered with what ease 
these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how 
productive they were capable of becoming when 
once brought under cultivation. 

In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the 
State as a whole, many sections present a variety 
of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland 
of the most pleasing character. This is espe- 
cially the case in some of the prairie districts 
where the undulating landscape covered with 
rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have 
presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- 
ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than 
diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- 
vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- 
cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and 
at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of 
a most picturesque variety. 

Animals, etc. — From this description of the 
country it will be easy to infer what must have 
been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
here found a home. These included the buffalo, 
various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, 
wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks 
covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable 
paradise for game, both large and small, as well 
as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely 
travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- 
ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of 
turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and 
mink were found along the streams. Most of 
these, especially the larger species of game, have 
disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and 
the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- 
tected by law during certain seasons of the year, 
continue to exist in considerable numbers. 

Soil and Cumate.— The cajjabilities of the 
soil in a region thus situated can l)e readily under- 
stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than 
any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- 
rior quality, much of it imsurpas.sed in natural 
fertility. This is especially true of the "American 
Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 



244 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from 
a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and 
of an average width of five to eight miles. This 
was the seat of the first permanent white settle- 
ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it 
have been under cultivation from one hundred to 
one hundred and fifty years without exiiaustion. 
Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are 
found both upon the bottom-lands and in the 
prairies in the central portions of the State. 

Extending through five and one-half degrees of 
latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. 
Though subject at times to sudden alternations 
of temperature, these occasions have been rare 
since the country has been thoroughly settled. 
Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° 
in the northern part of the State and 56° in the 
southern, diSering little from other States upon 
the same latitude. The mean winter temper- 
ature ha.s ranged from 25° in the north to 34° in 
the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the 
north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter 
temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below 
zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest 
summer temperature ranges from 95' to 102°. 
The average difference in temperature between 
the northern and southern portions of the State 
is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of 
the seasons for the same sections, from four to six 
weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- 
able to the production of nearly all the grains 
and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. 

Contest for Occupation. — Three powers 
early became contestants for the supremacy on 
the North American Continent. The first of 
these was Spain, claiming possession on the 
ground of the discovery by Columbus; England, 
basing her claim upon the discoveries of the 
Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a 
considerable part of the continent by virtue of 
the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier 
of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, 
and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain 
seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain 
was general, extending to both North and South 
America; and, while she early established her 
colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, 
the country was too vast and her agents too busy 
seeking for gold to interfere materially with her 
competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans 
established small, though flourishing colonies, but 
they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- 
ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- 
ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. 
Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous 



in proselyting the aborigines, but while the 
former did not hesitate to torture their victims 
in order to extort their gold while claiming to 
save their souls, the latter were more gentle and 
beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, 
succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- 
ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They 
were traders as well as missionaries, and tliis fact 
and the readiness with which they adapted them- 
selves to the habits of those whom they found in 
possession of the soil, enabled them to make the 
most extensive explorations in small numbers 
and at little cost, and even to remain for un- 
limited periods among their aboriginal friends. 
On the other hand, the English were artisans and 
tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged 
in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they 
were later in planting their colonies in Virginia 
and New England, and less aggressive in the 
work of exploration, they maintained a surer 
foothold on the soil when they had once estab- 
lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- 
manence and steady growth of the English 
colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- 
nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than 
five-sevenths of the North American Continent — 
a result which has been illustrated in the history 
of every people that has made agriculture, manu- 
factures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
their prosperity. 

Early Explorations. — The French explorers 
were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of 
the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and 
their successors and descendants held undisputed 
possession of the country, as well as the greater 
part of the ^Mississippi Valley. It is true that 
Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
whole region, but she was kept too busy else- 
where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she 
relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi 
Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
strengthen herself elsewhere. 

There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, 
while the English colonists wlio settled about 
Massachusetts Bay named that region "New 
England," the French gave to their possessions, 
from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- 
sissippi, the name of "New France," and the 
Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, 
extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New 
Spain. " Tlie boimdaries of each were very indefi- 
nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the 
treaty of 1763. 

As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way 
of Canada, discovered Lake Micliigan — then 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



245 



called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered 
Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- 
aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by 
the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two 
French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated 
as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, 
where they opened up a trade with the Sioux 
Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the 
Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland 
and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later 
(1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- 
sionaries, visited the Cliippewas on the southern 
shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- 
lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. 
About the same time the mission of St. Ignace 
was established on the north shore of the Straits 
of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Miohilli- 
macinac"). It is also claimed that the French 
traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, 
reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the 
claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers 
by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- 
gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- 
ations about the head of the great lakes as far 
south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 
1670 and 1690, and to have held an important 
conference with representatives of numerous 
tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 
1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first 
discovery of lead mines in the West. 

Up to this time, however, no white man appears 
to have reached the "Illinois Country," though 
much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth 
in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- 
prising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
Superior region in search of copper mines, under 
a commission from the Governor of Canada, in 
company with Father Jacques Marquette and 
five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions 
and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, 
set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace 
on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting 
along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green 
Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached 
the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, 
ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- 
consin, then descended the latter to tlie Mis- 
sissippi, whicli they discovered on June 17. 
Descending the Mississippi, which they named 
"Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of 
the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have 
encountered the first Indians of the Illinois 
tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- 



tained. Later they discovered a rude painting 
upon the rooks on the east side of the river, 
which, from the description, is supposed to have 
been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to 
be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The 
Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Jlissouri 
River and the present site of the city of St. 
Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the 
Ohio, they finally reached wliat Marquette called 
the village of the Akanseas, which has been 
assumed to be identical with the mouth of the 
Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the 
Jlississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf 
of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, 
they started on their return. Reaching the 
mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream 
and ascended past the village of the Peorias and 
the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the 
latter being about where the town of Utica, La 
Salle County, novr stands — at each of which they 
made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the 
Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake 
Michigan where Cliicago now stands, and re- 
turned to Green Bay, wliich they reached in the 
latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- 
quette.) 

The next and most important expedition to Illi- 
nois — important because it led to the first per- 
manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert 
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- 
erer had spent several years in exploration in 
tlie lake region and among the streams south of 
the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has 
been claimed that, during this tour, he descended 
the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; 
also that he reached the Illinois by waj- of the 
head of Lake Michigan and the Cliicago portage, 
and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th 
parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to 
that stream by two years. The chief authority 
for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre 
Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- 
versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. 
The absence of any allusion to these discoveries 
in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed 
to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. 
However this may liave been, there is conclusive 
evidence that, during this period, he met with 
Joliet while tlie latter was rei-urning Tom one of 
liis trips to the Lake Superior country. With an 
imagination fired by what he then leai-ned, ho 
made a visit to his native country, receiving a 



246 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



liberal grant from the French Government which 
enabled him to carry out Ms plans. With the 
aid of Henry Je Tonty. an Italian who afterward 
accompanied him in his most important expedi- 
tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, 
then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small 
vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a 
company of thirty -four persons, he set sail on 
the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This 
vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have 
been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated 
the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, 
and he carried with him material for a boat 
which he intended to put together on that 
stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of 
Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- 
ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return 
with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
the starting point, to join him at the head of 
Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men 
and three missionaries in four canoes, he started 
southward, following the western shore of Lake 
Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, 
on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of 
the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of 
the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- 
vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks 
later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who 
had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon 
never was heard from again, and is supposed to 
have been lost on the return voyage. While 
waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward 
called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with 
the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his 
journey on the third of December. Ascending 
the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., 
now stands, he made a portage with his canoes 
and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- 
kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On 
the first of January he arrived at the great Indian 
town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had 
left for the last time nearly five years before, but 
found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a 
hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- 
nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria 
Lake and the next morning reached the Indian 
village of that name at the foot of the lake, and 
established friendly relations with its people. 
Having determined to set up his vessel here, he 
constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of 
the river about four miles south of the village. 
With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- 



quette on the South Branch of the Chicago Rivet 
in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the 
first structure erected by white men in Illinois. 
This received the name "Creve-Coeur — "Broken 
Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, 
proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- 
patched Father LouLs Hennepin with two com 
panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the 
mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which 
resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. 
Anthony, La Salle started on his return to 
Canada for additional assistance and the stores 
which he had failed to receive m consequence of 
the loss of the Griffon Soon after his depar- 
ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at 
Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered 
the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled 
Tonty and five companions who had remained 
true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- 
nois near "Starved Rock," between where the 
cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where 
he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
Salle. In September, Tonty "s Indian allies hav- 
ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, 
he and his companions were again compelled to 
flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after 
having spent the winter among the Pottawato- 
mies in the present State of Wisconsin. 

During the next three years (1681-83) La .Salle 
made two other visits to Illinois, encountering 
and partiall}- overcoming formidable obstacles at 
each end of the journey. At the last visit, in 
company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had 
met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a 
separation of more than a year, he extended his 
exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of 
which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, 
in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France 
and Navarre." This was the first expedition of 
white men to pass down the river and determine 
the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, 
in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into 
effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock," 
to which reference has been made under the 
name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said 
to have included store-houses (it was intended as 
a trading post), dwellings and a block-house 
erected on the summit of the rock, and to which 
the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a 
village of confederated Indian tribes gathered 
about its base on the south which bore the name 
of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
Parkman, the population of this colony, in the 




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I. A S.U.LE. 



HENRY DB TONTY. 




FORT DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, 1S08. 





WAR EAGLE. 



CHIEF CHICAGOU. 





FORT DEARBORN 2D. IX 1S53, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



247 



days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 
30,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort 
St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he 
made extensive excursions throughout tlie West. 
The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
him in 1690. but. in 1702. it was ordered by the 
Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the 
plea that the charter had been violated. It con- 
tinued to be used as a trading pose, however, as 
late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians 
and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, 
and Starved Bock. ) 

Other explorers who were the contemporaries 
or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 
Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the 
Northwest, and many of whom are known to have 
visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all 
of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut 
(called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, 
who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly 
from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of 
Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- 
man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of 
the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le 
Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, 
and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through 
Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an 
accoimt in 1703. 

Chicago River early became a prominent point 
in the estimation of the French explorers and 
was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- 
nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably 
sometimes confounded with other streams about 
the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand 
Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, 
were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which 
portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to 
have been a part of the route first used by La 
Salle. 

Aborigines and Early Missions. — When the 
early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois 
Coimtry" they found it occupied by a number of 
tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the 
"Illinois," which consisted of several families or 
bands that spread themselves over the country on 
both sides of the Illinois River, extending even 
west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the 
east, extending beyond the present western 
boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the 
Woas were allied. The Illinois confederation 
included the Kaskaskias. Peorias, Cahokias, 
Tamaroas and Mitohigamies — the last being the 
tribe from which Lake Slichigan took its name. 
(See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been 



a general drift of some of the stronger tribes 
toward the south and east about tliis time, as 
AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and 
their neighbors, the Mascoutins. about Green Bay 
when he arrived there in 1670. At the same 
time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies 
were located along the soutliern shore of Lake 
Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now 
known as "The Soo"). though within the next 
fifty years they had advanced southward along 
the western shore of Lake Michigan until they 
reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes 
from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and 
Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees 
were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- 
east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his 
visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: 
"Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the 
southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place 
called Chicago from the name of a small river 
which runs into the lake, the source of which is 
not far distant from that of the River Illinois." 
It does not follow necessarily that this was the 
Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to 
have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
early explorers, both to a region of country 
between the head of the lake and the Illinois 
River, and to more than one stream emptying 
into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- 
jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix 
was the Calumet, as his description would apply 
as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is 
other evidence that the Miamis. who were found 
about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during 
the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of 
Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- 
tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 

From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- 
ceived a strong liking for the French, and being 
pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and 
Foxes. Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- 
ning of the eighteenth century we find them, 
much reduced in numbers, gathered about the 
French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- 
kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of 
the present counties of Randolph. Monroe and St. 
Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- 
sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the 
whites was attended with the usual results — 
demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- 
nation. The latter result was hastened by the 
frequent attacKs to which they were exposed 
from their more warlike enemies, so that by the 
latter part of the eighteenth centurj'. they were 



S48 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved 
survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 

During the early part of the French occupation, 
there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom 
the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- 
pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to 
have been a man of unusual intelligence and 
vigor of character, and to have exercised great 
influence with his people. In 1735 he was sent to 
Paris, where he received the attentions due to a 
foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a 
command in an expedition against the Chicka- 
saws, who had been making incursions from the 
south. 

Such was the general distribution of the Indians 
in the northern and central portions of the State, 
within the first fifty years after the arrival of the 
French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- 
vanced farther south and occupied a considerable 
share of the central portion of the State, and even 
extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The 
southern part was roamed over by bands from 
bej'ond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas 
tribes, some of whom were very powerful and 
ranged over a vast extent of country. 

The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after 
the forts erected for purposes of defense, were 
undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the 
missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- 
tary post, established by La Salle in the winter 
of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph 
River within the boundaries of what is now the 
State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially 
erected a few months later on the east side of the 
Illinois a few miles below where the city of 
Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. 
Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates 
this fort at the present village of Wesley, in 
Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. 
Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of 
"Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1C82, 
was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," 
but the first occupied. It has been claimed that 
Marquette established a mission among the Kas- 
kaskias. opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his 
first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- 
newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited 
it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
was more than a season of preaching to the 
natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, 
etc. ; at least tlie story of an established mission 
has been denied. That this devoted and zealous 
propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, 
is evident from his own journal. He gave to it 



the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate 
Conception," and, although he was compelled by 
failing health to abandon it almost immediately, 
it is claimed tliat it was renewed in 1677 by 
Father AUouez, who had been active in founding 
missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it 
was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 
1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led 
to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently 
returned and was succeeded in 16S8 by Father 
Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw 
to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. 

There is evidence that a mission had been 
established among the Miamis as early as 1698, 
under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by 
St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
This, for the reasons already given showing the 
indefinite use made of the name Chicago as 
applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- 
gan, probably referred to some other locality in 
the vicinity, and not to the site of the present 
city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there 
appears, from a statement in Tonty 's Memoirs, to 
have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the 
same locality as the mission. Speaking of his 
return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 
1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois 
Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I 
was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by 
land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort 
Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- 
manded." 

According to the best authorities it %vas during 
the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- 
ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet 
among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia 
(or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles 
south of the present site of the city of East St. 
Louis. This was the first permanent settlement 
by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on 
the Illinois was broken up the same year. 

A few months after the establishment of the 
mission at Cahokia (which received the name of 
"St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the 
Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on 
the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the 
moutli of the river which bears their name, and 
the mission and village — the latter afterward 
becoming the first capital of the Territorj' and 
State of Illinois — came into being. This identity 
of names has led to some confusion in determin- 
ing the date and place of the first permanent 
settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's 
first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being 
given by some authors as that of the settlement 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



249 



at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven 
years later. 

Period of French Occupation. — As may be 
readily inferred from the methods of French 
colonization, the first permanent settlements 
gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- 
kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later 
periods, but during the French occupation of the 
countr}', other villages were established, the 
most important being St. Philip and Prairie du 
Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile 
valley now known as the "American Bottom," 
between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- 
kia. There were several Indian villages in the 
vicinity of the French settlements, and this 
became, for a time, the most populous locality in 
the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active 
trade carried on with the settlements near the 
mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of 
the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, 
pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even 
wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, 
cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple 
wants of the people required, being brought back 
in return. These boats went in convoys of seven 
to twelve in number for mutual protection, three 
months being required to make a trip, of which 
two were made annually — one in the spring and 
the other in the autumn. 

The French possessions in North America went 
under the general name of "New France, " but their 
boundaries were never clearly defined, though an 
attempt was made to do so through Commission- 
ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- 
stood by the French to include the valley of the 
St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to 
the northern boundaries of the British colonies; 
the region of the Great Lakes ; and tlie Valley of 
the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio 
westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the 
Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- 
tested by England on the east and Spain on the 
southwest, they comprehended the very heart of 
the North American continent, a region unsur- 
passed in fertility and natural resources and 
now the home of more than half of the entire 
population of the American Republic. That 
the French should have reluctantly yielded 
up so magnificent a domain is natural. And 
yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- 
rendering the region east of the Mississippi 
(except a comparatively small district near 
the mouth of that stream) to England, and the 
remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to 



which they had been reduced by a long series of 
devastating wars. (See French and Indian 
Wars.) 

In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under roj-al letters- 
patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a 
monopoly of the commerce, with control of the 
country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of 
Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- 
ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- 
newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of 
which the celebrated John Law was the head, 
and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the 
trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same 
year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had 
been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated 
with Louisiana and became part of that province. 
Law's company received enlarged powers under 
the name of the "East Indies Company," and 
although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," 
leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private 
fortunes in France and England, it did much to 
stimulate the population and development of the 
Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) 
New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres 
erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, 
son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- 
briant was the first commandant of Illinois and 
superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort 
Chartres.) 

One of the privileges granted to Law's com- 
pany was the importation of slaves; and under 
it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the 
country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred 
artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years 
later he received a large grant of land, and 
founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles 
north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became 
slave territory before a white settlement of any 
sort existed in what afterward became the slave 
State of Missouri. 

During 1721 the country under control of the 
East Indies Company was divided into nine civil 
and military districts, each presided over by a 
commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- 
cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest 
and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, 
was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the 
present State, with the country west of the Mis- 
ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree 
of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included 
the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 
1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 



250 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was afterwards gOTerned by officers appointed 
directly by the crown. (See French Oovernors.) 

As early as September, 1699, an attempt was 
made by an expedition fitted out by the English 
Government, under command of Captains Barr 
and Clements, to take possession of the country 
about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground 
of prior discovery; but they found the French 
under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, 
and they sailed away without making any further 
effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
while, in the early part of the next century, the 
English were successful in attaching to their 
interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes 
of the French, and held possession of Western 
New York and the region around the headwaters 
of the Ohio River, extending their incursions 
against the Indian allies of the French as far west 
as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- 
tween the English and French began with the 
formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, 
and the grant to it by the English Government 
of half a million acres of land along the Ohio 
River, with the exclusive right of trading with 
the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this 
grew the establishment, in the next two years, of 
trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee 
in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted 
French and Indian War, which was prosecuted 
with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the 
French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- 
ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- 
can continent. Among those who took part in 
this struggle, was a contingent from the French 
garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, 
commandant of the fort, was one of these, being 
the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- 
pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of 
saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with 
a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty 
of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by 
its terms Canada, and all other territory east of 
the Mississippi as far south as the northern 
boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great 
Britain, while the remainder, including the vast 
territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
Mountains, was given up to Spain. 

Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands 
of the British, although the actual transfer of 
Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it 
did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its 
veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come 
from Vincennes to assume command on the 
retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully 
for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. 



Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- 
lish Government. It is worthy of note that this 
was the last place on the North American con- 
tinent to lower the French flag. 

British Occup.\tion. — The delay of the British 
in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," 
after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the 
surrender of their possessions in America by the 
treaty of 1703, was due to its isolated position 
and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient 
force to establish the British authority. The 
first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, 
when JIaj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- 
cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a 
force of four hundred regulars, but, being met 
by a superior Indian force, was compelled to 
retreat. In August of the same year, Capt 
Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- 
sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition 
got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its 
progress was arrested, and its commander nar- 
rowly escaped death. The next attempt was 
made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- 
uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name 
has been made historical by the celebrated speech 
of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from 
Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, 
Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany 
him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- 
kia, but met with so rough a reception from 
both the French and Indians, that he thought it 
advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by 
descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. 
Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied 
by a party of friendly Indians, but having been 
captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he 
finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
destination. The first British official to reach 
Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- 
scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred 
men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and 
received the surrender of the fort from the faith- 
ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that 
at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- 
ing the more wealthy, left rather than become 
British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left 
almost in a body. Some joined the French 
colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, 
crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then 
in Spanish territory. Much the larger number 
followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been 
established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, 
during the previous year, and which now received 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



251 



what, in these later days, would be called a great 
"boom." 

Captain Stirling was relieved of his command 
at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. 
Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres 
were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel 
Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- 
tel, Clievalier de Rocheblave. Tlie last had been 
an officer in the French army, and, having resided 
at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- 
pation of the country bj- the British. He was the 
last official representative of the British Govern- 
ment in Illinois. 

The total population of the French villages in 
Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, 
has been estimated at about 1.600, of wliich 700 
were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of 
Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- 
lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on 
the Wabash, at the time of his vi.sit in 1770, at 
about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it 
was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are 
about forty private houses and as many fa:nilies. " 
Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the 
French villages. In fact, although nominally in 
Spanish territory, it was essentially a French 
town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French 
garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, 
two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant 
one Corporal and twenty men." 

Action op Continental Congress. —The iirst 
official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by 
the Continental Congress, was the adoption by 
that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three 
Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and 
Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of 
Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 
as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George 
Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was 
appointed agent and successor to these Commis- 
sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The 
promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, 
on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- 
mediately preceding and following that event, 
directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic 
coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were 
watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the 
Government of King George in a quarter where 
it was least expected, and where it was destined 
to have an immense influence upon the future of 
the new nation, as well as that of the American 
continent. 

Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. 
—During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, 



a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five 
years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing 
the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent 
trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people 
and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The 
report brought to him gave him encouragement, 
and, in December of the same year, he laid before 
Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for 
the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
approved, and, on Jan. 3, 1778, Clark received 
authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men 
each for three months" service, and Governor 
Henry gave him 66,000 for expenses. Proceeding 
to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three 
companies, who were directed to rendezvous at 
Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- 
ville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
deceive the British as to his real destination, 
Clark authorized the announcement that the 
object of the expedition was to protect the settle- 
ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
Island another company was organized, making 
four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- 
man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having 
embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of 
the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the 
mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met 
by a party of eight American hunters, who had 
left Kaskaskia a few daj-s before, and who, join- 
ing his command, rendered good service as 
guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth 
of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. 
June 29, and, directing his course across the 
country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 
1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. 
The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- 
kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His 
force having, under cover of darkness, been 
ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile 
above tlie town, one detachment surrounded the 
town, while the other seized the fort, capturing 
Rocheblave and his little command without fir- 
ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and 
hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. 
This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- 
man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
sold by the French Government after the country 
was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having 
been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, 
and known afterward by the British as Fort 
Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, 
but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 17C6, 
and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. 
Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- 
cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 



252 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to 
Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, 
the proceeds of their sale being divided among 
Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily 
conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured 
without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to 
Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre 
Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- 
kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to 
swear allegiance to the United States, and, 
although the place was afterward captured by a 
British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 
24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together 
with a body of prisoners but little smaller than 
the attacking force, and S50,000 worth of prop- 
erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) 

Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom 
in the history of the world have such important 
results been achieved by such insignificant instru- 
mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as 
in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful 
conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely 
through Virginia enterprise and valor and by 
material aid furnished through Governor Henry, 
the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 
1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that 
commonwealth over the settlements of the North- 
west, by organizing all the country west and 
north of the Ohio River into a county to be called 
"Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering 
the GoA-eruor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or 
Commandant-in-Chief to exercise civil author- 
ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. 
Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States 
of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- 
quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio 
its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of 
Kentuckj', was appointed "County-Lieutenant," 
Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in 
May following. The militia was organized, 
Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia 
appointed, and the first election of civil officers 
ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel 
Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- 
sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows 
that he was accustomed to exercise powers 
scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. 
(See Todd, Col John.) 

In 1783 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- 
scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." 
— but the origin of his authority is not clearly 
understood. He assumed to act as Commandant 
until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first 
Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, 
in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts 



ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great 
disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven 
years from 1783 to 1790." 

During the progress of the Revolution, there 
were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois 
Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. 
The country, however, was singularly exempt 
from any serious calamity such as a genera) 
massacre. One reason for this was the friendly 
relations which had existed between the French 
and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- 
quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- 
ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. 
Several movements were projected by the British 
and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- 
ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that 
they had little time to put their plans into execu- 
tion. One of these was a proposed movement 
from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the 
lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having 
engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness 
with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans 
proceeded to capture Fort JIanchac, Baton Rouge 
and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
vinced the latter that tliis was a "game at which 
two could play." In ignorance of these results, 
an expedition, 7.50 strong, composed largely of 
Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 
of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early 
part of May, 17^0, to co-operate with the expedition 
on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a 
destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the 
Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on 
the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 
26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived 
at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours 
earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards 
on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the 
invading force confined their depredations to kill- 
ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a 
hasty retreat in the direction they had come. 
These were the last expeditions organized to 
regain the "Country of the IlUnois" or capture 
Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 

ExPEDiTio.vs Against Fort St. Joseph.— An 
expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention 
in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. 
This consisted of a company of seventeen men, 
led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, 
who, marching across the country, in the month 
of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, 
from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap 
turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had 
erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



253 



Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady 
and his party captured a few British prisoners, 
and a large quantity of goods. On their return, 
while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all 
were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except 
Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in 
January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five 
whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, 
with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don 
Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second 
expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
the Indians, whom they met on their way, with 
promises of plunder, they were able to reach the 
fort without discovery, captured it and, raising 
the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the 
name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- 
session for a few days, the party returned to St. 
Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at 
Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis 
of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of 
the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." 

The Territorial Period. — At the very outset 
of its existence, the new Government of the 
United States was confronted with an embarrass- 
ing question which deeply aflfected the interests 
of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
This was the claim of certain States to lands 
lying between their western boundaries and the 
Mississippi River, then the western boundary of 
the Republic. The.se claims were based either 
upon the terms of their original charters or upon 
the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was 
under a claim of the former character, as well as 
by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- 
ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after 
its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- 
struction was opposed by the States which, from 
their geographical position or other cause, had 
no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, 
and the controversy was waged with considerable 
bitterness for several years, proving a formidable 
obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
federation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
the attention of Congress in the adoption of a 
resolution requesting the States having such 
claims to "forbear settling or issumg warrants 
for unappropriated lands or granting the same 
during the continuance of the present (Revolu- 
tionary) War. " In the following year, New York 
authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its 
boundaries in such manner as they might think 
expedient, and to cede to the Government its 
claim to western lands. The case was further com- 
plicated by the claims of certain land companies 



which had been previously organized. New York 
filed her cession to the General Government of 
lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed 
by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other 
States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being 
the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- 
ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- 
ginia covering tlie southern part of the State, and 
Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the 
northern portion. It was from the splendid 
domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired 
from Virginia and other States, that the North- 
west Territory was finally organized. 

Ordinance of 1787.— The first step was taken in 
the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution 
providing for the temporary government of the 
Western Ten-itory, and this was followed three 
years later by the enactment of the celebrated 
Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document 
contained numerous provisions which marked a 
new departure in the science of free government 
— as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, 
morality and knowledge being nece-ssary to good 
government and the happiness of mankind, 
schools and the means of education shall forever 
be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the 
sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said 
Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of 
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted." 

Although there has been considerable contro- 
venay as to the authorship of the above and other 
provisions of this immortal document, it is 
worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784. 
by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- 
son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, 
adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the 
Congress of 1787 (being then Mini.ster to France), 
and could have had nothing directly to do with 
the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the 
principle which he had advocated finally received 
the approval of eight out of the tliirteen States, — 
all that were represented in that Congress — includ- 
ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North 
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See 
Ordinance of 17S7.) 

Northwest Territory Organized. — Under 
the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a 
soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the 
first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop 
Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Par.sons, 



254 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



James Mitchell Vamum and John Cleves 
Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by 
President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- 
torial Government was organized at Marietta, a 
settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair 
visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 
1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) 
was organized at this time, embracing all the 
settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- 
sippi. (See St. Clair Coiuity.) He found the 
inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, 
neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- 
tice practically abolished and many of the citizens 
sadly in need of the obligations due them from 
the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel 
Clark twelve years before. After a stay of tliree 
months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, 
Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair 
County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although 
both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as 
county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the 
disposition of the local authorities to retain the 
official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- 
agreement over the county-seat question, at least 
in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the 
second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became 
its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid 
a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge 
Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. 
On Nov. 4, 1791, occvirred the defeat of Gov- 
ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present 
State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- 
mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- 
tained a heavy loss of both men and property — 
an event which had an unfavorable effect upon 
conditions throughout the Northwest Territory 
generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- 
mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. 
Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, 
overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This 
resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at 
Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- 
ning of a period of comparative peace with the 
Indians all over the Western Country. (See 
Wayne, (Ocn.) Anthony.) 

First Tekritorial Legislation.— In 1798, the 
Territory having gained the requisite population, 
an election of members of a Legislative Council 
and House of Representatives was lield in accord- 
ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. 
This was the first Territorial Legislature organized 
in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Sliadrach Bond being the 
Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar 



from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harri.son, 
who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the 
Territory, June 20, 1798, was elected Delegate to 
Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over 
Arthur St. Clair, Jr. , son of the Governor. 

Ohio and Indiana Territories.— By act of 
Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory 
was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; 
the latter embracing the region west of the pres- 
ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint 
Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry 
Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- 
gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- 
pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at 
first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair 
and Randolph — the two latter being within the 
boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their 
aggregate population at this time was estimated 
at less than 5,000. During his administration 
Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties 
with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- 
sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating 
to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- 
cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the 
Government acquired six miles square at the 
mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square 
at the mouth of the Illinois ; six miles square at 
the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Ma.ssac ; and 
150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his 
soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of 
the French people and all other white settlers 
among them, the Indian title to which had been 
thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, 
Oreenville, Treaty of .) 

During the year 1803, the treaty with France 
for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida 
was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was 
passed by Congress attaching all that portion of 
Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel 
of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana 
Territory for governmental purposes. This in- 
cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, 
Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- 
tana. This arrangement continued only until 
the following March, when Louisiana was placed 
under a separate Territorial organization. 

P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed 
under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, 
but, the population having increased to the re- 
quired nutnber, an election was held, Sept. 
11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- 
ernment to the "second grade" by the election of 
a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the 
vote indicated the indifference of the people on 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



255 



the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition 
received a majority of 138. The two Illinois 
counties cast a total of 143 votes, of which St. 
Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former 
gave a majority of 37 against the measure and 
the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative 
majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition 
was due, therefore, to tlie affirmative vote in the 
other counties. There were in the Territory at 
this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was 
in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- 
arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to 
a Territorial Legislature, lield Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- 
rach Bond, Sr. , and William Biggs were elected 
for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- 
dolpli. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- 
ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, 
Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature 
convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only 
to recommend a list of persons from whom 
it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative 
Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard 
was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. 
Clair. 

Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois 
counties were represented in two regular and one 
special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- 
ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- 
tory. By act of Congress, which became a law 
Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- 
ern part being named Illinois. 

At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- 
rate political division, begins. While its bounda- 
ries in all other directions were as now, on the 
north it extended to the Canada line. From 
what has already been said, it appears that the 
earliest white settlements were established by 
French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia 
and the other villages in the southern part of the 
American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- 
vasion, there were not known to have been more 
than two Americans among these people, except 
such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional 
visits. One of the earliest American settlers in 
Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who 
came from Massachusetts and settled at an early 
day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now 
stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of 
Kaskaskia, where he died in 180G. In 1781, a 
company of immigrants, consisting (with one or 
two exceptions) of members of Clark's command 
in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
land and Virginia and established themselves on 
the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- 
tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair 



and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively 
American colony in the "Illinois Country," was 
established by this party. Some of its members 
afterward became prominent in the history of the 
Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with 
others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, 
and William Arundel, the first American mer- 
chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years 
a leading citizen and mercliant at the capital, 
arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- 
rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from 
Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years 
afterward by several brothers. James Lemen 
came before the beginning of the present cen- 
tuiy, and was the founder of a large and influ- 
ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair 
County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony 
of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
Among other prominent arrivals of this period 
were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first 
Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach 
Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John 
Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; 
and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward 
Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, 
Justice of the United States Court and father of 
the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane 
(first Secretary of State and afterward United 
States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- 
General and second Representative in Congress), 
George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State), 
and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- 
torial or State history. (See biographical 
sketches of these early settlers under their re- 
spective names.) 

The government of the new Territory was 
organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- 
wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, 
and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse 
B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, 
Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to 
Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in 
his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- 
kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that 
time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph 
comprised the settled portion of the Territory, 
with a white population estimated at about 9,000. 
The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded 
to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded 
the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were 
confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first 
Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 



256 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



months, when the place was offered to John J. 
Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- 
ator from Kentuck\- at the beginning of the 
Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. 
Crittenden was then appointed. 

An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of 
Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecuniseh, 
the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. WilUam 
Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
rangers were raised in Illinois this yea.r under 
direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, 
who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the 
following year. They were commanded by Cap- 
tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, 
James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- 
rable earthquake which had its center about New 
Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this 
year, and was quite violent in some portions of 
Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of ISll. ) 

War of 1812. — During the following year the 
second war with England began, but no serious 
outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, 
when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where 
Chicago now stands, took place. This had long 
been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at 
first under French occupation and afterward 
under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, 
a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago 
River on the south side, on land acquired from the 
Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See 
Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some 
alarm had been caused by outrages committed by 
Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of 
August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the 
garrison of less than seventy-five men, received 
instructions from General Hull, in command at 
Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the 
public property as he might see fit. Friendly 
Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- 
tions for a vigorous iiefense, or evacuate at once. 
Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- 
tention to retire and divide the stores among 
them, with the conditions subsequently agreed 
upon in council, that his garrison should be 
afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort 
Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to 
distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but 
the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- 
stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a 
bad use would be made of them, while the 
Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- 
ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- 
scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" 

"Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who 
had been on terms of friendship with the whites. 



appeared before Captain Heald and informed 
him plainly that his young men intended to 
imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; 
that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, 
surrendering a medal he had worn in token of 
amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a 
token of peace wliile I am compelled to act as an 
enemy. ' In the meantime the Indians were riot- 
ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- 
sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march 
out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. 
To each soldier was distributed twenty-five 
rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage 
and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- 
rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- 
ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 
following in the rear. What next occurred in 
this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain 
Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of 
the country rendered it necessary for us to take 
the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high 
sand bank on our right at about three hundred 
yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile 
and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain 
Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack 
us from behind the bank. I immediately marched 
up with the company to the top of the bank, 
when the action commenced; after firing one 
round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in 
front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- 
teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, 
provisions and baggage of everj' description, and 
finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort 
Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) 
did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had 
left and took possession of a small elevation in 
the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any 
other cover. The Indians did not follow me but 
assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after 
some consultation among themselves, made signs 
for me to approach them. I advanced toward 
them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- 
watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- 
preter. After shaking hands, he recjuested me to 
surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the 
prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I 
concluded it would be most prudent to comply 
with this request, although I did not put entire 
confidence in his promise. The troops had made 
a brave defense, but what could so small a force 
do against such overwhelming numbers? It was 
evident with over half their number dead upon 
the field, or wounded, further resistance would 
be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars aud twelve 
militia, with two women and twelve children, 
were killed. Among the slain were Captain 
Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George 
Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been 
captured by Indians and had married among 
them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the 
wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness 
of the Indian character, and when the conflict 
began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by 
whose side he was standing, 'We have not the 
slightest chance for life; we must part to meet 
no more in this world. God bless you.' With 
these words he dashed forward into the thickest 
of the fight. He refiLsed to be taken prisoner, 
knowing what his fate would be, wheu a young 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



257 



red-skin cut him down vritli his tomahawk, 
junijied upon liis body, cut out liis heart and ate 
a portion of it with savage delight. 

"The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and 
wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Helm, also 
wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com- 
missioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen 
killed. Mr. Kinzie's familj' had been entrusted 
to the care of some friendly Indians and were not 
with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged 
in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, 
with a few Chippewas, OttawaS: Winnebagoes, 
and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered 
and burned on the next morning." (See Fort 
Dearborn; also War of ISIS.) 

Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever 
occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as 
victims. The place where this affair occurred, 
as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake 
shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in 
the present city of Chicago. After the destruction 
of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago 
remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort 
was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- 
tims of the massacre of 1813 still lay bleaching 
upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
were gathered up a few years later and buried. 
The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat 
irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- 
doned, there being no longer any reason for 
maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. 

Other Events of the War.— The part played 
by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly 
in looking after the large Indian population 
within and near its borders. Two expeditions 
were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 
1812; the first of these, under the direction of 
Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- 
lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- 
ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort 
Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. 
Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a 
descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, 
on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- 
bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He 
burned a part of the town and, taking the people 
as prisoners down the river, put them ashore 
below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both 
these affairs were severely censured. 

There were expeditions against the Indians on 
the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 
1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part 
with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — 
the last of these being in co-operation with regu- 
lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, 
afterwards President, against a force of Indians 
supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria 



was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- 
saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at 
the close of the campaign of 1814. A council 
with the Indians, conducted by Governors 
Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as 
Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi 
just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a 
treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
tribes, thus ending the war. 

First Territorial Legislature.— By act of 
Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e. , em- 
powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In 
September, three additional counties— Madison, 
Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making 
five in all, and, in October, an election for the 
choice of five members of the Council and seven 
Representatives was held, resulting as follows: 
Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; 
William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of 
Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and 
Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives- 
George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and 
Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- 
son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of 
Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The 
Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- 
cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President 
and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, 
with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. 
Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the 
first Delegate to Congress. 

A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- 
vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- 
tinued President of the Council during the whole 
Territorial period; while George Fisher was 
Speaker of each House, except the Second. The 
county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and 
White in 1815. Other counties organized under 
the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- 
roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, 
and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, 
making fifteen in all. Of these all but the 
three last-named were organized previous to the 
passage by Congress of the enabling act author- 
izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State 
government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was 
established at Shawneetown, with branches at 
Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 

Early Towns.— Be.sides the French villages in 
the American Bottom, there is said to have been 
a French and Indian village on the west bank of 
Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears 
to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 



258 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



village established on the present site of Peoria 
soon after, which was maintained until 1812, 
w hen it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808; 
Belleville, established as the county -seat of St. 
Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 
1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. 
Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- 
ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to 
this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and 
Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago 
is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a 
village of Pike County." 

Admission as a State.— The preliminary steps 
for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken 
in the passage of an Enabling Act bj' Congress, 
April 13, 1818. An important incident in this 
connection was the amendment of the act, mak- 
ing the parallel of 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to 
the Mississippi River the northern boundar.v, 
instead of a line extending from the southern 
extremity of the Lake. This was obtained 
through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, 
then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State 
secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in 
width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- 
ing what have since become fourteen of the most 
populous counties of the State, including the city 
of Chicago. The political, material and moral 
results which have followed this important act, 
have been the subject of much interesting dis- 
cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. 
(See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, 
Nathaniel.) 

Another measure of great importance, which Mr. 
Pope secured, was a modification of the provision 
of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of 
five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- 
lic lands within the State, to the construction of 
roads and canals. The amendment which he 
secured authorizes the application of two-fifths 
of this fund to the making of roads leading to the 
State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- 
ated by the Legislature of the State for the 
encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth 
part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or 
university." This was the beginning of that 
system of liberal encouragement of education by 
the General Government, which has been at- 
tended with such beneficent results in the younger 
States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois 
<fc Michigan Canal. ) 

The Enabling Act re<iuired as a precedent con- 
dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken 



that year, should show a population of 40,000. 
Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed 
that the number was greatly exaggerated, the 
true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. 
According to the decennial census of 1820, the 
population of the State at that time was 5.5,163. 
If there was any short-coming in this respect in 
1818, the State has fully compensated for it by 
its unexampled growth in later j'ears. 

An election of Delegates to a Convention to 
frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 
1818 (extending through three days), thirty-three 
Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties 
of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, 
August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse 
B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup, 
Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The 
Constitution, which was modeled largely upon 
the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 
was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See 
Constitutional Conventions, especially Conven- 
tion of ISIS.) Objection was made to its accept- 
ance by Congress on the ground that the 
population of the Ten-itory was insufficient and 
that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- 
plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but 
these arguments were overcome and the docu- 
ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. 
The only officers whose election was provided for 
by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant- 
Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- 
sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, 
Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and 
Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive 
either by the Governor or General Assembly. 
The elective franchise was granted to all white 
male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who 
had resided in the State six months. 

The first State election was held Sept. 17, 
1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond 
for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- 
Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same 
time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- 
seven Representatives. It commenced its se.ssion 
at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a 
session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- 
sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A 
second session of the same Legislature was held, 
extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. 
Risdon Jloore was Speaker of the first House. 
The other State officers elected at the first ses- 
sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; John Thomas. 
Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. 
Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- 
tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



259 



the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. 
Thomas were elected United States Senators, tlie 
former drawing the sliort term and serving one 
year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served 
two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme 
Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, 
with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and 
John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- 
edge, left the State in a few months and was 
succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers. 
United States Senators, and Judiciary.) 

Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor 
four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of 
Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- 
kaskia in 1790, at the age of 2-i years, and 
engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- 
pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- 
lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- 
ant feature of his character: "At one time there 
was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard 
held the onlj- supply outside of St. Louis. A 
number of his neighbors called upon him for 
what they wanted ; he declined to let them know 
whether he could supply them or not, but told 
them to come to his store on a certain day, when 
he would inform them. They came at the time 
appointed, and were seated. Menard passed 
around among them and inquired of each, 'You 
got money?' Some said they had and some that 
they had not, but would pay as soon as they 
killed their hogs. Those who had money he 
directed to range themselves on one side of the 
room and those who had none, on the other. Of 
course, those who had the means expected to get 
the salt and the others looked very much dis- 
tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up 
in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got 
de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. 
Dese poor men who got no money shall have my 
salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble hearted 
and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 
(See Menard, Pierre. ) 

Removal of the Capital to Vandalia. — 
At the second session of the General Assembly, 
five Commissioners were appointed to select a 
new site for the State Capital. What is now the 
city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 
1820, the entire archives of the State were re- 
moved to the new capital, being transported in 
one small wagon, at a cost of §25.00, under the 
supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- 
wards became United States Senator and Justice 
of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals. ) 
During the session of the Second General 



Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 
1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank 
at Vandalia. with branches at Shawueetown, 
Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, 
who had been the first Representative in Con- 
gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. 
He was twice elected to the United States Senate, 
though he served only about two years, dying in 
1830. (See State Bank.) 

Introduction of the Slavery Question. — 
The second State election, which occurred in 
August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- 
lent period through the introduction of some 
exciting questions into State politics. There 
were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in 
the field : Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme 
Court, supported by the friends of Governor 
Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same 
court, supported by the friends of Governor 
Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian 
fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," 
and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of 
Virginia, who had served as private secretary of 
President Monroe, and had been employed as a 
special messenger to Russia. He had made two 
visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- 
tion being in session at the date of the latter 
visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of 
the slavery question and exerted his influence in 
securing the adoption of the prohibitory article 
in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started 
from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- 
ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The 
journey from Brownsville, Pa. , was made in 
two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where 
he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- 
ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- 
prised his slaves by announcing that they were 
free. The scene, as described by himself, was 
most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- 
selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took 
them with him to his destination, where he 
eventually gave each head of a family IGO acres 
of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed 
the position of Register of the Land Office, to 
which he had been appointed by President Mon- 
roe, before leaving Virginia. 

The act of Coles with reference to his slaves 
established his reputation as an opponent of 
slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood 
as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and 
Browne being friendly to "the institution," 
which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois 
Country" from the time Renault brought 500 



260 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- 
dred years before. Although the Constitution 
declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the 
State,'" this had not been effectual in eliminating 
it. In fact, while this language was construed, 
so long as it remained in the Constitution, as 
prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission 
of slaves from without, it was not regarded as 
inimical to tlie institution as it already existed ; 
and, as the population came largely from the 
slave States, there had been a rapidly growing 
sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
clause. Although the pro-slavery party was 
divided between two candidates for Governor, 
it had hardly contemplated the possibility of 
defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when 
the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- 
ing 3,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for 
Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality 
being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became 
Governor on less than one-third of the popular 
vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race 
for Congress at the same election against 
McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was 
successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, 
Edward; also Cook. Daniel Pope.) 

The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- 
lature, which met Dec. 3, 1822. The House 
organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, 
while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott 
(afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister 
and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- 
cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers 
appointed by the Governor, or elected by the 
Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary 
of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, 
Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney-General. 
Lockwood had served nearly two j'ears pi'eviously 
as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
of Secretary of State only three months, wlien he 
resigned to accept the position of Receiver for 
the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel D7'ake.) 

The slavery question came up in the Legisla- 
ture on the reference to a special committee of a 
portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- 
tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite 
of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that 
steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and 
minority reports were submitted, the former 
claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- 
stitution and thereby make such disposition of 
the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a 
resolution submitting to the electors at the next 



election a proposition for a convention to revise 
the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the 
necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up 
in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single 
vote— Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from 
Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully 
contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the 
session, being one of those voting in the negative. 
The next day, without further investigation, the 
majority proceeded to reconsider its action in 
seating Hansen two and a half months previ- 
ously, and Shaw was seated in his place ; though, 
in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- 
essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, 
the submission resolution was then passed. No 
more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. 
Of five papers then published in the State, "The 
Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper 
Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- 
forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had 
been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- 
ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on 
both sides of the question, though rather favoring 
the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican 
Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator 
Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at 
Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- 
lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge 
Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States 
Senator), favored the Convention. The latter 
paper was established for the especial purpose of 
supporting the Convention scheme and was 
promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- 
ure. (See NewsjMpers, Early.) Among other 
supporters of the Convention proposition were 
Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard 
M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, 
of the Supreme Court, and many more; while 
among the leading champions of the opposition, 
were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- 
ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George 
Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thonias Lip- 
pincott. Daniel P Cook, then Representative in 
Congress, was the leading champion of freedom 
on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed 
the salary of his entire term (S4,000), as well as 
his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- 
ernor Edwards (then intlie Senate) was the owner 
of slaves and occupied a non-committal ])osition. 
The election was held August 3, 1824, resulting in 
4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, 
defeating the proposition b}' a majority of 1,668. 
Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
(11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it 
Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



261 



countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. 
(See Slavet-y and Slave Laics.) 

At the same election Cook was re-elected to 
Congress by 3.016 majority over Shadrach Bond. 
The vote for President was divided between John 
Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay 
and "William H. Crawford— Adams receiving a 
plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- 
oral College failing to elect a President, the 
decision of the question passed into the hands of 
the Congressional House of Eepreseutatives, 
when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of 
Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. 

During the remainder of his term, Governor 
Coles was made the victim of much vexatious 
litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict 
being rendered against him in the sum of $2,000 
for bringing his emancipated negroes into the 
State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- 
lature having passed an act releasing him from 
the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by 
a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision 
was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. 
Having lived a few years on his farm near 
Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, 
where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face 
of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in 
danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- 
formed a service to the State which has scarcely 
yet been fully recognized. (See Colex, Edward.) 

A ridiculous incident of the closing year of 
Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - 
Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having 
tasted the sweets of executive power during the 
Governor's temporary absence from the State, to 
usurp the position after the Governor's return. 
The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper 
were suppressed by the Supreme Court. 

An interesting event of the year 1825, was the 
visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He 
was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, 
and the event was made the occasion of much 
festivity by the French citizens of the ancient 
capital. {See La Faijette, Visit of .) 

Tlie first State House at Vandalia having been 
destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was 
erected during the following year at a cost of 
$12,381. .50, toward which the people of Vandalia 
contributed $5,000. 

Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- 
tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian 
Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he 
had filled during nearly tlie whole of the exist- 
ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the 



first United States Senators, and re-elected for a 
second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 
1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, 
by appointment of President Monroe. Having 
become involved in a controversy with William 
H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he 
resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period 
of retirement to private Ufe for the first time 
after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the 
people of the State for endorsement, with the 
result stated. His administration was unevent- 
ful except for the "Winnebago War," which 
caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor 
Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school 
gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished 
in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, 
proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the 
despotic in his bearing in consequence of having 
been reared in a slave State and his long connec- 
tion with the executive office. His early educa- 
tion had been under the direction of the 
celebrated William Wirt, between whom and 
himself a close friendship existed. He was 
wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- 
owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of 
stores and mills, which were managed by agents, 
but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for 
many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the 
pioneer printer, furnishing the material with 
which the latter published his papers at Spring- 
field and Galena. At the expiration of his term 
of office near the close of 1830, he retired to lus 
home at Belleville, where, after making an un- 
successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in 
which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he 
died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, 
Ninian.) 

William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- 
didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket 
opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. 
Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate 
for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, 
known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- 
ments used against Kinney in this campaign was 
that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of 
three members who voted against the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the 
canal) would make an opening for the Yankees 
to come to the country." 

During Edwards' administration the first steps 
were taken towards the erection of a State peni- 
tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured 
by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- 
latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 



262 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Commissioners having charge of its construction 
were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and 
Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of 
Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- 
law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. 

Governor Reynolds — Bl.\ck Hawk War. — 
The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John 
Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by 
a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, 
while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney 
ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See 
Reynolds, John.) 

The most important event of Reynolds' admin- 
istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight 
thousand militia were called out during this war 
to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result 
being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- 
sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- 
ite rallying point of the Indians for generations. 
was the central point at the beginning of this 
war. It is impossible to give the details of this 
complicated struggle, which was protracted 
through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though 
there was no fighting worth speaking of except 
in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in 
that, except the surprise and defeat of Stilhnan's 
command. Beardstown was the base of opera- 
tions in each of these campaigns, and that city 
has probably never witnessed such scenes of 
bustle and excitement since. The Indian village 
at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, 
after being pursued through Northern Illinois 
and Southwestern Wisconsin without being 
allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the 
Mississippi in a famishing condition and with 
spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time 
the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and 
the largest town in the State north of Springfield, 
was the center of great excitement, as the war 
was waged in the region surrounding it. (See 
Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have 
not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor 
upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
the whites, it was remarkable for the number of 
those connected with it whose names afterwards 
became famous in the history of the State and 
the Nation. Among them were two who after- 
wards became Presidents of the United States — 
Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and 
Abrah.am Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia 
— besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in 
the regular army and afterwards head of the 
Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- 
ernors — Dunoan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- 
wnor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the 



gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards 
United States Senator ; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's 
law preceptor and partner, and later a Member 
of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in 
after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- 
bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. 
Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; 
the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. 
John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- 
ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and 
others. 

Under the census of 1830, Illinois became 
entitled to three Representatives in Congress 
instead of one, by whom it had been represented 
from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- 
tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to 
the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- 
trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 
1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- 
Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. 
D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. 
(SeeApportionynent, Congressional; Ca.sf y, Zadoc, 
and Representatives in Congress.) Within two 
weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), 
Governor Reynolds followed the example of his 
associate in office by resigning the Governorship 
to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or 
Southern) District, which had been rendered 
vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the 
incumbent in office, in July previous. This 
opened the way for a new promotion of acting 
Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the 
distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office 
for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, 
John, and Slade, Charles. ) 

Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
offices under the State, than any other man who 
ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each 
branch of the General Assembly, he more than 
once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- 
tenant Governor and Governor by virtue of the 
resignation of his superiors; was United States 
Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became 
Clerk of the House where he had presided as 
Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of 
Public Accounts, and dj-ing in that office three 
years later. In less than twenty years, he held 
eight or ten different offices, including the high- 
est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- 
son.) 

Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, 
who had served the State as its only Represent- 
ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, 
August, 1834, over four competitors— William 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



263 



Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans 
and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph.) 

His administration was made memorable by 
the large number of distinguished men who 
eitlier entered public life at this period or gained 
additional prominence by their connection with 
public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, 
who afterward and at different times represented 
Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, 
and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1863; Orville H. 
Browning, a prospective United States Senator 
and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John 
Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. 
Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian 
W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. 
John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many 
more. 

During this administration was begun that 
gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," 
which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- 
ests of the State. The estimated cost of the 
various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, 
and though little of substantial value was real- 
ized, yet, iu 18.53, the debt (principal and inter- 
est) thereby incurred (including that of the 
canal), aggregated nearly §17,000,000. The col- 
lapse of the scheme was, no doubt,, hastened by 
the unexpected suspension of specie payments 
by the banks all over the country, which followed 
soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- 
ment Policy; also State Debt.) 

Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the 
session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act 
was passed removing the State capital to Spring- 
field, and an appropriation of §.50,000 was made to 
erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- 
field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In 
securing the passage ,of these acts, the famous 
"Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and 
Job Fletcher, in the Senate; and Abraham Lin- 
coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew 
McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and 
Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- 
tives from Sangamon County — played a leading 
part. 

The Murder of Lovejoy. — An event occurred 
near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which 
left a stain upon the locality, but for which his 
administration had no direct responsibility; to- 
wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a 
pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native 
of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had 
been employed upon various papers, the last 
being "The St. Louis Observer." The outspoken 



hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter 
local opposition which led to its removal to 
Alton, where the first number of "The Alton 
Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not 
until one press and a considerable portion of the 
material had been destroyed by a mob. On the 
night of August 21, 1837, there was a second 
destruction of the material, when a third press 
having been procured, it was taken from the 
warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A 
fourth press was ordered, and, pending its 
arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- 
ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned 
address, maintained his right to freedom of 
speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil 
authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to 
God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my 
grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. 
The new press was stored in the warehouse of 
Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 
1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained 
about the building the next day, but when night 
came all but nineteen retired to their homes. 
During the night a mob attacked the building, 
when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. 
An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire 
the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To 
dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two 
others, emerged from the building, when two or 
three men in concealment fired upon him, the 
shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, 
causing his death almost instantly. He was 
buried the following day without an inquest. 
Several of the attacking party and the defenders 
of the building were tried for riot and acquitted 
— the former probably on account of popular 
S}'mpathy with the crime, and the latter because 
they were guiltless of any crime except that of 
defending private property and attempting to 
preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal 
shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. 
Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The 
former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in 
a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the 
latter, having been captured by Comanche 
Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the 
other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a 
martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; 
also Alton Riots.) 

Carun Succeeds to the Governorship.— 
Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, 
who was chosen at the election of 1838 over 
Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. 
Ninian Edwards), who was the Wliig candidate. 



264 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor 
was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. 
{SeeC'cirH7i,{Gov.) Thomas; Anderson, Slinson H.) 

Among the members of the Legislature chosen 
at this time we find the names of Orville H. 
Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, 
William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, 
J«8se K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, 
John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald 
Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- 
quent history of the State. This was the last 
Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- 
field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The 
corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- 
field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 
1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent 
address. Its estimated cost was $180,000, but 
$240,000 was expended upon it before its com- 
pletion. 

An incident of this campaign was the election 
to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. 
Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third 
District, bj' a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart 
was re-elected in 1840, but in 1843 he was suc- 
ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John 
J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the 
Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- 
cils for the first time. 

Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting 
event connected witli Carlin's administration was 
the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from 
the office of Secretary of State, which he had 
held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, 
this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- 
ernor "with the advice and consent of the 
Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- 
nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to 
confirm the nomination. After adjournment of 
the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain 
possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. 
The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in 
his favor, but this decision was overruled by the 
Supreme Court. A special session having been 
called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, 
then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- 
firmed Secretary of State, but held the position 
only a few months, when he resigned to accept a 
place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as 
Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. 

Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain 
decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited 
the apprehension of the Democrats, who had 
heretofore been in political control of the State, 



and a movement was started in the Legislature 
to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of 
whom were W^liigs. The Democrats were not 
unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a 
bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare 
majority of one in the House. Under this act 
five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas 
Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel 
H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- 
crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and 
afterwards Governor, has characterized this step 
as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- 
tionary measure, which could never have suc- 
ceeded except in times of great party excite- 
ment." 

The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 
in June, 1810, was an incident of the political 
campaign of that year. No such popular assem- 
blage had ever been seen in the State before. It 
is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per 
cent of the entire population of the State — were 
present, including a large delegation from Chi- 
cago who marched overland, under command of 
the late Maj.Gen. David Hunter, bearing with 
them many devices so popular in that memorable 
campaign. 

Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas 
Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- 
ernor in 1842, taking the jjlace on the ticket of 
Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- 
nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 
majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who 
had been a member of the Legislature for several 
terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), 
was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, 
Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) 

E.MBARRASSINO QUESTIONS. — The failure of the 
State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close 
of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- 
tion of business depression that was felt all over 
the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- 
tration, the State debt was estimated at $15, 657,- 
950 — within about one million of the highest 
point it ever reached — while the total population 
was a little over half a million. In addition to 
these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a 
source of embarrassment. This people, after 
having been driven from Missouri, settled at 
Nauvoo, in Hancock Count}'; they increased 
rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course 
of their leaders and their odious doctrines — 
especially with reference to "celestial marriage," 
and their assumptions of authority — aroused the 
bitter hostility of neighboring communities not 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



265 



of their faith. The popular indignation became 
greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous 
politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by 
the Legislature, of certain charters and special 
privileges. Various charges were made against 
the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- 
ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- 
ernor called out the militia of the neighboring 
counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — 
the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum 
and three others, were induced to surrender to 
the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 
1844, under promise of protection of their per- 
sons. Then the charge %vas changed to treason 
and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight 
men being placed about the building. A con- 
siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and 
returned home, while others were openly hostile 
to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 
disguised men attacked the jail, finding little 
opposition among those set to guard it. In 
the assault which followed both of the Smiths 
were killed, while John Taylor, another of 
the prisonei's, was wounded. The trial of the 
murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. 
A state of virtual war continued for a year, 
in which Governor Ford's authority was openly 
defied or treated with contempt by those whom 
he had called upon to preserve the peace. In 
the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave 
the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- 
age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, 
who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
called on by Governor Ford to head parties of 
militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- 
man conducted the negotiations which resulted 
in the promise of removal. The great body of 
the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- 
cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June 
following. Another considerable body entered 
the service of the Government to obtain safe con- 
duct and sustenance across the plains. While 
the conduct of the Mormons during their stay 
at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and 
often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- 
ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage 
of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest 
purposes, and this episode has left a stigma 
upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- 
Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith. Joseph.) 

Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability 
in certain directions have not been questioned, 
his administration was not a successful one, 
largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
vailed at the time and the embarrassments which 



he met from his own party. (See Ford, Thomas.) 
Mexican War.— A still more tragic chapter 
opened during the last year of Ford's administra- 
tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. 
Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, 
called for by the General Government from the 
State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, 
and many more men offered their services than 
could be accepted. The names of their respective 
commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. 
Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded 
a high place in the annals of the State and the 
Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky 
family; he had achieved distinction at the bar 
and served in the State Legislature and in Con- 
gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena 
Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, 
John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- 
tion in Congress and was the first Republican 
Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. 
Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- 
ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, 
and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad 
as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised 
in the State "for the war" during the next year, 
led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and 
James Collins, beside four independent companies 
of mounted volunteers. The whole number of 
volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict 
was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 
wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss 
in killed was greater than that of any other 
State, and the number of wounded only exceeded 
by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. 
Among other lUinoisans who participated in this 
struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. 
Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley 
and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, 
either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
received the "baptism of fire" which prepared 
them to win distinction as commanders of corps, 
divisions, brigades and regiments during the War 
of the Rebellion, including such names as John 
A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. 
Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace 
(who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. 
Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, 
Isham N. Haynie. Theophilus Lyle Dickey, 
Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh. Thomas H. 
Flynn, J. P. Post. Nathaniel Niles. W. R. Morri- 
son, and others. (See Mexican War.) 

French's Administration-Massac Rebellion. 
—Except for the Mexican War. which was still 
in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain 
portions of the State — especially bv a band of self- 



266 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties 
— tlie administration of Augustus C. French, 
which began with the close of the year 1846, was 
a quiet one. French was elected at the previous 
August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for 
Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 
5,113 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- 
tion) candidate. The Whigs lield their first State 
Convention this year for the nomination of a 
State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same 
election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- 
gress, defeating Peter Cartwriglit, the famous 
pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- 
cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- 
ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was 
elected to the United States Senate as successor 
to James Semple. 

New Convention Movement. — Governor 
French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
August 3, 1808; he had practiced his profession 
as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a 
member of the Tenth and Eleventh General 
Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at 
Palestine. The State had now begun to recover 
from the depression caused by the reverses of 
1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its 
growth in population had been satisfactory. The 
old Constitution, however, liad been felt to be a 
hampering influence, especially in dealing with 
the State debt, and, as early as 1843, the question 
of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- 
tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was 
defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. 
The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution 
for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it 
was approved by the people by a majority of 
35.836 in a total vote of 81,353. The State then 
contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate 
population of 663,150. The asse.ssed valuation of 
property one year later was §93,306,493, while 
the State debt was §16,661,795 — or more than 
eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of 
the property of the State. 

Constitutional Convention of 1847. —The 
election of members of a State Convention to 
form a second Constitution for tlie State of Illi- 
nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were 
Democrats, leaving seventy members to all 
shades of the opposition. The Convention 
assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was 
organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- 
manent President, and concluded its labors after 
a session of nearl3- three months, adjourning 
August 31. The Constitution was submitted to 



a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati 
fied by .59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. 
A special article prohibiting free persons of color 
from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 
votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- 
viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 
against. The Constitution went into effect April 
1, 1848. (See Constitutions: also Constitutional 
Convention 0/1347.) 

The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, 
to be applied to the payment of the State in- 
debtedness, was the means of restoring the State 
credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
of free persons of color, though in accordance 
with the spirit of the times, brought upon the 
State much opprobrium and was repudiated 
with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. 
The demand for retrenchment, caused by the 
financial depression following the wild legislation 
of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- 
visions in the new Constitution, some of which 
were afterward found to be serious errors open- 
ing the way for grave abuses. Among these 
was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- 
sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, 
while the per diem of members was fixed at two 
dollars. The salaries of State officers were also 
fixed at what would now be recognized as an 
absurdly low figure, that of Governor being 
$1,500; Supreme Court Judges, 81,200 each; Cir- 
cuit Judges, $1,000; State Auditor, $1,000; Secre- 
tary of State, and State Treasurer, $800 each. 
Among less objectionable provisions were those 
restricting the right of suffrage to white male 
citizens above tlie age of 2! years, which excluded 
(except as to residents of the State at the time of 
the adoption of the Constitution) a class of 
unnaturalized foreigners wlio had exercised the 
privilege as "inhabitants'' under the Constitu- 
tion of 1818; providing for the election of all 
State, judicial and county officers by popular 
vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- 
debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special 
vote of the people, or granting the credit of the 
State in aid of any individual association or cor- 
poration; fixing the date of the State election 
on the Tuesdaj' after the first Monday in Novem- 
ber in every fourth year, instead of the firs''- 
Monday in Augvist, as had been the rule under 
the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all 
State officers was fixed at four years, except that 
of State Treasurer, which was made two years, 
and tlie Governor alone was made ineligible to 
immediate re-election. The number of members 
of the General Assembly was li.xed at twenty-five 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



26r 



in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, 
subject to a certain specified ratio of in- 
crease when the population should exceed 
1,000,000. 

As the Constitution of 181S Iiad been modeled 
upon the form then most popular in the Southern 
States — especially with reference to the large 
number of officers made appointive by the Gov- 
ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new 
Constitution was, in some of its features, more in 
harmonj' with those of other Northern States, 
and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- 
land sentiment. This was especially the case 
with reference to the section providing for a sys- 
tem of township organization in the several 
counties of the State at the pleasm-e of a majority 
of the voters of each county. 

Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for 
the ratification of the State Constitution, three 
other State elections were held in 1848, viz. : (1) 
for the election of State officers in August ; (3) 
an election of Judges in September, and (3) the 
Presiilential election in November. At the first 
of these. Governor French, whose first term had 
been cut short two years by the adoption of the 
new Constitution, was re-elected for a second 
term, practically without opposition, the vote 
against him being divided between Pierre Menard 
and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his 
own successor, being the first Illinois Governor 
to be re-elected, and, though two j'ears of his 
first term had been cut off by the adoption of the 
Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial 
office six years. The other State officers elected, 
were William Mc5Iurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- 
Governor; Horaces. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary 
of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, 
State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but 
McMurtry being their own successors. At the 
Presidential election in November, the electoral 
vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic 
candidate, who received .jG.SOO votes, to 53,047 
for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for 
Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free 
Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first 
time in l!ie history of the State after 1824, the 
Democratic candidate for President failed to 
receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, 
being in a minority of 12,531, while having a 
plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,233, The 
only noteworthy results in the election of Con- 
gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. 
Baker (Wliig), from the Galena District, and 
that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from 



the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris 
had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which 
probably accounted for their election in Districts 
usually opposed to tliom politically. The other 
five Congressmen elected from tlie State at the 
same time — including John Wentworth, then 
chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- 
trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to 
the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from 
the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from 
the Central, and John Dean Catoii, from the 
Northern — all Democrats. 

A leading event of this session was the election 
of a United States Senator in place of Sidney 
Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been 
severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United 
States Senator for six years, and Jolin A. Mc- 
Clernand, then a member of Congress, were 
arrayed against each other before the Democratic 
caucus. After a bitter contest, Shields was 
declared the choice of his party and was finally 
elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, 
however. On presentation of his credentials, 
after a heated controversy in Congress and out of 
it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- 
cessor in very intemperate language, he was 
declared ineligible on the ground that, being of 
foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship 
required by the Constitution after naturalization 
had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
October, following, the Legislature was called 
together in special session, and. Shields' disabil- 
ity having now been removed by the expiration 
of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, 
though not without a renewal of the bitter con- 
test of the regular session. Another noteworthy 
event of this special session was the adoption of 
a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
"Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded 
at the next regular session, on the ground that the 
points at issue had been settled in the Compro- 
mise measm-es of 1850, it indicated the drift of 
sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the 
spread of the institution of slavery, and this was 
still more strongly emphasized by the election of 
Abraham Lincoln in 1800. 

Illinois Central R.\ilro.\d. — Two important 
measures which passed the General Assembly at 
the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, 
and the act incorporating the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- 
ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for 
William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 
III. , as early as 1835, although a special charter 



268 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



for a road over a part of this line had been passed 
by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in 
his "Historical Sketch"" of the Illinois Central 
Railroad, awards the credit of originating this 
enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander il. Jenkins, 
in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a 
member, and Speaker of the House at the time. 
He afterwards became President of the first Illi- 
nois Central Railroad Company, organized under 
an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- 
vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to 
Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur- 
render by the road of its charter. The first step 
toward legislation in Congress, on this subject 
was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, 
of a bill in March, 18-13 ; but it was not until 18.50 
that the measure took the form of a direct grant 
of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate 
in May, and the House in September, following. 
The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- 
pose of aiding in the construction of a line of 
railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- 
sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, 
Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on 
each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 
acres, the length of the main line and bi'anches 
exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- 
rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company 
passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. 
The company was thereupon promptly organized 
with a number of New York capitalists at its 
head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- 
wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was 
placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the 
purpose designated, under the pledge of the 
Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and 
to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into 
the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- 
tion of the line was constructed through sections 
of country either sparsely settled or wholly 
unpopulated, but which have since become 
among the richest and most populous portions of 
the State. The fund already received by the State 
from the road exceeds the amount of the State 
debt incurred under the internal improvement 
scheme of 1837. {See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- 
crat) was elected Governor at the November 
election, in 1853, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 
for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8.809 for Dexter 
A. Knowlton, Free Soil. The other State ofBcers 
elected, were Gustavus Koerner, Lieutenant- 
Governor; Alexander Starne. Secretary of State; 
Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor; and John Moore, 
Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these 



offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, 
Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis 
Arenz. Jolin A. Logan appeared among the new 
members of the House chosen at this election as 
a Representative from Jackson County ; while 
Henrj' W. Blodgett, since United States District 
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and 
late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the 
Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil 
member, being the Representative from Lake 
County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- 
ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- 
ber of Congress, was a member of the House and 
was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; 
Knowlton, Dexter A. ; Koerner, Gustainis: Starne, 
Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.; 
Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett 
Henry W.) 

Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The 
State debt reached its maximum at the beginning 
of Matteson"s administration, amounting to 
§16,724,177, of which §7,259,822 was canal debt. 
The State had now entered upon a new and pros- 
perous period, and, in the next four years, the 
debt was reduced by the sum of §4,564,840, 
leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, 
§12,834,144. The three State institutions at 
Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and 
Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- 
cessful operation several years, but now internal 
dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- 
agement seriously interfered with their prosperity 
and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, 
impaired their usefulness. 

Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- 
teson's administration a period of political ex- 
citement began, caused by the introduction in 
the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by 
Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise 
known as the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. Although 
this belongs rather to National history, the 
prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- 
man who had won applause three or four years 
before, by the service he had performed in secur- 
ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad 
grant, and the effect which his cour.se had in 
revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
reference to it here. After a debate, almost 
unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, 
May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was 
intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically 
denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where 
the State Fair was in progress, during the first 
week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



269 



State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
bj' Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to 
whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were 
also made in criticism of Douglas' position by 
Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had 
been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- 
cratic leaders were understood to be ready to 
assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
though they afterwards reversed their position 
under partisan pressure and became supporters of 
the measure. The first State Convention of the 
opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
same time, but the attendance was small and the 
attempt to effect a permanent organization was 
not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth 
General Assembly, which met in January, fol- 
lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first 
Republican United States Senator from Illinois, 
in place of General Sliields, whose term was about 
to expire. Trumbull was elected on tne tenth 
ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven 
for Governor JIatteson, though Lincoln had led 
on the Republican side at every previous ballot, 
and on the first had come within six votes of an 
election. Although he was then the choice of a 
large majority of the opposition to the Demo- 
cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the 
original supporters of Trumbull would not cast 
their votes for himself, he generously insisted 
that his friends should support his rival, thus 
determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; 
Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) 

Decatur Editorial Convention.— On Feb. 
22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- 
raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which 
proved the fir.st effective step in consolidating 
the opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Bill into a 
compact political organization. The main busi- 
ness of this convention consisted in the adoption 
of a series of resolutions defining the position of 
their authors on National questions — especially 
' with reference to the institution of slavery — and 
appointing a State Convention to be held at 
Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- 
tral Conmiittee to represent the new party was 
also appointed at this convention. "With two or 
three exceptions tlie Committeemen accepted and 
joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
was held at the time designated, when the first 
Republican State ticket was put in the field. 
Among the distinguished men who participated 
in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. 
Browning, Ricliard Yates, Owen Lovejoy. John 
M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went 
worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin 



coin, who was one of the cliief speakers, was one 
of tlie delegates appointed to the National Con- 
vention, held at Philadelphia on the ITth of June. 
The candidates put in nomination for State offices 
were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis 
A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward 
replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's 
ineligibility) ; Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of 
State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. 
IMiller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell 
for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The 
Democratic ticket was composed of William A. 
Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- 
tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of 
State; S.K.Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas- 
urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction. The American organization 
also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. 
Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats 
carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate 
for President, by a plurality of 9,1.'>9, the entire 
Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
ranging from 3,031 to 20.213— the latter being tlie 
majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- 
urer, whose name was on both the Republican and 
American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial 
Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 
1S5G. ) 

Administration of Governor Bissell. — 
With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the 
Republican party entered upon the control of the 
State Government, which was maintained with- 
out interruption until the close of the administra- 
tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period 
of thirty -six years. On account of physical disa- 
bility Bissell's inaugui'ation took place in the 
executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was 
immediately made the object of virulent personal 
abuse in the House, being charged with perjury 
in taking the oath of office in face of the fact 
that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted 
a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. 
To this, the reply was made that the offense 
charged took place outside of the State and be- 
yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of 
Illinois. (See Bissell. William H.) 

While the State continued to prosper under 
Bissell's administration, the most important 
events of this period related rather to general 
than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- 
ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- 
sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the 
celebrated speech in which he announced the 
doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- 
not stand." This was followed during the next 



270 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



few months by the series of memorable debates 
between those two great champions of their 
respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas— which 
attracted the attention of the whole land. The 
result was the re-election of Douglas to the 
United States Senate for a third term, but it 
also made Abraham Lincoln President of the 
United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas 
Debates. ) 

About the middle of Bissell's term (February. 
1859), came the discovery of what has since been 
known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." 
This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State 
bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had 
been issued for temporary purposes during the 
construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
but which had been subsequently redeemed. A 
legislative investigation proved the amount ille- 
gally f imded to have been S223, 183, and that the 
bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they 
could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. 
Joel A. Matteson. For this amoimt, with ac- 
crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity 
bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from 
which the State eventually realized §238,000 out 
of $2.5."), 000 then due. Further investigation 
proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- 
gating Slfi.5,346. which the State never recovered. 
An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson 
criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit 
Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, 
to find an indictment against him. (See Canal 
Scrip Fraud. ) 

An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- 
tration to secure the refunding (at par and in 
violation of an existing law) of one hundred and 
fourteen $1,000 bonds hj-pothecated with Macalis- 
ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for 
which the State had received an insignificant 
consideration. The error was discovered when 
new bonds for the principal had been issued, but 
the process was immediately stopped and the 
new bonds surrendered — the claimants being 
limited by law to 28.61 cents on the dollar. This 
subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- 
ume. (See Macalister d: Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor 
Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- 
ful, altliough the State continued to prosper 
under it as it had not done since the "internal 
improvement craze" of 1887 had resulted in im- 
posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the 
time of his election Governor Bissell was an 
invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, 
from which he never recovered. He died in 
oflace, March 18, 1860. a little over two months 



after having entered upon the last year of his 
term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. 
John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. 
(See Bissell, William H.: also Wood, John.) 

Political Campaign of 1860. — The political 
campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- 
ment throughout the nation, but especially in 
Illinois, which became, in a cei-tain sense, the 
chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful 
candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
State in which the convention which nominated 
him met. The Republican State Convention, 
held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination 
Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor ; 
Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, 
O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. 
Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, 
and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable 
for its excitement, it was also memorable for the 
large number of National and State tickets in the 
field. The National Republican Convention 
assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third 
ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for 
President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- 
passed in the history of National Conventions, of 
which so many have been held in the "conven- 
tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was 
what might have been expected from such a 
beginning. Lincoln, tliough receiving consider- 
ably less than one-halt the popular vote, had a 
plurality over his highest competitor of nearly 
half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- 
oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he 
received 172.161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his 
leading opjjonent. The vote for Governor stood: 
Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- 
Democrat). 159.253; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- 
crat), 2.049; Stuart (American), 1,626. 

Among the prominent men of different parties 
who appeared for the first time in the General 
Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. 
Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushuell, 
and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- 
liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones. Robert H. 
McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. 
Brown. Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell. and 
John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul- 
lom. who had entered the Legislature at the 
previous session, was re-elected to this and was 
chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- 
ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to tlie 
United States Senate bj' the votes of the Repub- 
licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic 
candidate. 






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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



271 



Beoinning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- 
taneously with the accession of the new St<ate 
Government, and before the inauguration of the 
Presulent at Washington, began that series of 
startling events which ultimately culminated in 
the attempted secession of eleven States of the 
Union — the first acts in the great drama of war 
which occupied the attention of the world for the 
next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new 
State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, 
Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
tion held at Washington, were appointed from 
Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. 
Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. 
Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln 
took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- 
field on his departure for Washington, in that 
simple, touching speech which has taken a place 
beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg 
speech, as an American classic. The events 
which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the 
twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 
75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed 
all over the country, are matters of National his- 
tory. lUinoisans responded with promptness and 
enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State 
militia for three months' service, and one week 
later (April 21), Gen. R. K. S%vift, of Chicago, at 
the head of seven companies numbering 59.5 men, 
was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the 
Secretary of War for the occupation of that 
place. The offer of military organizations pro- 
ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, 
fifty companies had been tendered, while the 
public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- 
cipal cities were offering to supply the State with 
money to arm and equip the hastily organized 
troops. Following in order the six regiments 
which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, 
those called out for the three months' service in 
1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to 
twelve, and were commanded by the following 
officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard 
J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, 
W, H, L. Wallace and John McArthur, with 
Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- 
mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, 
of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- 
ice, re-enlisted for three years. (Sef. War of the 
Rebellion. ) 

Among the many who visited the State Capit(d 
in the early months of war to offer their services 
to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, 
one of the most modest and unassuming was a 
gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of 



introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- 
man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a 
Captain in the regular army an<l had seen service 
in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension 
on that account, but after days of patient wait- 
ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk 
in tlie office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. 
Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen 
requiring the services of an officer of military 
experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a 
camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- 
field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an 
experiment and from necessity than from convic- 
tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. 
Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was 
assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) 
which, from previous bad management, had 
manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus 
Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of 
the war, the organizer of final victory over the 
Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies 
of the Union and twice elected President of the 
United States, started upon that career %vhioh 
won for liim the plaudits of the Nation and the 
title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See 
Grant, Ulysses S.) 

The responses of Illinois, under the leadership 
of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, 
to the repeateil calls for volunteers through the 
four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- 
nois troops took part in nearly every important 
battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of 
those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- 
man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- 
nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at 
Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and 
Henry; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River 
and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege 
of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in 
the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, 
Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the 
battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all 
the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to 
Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- 
ing answered every call upon her for troops 
without a draft. The whole number of enlist- 
ments from the State mider the various calls from 
1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War 
Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre- 
gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to 
population was 15.1 per cent, which was only 
exceeded by the District of Columbia (which 
had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 



273 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Nevada, each of -nhich had a much larger 
proportion of adult male population. The whole 
number of regimental organizations, according 
to the return.s in the Adjutant General's office, 
was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con- 
secutirely from the Si.xth to the One Hundred 
and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 
regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- 
teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially 
reported by the War Department, were 3-4,834 
(13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in 
battle. 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, 
and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great 
Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and 
Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 
11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz.: 
Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. 
Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, Jolm M. Palmer, R. J. 
Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. 
Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- 
Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. 
(See sketches of these officers under their respec- 
tive names.) Among the long list of regimental 
officers who fell upon the field or died from 
wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of 
the Nineteenth ; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the 
Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the 
Twenty-seventh — all killed at Stone River; Col. 
John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. 
Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty -eighth ; Lieut. -Col. 
Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy 
O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- 
nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; 
Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at 
Chickasaw Baj'ou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross, 
of the Thirty-second, at Shiloh ; Col. John A. 
Davis of the Forty -.sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- 
liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and 
Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- 
saw; Col. Jolm A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides 
Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col. 
Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. 
John J. Mudd, Col. Mattliew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. 
H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more 
on other battle-fields. . (Biographical sketches of 
many of these officers will be found under the 
proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It 
would be a grateful task to record here the names 
of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- 
selves bravely on tlie field, survived to enjoy the 
plaudits of a grateful people, were this within 
tlie design and scope of the present work. One 
of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the 
raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, 



La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of 
the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation witli 
the Seventh under conimand of Col. Edward 
Prince. 

CO.VSTITUTION.\L CONVENTION OF 1862. — An 

incident of a different character was the calling 
of a convention to revise the State Constitu- 
tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A 
majority of this body was composed of those 
opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of 
the State administration and the General Gov- 
ernment was soon manifested, which was resented 
by the executive and many of the soldiers in tlie 
field. The convention adjourned March 24, and 
its work was submitted to vote of the people, 
June 17, 1863, when it was rejected by a majority 
of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in 
the field, who were permitted, as a matter of 
policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically 
unanimous in opposition to it. 

De.\th OF Douglas.— A few days before this 
election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House 
in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of 
the State of its most sagacious and patriotic 
adviser. (See Douglas. Stephen A. ) 

Legislature of 1863. — Another political inci~ 
dent of this period grew out of the session of the 
General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
been elected on the tide of tlie political revulsion 
which followed the issuance of President Lin- 
coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, 
was Democratic in both branches. One of its 
first acts was the election of William A. Richard- 
son United States Senator, in place of O. H. 
Browning, who had been appointed by Governor 
Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of 
Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- 
ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to 
cripple the State and General Governments in 
the prosecution of tlie war. Resolutions on the 
subject of the war, which the friends of the 
Union regarded as of a most mischievous cliarac- 
ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but 
owing to the death of a member on the m.ajority 
side, they failed to pass the Senate. These 
denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement 
of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- 
tation of negroes into the State;" accused the 
General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- 
verting the Constitution" and attempting to 
establish a "consolidated military despotism;" 




COLISEUM BUILDING, STATE FAIR GROUNDS, SPRINGFIELD 




DOME BUILDING, STATE FAIR GROUNDS, SPRINGFIELD 




\\(i.\IA.\S lUILDING. STATK FAIH (IHorXDS, SPRINGFIELD 




DAIRY BUILDlXt;, STATE FAIR (illULXD.S, SPRIXGITELD 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



273 



charged that the war had been "diverted from its 
first avowed object to that of subjugation and 
the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of 
the authors that its "further prosecution .... 
cannot result in the re.storation of the Union 
.... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- 
lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress 
to secure an arniistice with the rebel States, and 
closed by appointing six Commissioners (who 
were named) to confer with Congress, with a 
view to the holding of a National Convention to 
adjust the differences between the States. These 
measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- 
ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, 
so that little legislation was accomplished — not 
even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 

Legislature Prorogued.— At this juncture, 
the two Houses having disagreed as to the date 
of adjournment. Governor Yates exercised the 
constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, 
which he did in a message on June 10, declaring 
them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- 
tional term. The Republicans accepted the result 
and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in 
the House and a minoritj' in the Senate continued 
in session for some days, without being able to 
transact any business except the filing of an 
empty protest, when they adjourned to the first 
Monday of January, 1864. Tlie e-xcitement pro- 
duced by this affair, in the Legislature and 
throughout the State, was intense; but the action 
of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme 
Court and the adjourned session was never held. 
The failure of the Legislature to make provision 
for the expenses of the State Government and the 
relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- 
sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from 
the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the 
State which was never wanting when needed 
during this critical jieriod. (See Twenty-Third 
General Asuembli/.) 

Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peace 
conventions" were held during this year, at 
Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- 
ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further 
offensive pro.secution of the war" were adopted. 
An immense Union mass-meeting was also held 
at Si>ringfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed 
by distinguished speakers, including both Re- 
publicans and War-Democrats. An important 
incident of tliis meeting was the reading of the 
letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. 
Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, 
and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, 
in a characteristically logical manner. 



Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 
was full of exciting political and military events. 
Among the former was the nomination of George 
B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- 
vention held at Chicago, August 129. on a platform 
declaring tlie wara "failure" as an "experiment" 
for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- 
tion of hostilities" with a view to a convention for 
the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been 
renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, 
in June previous, with Amlrew Johnson as the 
candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the 
respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. 
Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- 
ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic 
candidate for Governor. 

Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months 
rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of 
rebels from the South and their sympathizers in 
the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined 
in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, 
Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 23,000 
men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- 
ber election, but the activity of the military 
authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing 
their arms, defeateil it. The investigations of a 
military court before whom a number of the 
arrested parties were tried, proved the existence 
of an extensive organization, calling itself 
"American Knights" or "Sons of Libert}'," of 
which a number of well-known politicians in 
Illinois were members. (See Cam}) Dotiglas 
Conspiracy.) 

At the November election Illinois gave a major- 
ity for Lincoln of 30,7.56, and for Oglesby, for 
Governor, of 33,67.5, with a proportionate major- 
ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote 
in the electoral college was 2 13, to 21 for McClellan. 

Legislature of 186.5. — The Republicans had a 
decided majority in both branches of the Legis- 
lature of 186.5, and one of its earliest acts was the 
election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- 
tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had 
been elected two years before to the seat formerly 
held by Douglas. This was the lust public posi- 
tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- 
ernor." During his official term no more popular 
public servant ever occui)ied the executive chair 
— a fact demonstrated by the promptness with 
which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the 
United States Senate. His personal and political 
integrity was never questioned by his most bitter 
political opponents, while those who had known 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



him longest and most intimately, trusted him 
most implicitly. The service which he performed 
in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of 
tlie State and in marshaling its lieroic soldiers 
for the defense of the Union can never be over- 
estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) 

Oglesby's Administration. — Governor Ogles- 
by and the other State officers were inaugu- 
rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties 
with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the 
new administration was confronted by no such 
difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- 
fied with the war from its beginning, was one of 
the first Illinoisans promoted to the rank of 
Major-General, was personally popular and 
enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people 
of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired 
from a position on the Circuit bench to accept 
that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
the last three years of the war, was Speaker of 
the House. This Legislature was the first among 
those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth 
Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- 
ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the 
evening of Feb. 1, 1865 — the same day the resolu- 
tion had been finally acted on by Congress and 
received the sanction of the President. The 
odious "black laws," which had di-sgraced the 
State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
statute-book at this session. The Legislature 
adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- 
ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- 
ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- 
able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) 

Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now 
rapidly approaching a successful termination. 
Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, 
April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating 
this event with joyful festivities tlirough all the 
loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm 
than in Illinois, the home of the two great 
leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of 
these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- 
dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the 
evening of April 14, I860, in Ford's Theater, 
Washington. The appalling news was borne on 
the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the 
land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of 
gloom himg over every part of the land. Public 
buildings, business houses and dwellings in every 
city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
States were draped with the insignia of a univer- 
sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, 



patriotic women who had given their husbands, 
sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, 
wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- 
ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- 
nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the 
grandest character of the age, who had served 
both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- 
ity, and perished in the verj- zenith of his fame 
and in the hour of his country's triumph. 

The Funeral. — Then came the sorrowful 
march of the funeral cortege from Washington 
to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle 
witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In 
all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the 
fourth day of Slay, 1865, amid the most solemn 
ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing 
thousands, she received to her bosom, near his 
old home at the State Capital, the remains of the 
Great Liberator. 

The part which Illinois played in the great 
struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as 
the scope of this work will permit. It only 
remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
the men of the State was grandly supplemented 
by the equally patriotic service of its women in 
"Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good 
Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary 
organizations for tlie purpose of contributing to 
the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp 
and in hospital, and in giving them generous 
receptions on their return to their homes. The 
Avork done by these organizations, and by indi- 
vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the 
brightest pages in the history of the war. 

Election of 1866.— The administration of Gov- 
ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- 
ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the 
election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. 
Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as 
Representative from the State-at-large. reentered 
Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to 
enter the Union army. His majority was un- 
precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature 
of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United 
States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- 
tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. 
Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the 
National Constitution, conferring citizenship 
upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- 
lature. 

Election of 1868.— The Republican State Con- 
vention of 1868. held at Peoria, May 6, nominated 
the following ticket: For Governor, John M. 
Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



275 



Secretary of State. Edward Rummell; Auditor, 
Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, Erastus N. 
Bates; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. 
John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress 
for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as 
candidate for Governor, with William H. Van 
Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 

The Republican National Convention was held 
at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant 
for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- 
President. They were opposed by Horatio 
Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- 
President. The result in November was the 
election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 
electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral 
votes for Sej-mour and Blair from 8 States — three 
States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois 
was 51.150. Of course the Republican State 
ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans 
to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight 
Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in tlie 
House. 

Palmer's Administration. — Governor Palm- 
er's administration began auspiciously, at a time 
when the passions aroused by the war were sub- 
siding and the State was recovering its normal 
prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading 
events of the next four years were the adoption 
of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. 
The first steps in legislation looking to the con- 
trol of railroads were taken at the session of 

1869, and although a stringent law on the subject 
passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- 
ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, 
and, although superseded by the Constitution of 

1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the 
legislation since had on the subject. The cele- 
brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city 
of Chicago and the Hlinois Central Railroad the 
title of the State to certain lands included in 
what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was 
passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, 
was re-enacted over his veto. This act was 
finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and 
after many years of litigation, the rights claimed 
under it by the Hlinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany have been recently declared void by the 
Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- 
teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to 
"citizens of the United States .... on account 
of race, color or previous condition of servitude," 
was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
House, on March 5. 



The first step toward the erection of a new 
State Capitol at Sprinyfield had been taken in an 
appropriation of §450,000, at the session of 1867, 
the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A 
second appropriation of .$650,000 was made at the 
session of 1869 The Constitution of 1870 limited 
the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the 
Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation 
of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the 
building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The 
original cost of the building and its furniture 
exceeded $4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) 

The State Convention for framing a new Con- 
stitution met at Springfield. Dec. 13, 1809. 
It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four 
Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- 
ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected 
as "Independents" and cooperated with the 
Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- 
cock was elected President. The Convention 
terminated its labors, May 18, 1870; the Constitu- 
tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, 
and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special 
provision establishing the principle of "minority 
representation" in the election of Representatives 
in the General Assembly, was adopted by a 
smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- 
ing feature of the latter was the general restric- 
tion upon special legislation and the enumeration 
of a large variety of subjects to be provided for 
under general laws. It laid the basis of our 
present railroad and warehouse laws; declared 
the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad 
tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; 
prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- 
scribers to the stock of any railroad or private 
corporation; limited the rate of taxation and 
amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required 
tlie enactment of laws for the protection of 
miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- 
tion against the re-election of a Governor as his 
own immediate successor was removed, but placed 
upon the oflJice of State Treasurer. The Legisla- 
ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 133 
Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- 
sentatives being chosen from each district. (See 
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; also Con- 
stitution of 1S70. ) 

At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- 
elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; 
Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- 
man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Leoislatuke of 1871.— The Twenty-seventh 
General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 



276 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



spent more time in legislation than any other in 
the history of the State — a fact to be accounted 
for, in part, by the Cliicago Fire and the exten- 
sive revision of the laws required in consequence 
of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
the regular session, there were two special, or 
called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- 
ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature 
adopted the system of "State control" in the 
management of the labor and discipline of the 
convicts of the State penitentiary, which was 
strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special 
message. General Logan having been elected 
United States Senator at this session, Gen. John 
L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position 
of Congressman-at- large at a special election held 
Oct. 4. 

CmcAOO FlEE OF 1871.— The calamitous fire 
at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging 
rather to local than to general State history, 
excited the profound sympathy, not only of the 
people of the State and the Nation, but of the 
civiUzed world. The area burned over, including 
streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings 
out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. 
The loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop- 
erty at 8187,927,000. Governor Palmer called the 
Legislature together in special session to act upon 
the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- 
cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was 
adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount 
it liad expended in the enlargement of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal, amounting to §2,955,340. 
The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet 
in a regiment of United States troops organized 
for guard duty, led to some controversy between 
Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of 
Cliicago and the military authorities, including 
President Grant, on the other; but the general 
verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between 
civil and military authority may not have been 
observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
a great emergency, was of the highest value and 
was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire 
of 187 1 under title Chicago. ) 

Political Campaign of 1872.— The political 
campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- 
fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. 
Dissatisfied with the administration of President 
Grant, a number of the State officers (including 
(Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- 
licans of the State, joined in what was called the 
"Liberal Republican" movement, and supported 
Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- 
ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer 



of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John 
L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the 
November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- 
lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, 
to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. 
The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 
40,690. 

Governor Oglesby's second administration was 
of brief duration. Within a week after his in- 
auguration he was nominated by a legislative 
caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- 
ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses 
against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by 
the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J. ) 
Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became 
Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his 
chief. His administration was high-minded, 
clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) 

Republican Reverse of 1874. — The election 
of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the 
Republican party had experienced in Illinois 
since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the 
Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was 
elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- 
bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) 
was at the same time elected State Superintend- 
ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in 
each House of the General Assembly. After a 
protracted contest, E. M. Haines^who had been 
a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected 
to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was 
elected Speaker of the House over Shelb3- M. Cul- 
lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen 
President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio 
Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- 
lowed — especially in the House— was one of the 
most turbulent and disorderly in the history of 
the State, coming to a termination, April 15, 
after having enacted very few laws of any im- 
portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly.) 

Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. Cullom was the 
candidate of the Republican part}' for Governor 
in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the 
National ticket. The excitement which attended 
the campaign, the closeness of the vote between 
the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and 
Tilden — and the determination of the result 
tlu-ough the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
are fresh in the memory of the present gener- 
ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for 
President was 19,631, but owing to the combina- 
tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on 
Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for 



i 




BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING. CHICAGO. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



277 



Cullom was reduced to 6,798. The other State 
officers elected were: Andrew Sliuman, Lieu- 
teuaut-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary 
of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward 
Rutz, Treasurer, aud James K. Edsall, Attornej'- 
Geueral. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 
20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- 
petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. 
The new State House was occupied for the first 
time by the State officers and the Legislature 
chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
had a majority in the House, the Independents 
held the "balance of power" in joint session of 
the General Assembly. After a stubborn and 
protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. 
Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was 
elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a 
Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
Supreme Court of the United States in 1863. His 
election to the L'nited States Senate by the Demo- 
crats and Independents led to his retirement from 
the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- 
ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- 
cumstance which,- in the opinion of many, may 
have had an important bearing upon the decision 
of that tribunal. In the latter part of bis terni 
he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, 
and more frequently acted with the Republicans 
than with their opponents. He supported Blaine 
and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 
1884 (See Davis, David.) 

Strike of 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, 
in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization 
of business, especially in the railroad centers of 
the State aud throughout the country generally. 
The newly -organized National Guard was called 
out and rendered efficient service in restoring 
order. Governor Cullom"s action in the premises 
was prompt, and has been generally commended 
as eminently wise and discreet. 

Election op 1878. — Four sets of candidates 
were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer 
and Superintendent of PuVdic Instruction in 1878 
— Republican, Democratic, (ireenback and Pro- 
hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen. 
John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and 
James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
averaging about 3.5,000. The same party also 
elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- 
gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured 
a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
bly. At the session of tliis Legislature, in Janu- 
ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the 



United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. 
Oglesby, whose term expired in JIarch following. 
Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served 
as Speaker of the House at this session. (See 
Smith, John Cor.sun; Slade, James P.; also Thirty' 
first General Assejnbly. ) 

Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign 
of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle 
made by the friends of General Grant to secure 
his nomination for the Presidency for a third 
term. The Republican State Convention, begin- 
ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, 
ending in instructions in favor of General Grant 
by a vote of 399 to 28.5. These were nullified, 
however, by the action of the National Conven- 
tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was 
nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for 
Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- 
retary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; 
Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, 
and James McCartney for Attorney-General. 
(See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; 
Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- 
tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its 
candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- 
sons for Lieutenant-Governor. 

The Republican National Convention met in 
Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in 
which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- 
eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New 
York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott 
Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. 
James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- 
ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican 
State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- 
ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive 
majorities in both branches of the Legislature. 

No startling events occurred during Governor 
CuUom's second term. The State continued to 
increase in wealth, population and prosperity, 
and the heavy debt, b}' which it had been bur- 
dened tliirty years before, was practically "wii)ed 
out." 

Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882, 
Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State 
Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second 
term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. 
Strattan, the Republican candidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- 
feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again 
had a majority in each House of the General 
Assembly, amovmting to twelve on joint ballot. 
Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 



278 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



House. In the election of United States Senator, 
which occurred at tliis session, Governor Cullom 
was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. 
John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. 
Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- 
ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See 
Cullom, Shelby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Collins, 
Loren C, and Raab, Henry.) 

The "Harper High License Law," enacted by 
the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has 
become one of the permanent features of the Illi- 
nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, 
and has been more or less closely copied in other 
States. 

Political Campaign of 1884. — In 1884, Gen. 
E. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the 
Republican party for Governor, receiving at 
Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- 
tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. 
Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 
The Republican National Convention was again 
held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884 ; Gen. John 
A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- 
licans for President, and was put in nomination 
in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The 
choice of the Convention, however, fell upon 
James G. Blaine, on tlie fourth ballot, his leading 
competitor being President Artliur. Logan was 
then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- 
tion. 

At the election in November the Republican 
party met its first reverse on the National battle- 
field since 1856, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. 
Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being 
elected President and Vice-President by the nar- 
row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State 
of New York. The result was in doubt for sev- 
eral days, and the excitement throughout the 
country was scarcely less intense than it had 
been in the close election of 1876. The Green- 
back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in 
Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. 
The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. 
The Republican State oiBcers elected were Richard 
J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith. Lieuten- 
ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of 
State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, 
State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- 
General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 
000 to 25,000. Botli Dement and Swigert were 
elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt 
were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, 
and Hunt, Oeorge. ) 

Chicago Election Frauds.— An incident of 
this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat 



Rudolpli Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of 
Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- 
trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed 
and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe- 
trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four 
years for perjury growing out of the investiga- 
tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was 
found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
United States Senator — Senator Logan being a 
candidate for re-election, while the Legislature 
stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two 
Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest 
on the election of Speaker of the House finally 
resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending 
the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in 
the House and one in the Senate were rendered 
vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of 
the Representatives being Democrats, and the 
other Representative a Republican. The special 
election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy 
with a new member of the same political faith as 
liis predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House 
were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- 
lican member in place of a Democrat in the 
House was brought about by the election of 
Captain William H. Weaver Representative from 
the Tliirty-fourth District (composed of JIason, 
Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the 
Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused 
by tlie death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, 
Democrat. This was accomplished by what is 
called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub- 
licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by 
surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- 
sation not only of the session, but of special elec- 
tions generally, especially as every county in the 
District was strongly Democratic. This gave the 
Republicans a majority in each House, and the 
re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
two months had been consumed in the contest. 
(See Logan, John A.) 

Oglesby's Third Term. — The onlj' disturbing 
events during Governor Oglesby's third term were 
strikes among the quarrj-men at Joliet and 
Leniont, in Jlay, 1885 ; by the railroad switchmen 
at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the 
employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November 
of the same year. In each case troops were called 
out and order finally restored, but not until sev- 
eral persons had been killed in the two former, 
and both strikers and employers had lost heavily 
in the interruption of business. 

At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and 
Dr. Richard Edwards (Rfepublicans) were respec- 
tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



279 



tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality 
for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See 
Tanner, Jolin R.; Edwards, EicJiard.) 

In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, whicli 
met January, 1S8T, the Republicans liad a major- 
ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was 
elected to the United States Senate in place of 
Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell, 
Charles B.) 

FiFER Elected Governor. — The political 
campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less 
bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- 
Senator Joseph "VV. Fifer, of McLean County, and 
Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each 
other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See 
Fifer, Joseph IT'. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets 
were also in the field The Republican National 
Convention was again held in Chicago, June 
20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The 
delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- 
tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. 
Gresham. (See Grcsham, Walter Q.) Grover 
Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a 
candidate for re-election. At the November elec- 
tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving 
the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. 
Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that 
of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, 
Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre- 
tary of State ; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor ; 
Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, 
Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; rear- 
son, Isaac N.; Parey, Charles W; and Becker, 
Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six 
majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the 
largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- 
lature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator 
CuUom to the United States Senate, practically 
w' thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory 
education law, and the enactment of the Chicago 
drainage law. At a special session held in July, 
1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation 
looking to the holding of the World's Columbian 
Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were 
taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) 

Republican Defeat of 1890. — The campaign 
of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on 
both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward 
S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 
9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 
1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
Though lacking two of an absolute majority on 



joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats 
were able, with the aid of two members belonging 
to the Farmers" AUiance, after a prolonged and 
exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. 
Palmer United States Senator, as successor to 
C. B. Farwell. The election took place on JIarch 
11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for 
Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) 
and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) 
Elections of 1892. — At the elections of 1892 
the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first 
defeat on both State and National issues since 
1856. The Democratic State Convention was 
held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the 
Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in 
nomination John P. xVltgeld for Governor; 
Joseph B. (Jill for Lieutenant-Governor; William 
II. Hiarichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. 
Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for 
Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- 
eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter 
for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for 
Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- 
. didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov- 
ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, 
Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- 
son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- 
eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry 
L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits 
and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- 
tees. Thei first four were all incumbents nomi- 
nated to succeed themselves. The Republican 
National Convention held its session at Minneapo- 
lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for 
re-election, while that of the Democrats met 
in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session 
until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its 
standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. 
Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running- 
mate for Vice-President. The Prolubition and 
People's Party also had complete National and 
State tickets in the field. The State campaign 
was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the 
Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- 
ing an especially bitter contest upon some features 
of the compulsory school law, and gaining many 
votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. 
The result in the State shovv-ed a plurality for 
Cleveland of 26.993 votes out of a total 873,646— 
the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote 
amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- 
tive heads of the State tickets were; Altgeld 
(Dem.), 42,5,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link 
(Pro.). 25,628;Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108— plurality for 
Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



est given to any Republican candidate on either 
the National or the State ticket, leading that of 
President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the 
vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of 
Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the 
Democratic State ticket with the single exception 
of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- 
urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in 
Congress from the State chosen at this time, 
eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, 
including among the latter the two Congressmen 
from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen- 
eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to 
twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and 
seventy -eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- 
ans in the House. 

The administration of Governor Fifer — the last 
in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- 
ernors — closed with the financial and industrial 
interests of the State in a prosperous condition, 
the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its 
treasur}'. Fifer was the first private soldier of 
the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, 
though the result of the next two elections have 
shown that he was not to be the last — both of his 
successors belonging to the same class. Governor 
Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the 
State to be elected Governor, though the State 
has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign 
birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; 
John Moore, an Englishman, and. Gustavus 
Koemer and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans. 

Altoeld's Administration. — The Thirty- 
eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 
4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each 
House. (See Thirty-eiglith Ocncral Assembly.) 
The inauguration of the State officers occurred on 
January 10. The most important events con- 
nected with Governor Altgeld's administration 
were the World's Coliunbian Exposition of 1893, 
and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both 
of these have been treated in detail under their 
proper lieads. (See World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster 
befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the 
night of Jan. 3, 1893, of a portion of the buildings 
connected with the Southern Hospital for the 
Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of 
nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and 
officers of the institution to great risk and no 
small amount of suffering, although no lives were 
lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which 
met a few days after the lire, made an appropri- 
ation of §171,970 for the restoration of the build- 
ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. 



The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- 
urer of the University of Illinois, which came to 
light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, 
involved the State in heavy loss (the exact 
amount of which is not even yet fully known), 
and operated unfortunately for the credit of the 
retiring administration, in view of the adoption of 
a policy which made the Governor more directly 
responsible for the management of the State in- 
stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- 
cessors. The Governor's course in connection 
with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised 
in some quarters, especially as it brought him in 
opposition to the policy of the National adminis- 
tration, and exposed liim to the charge of sjnipa- 
thizing with the strikers at a time when they 
were regarded as acting in open violation of law. 

Election of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed 
as surprising a reaction against the Democratic 
party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite 
direction. The two State offices to be vacated 
this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction — were fiUed by the elec- 
tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. 
The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- 
urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. 
Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre- 
sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as 
elected were Republicans, and these two were 
unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- 
ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub- 
licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. 

One of the most important acts of {he Tbirt3'- 
ninth General Assembly, at the following session, 
was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- 
tion of members of the General Assembly at $1,000 
for each regular session, with five dollars per day 
and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This 
Legislature also passed acts making appropriations 
for the erection of buildings for the use of the 
State Fair, which had been permanently located 
at Springfield ; for the establishment of two ad- 
ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock 
Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; 
for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal 
Schools, and for a Soldiers' "Widows' Home at 
Wilmington. 

Peiim.\nent Location of the State Fair. — 
In consefiuonce of the absorption of public atten- 
tion — especially among the industrial and manu- 
facturing classes — by the AVorld's Columbian 
Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the 
Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was 



H 

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



281 



omitted for the first time since the Civil War. 
The initial steps were taken by the Board at its 
annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that 
year, looking to the permanent location of the 
Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- 
cago, in October following, formal specifications 
were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met 
in securing the prize. These were sent to cities 
intending to compete for the location as tlie basis 
of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses 
were received from the cities of Bloomington, 
Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual 
meeting in January, 1894, with tlie result that, 
on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was 
accepted and the Fair permanently located at 
that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to 
ten divided bet%veen five other points. The 
Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to 
the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of 
land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair 
Grounds immediately north of the city — besides 
a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- 
gamon County Board of Supervisors for the 
erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- 
butions increased the estimated value of the 
donations from Sangamon County (including the 
land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the 
city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates 
of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- 
sides an agreement on the part of the electric 
light company to furnish light for two years free 
of charge. The construction of buildings was 
begun tlie same year, and the first Fair held on 
the site in September following. Additional 
buildings have been erected and other improve- 
ments introduced each year, vmtil the groun<ls 
are now regarded as among the best equipped for 
exhibition purposes in the United States. In the 
meantime, the increasing success of the Fair 
from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom 
of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture 
in the matter of location. 

CAMPAIGN OF 1896. — The political campaign 
of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity 
in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety 
and character of the issues involved and the 
number of party candidates in the field. As 
usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties 
were the chief factors in the contest, although 
there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, 
which tended to tlie introduction of new issues 
and the organization of parties on new lines. 
The Republicans took tlie lead in organizing for 
the canvass, holding their State Convention at 
Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo- 



crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former 
put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; 
William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; 
James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. 
JlcCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for 
Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- 
General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. 
Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University 
Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the 
Democracy for State officers embraced John P. 
Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for 
Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- 
retary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor, 
Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George 
A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. 

The National Republican Convention met at St. 
Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session, 
put in uoiiiiuation William McKinley, of Ohio, 
for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New 
Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Demo- 
cratic opponents, following a policy which had 
been maintained almost continuously by one or 
the other party since 1860, set in motion its party 
machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- 
vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first 
time in the history of the nation, a native of 
Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the 
person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with 
Arthur Sewall, a shipbuilder of Maine, for the 
second place on the ticket. The main issues, as 
enunciated in the platforms of the respective 
parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by 
the prominence given to the tariff and monetary 
questions in each. This was the natural result of 
the business depression which had jirevailed since 
1893. While the Republican platform adhered to 
the traditional position of the party on the tariff 
issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the 
gold standard as the basis of the monetary system 
of the country, that of the Democracy took a new 
departure liy declaring unreservedly for the "free 
and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at 
the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;'" and this be- 
came the leading issue of the campaign. The 
fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who 
had been favored by the Populists as a candidate 
for Vice President, and was afterwards formally 
nominated by a convention of that party, with 
Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- 
cago Convention, led to much friction between 
the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. 
At the same time a very considerable body — in 
influence and political prestige, if not in numbers 
— in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, 
refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 



282 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



section on the monetary question, and, adopting 
the name of "Gold Democrats,'' put in nomination 
a ticket comoosed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, 
for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- 
tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro- 
hibitionists. Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party 
and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out") 
Populists, iiad more or less complete tickets in the 
field, making a total of seven sets of candidates 
appealing for the votes of the people on issues 
assumed to be of National importance. 

The fact that the two great parties — Democratic 
and Republican — established their principal head- 
quarters for tlie prosecution of the campaign in 
Chicago, had the effect to make that city and 
the State of Illinois the center of political activ- 
ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- 
ing character were held b}' botli parties. At the 
November election the Republicans carried the 
day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their 
national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, 
while the leading candidates on the State ticket 
received the following pluralities : John R. Tan- 
ner (for Governor), 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu- 
tenant-Governor), 137,854; Rose (for Secretary of 
State), 136,611; McCuUough (for Auditor), 138,- 
013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for 
Attorney -General), 132,650. The Republicans also 
elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to 
three Democrats and two People's Party men. 
Tlie total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold 
Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100. 

Gov. T.\nner"s Admixistr.^-TIOX — The Fortieth 
jeneral Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of 
eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Demo- 
crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty- 
nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one 
Populist in tlie Senate. The Republicans finallj' 
gained one member in each house bj' contests. 
Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was 
chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. 
F'sher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of 
the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers 
in the subordinate positions. Tlie inauguration 
of the newlj^ elected State officers took place on 
the 11th, the inaugural address of Governor 
Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- 
taining the issues indorsed by the people at the 
late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, 
of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as 
the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was 
about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full 
Republican strengtli (125 votes) in the two 
Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes ciust for John 
P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly. ) 



Among the principal measures enacted by the 
Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session 
were: The "Torrens Land Title System," regu- 
lating the conveyance and registration of land 
titles ( which see) ; the consolidation of the three 
Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the 
Supreme Court at Springfield, and tlie Allen 
Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils 
and other corporate authorities of cities to grant 
street railway franchises for a period of fifty 
j-ears. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in 
special session under a call of the Governor, nam- 
ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- 
gested. Of these only two were acted upon 
affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner 
of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- 
nating political conventions, and a new revenue 
law regulating the assessment and collection of 
taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the 
requirement that property shall be entered upon 
the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject 
to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of 
valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth 
of this amount. 

The SP-iNisH- American W.\r. — The most not- 
able event in the history of Illinois during the 
year 1898 was the Spanish- American War, and 
the part Illinois played in it. In this contest 
Illinoisans manifested the same eagerness to 
serve their country as did their fathers and fel- 
low-citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third 
of a century ago. The first call for volunteers 
was responded to with alacrity by the men com- 
posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- 
ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh 
inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and 
one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men 
— being mustered in between May 7 and May 21. 
Althougli only one of these — the First, under the 
command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago — 
saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender 
at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the 
South stood ready to respond to the demand fur 
their service in the field. Under the second call 
for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and 
the Ninth — were organized and the former (com- 
posed of Afro- Americans officered by men of 
their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard 
duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of 
engineers from Company E of the Second United 
States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were 
among the first to see service in Cuba, while 
many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve 
were assigned to duty on LTnited States war 
vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



283 



oaval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third 
Regiment (Cul. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in 
the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. 
Tlie several regiments on their return for muster- 
out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with 
Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from 
their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- 
ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments 
were organized and stood read}' to respond to the 
call of the Government for their services had the 
emergenc}- required. (See War, Tlie Spanish 
American.) 

L.\BOK Disturbances. — The principal labor 
disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- 
ner's administration, occurred during the coal- 
miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the 
Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to 
iuti"oduce colored laborers from the South to 
operate these mines led to violence between the 
adlierents of the "Miners" Union" and the mine- 
owners and operators, and their emploj-es, at 
these points, during which it was necessary to 
call out the National Guard, and a number of 
lives were sacrificed on both sides. 

A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, 
caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 
111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of 
which a large proportion of the city was flooded, 
many homes and business houses wrecked or 
greatly injured, and much other property de- 
stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was 
the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most 
part of women ami children who, being surprised 
in tlieir homes, were unable to escape. Aid was 
promptly furnished bj- the State Government in 
the form of tents to shelter the survivors and 
rations to feed them ; and contributions of money 
an<l provisions from the citizens of the State, col- 
lected by relief organizations during the next two 
or three months, were needed to moderate the 
suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkablr.) 

Campaign of 1898.— The political campaign of 
1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted 
on the same general issues as that of 1896, al- 
though the gradual return of business prosperity 
had greatly modified the intensity of interest 
with which some of the economic questions of 
the preceding campaign had been regarded. The 
only State officers to be elected were a State- 
Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
and three State University Trustees — the total 
vote cast for the former being 878,022 against 
1,090,809 for President in 1890. Of the former, 
Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for 
State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for 



M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,192 divided 
between three other candidates: while Alfred 
Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 
68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,- 
190 votes cast for three others. The Republican 
candidates for University Trustees were, of course, 
elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their 
representation in Congress, though electing thir- 
teen out of twentj-two members of the Fifty- 
sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic 
opponents, who were practically consolidated iu 
this campaign with the Populists. 

Forty-first General Assembly.— The Forty 
fir.st General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and 
adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, 
with one exception (that of 187.5), the shortest 
regular session in the history of the State Gov- 
ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 
1870. The House of Representatives consisted of 
eighty- one Republicans to seventy -one Democrats 
and one Prohibitionist ; and the Senate, of thirtj-- 
four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one 
Populist — giving a Republican majorit\- on joint 
ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed 
both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- 
ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- 
tant were the following: Amending the State 
Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the 
general powers of the Board ; creating the office 
of State Architect at a salary of §5,000 per annum, 
to furnish plans and specifications for public 
buildings and supervise the construction and 
care of the same: authorizing the consolidation 
of the territory of cities under township organi- 
zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- 
sional townships, into one township ; empowering 
each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a 
private secretary at a salary of §2,000 per annum, 
to be paid by the State; amending the State 
Revenue Law of 1898: authorizing the establish- 
ment and maintenance of parental or truant 
schools; and empowering the State to establish 
Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one 
to each city of 50.000 inhabitants, or three in 
cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also 
passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an 
amendment of the State Constitution is to be 
voted upon by the electors at any general elec- 
tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- 
visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to 
each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said 
copies published and posted at the places of voting 
for the information of vc)ters. One of the most 
important actsof this Legislature was the repeal, 
by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 



284 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



railway Franchise Law of the previous session, 
the provisions of which, empowering City Coun- 
cils to grant street-railway franchises extending 
over a period of fifty 3'ears, had been severely 
criticised by a portion of the press and excited 
intense hostility, especially in some of the larger 
cities of the State. Although in force nearly two 
years, not a single corporation had succeeded in 
obtaining a franchise under it. 

A Retrospect and a Look into The Future. — 
The history of Illinois has been traced concisely 
and in outline from the earliest period to the 
present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and 
Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, 
for a century it continued the hunting ground of 
savages and the home of wild animals common to 
the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. 
The region brought under the influence of civili- 
zation, such as then existed, comprised a small 
area, scarcely larger than tvFo ordinarily sized 
counties of the present day. Thirteen years of 
nominal British control (1765-78) saw little change, 
except the exodus of a part of the old French 
population, who preferred .Spanish to British rule. 

The period of development began with the 
occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That 
saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- 
ernment of the settlements northwest of the 
Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 
350,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 
13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State 
equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the 
close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in 
the Union in this respect in 1830, in 1890 it had 
advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed 
fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel 
for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- 
roads, surpassing in extent that of any other .State, 
there is little risk in predicting that the next 
forty years will see it advanced to second, if not 
first rank, in both wealth and population. 

But if the development of Illinois on material 
lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the 
Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers 
and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A 
long list of these might be mentioned, but two 
names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by 
common consent, assigned a higher place than all 
others, and have left a deeper impress upon the 
history of the Nation than any others since the 
days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, 
the Organizer of Victory for the LTnion arms 
and Conqueror of the Rebellion, an<l Abraham 
Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, tlie Preserver of 
the Republic, and its Martyred President. 



CHRONOLOGICAL EECORD. 

Important Events in Illinois History, 

1673.— Joliet and Marquette reach Illinois from Green Bay by 

way of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. 
1G74-5.— Marquette makes a second visit to Illinois and spends 

the winter on the present site of Chicago. 
16>iO.- LiS Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. 
1681.— Tonty betjins the erection of Fort St. Louis on •' Starved 

Rock" in La Salle County. 
1682.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi 
Rivers to the naoutb of the latter, and take possession 
(April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France, 

1700.— First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis- 
sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia. 

1700.— Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper Illinois and 
locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. P'rench 
settlement established here the same year becomes the 
town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois 

1718.— The first Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. 

1718.— Fort St. Louis, on the Uppc-r Illinois, burnt-d by Indiana. 

U.")!.— Fort Chartre.s rebuilt and at rental bened. 

1765.— The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the 
British under the treaty of 176S. 

1778.— > July 4 I Col. George Rollers Clark, at the head of an expe- 
dition organized under authority of Gov, Patrick Henry of 
Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of Illinois 
by the Anierican troops follows. 

1778.— Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of 
Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- 
west of the Ohio River. 

1787.— Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the 
Northwest Territory, embracing the pres»^nt States of 
Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wisconsin. 

1788.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- 
west 'I'erritory. 

1790.— St Clair County organized. 

1795. —Randolph County organized. 

1800.— Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- 
ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter. 

1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Niniau 
Edwards appointed Governor. 

1818.— i Dec. :ii Illinois admitted as a State. 

1820. —State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 

1822-24.— Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. 

1825.— ( April -Hi) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia. 

1832.— Black Hawk War. 

1839.— (July 4 i .Springlield becomes the third capital of the State 
under an Act of the Legislature passed lu 1837. 

1848.— Tlie second Constitution adopted. 

I860.— Abraham Lincoln is elected President. 

1861.— War of the Itebellion begins. 

1863.— {Jan. li Lincoln issues bis final Proclamation of £mau- 
cipation. 

1864. — Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. 

1865.— I April 14i .\braliam Lincoln assassinated in Washington. 

1865.— 1 Mav 4 1 President Lincoln's funeral in Springlield. 

J865.— The'War of the Rebellion ends. 

1868.— Gen. U. s. Grant elected to the Presidency. 

1870.— The third State Constitution adopted. 



POPULATION OF ILLINOIS 

At Each Decennial Ccnsiis from isio to 1900, 



1810 (23) 12.282 

1820 (24) 55.162 

1830 (20 1 157,445 

1840 (14t 476,183 

1850 (11) 851,470 



1860 (4) 1.711,951 

1870 (4) 2,539,891 

1880 (4) 3.077,871 

1890 (3) 3,826,.15l 

1900 (3) 4,821 ,550 



Note.— Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State 
in order of population. 



ILLINOIS CITIES 



Having a Population of io,ooo and Over (1900). 



Name. Population, 

Chicago 1,698,765 

Peoria 66,100 

Quincy 36,262 

Springlield 34,159 

Rockl'ord 81.061 

Joliet 29,353 

East St Louis 29,665 

Aurora 24,147 

Bloomington 23,286 

Klgm 22,4:13 

Decalnr 20,754 

Rock Island 19,498 

Kvaustuu 19,259 



Name. Population. 
Gale.sburg 18,607 



Moline 


.... 17,248 


Danville 


1U,354 


Jacksonville 


.... 15.078 






Streator 


.... 14.07S 


Kankakee 


.... 13,5»o 


Freeport 


.... 13ii8 




12.566 


Ottawa 


.... 10.588 


La SaUe.. 


10,446 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



285 



INDEX. 



Thia index relatesexcIuBlvely to matter embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Subjecta of general State history 
will be fouud treated at leiigib, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. 



Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. 
Altgeld, John P., adinitiistration aa Gov- 
ernor. 27y-su; defeated fur re-election, 2S1. 

Anderson, Stlnsun H,.264. 

Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. 25fi, 

Anil-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a 
convention scheme. 2fJU. 

Baker, Col, E. 1)., 2r.;i; orator at laying 
the corner-atone of State capitol. 264. 

Bateinan, Newton. State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction, 270,274,275. 

Beverid^e, John L., Congressman and 
Lieu teiiani-Oover nor : becomes Governor 
by re9i;^iiMilon of Governor Ogleaby.ZTti. 

Birkbeck. Morris. 200. 

Bissell, William H., Colonel in Mexican 
War. 265: flovernor. 269; death, 270. 

Black Hawk War. 262. 

Blodgett. Henry W., Free Soil member of 
the Legislature. 263, 

Bloomington Convention flS56>,269. 

Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. 

Bond, Shadrach. 255; Delegate iu Congress, 
257; first Governor, 258. 

Breese, Sidney, 259. 

Browne. Thomas C, 260. 

Browning, Orville H., In Bloomington 
Convention. 269; U. S. Senator. 27;i. 

Cahokla, tirst French settlemeut at, 252. 

Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273, 

Canal Scrip Fiaud. 270. 

Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263, 

Casey, Ziuluc, elected to Congress; re- 
signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 2G2. 

Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 

Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance 
of in estimation of early explorers, 247 

Chicago election frauds, 278. 

Chicago, fire of 1871.276. 

Chicagou. Indian Chief for whom Chicago 
was iiametl.218. 

Clark. Vol, George Rogers, expedifiou to 
Illniois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251. 

Coles. Edward, ematici pates his slaves; 
candidate /or Governor, 259; his election, 
260; persecuted by his enemies, 261. 

Constitutiniml Coiivtnition of IHIS, 258. 

Conslilutioii;il C.'Mveiiti..ii of 1^-17, 266. 

CoiistitutioiKil Cnvpiitlnnof 1H(V2. '.;72. 

Constitutiuiml Convention of 1S70.2/5. 

Cook. Daniel P., 255; Attorney-General, 
268; elerted to Congress, 260-61. 

Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against 
Indiana at Peoria. 257. 

Cu Horn, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- 
sembly, 270; elected Governur. 276; feu- 
lurea of bia adminiatration; re-elected, 
277; elei-ted to U. S. Senate. 27S. 

Davis. David. United States SeTiator, 277. 

Bouglaa, Stephen A.. 263: Justice Supreme 
Court. 264, U.S. Senator, 266; debates 
with Lincoln. 268-70: re-elected U. S. Sen- 
ator, 270: death, 272. 

Duncan, Joseph, Governor; character of 
hia administration. 262-63. 

Early towns, 258. 

Earthquake of 1811.256. 

Edwards, Nlnlan, Governor Illinois Terri- 
tory. 255, elected U. S. Senator. 259; 
elected Governor; admiuistratiou and 
death, 261. 

Ewing, William L. D.. becomes acting 
Governor; occupant of many offices, 262. 

Explorers, earlv French, 244-5. 

Farwell, Charles B..279 

Fleld-MpClernand contest, 264. 

Flfer, Joseph W.. elected Governor, 279. 

Fisher, Dr. George, Speaker of Territorial 
Uouseof Representatives, 257. 

Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing 
quesUons of his administration, 264. 

Fort Chartres. snrrpii'len-ii tu British, 250. 

Fort Uearljorn massacre. 256-57. 

Fort(J!ige burned, 251. 

Fort .Massac, starting pointou the Ohio of i 
Clark's ex|>edition,251. 

Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by 
Indians. 247 

Franklin, Benjamin. Indian Commissioner 
for Illinois lu 1776.251. 

French. Augustus C. Governor. 265-7. 

French aud Indian War, 25U. 



French occupation; settlement about Kas- 

ka-^kia and Cahokia, 249. 

French villages, population of in 1765,251. 

Gibault'. Pierre. 252. 

Grant. Ulyases s., arrival at Springfield; 
Colonel of Twenty-first Illinuis Volun- 
teers. 271 : elected President. 275. 

Greshain, Waiter Q.. supported by Illinois 
Republicans for the Presidency. 279. 

Hamilton, John M., Lieutenant-Governor, 
277; succeeds Gov. Cuiiom,278. 

Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. 

Hardin. John J., 263; elected to Congress, 
264; killed at Buena Vista. 265. 

Harrison, William Henry, first Governor 
of Indiana Territory. 254. 

Henry. Patrick, Indian Commissioner for 
Illinois Country: assists in planning 
Clark's expedition, 251; ex-ufflcio Gov- 
ernor of territorj' northwest of the Ohio 
River 

lUinuis. its rank in order of admission into 
theUnion, area and population. 241 : In- 
dian origin of the name: boundaries and 
area; geographical location; navigable 
Birt-ams. 242: t'lpograpliy, fauna and 
flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- 
teat for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- 
ana in 1721. 249; surrendered to the 
British in 1765, 251; under government of 
Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 
254; Territorial Government organized; 
Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 
256, admitted as a Stale. 258 

Illinois tfe Michigan Canal, 261. 

Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68. 

■■lllinoia Country." bouiidarie.s defined by 
Captain Pitt man, 241; Patrick Henry, 
first American Governor. 252. 

Illinois County organized by Virginia 
Houseof Delegates. 252. 

Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- 
rial officers, 255. 

Indiana Territory organized. 254; first 
Territorial Legislature elected, 255. 

Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. 

Internal improvement scheme, 263. 

Joliet. Louis, accompanied by Marquette, 
visits Illinois in 1673, 245. 

Kane. Elias Kent, 258. 

Kansas-Nebraska contest. 268. 

Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper 
Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia. 248, 

Kenton, Simon, guide fur Clark's expedi- 
tion against Kaska.skia. 251. 

Labor disturbances. 270, 280. 283. 

La Fayette, visit of, to Ka.ska.skia, 261. 

La Salie, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 
24a; builda Fort Miami, near mouth of 
St. Joseph: disasterof Fort Creve-Cieur; 
erection of Fort St. Louis, 24(i. 

Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the 
General Assembly, 2i>3; elected to Con- 
gress, 266; un3ucces.sful candidate for 
the United States Senate; member of 
Bloomington Convention of lS5ii; 
" House divided-agalnst-itself" speuch, 
269; elected President. 270; departure for 
Washington, 271; elected for a second 
term, 273; assa.s.sination and funeral, 274. 

Liticoln-Duuglas debates. 270. 

Lockwood, Samuel D., Att<Miiey-General; 
Secretary of State; opponent of pro- 
slavery convention scheme. 260. 

Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union 
soldier, 272: Congressman-at-large, 274-75; 
elected United Stales Senator. 276; Re- 
publican nominee for Vice-Presidem; 
third election as Senator, 278 
"Long Niiie."263. 

Louisiana united with Illinois. 254. 

Lovejoy, Elijah P.. murdereil at Alton. 263, 

Macalister andStebbiiis bonds. 270, 

-Marquett*'. Fatln-r Jaciiiies (see Joliet); 
his mission among I 1m- Kaskaskias. 248. 

Mason. William E.. U. S. SHiiator.282. 

McLean. John, Speaker: first Representa- 
tivein Congress: U.S .Senator; death. 2ii). 

Menard, Pierre, 235; President of Terri- 
torial Council, 257: elected Lieutenant- 
Governor, "iVi; anecdote of, 259. 

Mexican War, 265. 



Morgan. Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- 
kaskia in 1776. 2.51. 

Mormon War, 264-65. 

New Design Settlement, 255. 
New France, 244. 249. 

Nicolet, Jean. French explore:, 244-5. 

Northwest Territory organized; Gen. Ar- 
thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; 
first Territorial Legislature; separated 
into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. 

Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 
271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- 
tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third 
election to governorship, 278. 

Ordinance of 1787. 2.53. 

" Puincourt " (early name for St Louis) 
settled by French from Illinois. 251. 

Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- 
ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; 
prominent events of hi.s administration, 
-76; unsuccessful Democratic candidate 
for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279; 
candiclate for President, 282. 

Peace Conference of 1861.271. 

Peace conventions of 1863,273. 

I'i'rrut. Nicholas, explorer, 245. 

Pittmaii, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- 
ries of the "Illinois Country," 241. 

Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of lUinoisTer- 
ritory. 255; Delegate in Congress: serv- 
ice infi.xing northern boundary, 258, 

Prairies, origin of, 243. 

Randolph County organized, 254. 

Renault, PhilipF.. first importer of Afri- 
can slaves to Illinois. 249. 

Republican state Convention of 1856,269. 

Rf\ ni'i^is, John, el-'cted Governor; resigns 
to take SM:it in Congress, 262; Speaker of 
Illinois House of Representatives. 268. 

Richardson, William A., candidate for 
Governor, 270; U.S. Senator, 272. 

Rocheblave, Chevalier de. last British 
Commandant in Illinois. 251; sent as a 
prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. 

Shawneetown Bank, 257. 

Sliawneetiiwn fiood, 283. 

Shields. Gen. James. 263; elected U, S. Sen- 
ator. 2t)7; dei'enii'd fur re-election. 269. 

Southern Hospital for Insane burned, 2S0. 

spanisli-Amfriciin War, 281. 

Springfi'dd, third State capital, 263; erec- 
tion of new State capitol at, authorizeu 
275; State Bank, 259. 

St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North- 
west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254, 

St. Clair County organized, 254. 

State debt reaches its maximum. 268. 

State Fair permanently located, 2^1, 

sireams and navigation. 242. 

Supreme Court revolutionized. 264. 

Tanner. John K., State Treasurer, 278; 
elected Governor, 281-2. 

Thomas. Jesse B.. 255; President of Con- 
stitutional Convention of IsiS. 258; 
elected United States Senator, 269. 

Todd. Col. John. Cuuntj'-Lieuteuant of Illi- 
nois County, 252. 

Tonty. Henrj' de(see La Salle). 

Treaty with Indians near Alton, 257. 

Trumbull. Lyniun, Secretary of Slate. 264; 
elected United Slates senator. 269-70; 
Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. 

Vandaha. the second State capital, 259. 

War of 1812, 256; expeditions to I'eorla 
Lake. 257. 

War of the Rebellion; some prominent 
Illinois actors: number of troops fur- 
nished by Illinois: Important battles par- 
ticipated in, 271 72; .some officers who 
fell;, Grierson raid. 272. 

Warren. Hooper, editor EdwardsvUle 
Spectator, 2(!0. 

Wayne. Gen. Anthony. 254. 

Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 264. 

Wiliiiot Proviso, action of Illinois Legisla- 
ture ujion, 2ti7. 

Woiiil. John, Lieutenant Governor, fills 
liissell's unexpired term. 270. 

Yales. Richard, at Bloomington Conven- 
tion of 1856. 269; tJovernor,270; j>rorogucs 
Legislature of 1863; elected United States 
Senator, 273. 



286 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in 
Kentucky, March 28, 1796 ; received the rudiments 
of an education in two winters' schooling, and 
began his business career bj- purchasing 100 head 
of yearUng cattle upon whicli, after herding 
them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- 
tucky, he reabzed a profit of nearly §3,000. In 
1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village 
of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three 
years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- 
lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the 
present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- 
back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating 
at Springfield, which had just been selected by 
a board of Commissioners as the temporary 
county-seat of Sangamon Coimty. Here he soon 
brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. 
Louis and opened the first store in the new town. 
Two years later (1823), in conjunction with 
Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, 
he entered a section of land comprised within the 
present area of the city of Springfield, which 
later became the permanent county-seat and 
finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the 
first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was 
elected State Senator, served as Major in the 
Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in 
the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon 
advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he 
sold his store to John Williams, who had been 
his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American 
House," which afterwards became the temporary 
stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous 
statesmen. He invested largely in valuable 
farming lands, and, at his death, left a large 
estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. 

ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR INCURABLE IJf 
SAJTE, an institution founded under an act of the 
General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, 
making an appropriation of $65,000 for the pur- 
chase of a site and the erection of buildings with 
capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. 
The institution was located by the Trustees at 
Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and 
the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later 
these were found to be located on ground which 
had been undermined in excavating for coal, and 
their removal to a different location was under- 
taken in 1898. The institution is intended to 
relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the 
reception of patients deemed incurable. 

ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- 
way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
River, and forming a connecting link in the 
water-route between the St. Lawrence and the 



Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 
feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is 
at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about 
five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some 
eight miles to the vallej' of the Des Plaines, fol- 
lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee 
(fortj'-two miles), thence to its southwestern 
terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on 
the Illinois. Between these points the canal has 
four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page 
and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, 
JoUet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions 
from the waters of the Fox River at the latter 
point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it 
has five feeders whose aggregate length is 
twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet 
deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The 
difference in level between Lake Michigan and 
the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and 
forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, 
there are seventeen locks, ranging from three 
and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, 
their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting 
the passage of boats carrjing 150 tons. At Lock- 
port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are 
large basins, three of which supply power to fac- 
tories. To increase the water supply, rendered 
necessary by the high summit level, pumping 
works were erected at Bridgeport, having two 
thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa- 
ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet 
length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per 
minute. These pumping works were erected in 
1848, at a cost of ?15,000, and were in ahnost con- 
tinuous use vmtil 1870. It was soon found that 
these machines might be utilized for the benefit 
of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago 
River to the smnmit level of the canal, and allow- 
ing its place to be filled by pure water from the 
lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, 
and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was ex- 
pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- 
tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the 
south division of the city might be carried through 
the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was 
returned to the Citj' by the State after the great 
fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- 
ing off Chicago sewage, see Cliicago Drainage 
Canal.) 

In connection with the canal tliree locks and 
dams have been built on tlie Illinois River, — one 
at Henrj', about twenty-eight miles below La 
Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about 
sixtj' miles Delow Henry ; and another at La 
Grange. The object of these works (the first 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



287 



two being practically an extension of the canal) 
is to furnish slack-water navigation tlirough- 
out the year. The cost of that at Henry (6400,000) 
was defrayed by direct appropriation from the 
State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost $410,831, 
of which amount the United States Government 
paid §62,360. The General Government also con- 
structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated 
funds for the building of another at Kampsville 
Landing, witli a view to making the river thor- 
oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial 
results expected from these works have not been 
realized and their demolition is advocated. 

History. — The early missionaries and fur- 
traders first directed attention to the nearness of 
the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. 
The project of the construction of a canal was 
made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, 
Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a 
bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in 
connection with the Erie and other canal enter- 
prises. In 1822 Congress granted the right of 
way across the public lands "for the route of a 
canal connecting the Illinois Kiver with the 
south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- 
lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres 
of land to aid in its construction, which was to 
be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The 
earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles 
long, and the original estimates of cost varied 
between §639,000 and §716,000. Later survej's 
and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal 
forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. 
In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was 
created and surveys were made looking to the 
construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at tlie 
surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in 
depth. Work was begun in June of that j'ear; 
was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, 
when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated. 
The channel was opened for navigation in April, 
1848, by which time the total outlay had reached 
$6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its 
entire indebtedness on account of the canal and 
the latter reverted to the State. The total cast 
up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- 
cago — was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to 
the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., 
amounted to §8,819,731. In 1882 an offer was 
maile to cede the canal to the United States ujion 
condition that it should be enlarged and ex- 
tended to tlie Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, 
but has been declined 

ILLINOIS AM) MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- 
ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected 



navigable water-way in course of construction 
(1899) by the General Government, designed to 
connect the Ujjper Illinois with the Mississipi>i 
River. Its object is to furnish a continuous 
navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at 
or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- 
gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and 
the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth 
of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. 

The Route. — The canal, at its eastern end, 
leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths 
miles above the city of Hennepin, where the 
river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- 
ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes 
over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River 
and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth 
of Green River; thence by slack- water down 
Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that 
stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- 
mated length of the main channel between its 
eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles 
— the distance having been reduced by changes 
in the route after the first survey. To this is to 
be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity 
of SheflJield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight 
miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), 
north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the 
city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the 
piu-pose of obtaining an adequate supply of water 
for the main canal on its highest level. The 
length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as 
its dimensions are the same as those of the main 
channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the 
same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed 
at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will 
furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to 
Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route 
to that extent. 

History, ^The subject of such a work began to 
be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under 
authoritj' of various acts of Congress, preliminary 
surveys began to be made by Government engi- 
neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- 
mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, 
were submitted to Congress in accordance with 
the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This 
report became tho 'oasis of an aitpropriation in 
the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for 
carr}-ing the work into practical execution. 
Actual work was begun on the western end of the 
canal in July, 1892, and at the eastei'n end in the 
spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted 
as continuously as tlie appropriations made by 
Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- 
cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 



388 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the 
canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four 
and one-half miles), with three locks, three 
swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- 
ings, was completed and that portion of the canal 
opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the 
early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation 
and masonry on the eastern section was practi- 
cally completed, tlie feeder line under contract, 
and five out of the eighteen bridges required to 
be constructed in place; and it was estimated 
that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts 
and aqueducts, will be completed within two 
years, at the farthest, by 1902. 

Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. 
ETC. — As already stated, the length of the main 
line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty -eight 
miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction 
of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the vrestern 
section) west of that point — making, with the 
twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- 
dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the 
Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the 
eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one 
looks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to 
reach an altitude of 19G feet; while the descent 
of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the 
Mississippi on the western end is accomplished 
through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen 
feet each. The width of the canal, at the water 
surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the 
surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- 
rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. 
The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, 
between tlie quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, 
admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred 
and forty feet in length and thirty -two feet beam 
and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of 
freight. 

The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- 
struction of locks, as well as abutments for 
bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- 
tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- 
ducts proper are of steel — the use of these 
materials resulting in a large saving in the first 
cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- 
ity and pertnanence in all. The concrete work, 
already completed, is found to have withstood 
the effects of ice even more successfully than 
natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron 
piping and the framework of all the bridges of 
steel. 
The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of 



construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- 
ings, etc., at $5,068,000 for the main channel and 
51,8.58,000 for the Rock River feeder — a total of 
§6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by 
changes in the route and unexpected saving in 
the material employed for masonry work. The 
total expenditure, as shown by official reports, 
up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905.13. The 
amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- 
mated $2,500,000, while the amount necessary to 
complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended 
balance) was estimated, in rovind numbers, at 
$3,500,000. 

The completion of this work, it is estimated, 
will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water 
transportation between Chicago and the western 
terminus of the canal. In order to make the 
canal available to its full capacity between lake 
points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width 
and depth of channel, will be an indispensable 
necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will 
be made to secure action in this direction by the 
Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another 
expedient likely to receive strong support will be, 
to induce the General Government to accept the 
tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by 
the enlargement of the latter through its whole 
length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River 
at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago 
Drainage Canal — furnish a national water- way 
between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of 
sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and 
other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. 

ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- 
ing of seven young men, then students in Yale 
College, wlio, in the winter of 1828-29. entered 
into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the 
promotion of Christian education in the West, 
especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron 
Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Slason Grosvenor, 
Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- 
vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- 
nois at an early day, and one of the first results 
of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- 
lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all 
became associated as members of tlie first Board 
of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the 
close of their lives, wliile most of them were con- 
nected with the institution for a considerable 
period, either as members of the faculty or finan- 
cial agents — Dr. Sturtevaiit having been Presi- 
dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or 
professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Theron; 
Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevaiit, Julian M.) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



289 



ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo 
ration controlling the principal line of railroad 
extending through the entire length of the State 
from north to south, besides numerous side 
branches acquired by lease during the past few 
years. The main lines are made up of three gen- 
eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 
III. 1^64.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, 
Iowa. (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New 
Orleans, La. (547,79 miles) — making a total of 
1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles 
are in Illinois. Besides tliis the company con- 
trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large 
number of lateral branches which are operated 
by the company, making the total mileage 
officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 
miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad 
is not only one of the lines earliest projected in 
the history of the State, but has been most inti- 
mately connected with its development. The 
project of a road starting from the mouth of the 
Ohio and extending northward through the State 
is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. 
Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1833 ; was 
advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and 
others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & 
Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a 
charter gi-anted by the Legislature in January, 
1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point 
near the southern terminus of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this 
act, although an organization was effected, with 
Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. 
The Company surrendered its charter the next 
year and the work was undertaken by the State, 
under the internal improvement act of 1837, and 
considerable money expended without complet- 
ing any portion of the line. The State having 
abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 
1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway 
Company' ' under what came to be known as the 
"Holbrook cliarter," to be organized under the 
auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, 
the line to connect the termini named in the 
charter of 183G, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, 
Decatur and Bloomington. Considei'able money 
was expended imder this charter, but the scheme 
again failed of completion, and the act was 
repealed in 1845. A charter under the same 
name, with some modification as to organization, 
was renewed in 1849.— In January, 1850, Senator 
Douglas introduced a bill in the United States 
Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of 
alternate sections of land along the line of a 



proposed road extending from Cairo to Dunleithin 
the northwest corner of the State, with a brancli 
to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in 'May 
of the same year and the House in September, 
and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road Company as it exists today. Previous to 
the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City 
& Canal Company had been induced to execute a 
full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- 
leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was 
followed in February, 1851, by the act of the 
Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under 
specified conditions) the grant of lands received 
fi'om the General Government. This grant 
covered alternate sections within six miles of the 
line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands 
were not vacant), to be placed on lands within 
fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres 
thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, 
(about 3.840 acres per mile), which were con- 
veyed to Trustees as security for the performance 
of the work. An engineering party, organized 
at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the pi^lim- 
inary survey of the Chicago branch, and 
before the end of the year the whole line was 
surveyed and staked out The first contract for 
grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that 
portion between Chicago and Kensington (then 
known as Calumet). 14 miles. This was opened 
for traffic. May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan 
Central, which had been in course of construction 
from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter 
Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other 
sections, some of them in June, and the last on 
Oct. 14, 1853. In May, 1853, the section from 
La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- 
pleted and opened for business, a temporary 
bridge being constructed over the Illinois near 
La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff 
with chains and cable bj' means of a stationary 
engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was 
put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main 
line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed 
Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Dunleith 
(now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 
1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- 
pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (Financial Statement.) 
The share capital of the road was originally 
fixed at 517,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had 
been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 
to $29.000, 000. The present capitalization (1898) 
is $103,352,593, of which $52,500,000 is Iq stock, 
$52,680,925 in bonds, and $51,367,000 in miscel 
laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 



290 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was 
§35,110,609. By the terms of its charter the 
corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu 
thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, 
semi-annually, seven per cent upon the gross 
earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus 
paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 18.55, 
when the first payment of §29,751.59 was made, 
up to and including Oct. 31. 1898. aggregated 
$17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), 
amounted to .$334,. 527. 01. The largest payment 
in the history of the road was that of October, 
1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to 
$4.50,176 34. The net income of the main line in 
Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was 
$12,299,021, and the total expenditures within the 
State $13,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first 
addition to the Illinois Central System was made 
in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque 
& Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque 
to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended 
its Iowa connections, by the construction of new 
lines and the acquisition or extension of others. 
The most important addition to the line outside 
of the State of Illinois was an arrangement 
effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & 
Great Nortliern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- 
roads — with which it previously had traffic con- 
nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, 
Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection 
was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and 
the Southern Divisions of the system, by means 
of transfer steamers, but subsequentlj- the gap 
was filled in and the through line opened to traffic 
in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, 
Jackson & Great Northern and the Slississippi 
Central roads were consolidated under the title 
of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 
but the new corporation defaulted on its interest 
in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the 
owner of a majority of the bonds of tlie constitu- 
ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, 
St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired 
ownersliip of the whole line by foreclosure pro- 
ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 
1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis 
& New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of 
one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central 
Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im- 
portant branches of the Illinois Central within the 
State include: (1) The Springfield Division from 
Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered 
in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman, Clinton 
& Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of 
3 receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, 



and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois 
Central Railroad : (2) The Rantoul Division from 
Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in 
Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- 
toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge 
line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to 
standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, 
St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed 
into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the 
same year taken in charge by the bondholders; in 
1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, 
in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central : (3) 
The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from 
Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- 
heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed 
as the western extension of the Indianapolis, 
Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold 
under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the 
Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- 
chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 
1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees 
and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to 
the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport 
Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to 
Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed 
under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison 
& Nortliern Railroad (which see), opened for 
traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois 
Central Railroad Company in January, 1889: (5) 
The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), 
constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington 
under the charters of the Kankakee & Western 
and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads: 
acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 
1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 ; and 
(6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which 
see under its old name). Other Illinois branch 
lines of less importance embrace tlie Blue Island ; 
the Chicago & Texas ; the Mound City ; the South 
Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, 
and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes 
an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- 
vated track. The total length of these Illinois 
branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main 
lines making the total mileage of the company 
within the State 1 , 624. 22 miles. For several years 
up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection 
with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & 
Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now 
secured by way of the Springfield Division and 
the main line to Pana. whence its trains pass over 
the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now tli« Cleve- 
land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 
Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch 
lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



291 



and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were 
added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo 
Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near 
its moutli, at a cost of §3,000,000, for the purpose of 
connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions 
of the Illinois Central System, and one of the 
most stupendous structures of its kind in the 
world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) 

ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- 
ing at Jacksonville. 111., which was the first to 
graduate a collegiate class in the history of the 
State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- 
rated about 182T or 1828 to secure the location, at 
some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college 
which would give the j-outh of the State the 
opportunity of acquiring a higher education. 
Some of the most influential factors in this move- 
ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or 
contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, 
the outline of a plan for such an institution was 
drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary 
of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. 
Lockwood. then a Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions 
for the organization of a stock-company to carry 
the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then 
proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- 
ment of female education, at least until a separate 
institution could be furnished — which, if not a 
forerunner of the co-educational system now so 
much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- 
lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
which soon followed the founding of the college. 
A few months after these preliminary steps were 
taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication 
with a group of young men at Yale College (see 
"Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- 
pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- 
tional and missionary work in the West, and out 
of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards 
effected, grew Illinois College. The organization 
of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally 
consummated in February, 1829, and before the 
close of the year a fund of §10.000 for the purpose 
of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- 
tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of 
education in the East, a beginning had been made 
in the erection of buildings on the present site of 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- 
ber of tlie same year, the work of instruction of 
a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian 
M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- 
courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) 
Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- 



fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry 
Ward — already then well known as a leader in 
the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- 
come identified with the new enterprise and 
assumed the position of its first President. Such 
was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois 
at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- 
ence in education, that it was not until 183.'5 that 
the friends of the institution were able to secure 
a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual 
attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was 
finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- 
bus bill" including three other institutions, but 
with restrictions as to the amount of real estate 
that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- 
tion of theological departments, both of which 
were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- 
leges. ) The same year the college graduated its 
first class, consisting of two members — Richard 
Yates, afterwards War Governor and United 
States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the 
composer of "Sweet Afton. " Limited as was this 
first output of alumni, it was politicall}' and 
morally strong. In 1843 a medical department 
was established, but it was abandoned five years 
later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher 
retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was 
succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in 
that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when 
he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 
1885 — his connection with the institution cover- 
ing a period of fifty-six years. Others who have 
occupied the position of President include Rufus 
C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. 
Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the 
incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- 
est and influential friends of the institution, 
besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may 
be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- 
can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, 
Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of 
Chicago), all of whom were members of the early 
Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to 
maintain a preparatory department for many 
years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, 
and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established 
and provided with a separate building for this 
purpose. The standard of admission to the col- 
lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping 
abreast, in this respect, of other American col- 
leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 
I.') members and an endowment of some Sl.'iO.OOO, 
with a library (1898) numbering over 1,5,000 vol- 
umes and property valued at §360,000. Degrees 
are conferred in both classical and scientific 



292 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



courses in the college proper. The list of alumni 
embraces some 750 names, including many who 
have been prominent in State and National 
affairs. 

ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the 
first civil organization of the territory northvrest 
of the Oliio River, after its conquest by Col. George 
Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of 
the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in 
October of the same year, which, among other 
things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the 
commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- 
tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of 
the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county 
which shall be called Illinois County; and the 
Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice 
of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant 
or Commandant-in-chief of the county during 
pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to 
this commonwealth and the oath of oflSce accord- 
ing to the form of their own religion. And all 
civil offices to which the inhabitants have been 
accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the 
peace and the administration of justice, shall be 
chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- 
spective districts, to be convened for that purpose 
by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his 
deputy, and shall be commissioned b)' said 
County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of 
Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, 
then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region 
west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, 
Illinois County nominally embraced the territory 
comprised within the limits of the present States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin, though the settlements were limited to the 
vicinity of Kaskaskia. Vincennes (in the present 
State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, 
of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under 
this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois 
County were subsequently organized the follow- 
ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, 
after his assumption of the duties of Governor, 
following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- 
nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, 



VIZ. : 






Name 


County-Seat Date op Oroa>jtzation 


WashingtOQ 


Marietta 


July 27. 1788 


Hamilton 


Cincinnati 
f Cahukia 


Jan. 4, I7yo 


St. Clair 


} Prairie du Roclier 
( Kaskftsiciu 


April 27. 1790 


Kdox 


Post St. Vincennes 


June 20. 1790 


Randolph 


Kaskaskia 


Oct. 6, 1795 



Washington, originally comprising the State of 
Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- 
ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton 



County embracing the west, with Cincinnati 
(originally called "Losantiville, " near old Fort 
Wasliington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the 
third county organized out of this territory, at 
first had virtually three county-seats, but divi- 
sions and jealousies among the people and officials 
in reference to the place of deposit for the records, 
resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order 
creating the new county of Randolph, the second 
in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and 
Randolph) constituting the two counties into 
which it was divided at the date of organization 
of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew 
the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois 
County as the original of all the counties in the 
five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair 
County inherited the title as to the State of 
Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair, Arthur, 
and Todd, (Col.) John.) 

ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See 
JacJcso7iville <& St. Louis Railway.) 

ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing 
institution for the education of women, located 
at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While 
essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- 
trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. 
Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- 
ference Female Academj" in 1847, but four years 
later the charter was amended and the name 
changed to the present cognomen. The cost of 
building and meager support in early years 
brought on bankiuptcj'. The friends of the insti- 
tution rallied to its support, however, and the 
purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom 
were friends of Methodist education) donated the 
property to what was technically a new institu- 
tion. A second charter was obtained from the 
State in 1863, and the restrictions imposed upon 
the grant were such as to prevent alienation of 
title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While 
the college has only a small endowment fund 
(52,000) it owns §60,000 worth of real property, 
besides §9,000 invested in apparatus and library. 
Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- 
tained, both classical and scientific courses being 
established in the latter. Instruction i.s also 
given in fine arts, elocution and music. Tlie 
faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 
students. 

ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See 
Home for Female Offenders.) 

ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- 
ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five 
tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Ka.skaskias, Mitcha- 
. gamies, Peorias and Tamaioas. They early occu- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



293 



pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, 
Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived 
from mini, "man,"' the Indian plural "ek" being 
changed by the French to "ois. " They were 
intensely warlike, being almost constantly in 
conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, 
Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory 
and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- 
mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely 
constructed cabins, each accommodating about 
eight families. They were always faithful allies 
of the French, whom the3' heartily welcomed in 
1673. French missionaries labored earnestly 
among them — notablj' Fathers Marquette, Allouez 
and Gravier — who reduced their language to 
grammatical rules. Their most distinguished 
Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, 
where he was welcomed with the honors accorded 
to a foreign prince. In their wars with the 
Foxes, from 1713 to 1719, they suffered severely, 
their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The 
assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, 
was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- 
termination. After taking part with the Miamis 
in a war against the United States, they partici- 
pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, 
and were gradually removed farther and farther 
toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 
being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation 
in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes; 
Iroquois: Kaskaskias; Mitehagamies; Peorias; 
Tamaroas: and Winnebagoes.) 

ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOR THE EDU- 
CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- 
ville. The institution had its inception in a school 
for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by 
Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The 
State Institution was created by act of the Legis- 
lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced 
by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and 
was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, 
under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. 
Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were 
purchased in the eastern j)art of the city and the 
erection of permanent buildings commenced. By 
January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif- 
teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on 
a new building was begun without unnecessary 
delay and the same was completed by 1874. 
Numerous additions of wings and shops have 
since been made, and the institution, in its build- 
ings and appointments, is now one of the most 
complete in the country. Instruction (as far as 
practicable) is given in rudimentary English 
branches, and in such mechanical trades and 



avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- 
come self-supporting upon their return to active 
life. 
ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an 

institution established in the city of Chicago 
under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of 
Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for 
the destitute children of deceased members of the 
Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- 
ing the year 1895, were $29,204.98, and the 
expenditures, $27,258.70. The number of bene- 
ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The 
Institution owns real estate valued at §75,000. 

ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre 
Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream 
within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, 
of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed 
by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines 
Rivers at a point in Grundy County, .some 45 
miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, 
then southwest, and finally south, until it 
empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north 
of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & 
Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake 
Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the 
stream in 1673 and were probably its first white 
visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by 
La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others. 

ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago, 
Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illiiiois.) 

ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol 
untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- 
gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the 
battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was 
the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on 
the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents 
were appointed for the distribution of relief, for 
which purpose large sums were collected and dis- 
tributed. The work of the Commission was later 
formally recognized by the Legislature in the 
enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to 
appoint "Military State Agents," who should 
receive compensation from the State treasury. 
Many of these "agents" were selected from the 
ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, 
and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its 
voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were 
formed all over the State, and funds were readily 
obtained, a considerable proportion of which was 
derived from "Sanitary Fairs." 

ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND 
MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution 
for the training of dependent boys, organized 
under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 



294 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 
1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined 
object is to provide a home and proper training 
for such boys as may be committed to its charge. 
Commitments are made by the County Courts of 
Cook and contiguous counties. The school is 
located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and 
was first opened for the reception of inmates in 
1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from 
voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- 
ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- 
tion, which paj-ments are fixed by law at ten 
dollars per month for each boy, during the time 
he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearlj' one-half 
of the entire income came from the former 
source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury 
at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The 
school is under the inspectional control of the 
State Commissioners of Public Charities, as 
though it were an institution founded and main- 
tained by the State. The educational curriculum 
closely follows that of the ordinary grammar 
schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- 
stantially along the lines established in the public 
schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, 
with a view to developing physical strength, 
command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- 
riage. Since the Home was organized there have 
been received (down to 1899). 2,333 boys. The 
industrial training given the inmates is both 
agricultural and mechanical, — the institution 
owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating 
well equipped industrial shops for the education 
of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote 
themselves to learning trades, and not a 
few develop into excellent workmen. One of the 
purposes of the school is to secure homes for those 
thought likely to prove creditable members of 
respectable households. During the eleven years 
of its existence nearly 3,300 boys have been placed 
in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory 
results. The legal safeguards thrown around 
the ward are of a comprehensive and binding 
sort, so far as regards the parties who take the 
children for either adoption or apprenticeship — 
the welfare of the ward always being the object 
primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to 
institutional life by the administration, and the 
result usually justifies their judgment. Many of 
the pupils are returned to their families or 
friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- 
ment. The S3'stem of government adopted is 
analogous to that of the "cottage plan" emplo}'ed 
in many reformatory institutions throughout the 
country. \n "administration building" stands 



in the center of a group of structures, each of 
which has its own individual name; — Clancy 
Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor, 
Lincoln, Suunyside and Sheridan. While never 
a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always 
attracted the attention of philantliropists who 
are interested in the care of society's waifs. The 
average annual number of inmates is about 27.5. 

ILLINOIS WESLETAN UMVERSITY, the 
leading educational institution of the Methodist 
Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- 
rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is 
co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, 
and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and 
648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- 
tific departments, instruction is given in theology, 
music and oratory. It also has preparatory and 
business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- 
umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- 
gating §187,999, and property to the value of 
§380,999. 

ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See 
Indiana, Decatur dr Western Railway.) 

ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. 
(See Baltimore <t Ohio Southicesfern Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. 
(See Wabash Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL 
COMPANY. (See Louisiulle, Evansville & St. 
Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) 

ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) 

ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, 
on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- 
field. It occupies a position nearlj' in tlie geo- 
graphical center of the State and is in the heart 
of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- 
tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a 
graded school and one newspaper. Population 
(1890), 689; (19001, 744; (1910), 849. 

INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, 
Works of The.) 

INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties 
made by the General Government with the 
Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- 
rized as follows : Treaty of Greenville, August 3. 
1795— ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum 
of §210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis. Wyandots, 
Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- 
kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River 
Indians; First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 
1803— ceded 3,038,400 acres in consideration of 
§4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with 
the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



295 



mies, and Shawnees : First Treaty of Vincennes, 
August 13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850 acres for §12,000; 
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- 
kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies . First Treaty 
of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres 
in consideration of S22,234; negotiated by Gov- 
ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second 
Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 180.5- ceded 2,676,150 
acres for $4. 100 ; negotiated b}- Governor Harrison 
with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort 
Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; 
negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- 
wares. Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and 
Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 
—ceded 138.240 acres for $27,000; negotiated by 
Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos : Second 
Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, 1816— ceded 1,418,400 
acres in consideration of $12,000; negotiated by 
Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- 
teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- 
mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— 
ceded 6,865,280 acres for $6,400; negotiated by 
Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the 
Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 
2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for $33,000; nego- 
tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the 
Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— 
negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- 
poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for 
$23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— 
ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795; 
negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with 
the Pottawatomies : Treaty of Prairie du Chien, 
Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601; 
negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with 
the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: 
First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded 
1,536,000 acres for $460,348; negotiated with 
the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of 
Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832— by it the Pottawato- 
mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- 
ation of $406, 121 : .Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 
26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- 
tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,624,289: 
Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, 
negotiated 1829 and '32— by which the Winne- 
bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for 
$5,195,2.52: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 
1832 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 
acres in consideration of $155,780 (See also 
Greenville, Treaty of.) 

INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins; Illinois 
Indians; Kaskaskias; Kickapoos; Miamis; Outa- 
gamies; Piayikeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and 
Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) 



INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON & WESTERN 
RAILWAY. (.See Peoria & Eastern Railroad. ) 

INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- 
WAY. The entire length of line is 1.52.5 miles, of 
which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings 
amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It 
extends from Decatur almost due east to the 
Indiana State line, and has a single track of 
standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet 
The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, 
and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. 
The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard 
design and well maintained. The amount of 
capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or 
11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including 
stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total 
earnings and income in Illinois, §240,850. (His- 
tory.) The first organization of this road em- 
braced two companies — the Indiana & Illinois and 
the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, 
in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois 
Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter 
was sold under foreclosure and organized as the 
Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway 
Company, at which time the section from Decatur 
to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- 
pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was 
leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western 
Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when 
it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under 
the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- 
ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the 
property, after being operated by trustees, was 
sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, 
Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- 
ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- 
pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in 
July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, 
Decatur & Western Railway Company). In 
December, 1895, the entire capital stock was 
purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton 
Railway Company, and the line is now operated 
as a part of that system. 

INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. 
This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 
miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator 
Division of the AVabash Railroad, easterly to the 
Indiana State Line. The total length of the line 
is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- 
nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, 
the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but 
this company pays rental for trackage facilities. 
About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, 
the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb. 



296 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, 
sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent 
improvements has been adopted, and is being 
carried forward. The principal traffic is the 
transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- 
tal stock (Jmie 30, 1898) was $3,597,800; bonded 
debt, §1,800,000; total capitalization, §5,517,739; 
total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, 
§413,967; total expenditures in the State, §303,- 
344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 
27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of 
three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & 
Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 
1883, and through its entire length. Sept. 15, 1883. 

IXDIA>A & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- 
ROAD. {See Indiana, Decatur & IVesterJi Rail- 
way.) 

INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
Indiana, Decatur A- Western Railway.) 

INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis <& Eastern 
Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- 
ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- 
road; also Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) 

INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- 
FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & 
Western Railway.) 

INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN 
RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur <£• Western 
Railway.) 

INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
(See St. Louis. Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) 

INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a 
State Institution designed to furnish the means 
of employment to dependent blind persons of 
both sexes, established under authority of an act 
of the T.egislature passed at the session of 1893. 
The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- 
vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of 
Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with 
steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- 
ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 
1894, and, in December, 1897, had 63 inmates, of 
whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General 
Assembly appropriated §13,900 for repairs, appli- 
ances, library, etc., and §8,000 per annum for 
ordinary expenses 

INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born 
in Oneida County, X. Y., Dec. 13, 1831. His first 
remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- 
pleted his education. He studied law and was 
admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illi- 
nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1843. In 
1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County 



in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 
1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress 
for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. 
Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- 
pired term of Owen Lovejoj', deceased, as Repre- 
sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was 
re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and 
Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 
4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. 
Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with 
him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. 
Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879. 

INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- 
dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, X. Y., 
August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational 
clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, 
removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- 
hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After 
being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at 
Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother 
Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. 
In 18.57 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, 
Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- 
didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, 
which had been mustered in in December, 1861, 
and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- 
lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed 
by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General 
of the State under the new law enacted that year. 
As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. 
He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency 
in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- 
nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by 
its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which 
added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of 
the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers' 
Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother 
Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- 
sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some 
twenty years he was the most popular stump 
orator in the West, and his services in political 
campaigns were in constant request throughout 
the Union. To the country at large, in his later 
years, he was known as an uncompromising 
assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and 
pen. Among his best-known publications are 
"The Gods" (Washington, 1878); "Ghosts" 
(1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose 
Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and 
the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1883). Colonel IngersoU's 
home for some twenty years, in the later part of 
his life, was in the city of New York. Died, 
suddenly, from heart disea.se, at his summer 
home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



397 



IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public 
Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 
1838: received his early education in Ohio and, 
in 1850, came to Illinois, graduating with first 
honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 
1861. The following year he enlisted in the One 
Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infautr}-, but, hav- 
ing been discharged for disability, his place was 
filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, 
Tenn. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at 
Ilillsboro. meanwhile studying law with the late 
Judge E. Y. Rice ; in 1868 he assumed the super- 
intendency of the public schools at Greenville, 
Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he 
became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern 
Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- 
ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, 
Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- 
nated as the Republican candidate for State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving 
a pluralitj' at the November election of 123,. 593 
votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- 
denlv, at Kenosha, "Wis., June 1, 1898. 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMEXT POLICY, a 
name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- 
provement adopted b}' the Tenth General Assem- 
bl}' (1837), in compliance with a general wish of 
the peo[ile voiced at many public gatherings. It 
contemplated the construction of an extensive 
system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- 
road which were not demanded by the commerce 
or business of the State at the time, but which, it 
was believed, would induce immigration and 
materially aid in the development of the State's 
latent resources. The plan adopted provided for 
the construction of such works by the State, and 
contemplated State ownership and management 
of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The 
bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, 
but was disapproved by the Executive and the 
Council of Revision, on the ground that such 
enterprises might be more successfully under- 
taken and conducted by individuals or private 
corporations. It was, however, subsequently 
passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- 
astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for 
many years. Tlie total amount appropriated by 
the act was 810,200,000, of which §400,000 was 
devoted to the improvement of waterways; §250,- 
000 to the improvement of the "Great Western 
Mail Route"; ■$9,3.50,000 to the construction of 
railroads, and .$200,000 was given outright to 
counties not favored by the location of railroads 
or other improvements within their borders. In 
addition, the sale of .$1,000,000 worth of canal 



lands anil the issuance of .$500,000 in canal bonds 
were authorized, the j)roceeds to be used in the 
construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
$500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. 
Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and 
contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- 
less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly 
expended and ne.arly $6,500,000 quickly added to 
the State debt. The sj'steni was soon demon- 
strated to be a failure and was abandoned for 
lack of funds, some of the "improvements" 
already made being sold to private parties at a 
heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of 
the State debt under which Illinois labored for 
manyj'ears, and which, at its maximum, reached 
nearly .$17,000,000. (See MacalUnter & Stebbins 
Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; 
Eleventh General Assembly.) 

INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most 
remarkable fresliets (or floods) in Illinois history 
have been those occurring in the Jlississippi 
River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries 
of that stream have been subject to similar con- 
ditions. Probably the best account of early 
floods has been furnished bj' Gov. John Reynolds 
in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having 
been a witness of a number of them. The first 
of which any historical record has been pre- 
served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only 
white settlements within the present limits of 
the State were in the American Bottom in the 
vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious 
results were produced. Governor Reynolds says 
the flood of that year (1770) made considerable 
encroachments on the east bank of the river 
adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally 
been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance 
of three-quarters of a mile from the main 
channel. The stream continued to advance in 
this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom 
was again inundated, and the west wall of the 
fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. 
The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when 
the American Bottom was again submerged and 
the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring 
villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs 
— some of the people of Cahokia being driven to 
St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish 
soil. The most remarkable flood of the present 
century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the 
result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy 
winter snows in the Ro(;ky Mountains and rapid 
spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- 
tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from blulT 
to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 



298 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds 
of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. 
Some of the villages affected by this flood — as 
Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have 
never fully recovered from the disaster. Another 
considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was 
inferior to those of 1T84 and 1844. A notable 
flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, 
though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, 
is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy 
than ip the previous year — the difference being 
due to the fact that the larger portion of the 
flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its 
effects being most noticeable below the mouth of 
that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- 
siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- 
ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more 
or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 
1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as 
some of those previously named, the loss was pro- 
portionately greater owing to the larger area of 
improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great 
deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and 
railroads, and in the destruction of other classes 
of property. — Floods in the Ohio River have been 
frequent and very disastrous, especially in the 
upper portions of that stream — usually resulting 
from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early 
spring. With one exception, the highest flood in 
the Ohio, during the present centiiry, was that of 
February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati 
reached an altitude of sixty-four feet tliree 
inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more 
recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 
17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 
1862— fifty -seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- 
eight feet seven inches. The highest point 
reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was 
seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the 
flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in 
historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — ^the re- 
corded height being three-quarters of an inch in 
excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller 
area of cultivated lands and other improvements 
in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of 
Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller 
than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- 
fered from both streams. The most serious dis- 
asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the 
Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 
1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred 
houses, all but twent}' -eight were flooded to the 
second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen 
feet in the main street. A levee, which had been 
constructed for the protection of the city at great 



expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an 
appropriation of $60,000 was made by the Legis- 
lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 
3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee 
at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and 
causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much 
suffering was caused among the people driven 
from their homes and deprived of the means of 
subsistence, and it was found necessary to send 
them tents from Springfield and supplies of food 
by the State Government and by private contri- 
butions from the various cities of the State. The 
inundation continued for some two or three 
weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred 
in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since 
the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that 
of March 12, 1849. Tliis was the result of an ice- 
gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the 
waters of that stream across "the divide" into 
Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South 
Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- 
tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, 
which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged 
the region between the two rivers. Wlien the 
superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- 
cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore 
before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but 
the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves 
and other points along the banks for the winter. 
A contemporaneous history of the event says that 
there were scattered along the streamat the time, 
four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twent}'- 
four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in 
the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in 
by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the 
moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped 
as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole 
borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The 
bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets 
gave waj- in succession before the immense 
mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general 
wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing 
bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," saj'S 
the record, "the river was choked with sailing- 
craft of ever}' description, piled together in inex- 
tricable confusion." While those vessels near 
the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with 
comparatively little damage, a large number of 
those higher up the stream were caught in the 
gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. 
The loss to the city, from the destruction of 
bridges, was estimated at $20,000, and to vessels at 
$88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck 
of bridges compelled a return to the primitive 
system of ferries or extemporized bridges made 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



299 



of boats, to furnish means of communication, 
between the several divisions of the city — a con- 
dition of affairs which lasted for several months. 
— Floods about the same time did considerable 
damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, 
their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, 
which were memorable Hood j'ears on these in- 
terior streams. On the former, the village of 
Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges 
on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in 
the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in 
serious damage to bridges and other property in 
the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive 
inundations of the bottom lands along that 
stream in 1859 and subsequent j'ears. — In Febru- 
ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, 
similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- 
age, but was less destructive than that of the 
earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- 
tially constructed. — One of the most extensive 
floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi 
River during the latter part of the month of 
April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- 
erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was 
estimated at many millions of dollars, and many 
lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water 
reached a height of nineteen feet four inches 
above low-watermark on April 24, and, atQuincy, 
nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, 
at points between these two cities, was from ten 
to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- 
ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were 
flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At 
Alton the height reached by the water was 
twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the 
strength of the levees protecting the American 
Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less 
than on some previous j'ears. 

IPAYA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the 
branches o' the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, 
and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The 
county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well 
as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- 
rounding country. Other industries are the 
manufacture of flour ami woolen goods; two 
banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly 
newspaper are also located here. Population 
(1890), 067; (1900), 749; (1910), 652. 

IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture 
of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the 
furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 
1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the li.st of States 
producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it 
had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which 



prodjices nearlj' fifty per cent of the total product 
of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and 
Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen 
complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), 
turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the 
entire output. Since then four additional fur- 
naces have been completed, but no figures are at 
hand to show the increase in production. During 
the decade between' 1880 and 1890, the percentage 
of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used 
is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is 
abundant and cheap. Of this, 674.506 tons were 
used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of 
the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 
1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal 
pig is not made in Illinois. 

IRON MOUNTAIX, CHESTER & EASTERN 
RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western 
Hailroatl. ) 

IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the 
eastern border of the State; area, 1,100 square 
miles; population (1910), 35,543. In 1830 two 
pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- 
ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and tlie 
other at Milford. Among those taking up homes 
at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- 
min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- 
comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert 
Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and 
Parker, besides the Cox, Moore and Stanley 
families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- 
milion and organized in 1833, — named from the 
Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows 
through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies 
did not remove west of the Mississippi until 
1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of 
government was first located at Montgomery, 
wlience it was removed to Middleport, and finally 
to Watseka. The county is well timbered and 
the soil underlaid by both coal and building 
stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the 
manufacture of crockery is also found. The 
Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver 
Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- 
dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere 
by boring to the depth of from tliirtj- to eighty 
feet, a fact whicli encourages grazing and the 
manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, 
and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- 
cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- 
seka (2,017). and Milford (957). 

IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- 
minki, rises in AVestern Indiana and runs 
westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- 
ward throutrh Irouuois and part of Kankakee 



300 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Counties, entering the Kankakee River som^ five 
miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 
miles long. 

IRVING, a village in Montgomery County, on 
the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 
54 miles east-northea.st of Alton, and 17 miles 
east by north of Litchfield; has five churches, 
flounng and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly 
newspaper. Pop. (1000), 67.5; (1910), 678. 

ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at 
Bennington, Vt., Jan. l."), 1836; educated at 
Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., 
taking Ids degree at the latter in 1857; was 
admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, 
coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham 
was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his 
name was prominently considered for a position 
on tlie Supreme bench of the United States. He 
is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- 
coln & Beale, which has had the management of 
some of the most important cases coming before 
the Chicago courts. Died Feb. 16, 1902. 

JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born 
in Newark, N. J,, Jan. 28, 1841, being descended 
on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of 
the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; 
received his education at Phillips Academy, 
Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- 
ing the latter at the close of his junior year to 
enter the army, and taking part in tlie battles of 
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. 
John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from 
Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the 
rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and 
meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 
1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one 
term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return 
resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; 
came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year 
was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor 
of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago 
Bar Association, and (by appointment of the 
Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and 
attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. 
Under the will of the late John Crerar he became 
an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the 
Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. 

JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and 
named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 
square miles; ]>opu!ation (1910), .35,143. It lies 
in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- 
sissippi River forming its principal western 



boundary. The bottom lands along the river are 
wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is 
crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch 
of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is 
warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One 
of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State 
crops out at various points, varying in depth from 
a few inclies to four or five hundred feet below the 
surface. Valuable timber and good building 
stone are found and there are numerous saline 
springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal 
crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their 
arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, 
Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, 
Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. 
Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, 
the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and 
John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- 
seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- 
astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed 
to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. 
John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for 
county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. 
The principal towns (with their respective popu- 
lation, as shown by the United States Census of 
1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 
2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. 

JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan 
County, and an important railroad center ; popu- 
lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid 
out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew 
Jackson. The first court house was erected in 
1836, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lara- 
born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and 
later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- 
ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- 
portant State institutions, notably the Central 
Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the 
Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — 
besides private educational institutions, including 
Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- 
lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, 
a Business College and others. The city has 
several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- 
tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- 
paper establishments, each publishing daily and 
weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the 
most attractive and interesting cities of the State, 
noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its 
citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky 
and other Southern States predominated in its 
early settlement, the location there of Illinois 
College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, 
about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New 
England birth, so that it early came to be 




INSlTiriloX FOi: I>F,.\F .\N1> KIMi:. .lACKSONVII.LK. 




•, -•, A. A A ^ ^ A jk ' i . ^ ^ ^ ^ 



Main nnikiiuc and Girls' Cottage. 
INSTITUTIOX von 'PTIK lU.IXD. .TACKSOXVILLE. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



301 



regarded as more distinctively New England in 
the character of its population than any other 
town in Southern Illinuis. Pop. (1910), 15,326. 

JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an 
institution for tlie education of young ladies, at 
Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. 
The initial steps for its organization were taken 
in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois 
College. It may be said to have been an otfshoot 
of the latter, these two constituting the originals 
of that remarkable group of educational and 
State Institutions which now exist in that city. 
Instruction began to be given in the Academy in 
May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah 
C. Crocker, and, in ISS.?, it was formally incorpo- 
rated by act of the Legislature, being the first 
educational institution to receive a charter from 
that body; though Illinois, McKendree and 
Shurtleflf Colleges were incorporated at a later 
period of the same session. Among its founders 
appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge 
Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant 
(for fifty years the President or a Profes.sor of Illi- 
nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. 
Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all 
of whom, except the last, were prominently 
identified with the early history of Illinois Col- 
lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five 
hundred names. On January 1, 1903, Jacksonville 
Female Academy was merged with Illinois College, 
and wliile retaining its buildings and grounds, it 
is now known as Academy Hall. 

JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville <fc St. Louis Bail- 
way.) 

JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & 
SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- 
ville & St. Louis Railu-ai/.) 

JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers" Rail- 
road, and constructed from Jack.sonville to 
Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jacksonville, 
Northwestern <.V Southeastern and track extended 
to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the 
hands of a new companj' under the title of the 
Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as 
follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- 
boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles 
— total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between 
Centralia and Driver's (I61/0 miles) was con- 
structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and 
operated under lease by the successor to that 
line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under 
the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. 
By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- 



ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was 
obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. 
The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- 
ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton 
& Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi- 
ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria 
& St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. 
Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The 
Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 
under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville 
& St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893. was placed in 
the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & 
St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated 
from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge 
of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings 
began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold 
under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- 
ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the 
Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897) 
was $1,. TOO, 000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total, 
§3,800,000. 

JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- 
dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 
1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was 
the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer 
preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to 
Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in 
that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- 
quently the family took up its residence at Helt's 
Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. 
Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, 
in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, remaining in active ministerial 
woi'k until 1871, after which he accepted a super- 
annuated relation. During his connection with 
the church in Illinois he served as station preacher 
or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock 
Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River 
(1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ; 
Georgetown (1S40); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton 
(1844 and "45); Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon 
District (1848-49); Alton District (1850); Bloom- 
ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson- 
ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, 
Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean 
and Shirley. During 1861-63 he acted as agent 
for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, 
and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- 
dist church at Normal. He was twice married. 
His fir.st wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- 
ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- 
ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony 
W, Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- 
ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 



302 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, 



Kansas in 1ST9. Of his surviving children, 
Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University 
of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- 
netic laboratory in the National Observatory 
at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor 
in the State >formal Scliool at St. Cloud, Minn., 
and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge 
Preparatory School of Chicago. 

JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 
1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the 
fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- 
nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side 
^f Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- 
grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches 
appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated 
in the Model Department of the Illinois State 
Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from 
which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered 
the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., 
in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, 
he was appointed Recorder on the United States 
Lake Survey, where he continued during one 
season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake 
Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered 
Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to 
Europe in August, 1875, entering the University 
of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, 
August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and 
Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was 
elected Principal of the Public High School in 
Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 
1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State 
Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of 
Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High 
School Department in connection with the Model 
School. Resigning this position at Christmas 
time, 1882, he went to Eiu'ope for study; accepted 
a position in the University of Pennsylvania as 
Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- 
ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen 
years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary 
of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- 
struction in this Department. He was also 
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
Econoni}', the first attempt to organize a college 
course in the field of commerce and industry. 
During this time he oflSciated as editor of "The 
Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued 
by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning 
his position in the University of Pennsylvania on 
Feb. 1. 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- 
lic Administration and Director of the University 
Extension Division in the Universitj' of Chicago, 
where he has since continued. Professor James 
has been identified witli the progress of economic 



studies in the United States since the early 
eighties. He was one of the organizers and one 
of the first Vice-Presidents of the American 
Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he 
founded the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, 
became its first President, and has continued such 
to the present time. He was also, for some years, 
editor of its publications. The Academy has 
now become the largest Association in the world 
devoted to the cultivation of economic and social 
subjects. He was one of the originators of, and 
one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's 
Cyolopiedia of Political Science"; was also the 
pioneer in the movement to introduce into the 
United States the scheme of public instruction 
known as University Extension; was the first 
President of the American Society for the Exten- 
sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices 
the first effective extension work was done in this 
country, and has been Director of the Extension 
Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- 
ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with 
the development of higher commercial education 
in the United States. From his position as 
Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
Economy he has affected the course of instruc- 
tion in this Department in a most marked way. 
He was invited by the American Bankers' 
Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful 
study of the subject of Commercial Education in 
Europe, and his report to this association on the 
Education of Business Men in Europe, republished 
by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, 
has become a standard authority on this subject. 
Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar 
to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy 
have been established under the title of College 
of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, 
and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- 
versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia 
University. He has been identified with the 
progress of college education in general, espe- 
cially in its relation to secondary and elementary 
education, and was one of the early advocates of 
the establishment of departments of education in 
our colleges and universities, the policy of which 
is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- 
tions. He was. for a time. State Examiner of 
High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The 
Illinois School Journal." long one of the most 
influential educational periodicals in the State, 
now changed in name to "School and Home." 
He has been especially active in the establish- 
ment of public kindergartens in different cities, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



303 



and has been repeatedly offered the headship of 
important institutions, among tlieni being the 
University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, 
and the University of Cincinnati. He has served 
as Vice-President of the National Municipal 
League; of the American Association for tlie 
Advancement of Science, and the American 
Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus 
tees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a 
member of the American Philosophical Society, 
of tiie Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the 
National Council of Education, and of the British 
Association for the Advancement of Science. He 
was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of 
the National Teachers' Association on college 
entrance requirements; is a member of various 
patriotic and historical societies, including the 
Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of 
the Colonial "Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot 
Society. He is the author of more than one hun- 
dred papers and monographs on various economic, 
educational, legal and administrative subjects. 
Professor James was married, August 23, 1879, to 
Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, 
daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, 
and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- 
lach of the Universitj' of Halle. 

JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- 
ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 35, 1834; 
graduated from the University of Vermont in 
1846. After several j-ears spent in teaching, he 
began the study of law, and graduated from the 
Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. 
Coming west the same year he located at Free- 
port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 18.5G. In 
1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior 
Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. 
During a portion of this period he acted as lec- 
turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, 
and as editor of "The American Law Register." 
His literary labors were unceasing, his most 
notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- 
ventions; their History, Power and Modes of 
Proceeding." He was also a fine classical 
scholar, speaking and reading German, French, 
Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested 
in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- 
denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. 

JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. 
Clair County, was born in France, received a 
liberal education and, on account of the disturbed 
condition there in the latter part of the last cen- 
tury, left his native country about 1790. After 
spending some time at Baltimore and New 
Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and 



became a permanent settler there. He early be- 
came a Major of militia and engaged in trade 
with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du 
Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and 
the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and 
on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of 
life from hostile savages. He acquired a large 
property, especially in lands, built mills and 
erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses 
in that part of the country. He also served as 
Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County 
Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital 
(Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large 
landed fortune from his father, and was an 
enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. 
Clair County during the last generation. He 
served as Representative from St. Clair County 
in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and 
Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first 
being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and 
always his firm friend and admirer. At the 
organization of the Twenty-second General 
Assembly (1857), he received the support of the 
Republican members for Speaker of the House in 
opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was 
elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- 
erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a 
rolling mill at East St Louis, being reduced 
thereby from affluence to poverty President 
Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which 
took him to the Black Hills region, where he 
died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at 
the age of 73 years. 

JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of 
Southern Illinois, ha\"iiig an area of 484 square 
mile.s, and a population (in 1910) of 18,157. It was 
organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper 
of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- 
der township organization in 1800. The first Board 
of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- 
nolds, W Richards and George Mattingley. The 
Embarras River crosses the county. The general 
surface is level, although gently undulating in 
some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a 
small way; but the people are principally inter- 
ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting 
of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. 
Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton 
is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 
1,428. 

JATNE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was 
born in Orange County, NY., October, 1791 ; served 
as Surgeon in the War of 1813, and came to Illinois 
in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one 
of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 



304 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the 
wife of Senator TrumbulL Dr. Jayne died at 
Springfield, in 18GT.— Dr. William (Ja.yne), son of 
the preceding, was born in Springfield. 111., Oct. 8, 
1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
College, being a member of the class of 18-17, later 
receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the 
founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that 
institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- 
ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was 
elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, 
the following year, was appointed by President 
Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, 
later serving as Delegate in Congress from that 
ferritory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension 
.4.gent for Illinois, also served for four terms as 
Mayor of his native city, and is now Vice-Presi- 
dent of the First National Bank, Springfield 

JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, 
cut off' from Edwards and White Counties in 
1819, when it was separately organized, being 
named in honor of Thomas JeiTerson. Its area is 
466 square miles, and its population (1910), 29,111. 
The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributaries, 
flows through the county in a southerly direc- 
tion. Along tue banks of streams a variety of 
hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities 
are advantageous. Tne surface Is level and the 
soil rich. Cereals and truit are easily produced. 
A fine bed of limestone (.seven to fifteen feet 
thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has 
been quarried and found well adapted to building 
purposes. The county possesses an abundance of 
running water, much of which is slightly im- 
pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure 
underlies the entire county, but the seam is 
scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. 
The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber 
is manufactured to some e.xtent. Mount Vernon, 
the county-seat, was incorporated asacity in 18T2 
Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several 
manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate 
Court for the Southern Judicial District of the 
State. 

JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President 
and Manager, l)orn in Liverpool, Eng. , April 6, 
1843, his father being an engineer in tlie British 
navy; about 18.50 came with his widowed mother 
to Wheeling, Va , and, in 1836, to Chicago, where 
he secured employment as office-boy in the 
machinery department of the Illinois Central 
Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice 
and, passing through various grades of the me- 



chanical department, in May, 1877, became General 
Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General 
Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew 
from the Illinois Central and, for several years 
past, has been President and General Manager of 
the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- 
quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as 
a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- 
ous and successful in the history of American 
railroads 

JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor 
(1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located 
in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of 
Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson 
Coimty, where he was engaged in trade. Later 
he studied law and became eminent in his pro- 
fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins 
was elected Representative in the Seventh General 
Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during 
his second term as Speaker of the House, and took 
part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as 
Captain of a comiiany. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was 
elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time 
with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing 
ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President 
of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, 
which was chartered that year. The charter of 
the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State 
had in contemplation the policy of buiUling a 
system of roads at its own cost For a time he 
was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office 
at Edwardsville. and, in 1847, was elected to the 
State Constitutional Convention of that year 
Other positions held by him included that of Jus- 
tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial 
Circuit, to which he was elected in 18.59, and 
re-elected in 1861, but died in oflice, Febru;iry 13, 
1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. 
Logan, who read law with him after his return 
from the Jlexiean War. 

JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and 
architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 
1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- 
dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip 
around the world, and, after a j'ear spent in the 
Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a 
course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- 
factures in Paris, graduating in 18.56. lie then 
served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec 
Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an .\id on the 
staff of General Grant, being transferred the next 
year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom 
he remained three jears, participating in many 
of the most important battles of the war in the 
West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



305 



of maps of General Slierman"s campaigns, which 
were imblislieil in the "Memoirs" of the latter. 
In 1S6S he located in f'hicago, anil afterward gave 
his attention almost solely to architecture, the 
result being seen in some of Chicago's most note- 
worthy buildings. Died June 15, 1907. 

JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western 
portion of the middle division of the State, 
bordering on the Illinois and Jlississippi Rivers. 
Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- 
ratelj- organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square 
miles. There were a few settlers in the county 
as early as 1816-17 Jorseyville, the county-seat, 
was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- 
dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from. 
New Jersey The mild climate, added to the 
character of the soil, is especially adapted to 
fruit growing and stock-raising The census of 
1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 
and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the 
junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had 
a population of 927. The last mentioned town is 
noted for its stone quarries, which employ a 
number of men. Pop. (,1910), 13,954. 

JERSEYVILLE, a city and county-seat of Jer- 
sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago 
&. Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles 
north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri 
cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, 
plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and 
watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- 
some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine 
churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- 
arate school for Colored children, a convent, 
library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian 
wells, and one paper, daily and weekly.- Pop. 
(1900), 3,517; (1910), 4,113. 

JO DAVIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- 
west corner of the State; has an area of 650 square 
miles; population (1910), 2'2.fi'u. It was first 
explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery 
of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- 
lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- 
ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 
1820. About the same time came several Ameri- 
can families; a trading post was established, and 
the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so 
called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the 
Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 
miles scpiare along the Mississippi, with a view of 
controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining 
privileges were granted upon a royalty of one 
sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected 
the same year. Immigration increased rapidly 



and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- 
lation of 150, and a post-office was established 
with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, 
then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza- 
tion was effected, the county being named in 
honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was 
killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original 
tract, however, has been subdivided until it now 
constitutes nine counties The settlers took an 
active part in both tlie Winnebago and Black 
Hawk Wars In 1840-47 the mineral lands were 
placed on the market by the Government, and 
quickly taken by corporations and individuals. 
The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly 
in the east) well suited to the cultivation of 
grain Tlie county is well wooded and well 
watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever 
and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given 
to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, 
Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- 
ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was 
platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. 
Its early growth was extraordinarj', but later 
(particularly after the growth of Chicago) it 
received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 
population and was incorporated, in 1870 it had 
about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The 
names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne 
are associated with its history. Other important 
towns in the county are Warren (population 
1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). 

JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Whiteside Covmty, 111., May 23. 1844, 
educated in the common schools and at the 
Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during 
the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- 
dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; 
in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years 
later, began practice. He has served upon the 
Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside 
County; in 1884 was elected to the House of 
Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General 
Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 
1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- 
lector of Internal Revenue for his District during 
the first Cleveland administration, and was a 
delegate to the Democratic National Convention 
of 1888. 

JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and 
educator, was liorn near Fonda. N. Y., Sept. 21, 
1832; graduated at Hanailton College, 18.57, and 
at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860; held Pres- 
byterian pastorates in Tro)', Pittsburg and Phila- 
delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics 
and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 



306 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in 
Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- 
oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 
1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- 
tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. 
He was Moderator of tlie Presbyterian General 
Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served 
as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian 
Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the 
Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. 
Besides many periodical articles, he has published 
several volumes on religious subjects. 

JOHXSOX, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- 
cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. 6, 1822; 
at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, 
Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at 
eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, 
by teaching in the winter and attending an 
academy in the summer, prepared for college, 
entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and 
graduating in 1849. In 18.50 he became a student 
of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming 
Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, 
and, the year following, associate editor of "The 
Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For 
three years he was a member of the faculty of 
Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the 
founders of a new medical school, which has now 
become a part of Northwestern University. 
During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- 
man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; 
later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- 
cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He 
was also attending physician of Cook County 
Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago 
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time 
of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- 
ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His 
connections with local. State and National Soci- 
eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social 
and otherwise) werj very numerous. He trav- 
eled extensivel}', both in this country and in 
Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting 
much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- 
ditions, and making further attainments in medi- 
cine and surger}'. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. 
was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- 
versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was 
engaged almost whollj' in consultations. Died, 
Feb. 2G, 1891. 

JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- 
tion of the State, and is one of the smallest 
counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, 
and a population (liUO) of 14,331— named for CoL 



Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back 
to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of 
water shed) extends from east to west, the 
waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running 
south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline 
toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable 
thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- 
measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone 
and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs 
along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in 
small quantities. Weak copperas springs are 
numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops 
being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised 
for home consumption and fruit-culture receives 
some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with 
a population, in 1890, of 828. 

JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was 
born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, 
at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father 
to Woodford County, K}-. In 1834 he removed 
to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson 
County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- 
sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving 
unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, 
serving first as County Commissioner and then as 
County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the 
State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and 
Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and 
Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session 
of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in 
the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following 
year be was made Paymaster in the United States 
Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 
1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge 
Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission 
appointed to investigate claims against the State 
for the construction of tlie Illinois & Michitran 
Canal, and, in 18.54, was appointed Clerk of the 
Supreme Court for the Third Division, being 
elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- 
tions held b}' him included those of Deputy United 
States Marshal under the administration of Presi- 
dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- 
struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount 
Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was 
also elected Representative again in 1866. The 
later years of his life were spent as President of 
the Jlount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- 
vember, 1891, in his 92d year. 

JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- 
ated in the Des Plaines River Vallej-. 3fi miles 
southwest of Chicago, on tlie Illinois & Micliigan 
Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of 
railway. A good quality of calcareous building 
stone underlies the entire region, and :s exten- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



307 



si vely quarried. (! ravel, sand, and clay are also 
easily obtained in considerable quantities. 
Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. 
The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female 
penal institute stand just outside the city limits 
on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- 
turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the 
city with 4.55 establishments, having §1.5,453,186 
capital, employing 0,523 hands, paying §3,957,529 
wages and §17,891,836 for raw material, turning 
out an annual product valued at §27,765,104 The 
leading industries are the manufacture of foundry 
and macliine-shop products, engines, agricultural 
implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel 
bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, 
saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, 
besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- 
cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- 
power. The city has many handsome public 
buildings and private residences, among the 
former being four high schools. Government 
postotfice building, two public libraries, and two 
public hospitals. It also has two public and two 
school parks, three daily and three weekly jjapers. 
Pop. (1890), 23,264; (1900), 29,3.53; (1910), 34,670. 

JOLIET, ArRORA & XORTHERX RAIL- 
WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet &• Eastern Railway.) 

JOLIET, Loui:^, a French explorer, born at 
Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the 
Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- 
trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the 
copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most 
important service began in 1673, when Frontenac 
commissioned him to explore. Starting from the 
missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father 
Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the 
present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- 
consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as 
far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the 
first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the 
Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to 
Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) 
the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. 
Although later appointed ro3-al hydrographer 
and given the island of Anticosti, he never 
revisited the Jlississippi Some historians assert 
that this was largely due to the influential jeal- 
ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. 

JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con 
stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet 
& Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of 
standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails 
The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, 
although originally projected to merely run from 
that city to a connection with the Calumet & 



Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- 
ized and paid in is §100,000. The company's 
general oflSces are in Chicago. 

JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- 
ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 
111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), 
and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the 
date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- 
road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. 
Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt, 
$80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the 
total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 
143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 
1894, §89,017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See 
Michigan Central Railroad.) 

JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, 
was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought 
to McHenry Count)', 111., at 10 years of age, and, 
at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in 
rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two 
winters in school at Rockford, and a short season 
in teaching, he spent a year in the book and 
jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. 
The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's 
Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- 
tations in regard to raining, returned almost 
immediately. The next few years were spent in 
various occupations, including law and real 
estate business, until 1873, when he was elected 
to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, p^nd 
re-elected two years later. Other positions 
successively held by him were those of Commis- 
sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and 
United States Marshal for the Northern District 
of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member 
of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- 
ing twelve years of that period being its chair- 
man. From 1885, Mr. Jones was manager of the 
Bethesda Mineral Sjirings at Waukesha, Wis., 
but found time to make his mark in Wisconsin 
politics also. Died Julj' 8, 1910. 

JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- 
nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated 
at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- 
ticing the latter in London for a short time, came 
to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- 
delphia, where he made the acquaintance of 
Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 
1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he 
joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition 
against the Indians on the Wabash. This having 
partially failed through the discontent and 
desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes 
four years, part of the time as Commissary- 



308 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to 
Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- 
cennes, being commissioned the same year by 
Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General 
of Indiana Territor}-, and, in 1805, becoming a 
member of the first Legislative Council. He was 
Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in 
December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to 
suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- 
nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest 
Territory. In 18U8 he removed a second time to 
Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located 
within the present limits of the State of Missouri 
(then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- 
cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, 
at the latter place acquiring large interests in 
mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- 
souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- 
tion which framed the first State Constitution, 
was a prominent candidate for United States 
Senator before the first Legislature, and finally 
elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme 
Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. 
He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice 
among the early residents, as shown by the fact 
that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid 
taxes on more than 16.000 acres of land in Monroe 
County, to say nothing of his possessions about 
Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in 
Missouri He also prepared the first revision of 
laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- 
posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- 
ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, 
Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- 
ents, and was educated at Transylvania University 
and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a 
medical degree at the latter, but later studying 
law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- 
kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant 
talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, 
at a special election held in September, 1808, was 
elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by 
the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor 
of the division of the Territory — which proved 
successful in the organization of Illinois Territory 
the following j'ear. Bitterness engendered in 
this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach 
Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) 
which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- 
cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of 
shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been 
Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the 
settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- 
tained between the friends of the respective 
parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who 



was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, 
Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, 
while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — 
Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was 
born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under 
Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 
1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous 
part in securing the independence of that State 
from Mexico, dying there in 184.5 — the year of its 
annexation to the United States. — George 
Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones 
(1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- 
versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United 
States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as 
Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 
1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from 
Michigan Territory (then including the present 
States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later 
serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- 
tor}-, and, on its admission as a State, being elected 
one of the first United States Senators and re- 
elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- 
dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ 
but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to 
Jefferson Davis expressing sj'mpathy with the 
cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two 
months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- 
ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves 
duel near Washington, which resulted in the 
death of the former. After his retirement from 
office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, 
Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d 
year of his age. 

JOXES, Michae'j early politician, was a Penn- 
sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- 
torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of 
the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards 
removed to Shawneetown and represented 
Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the 
first four General Assemblies, and ajso as Repre- 
sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for 
United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated 
by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential 
Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a 
man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, 
a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- 
stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor 
Edward.s. 

JO>'ES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at 
Conneaut, Aslitabula County, Oliio, Feb. 17, 1823; 
after spending two years as clerk in a store in his 
native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the 
next two years at Rocjcton, when he accepted a 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



309 



clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment 
at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- 
ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he 
was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in 
March following, was appointed by President 
Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern 
District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of 
President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, 
remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned 
and returned to Chicago. "Subsequently he 
declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, 
but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- 
cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones 
served as member of the National Republican 
Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- 
ized the West Division Street Railway, laying 
the foundation (if ample fortuno. Died .Vpr. 11, 1909. 
JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born 
at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his 
boyhood and early manhood in New York State, 
ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged 
in business as a grocer, and also held various 
public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of 
observation westward by way of Detroit, finally 
reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited 
in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each 
time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated 
immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership 
with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged 
in the stove and hardware business, founding in 
Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next 
year brouglit his family. While he never held 
any important public office, he was one of the 
most prominent of those early residents of Chicago 
through whose enterprise and public spirit the 
city was made to prosper. He held the office of 
Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, 
was one of the founders of the city fire depart- 
ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the 
Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable 
time as its President), and contributed liberally 
to the cause of education, including gifts of 
$50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which 
he was a Trustee and, for some time. President of 
its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868.— 
Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born 
at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 
26, 1820, having, for some time in liis boyhood, 
Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his 
teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- 
ton (afterwards Governor and a United States 
Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, 
in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk 
In Government offices and by the Trustees of the 



Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at 
Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical 
at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally 
coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title 
office, in wliich he was engaged at the time of the 
fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two 
other firms, became the foundation of the Title 
Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays 
an important part in the real-estate business of 
Chicago. Mr. Jones held various public positions, 
including that of Trustee of Hospital for the Insane 
at Jacksonville, and for years was a Trustee of 
University of Chicago. Died Nov. 8, 1911. — Kiler 
Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- 
ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out 
of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for 
many years a citizen of Quinoy, 111. , and promi- 
nent member of the Republican State Central 
Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers 
of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, 
August 20, 1886. 

JOJiESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, 
situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north 
of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile 
& Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile 
territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is 
an important shipping-point for fruit and early 
vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a 
bank. There are also four churches, and one 
weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. 
Population (1900), 1,130; (1910), 1,109. 

JOSLYN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in 
Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- 
nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry 
County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, 
engaged in the practice of the law. The latter 
became prominent in political circles and, in 
1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On 
the breaking out of the war he allied himself 
with the Republican party ; served as a Captain 
in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth 
General Assembly from McHenry County, later 
serving as Senator during the sessions of the 
Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). 
After the death of President Garfield, he was 
appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- 
tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the 
administration. Returning to his home at Wood- 
stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- 
sion, and, from 1889, .sierved as Master in Chancery 
for McHenry County. Died Oct. 10, 1904. 

JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was 
born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 



310 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by 
President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, 
in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a 
treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and otlier 
Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at 
Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year 
he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, 
serring there until the year before the Fort Dear- 
bom Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, 
Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, 
but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- 
son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining 
until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. 
In 1819 he was appointed to a United States 
Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of 
Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when 
he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying 
there. May 28, 1834. 
JOURNALISM. (See Newspapers, Early.) 
JUDD, Xorman Bnel, lawyer, legislator. For- 
eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 
1815, where he read law and was admitted to the 
bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- 
menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- 
ment. He early rose to a position of prominence 
and influence in public affairs, holding various 
municipal offices and being a member of the 
State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 
1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican 
National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- 
coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to 
Prussia, where he represented this country for 
four years. He was a warm personal friend of 
Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable 
journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. 
In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. 
Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. 

JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born 
in Onondaga County, N, Y., July 21, 1827; was 
educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in 
Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York 
in 1848 ; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, 
and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior 
Department in Washington. Later, he resumed 
his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed 
to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111 , and began 
practice with his brother-in-law, the late W C. 
Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering 
into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- 
ho\ise, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and tecame 
prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical 
trials which followed. In 1800 he was a Demo- 
cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, 
during the war, was a determined opponent of 
the war policy of the Government, as such mak- 



ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- 
Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 
1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22. 1895. 

JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution 
of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in 
one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as 
the Legislature might establish. The former 
consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- 
ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature; 
but, until 1825, wtien a new act went into effect, 
they were required to perform circuit duties in 
the several counties, while exercising appellate 
jurisdiction in their united capacity In 1824 the 
Legislature divided the State into five circuits, 
appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two 
years later, these were legislated out of oflice, and 
circuit court duty again devolved upon the 
Supreme Judges, the State being divided into 
four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the 
appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was 
assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the 
Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing 
to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. 
This arrangement continued until 1835, when the 
State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, 
five additional Circuit Judges having been 
elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved 
from circuit court service. After this no mate- 
rial changes occurred except in the increase of the 
number of circuits until 1841, the whole number 
then being nine. At this time political reasons 
led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An 
act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- 
izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided 
for the appointment of five additional Associate 
Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in 
all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved 
upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being 
divided at the same time into nine circuits. 

By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the 
judiciary system underwent an entire change, all 
judicial officers being made elective by the 
people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme 
Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, 
County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices 
of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- 
ture had the power to create inferior civil and 
criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform 
plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the 
State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- 
sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw 
fit, provide for the election of ail three Judges on 
a general ticket, to be voted throughout the 
State-at-large; but this power was never exer- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



311 



cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the 
Supreme Court for the particular division in 
which the county might be located, although, by 
unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an 
appeal might be transferred to another district. 
Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the 
number might be increased at the discretion of 
the General Assembly. Availing itself of its 
constitutional power and providing for the needs 
of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature 
gradually increased the number of circuits to 
tliirty. The term of office for Supreme Court 
Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six 
years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular 
election, unless the unexpired term of the 
deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one 
year, in which case the Governor was authorized 
to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with 
appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and 
each was required to hold at least two terms 
annually in each county, as might be fixed by 
statute. 

The Constitution of 1870, without changing the 
mode of election or term of office, made several 
changes adapted to altered conditions. As 
regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand 
Divisions were retained, but the number of 
Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like 
number of districts, but sitting together to con- 
stitute a full court, of which four members con- 
stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by 
the Court, and is usually one of the Judges 
nearing the expiration of his term. Tlie minor 
officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one 
Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, 
the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- 
dated in one, the Court being required to hold its 
sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one 
Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- 
fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme 
Court are fixed by law at $5,000 each. 

The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven 
circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), 
and one or more terms of the circuit court are 
required to be held each year in each county in 
the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts 
is both original and appellate, and includes mat- 
ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. 
The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office 
for six years In 1877 the State was divided into 
thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook 
County), but without reducing the number of 
Judges (twenty-sixl already in office, and the 
election of one additional Judge (to serve two 
years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- 



ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again 
in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing 
the nmnber of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook 
County, to seventeen, while the number of 
Judges in each circuit remained the same, so 
that the whole number of Judges elected that 
year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The 
salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, 
except in Cook Countj', where they are $7,000. 
The Constitution also provided for the organiza- 
tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- 
ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for 
that purpose. These courts are a connecting 
link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, 
and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the 
latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four 
of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; 
one to include all the Northern Grand Division 
except Cook County; the third to embrace the 
Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- 
ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- 
cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the 
Supreme Court, each assignment covering three 
years, and no Judge either allowed to receive 
extra compensation or sit in review of his own 
rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each 
District every year, and these courts have no 
original jurisdiction. 

Cook County. — Tlie judicial system of Cook 
County is diff'erent from that of the rest of the 
State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county 
an independent district, and exempted it from 
being subject to any subsequent redistricting. 
The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, 
at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased 
under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive 
additional compensation from the county treas- 
ury. The Legislature has the constitutional 
right to increase the number of Judges according 
to population. In 18-19 the Legislature estab- 
lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. 
Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook 
County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen 
Judges. For this court there exists tlie same 
constitutional provision relative to an increase of 
Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook 
County. 

JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- 
land, who, having come to the United States at 
an early day, remained some years in ]\Iar3'land, 
when, in 1786, he started west, spending two 
years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at 
Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to 
New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, 
located within the present limits of Madison 



312 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Count}', where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), 
son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was 
brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- 
wards became prominent in political affairs and 
famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization 
of Madison County he became one of the first 
County Commissioners, serving many years. He 
also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the 
Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- 
ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member 
from Madison County in the Second Territorial 
Council (181415). Previous to 1811 he built the 
first brick house within the limits of Madison 
County, which still stood, not manj' years since, 
a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy 
died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, 
was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 
1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, 
was born, Deo. 19, 1804, and represented JIadison 
County in the Eighteenth General Assembly 
(1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. 

JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in 
Clark Coimty, Ky., May 8, 1822— his ancestors 
on his father's side being from Switzerland, and 
those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on 
a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 
111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, 
he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- 
tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as 
part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- 
ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was 
chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- 
dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth 
Army Corps under command of that brilliant 
soldier. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to 
the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the 
entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the 
surrender on the 3d of July following. It also 
participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
numerous other engagements. After one year's 
service. Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by 
domestic affliction, having lost two children by 
death within eight days of each other, while 
others of his family were dangerously ill. On 
his retirement from the army, he became deeply 
interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the 
most noted stock auctioneer in the United States 
— having, in the past thirty years, sold more 
thoroughbred cattle than any other man living 
— his operations extending from Canada to Cali- 
fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel 
Judy was elected a member of the State Board of 
Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- 
ously until 1890 — except two years — also serving 
as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He 



bore a conspicuous part in securing the location 
of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the 
improvements there made under his administra- 
tion have not been paralleled in any other State. 
Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, 
Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- 
lican ; and though active in political campaigns, 
has never held a political office nor desired one, 
being content with the discharge of his duty as a 
patriotic private citizen. 

KA>'AN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was 
born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, 
at twenty j'ears of age removed to Macon County, 
111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil 
War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- 
teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly 
four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. 
After the war he served six years as Mayor of the 
city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State 
Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth 
General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of 
the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
and a member of the first Post of the order ever 
established — that at Decatur. 

KAXE, a village of Greene County, on the 
Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has 
a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
40S; (1890), 551; (1000), 588; (1910), .521. 

KAXE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- 
tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' 
to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. 
The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- 
tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper 
read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior 
(1895), rejecting other statements assigning the 
date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various 
years from 1786 to 179G, expresses the opinion, 
based on family letters, that he was really born 
in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- 
ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- 
grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, 
before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- 
nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were 
recognized bj' his appointment, early in 1818, as 
Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial 
Government. Before the close of the same year 
he served as a member of the first State Consti- 
tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the 
new State Government, but resigned on the 
accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years 
later he was elected to the General Assembly as 
Representative from Randolph County, but 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



313 



resigned before the close of the year to accept a 
seat iu the United States Senate, to which he was 
elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before 
the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), 
having reached the age of a little more than 40 
years, he died in "Washington, deeply mourned 
bj' his fellow-members of Congress and by his 
constituents. Senator Kane was a nousin of tlie 
distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, 
through his mother's family, while, on his 
father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated 
Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. 

KAXE COCXTY, one of the wealthiest and 
most progressive counties in the State, situated in 
the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 
sc|uare miles, and population (lOlO) of 01,862; 
was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- 
ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing 
through the (bounty from north to south. Immi- 
gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus 
in 183.J, when the Pottawatomies were removed 
west of the Mississippi A school was established 
in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County 
organization was effected in June, 1836, and the 
public lands came on the market in 1842. The 
Civil "War record of the county is more than 
creditable, the number of volunteers e.xeeeding 
the assessed, quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- 
turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the 
attention of the people. The countj' lias manj' 
flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- 
seat. (See Aurora. Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva 
and St. Charles.) 

KAXGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj', three 
miles northwest of Streator. There are several 
coal shafts here. Pop. (1900), 1,004; (1910), 3S0. 

KAXK.iKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- 
kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. 
Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with 
the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 50 miles south of 
Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising 
region, near extensive coal fields and l)og iron 
ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- 
cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- 
tories, knitting and noveltj' works, besides two 
quarries of valuable building stone. The East- 
ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. 
There are three papers (daily and weekly), four 
banks, five schools, water-works, gas and electric 
light, electric cat lines, and Ciovernment postoflice 
■ buildine Pop (1900), 13..59.'); (1910), 1:5,980. 

KAXK.VKEE COUXTY, a wealthy and popu- 
lous county in the northeast section of the .State, 
having an area of 080 square miles — receiving its 



name from its principal river. It was set apart 
from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act 
passed in 1S53, the owners of the site of the 
present city of Kankakee contributing $."),000 
toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- 
culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the 
principal pursuits. The first white settler was 
one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first 
American, Thomas Durham. Pop. (1880), 25,047; 
(1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154; (1910), 40,7.52. 

KAXKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising 
in .St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- 
southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy 
region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it 
unites with the Iroquois from the south and the 
Des Plaines from the north, after the junction 
with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. 

KAXKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line 
lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It 
has a capital stock of 810,000, bonded debt of 
§6.50,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) 
reaching .?557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,629. 
This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 
1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by 
these two lines, but operated by the former (See 
Cleveland, Cineinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
road. ) 

KAXSAS, a village iu Edgar County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles 
northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- 
apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles 
west-southwest of Paris The surrounding region 
is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile 
works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, 
and railway machine shops, beside four churches, 
a collegiate institute, a National bank and a 
weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890), 
1,037; (1900), 1,049; (1910), 945. 

KASKASKI.X, a village of the Illinois Indians, 
and later a French trading post, flrst occupied ia 
1700. It p.asseil into the hands of the British 
after the French-Indian War in 1705, and was 
captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head 
of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, 
George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- 
itants were almost entirely of French descent. 
The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- 
nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 
1804, the United States Government opened a 
land oflice there. For many years the most 
important commercial town in the Territory, it 
remained the Territorial and State capital down 



314 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



to 1819, when the seat of government was re- 
moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the 
west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles 
from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had 
been swept away by the encroacluntnts of the 
latter stream, so that practiciiUy all that is left of 
the principal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is 
simply its name. Pop. (1910), 142. 

KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes 
constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon 
quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed 
from what is now La Salle County, to Southern 
Illinois, where they established themselves along 
the banks of the river which bears their name. 
They were Anally removed, with their b-ethren 
of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a 
distinct tribe, have become extinct. 

KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign 
County, and flows southwest through the coun- 
ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, 
Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through 
Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River 
near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and 
flows through a fertile, undulating country, which 
forms part of the great coal field of the State. 

KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- 
turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- 
cated at home and in the district schools; spent 
1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the 
latter year and obtaining employment in a retail 
dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish- 
ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson 
Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation 
of Keith Brothers & Co. , a Director of the Metro- 
politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric 
Light Company. — Elbridge G. (Keith), banker, 
brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., 
July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre 
Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year 
taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, 
Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 
1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan 
National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. 
Keith was a member of the Republican National 
Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local 
literary, political and social clubs; was also one 
of the Directors of the World's Columbian Exi)o- 
sition of 1892-93. 

KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on 
the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- 
tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of 
Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- 
ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers; has 
one paper. Pop. (1900), L.^fifi; (1010), 1,515. 



KELLOGG, Hiram Huntingtoii, clergyman 
and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- 
town), N. Y., in February, 1803. graduated at 
Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after 
which he served for some years as pastor at 
various places in Central New York. Later, he 
established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary 
at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies" semi- 
nary in the State, and the first experiment in the 
country uniting manual training of girls with 
scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi 
yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted 
this system. Color was no bar to admission to 
the institution, though the daughters of some of 
the wealthiest families of the State were among 
its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with 
Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- 
son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- 
ment in opposition to slaver}'. In 1836 he united 
with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the 
movement for the establishment of a colony and 
the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery 
institution in the West, which resulted in the 
location of the town of Galesburg and the found, 
ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was 
chosen the first President of the institution and, 
in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to 
identify himself with the new enterprise, which, 
in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the 
West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of 
such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, 
Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- 
ing slavery. In 1843 he vi.sited England as a 
member of the World's Peace Convention, re- 
maining abroad about a j'ear, during which time 
he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and 
others of the most prominent men of that day in 
England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency 
of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton 
Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- 
ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- 
moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching 
and teaching at various points during the 
remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his 
home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. 

KELLOGG, WilHara Pitt, was born at Orwell, 
Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, 
studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 
1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He 
was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
Republican ticket in 18.56 and 1860. being elected 
the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of 
Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the 
colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- 
ing health caused his retirement from the army 



M 




.—Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where LaKayetto was feted in 
1825. 3.— First Illinois State House. 1818. 4.— Interior of Room (1893) where LaFayette 
banquet was held. S.— Pierre .Menard .Mansion. 6.— House of Chief I")neoign, last of the 
Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 




1— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.— View nu Principal Street (1891). 3.— Gen. John 
Edgar's House (1891). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.— •■Chcnu Mansion where L.v 
Fayette was entertained, as it appeared in 1898. 6— Old State Hous» (1900). 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



315 



after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was 
appointed Collector of the Port at. New Orleans. 
Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in 
both Louisiana and National poUtics, serving as 
United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 
to 1871, and as Governor from 1873 to 1876, during 
the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- 
ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies 
as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt 
was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was 
elected a second time to the United States Senate 
by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded 
his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his 
term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to 
which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. 
While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. 
Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years 
in Washington City. 

KENDALL COUJiTY, a northeastern county, 
with an area of 321 square miles and a population 
(1910) of 10.777. The surface is rolling and the 
soil fertile, although generallj- a light, sandy 
loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of 
parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in 
honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. 
The Fox River (running southwestwardly 
through the county), with its tributaries, affords 
ample drainage and considerable water power; 
the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is 
abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been 
rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally 
resting with the former. Among the pioneers 
may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- 
ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, 
the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. 
Morgan. 

KEN'DRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at 
Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at 
Granville Academj', N. Y., and Middleburj' Col- 
lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied 
law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, 
a )ear later removing to St. Louis, where he con- 
tinued practice for a short time. Then, having 
abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- 
ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he 
became pastor of the North Baptist Church in 
Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, 
where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, 
when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff 
College at Upper Alton, 111. 

KENNEY, a village and railway station in 
Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- 
field Division of the Illinois Central and the 
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads. 3() miles 
northeast of Spriugtield. The town has two banks 



and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. 
Pop. (1890), 497; (1900), .584; (1910), .570. 

KENT, (Rev.) Aratiis, pioneer and Congrega- 
tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 
1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, 
as a Congregational missionary, came to the 
Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so 
hard no one else would take it." In less than two 
years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers 
and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- 
lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. 
In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian 
Church of Galena, of wliicli he remained pastor 
until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home 
Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying 
the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford 
Female Seminary, meanwliile contributing freely 
from his meager salary to charitable purposes. 
Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. 

KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful 
Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on 
Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of 
shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him 
finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He 
always professed ardent friendship for the whites, 
although tliis was not infrequently attributed to 
a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded 
Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- 
acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender 
himself to the United States authorities, he was 
formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By 
the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- 
kuk was formally recognized as the principal 
Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- 
vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here 
he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, 
where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, 
supposedly administered by some parti.san of 
Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk 
Wai:) 

KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, 
was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and 
educated under tlie tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- 
lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long 
Island, graduating at the ago of 19. He was 
then associated with a brother in founding St. 
James College, in Washington County, Md., but, 
in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the 
real-estate business, in which he was one of the 
oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 
1896. He was one of the founders and a life 
member of the Chicago Historical Society and of 
the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated 
with other learned and social organizations. He 
was also a member of the original Real Estate 



316 



KISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- 
dent. 

KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the 
Chicago, Burlington i*c Quincy Railroad, 131 
miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and 
coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- 
ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, 
six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 
volumes, three national banks, one weekly and 
two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories 
employing four to five thoasand hands, the out- 
put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps 
and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, 
etc. Population (1890), 4,569; (1900), S,3S2; (1910), 
9,307. 

KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- 
fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent 
his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- 
cational advantages as could be secured by a few 
months' attendance on school in -winter; in 1817 
started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing 
Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally 
reached Prairie du Chien, after whicli he spent a 
year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the 
Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route 
being attracted by tlie present site of the city of 
Quincy, to wliich, after two years spent in exten- 
sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the 
interest of certain owners of bounty lands, lie 
again returned, finding it still unoccupied. 
Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike 
County, in 1824 lie joined his friend, the late 
Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in 
Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus 
became one of the three earliest settlers of 
Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a 
Major Rose. On the organization of Adams 
County, in January, 182.^, he was appointed a 
member of tlie first Board of County Commission- 
ers, whicli held its first meeting in his house. 
Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property 
about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to 
the Chicago Theological Seminary, therebj- fur- 
nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" 
in connection with that institution. His death 
occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. 

KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- 
nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- 
tins. The French orthography of the word was 
various, the early explorers designating them as 
"Kic-a-pous," "Kicka-poux," "Kickabou," and 
"Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is 
uncertain, different authorities construing it to 
mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," 
according to dialect. From 1602, when the trilie 



was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- 
poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They 
fought against Christianization, and were, for 
some time, hostile to tlie French, althougli they 
proved efficient allies of the latter during the 
French and Indian War. Their first formal 
recognition of the authority of the United States 
was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which 
reference was made to the treaties executed at 
Vincennes (180.') and 1809). Nearly a century 
before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and 
established villages along the Rock River and 
near Cliicago (1712- 15). At the time of the 
Eilwardsville treat}' thej' had settlements in the 
valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, 
Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they 
fought bravel}' at the battle of Tippecanoe, their 
chief military skill lay in predator^' warfare. As 
compared with other tribes, they %vere industri- 
ous, intelligent and cleanlj-. In 1832-83 they 
were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence 
man}' of them drifted to the southwest, join- 
ing roving, plundering bands. In language, 
manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely 
resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some 
ethnologists believe them to have been more or 
less closely connected. 

KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and 
soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 
1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at 
the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He 
was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student 
of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He 
was twice elected to the State Senate (18-10 and 
'44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for 
Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. 
French, Democrat. In 18.50 he emigrated to 
California, but, after a few years, returned to 
Illinois and took an active part in tlie campaigns 
of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil 
War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- 
eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he 
had recruited a company. He was killed at the 
battle of Shiloh, ,\pril 6, 1862, while leading a 
charge. 

KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station 
in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the 
Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. 
Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370; (1910;, 371. 

KIN(J, John Lyle, lawyer, wa-s born in Madison, 
Ind., in 182.5 — the son of a pioneer settler who 
was one of the founders of Hanover College 
and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary 
there, which afterwards became the "Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, " 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



317 



now the McCormick Theological Seminaiy of 
Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King 
began the study of law with an uncle at JIadison, 
and the following year was admitted to the bar. 
In 18o2 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature 
and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- 
man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, 
the Hungarian jmtriot and exile, to the Legisla- 
tuj-e: also took a prominent part, during the next 
few years, in the organization of the Republican 
party. Removing to Chicago in 1850, he soon 
became prominent in his profession there, and, in 
18G0, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. 
Mulligan, who became eminent a year ortwo later, 
in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- 
ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much 
for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of 
sporting experiences with a party of professional 
friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- 
consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting 
on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the 
Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 
1892. 

KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton 
Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu- 
ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at 
Waterford and. having been admitted to the Ijar 
the following year, began practice at the same 
place. In 18.53 he removed to Chicago, where he 
held a number of important positions, including 
the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the 
Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of 
Education, and the Union College Alumni 
Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was 
elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- 
seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- 
sions following tlie fire of 1871 prepared the act 
for the protection of titles to real estate, made 
necessary by the destruction of the records in the 
Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree 
of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in 
Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892. 

KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek. 
Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1814; attended 
school at Washington, 111., then taught two or 
three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the 
Eighty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
ing three years without the loss of a day — a part 
of the time on detached service in charge of an 
ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- 
master. Returning from the war with the rank 
of Fir.st Lieutenant, in August, 1S(!5, lie went to 
Peoria, where he engaged in biLsiness and has re- 
mained ever since. He is now connected with the 
following business concerns: Kingman & Co., 



manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, 
buggies, wagons, etc. , Tlie Kingman Plow Com- 
pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company. 
Peoria General Electric Company, and National 
Hotel Companj', besides various outside enter- 
prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a 
large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman 
was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being 
his only connection with politics. During 1898 he 
was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria 
Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- 
American War. His career in connection with 
the industrial development of Peoria has been 
especially conspicuous and successful. 

KINKADE (or Kirikead), William, a native of 
Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence 
Countj', in 1817, and was elected to the State 
Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only 
one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth 
General As.sembly by James Bird. Although a 
Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most 
aggressive opponents of the scheme for making 
Illinois a slave State, being the only man who 
made a speech against the pro-slavery convention 
resolution, though this was cut short by the 
determination of the pro-con ventionists to permit 
no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- 
master at Lawrenceville by President John 
Quincy Adams, and held the position for many 
years. He died in 184G. 

KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south .of 
Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. 
Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
coal-mining are the principal industries of the 
surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring 
mills ami brick-making plants, with other 
manufacturing establishments of minor impor- 
tance. There are five churches, a bank and a 
weekly newspaper. Population (1890). 1,045; 
(1900), 1,221; (1910), 997 

KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of 
Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 
1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally 
.settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- 
tional advantages, he was taught to read by his 
wife after marriage. He became a Baptist 
preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two 
sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), 
was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was 
defeated by .Iose]ih Duncan ; in 1838 was elected 
by the Legislature a member of the Board of 
Publif^ Works, becoming its President. Died 
in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the pre(;ed- 
ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 



318 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as 
Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- 
bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed bj' Gov- 
ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, 
dying in office the following year. 

KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- 
zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 
1763. His father was a Scotchman named 
McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," 
and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" 
— an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- 
ing his early childhood his father died, and his 
mother gave him a stepfather by the name of 
William Forsythe. When ten years old he left 
home and, for three years, devoted himself to 
learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- 
nated by stories of adventure in the West, he 
removed thither and became an Indian-trader. 
In 1804 he established a trading post at what is 
now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary 
white settler. Later he established other posts 
on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He 
was twice married, and the father of a numerous 
family. His daughter Maria married Gen. 
David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. 
John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as 
the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) 
Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris 
(Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- 
wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- 
ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the 
massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 
1816, Two years later his father placed him at 
Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- 
pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie 
du Chien. The following year he was Sub- Agent 
of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he 
witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 
1830 he went to Connecticut, where he %vas 
married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- 
dence -in Chicago, forming a partnership with 
Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the 
forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed 
Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, 
but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was 
appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President 
Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public 
Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- 
master in the army by President Lincoln, which 
ofiice he held until his death, which occurred on 
a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 18G5. 
KIRBT, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834 — 
the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- 
ers and early professors of Illinois College at 



Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 
1854, then taught several years at St. Louis anu 
Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, 
and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan 
County as a Republican ; was Representative in 
the General Assembly from Morgan County 
(1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee 
of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, tor a 
long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois 
College. 

KIRK, (tien.) Edward Jf., soldier, was born of 
Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Oliio, Feb. 
29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academj', at 
Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after 
teaching for a time, began the study of law, 
completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he 
removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in 
his profession until after the battle of the first 
Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota 
of the State being already full, this was not im- 
mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was 
mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- 
fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the 
subject of this sketcli as Colonel. In the field he 
soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; 
at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through 
the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After 
remaining with the army several days, inflam- 
matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to 
the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between 
life and death for some time. Having partially 
recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin 
his regiment, but was stopped en route by an 
order assigning him to command at Louisville. 
In November following he was commissioned 
Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry 
and ability" disjjlayed on the field. In the last 
days of December, 1802, he had sufficiently re- 
covered to take part in the series of engagements 
at Stone River, where he was again Avounded, 
this time fatally. He was taken to his home in 
Illinois, and, although he survived several 
months, the career of one of the most brilliant 
and promising soldiers of the war was cut short 
liy his death, July 21, 1863. 

KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and autlior, 
was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1W30 — the son 
of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; 
was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, 
where he remained until 1856, wlien lie came to 
the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a 
private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- 
months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, 
but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



319 



General McClellan, serving there and on the staff 
of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement 
of the latter, meanwliile taking part in the Pen- 
insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. 
Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some 
coal-mining property near Danville, but later 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1H80. 
A few j-ears later he produced his first novel, 
and. from 1890. devoted liis attention solely to 
literary pursuits, for several years being liter- 
ary editor of "The Chicago Tr.bune." His works 
— several of whicli first appeared as serials in the 
magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in 
Spring County" (1885); "The JlcVeys" (1887); 
"The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- 
tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The 
Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At 
the time of his death he had just concluded, in 
collaboration with Hon. John Moses, tlie work of 
editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- 
lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in 
Chicago. April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury 
(Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and 
author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago 
in 1867 and, five years later, established a select 
school for young ladies, out of Avhich grew what 
is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," 
which was continued until her death, July 30, 
1896. She was the author of a number of vol- 
umes of decided merit, written with the especial 
object of giving entertainment and instruction to 
the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's 
Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners." a Child's 
"History of France," a "History of England," 
"History of English Literature," etc. At her 
death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the 
hands of the publisliers. 

KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist 
preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- 
grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an 
early day, where he built the first horse-mill in 
that vicinity ; in 1829 removed to Adams County, 
and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 
1815. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the 
first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. 
Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two 
boys) while in Adams County, lie brought them 
to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The 
boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a 
trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably 
having been kidnaped with the connivance of 
the man in v\-hose charge they had lieen placed. 

KIRKWOOl), a city in Warren County, once 
known as "Voung America," situated about six 
miles southwest of Monnioutli, on the Chicago, 



Burlington A Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- 
ping point and in an agricultural region. The 
to\vn has two banks, five churches, and one weekly 
newspaper Pop. (1900), 1,008; (1910). 92(>. 

KISHWAUKEE RIVKR, rises in McHenry 
County, runs west through Boone, and enters 
Rock River in AVinnebago County, eight miles 
below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- 
ent called the Soutli Kishwaukee River runs 
north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb 
County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- 
bago County, about eight miles southeast of 
Rockford. 

KITCHELL, Wickliflf, lawyer and Attorney- 
General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, 
May 21, 1789, Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, 
at Newark, N. J., to Mi.ss Elizabeth Ross, 
and the same year emigrated west, passing 
down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, 
Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 
he became a resident of Southern Indiana, 
where he was elected sheriff, studied law 
and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- 
ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed 
to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 
1820, he was elected Representative in the Second 
General Assembly, and was also a member of the 
State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- 
moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was 
appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until 
near the close of the following year, when he 
resigned to take his seat as Representative in 
the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 
and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, 
but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During 
liis early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a 
Democrat ; but, on the passage of tlie Kansas-Neb- 
raska act. became an earnest Republican. Pub- 
lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of 
his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 
2, 1869. — Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, 
lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine. 111. , March 
29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- 
sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar 
in 1841, and, the following year, commenced 
practice at OIney; was elected State's Attorney 
in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the 
office ten years ; was a member of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was 
elected Judge of Richland County ; later as.sisted 
in establishing the fir.st newspaper p\iblished in 
Olney, and in organizing the Republican party 
there in 1856; in 18.59 was elected Judge of the 
Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term, 
lie was also inlluontial in procuring a charter for 



320 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- 
struction of the line, being an original corporator 
and subsequently a Director of the Companj'. 
Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, 
Nov. 11, 1876. —Edward (Kitchell), another son, 
was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was 
educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when 
he removed with his father's family to Fort 
Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to 
continue his studies ; in 1852 made the trip across 
the plains to California to engage in gold mining, 
but the following year went to Walla Walla, 
Washington Territorj', where he opened a law 
office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at 
Olney, Ricliland County, forming a partnership 
with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice 
of law. Here, having taken position against the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, 
in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- 
paper published in that part of Illinois known as 
"Egypt, ■' with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, 
being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans 
in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in 
organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following 
year having been mounted, became a part of the 
famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to 
the command of the regiment after the wounding 
of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- 
tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- 
nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the 
rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming 
the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, 
in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in 
a district strongly Democratic; also served as 
Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time 
and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the 
same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— 
John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- 
liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford 
County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, 
read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to 
the bar in that State. At tlie age of 19 years he 
served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- 
sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk 
of the same bodj- at the session of 1861. Previous 
to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery 
County Herald," and later. "The Charleston 
Courier." Resigning his position as Reading 
Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of 
President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- 
teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and 
afterwards as Captain of his company. At the 
expiration of his term of enlistment he established 



"The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- 
ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, 
serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he 
removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- 
ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State 
Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the 
Republican nominee for Congress in that District. 

KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was 
born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 
26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry 
County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- 
mon schools of that j^lace ; removed to Chicago in 
1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 
1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in 
the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- 
sentative in the General Assembly, serving one 
term. He was also a member of the State Board 
of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter 
j'ear was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, 
serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. 

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mill 
tary and benevolent association foiinded in the 
City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus 
H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its 
recognized founder. The order was established 
in Illinois, Maj' 4, 1869, by the organization of 
"Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. 
On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- 
bers. At the close of the year four additional 
Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate 
membership of 245. Early in the following year, 
on petition of these five Lodges, apprpved by the 
Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order 
for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, 
with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- 
lors as representatives of the five subordinate 
Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at 
that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the 
total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. 
June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the 
State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The 
assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on 
Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. 

KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, 
was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., 
March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in 
infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a 
farm Having determined on a mercantile ca- 
reer, he entered an academj' at Fredonia, paying 
his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour 
for the West, and, in the following year, settled 
at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; 
in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally 
laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- 
port, from which he realized large profits. He 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



321 



was also prominently connected with the Galena 
& Cliicago Union Railroad anil, iu 1850. became 
a Director of the Company, remaining in office 
some twelve years. In 1853 he was the Free-Soil 
candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years 
later became e.xtensively interested in the Con- 
gress (& Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, 
K. Y. ; tlien, after a four years' residence in 
Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he 
engaged in banking business, dying in that city, 
March 10, 1876, 

KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, 
Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his 
brother. Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, 
was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently 
removing to Worcester, in the same State, where 
he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 
he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now 
Rock Island, 111. , where he continued in practice 
for twenty-tliree years. During the greater part 
of that time he was associated with Hon. John 
W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, 
gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout 
Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in 
which he took part during his residence in Rock 
Island was the prosecution of the murderers of 
Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a 
Democratic Presidential Elector, but iu the next 
campaign identified himself with the Republican 
party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the 
Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, 
two years later, was appointed State's Attorney 
by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- 
ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After 
coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- 
ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 
6, 1881. 

KTfOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution 
for the higher education of the youth of both 
sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It 
was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and 
graduated its first class in 1846. The number of 
graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 
867. In 1893 it had 603 students in attendance, 
and a faculty of '20 professors. Its library con- 
tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment 
amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued 
at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its 
head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- 
ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became 
its President, but resigned in 1899. 

KNOX COUIVTY, a wealthy interior county 
west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 
.S(Hiarc mill's ;iiid :i ]i(i|mlatinii (1!)1()) (jf 40, 150. It 
was named in liDiuir of (ion. Henry Knox. Its 



territorial limits were defined by legislative 
enactment in 1825, but the actual organization 
dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip 
Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first 
Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- 
seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) 
was erecteil the first court liouse, constructed 
of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of 
$192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- 
ishes. The present county -seat (1011) i.s (iales- 
burg, well known for its educational institutions, 
the best known of which are Knox College, 
founded in 1837, and Lombard University, 
founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- 
nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- 
lege at Abingdon. 

KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the 
Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad, .50 miles west of 
Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was 
formerly the county-seat, and still contains the 
fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- 
ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, 
with seven heads of departments. It has electric 
liglitingand street-car service, good water-works, 
flouring mills, banks, numerous churches, three 
public schools, one weekly paper, and is the seat of 
St. Mary's school for girls, and St. .\lban's for boys. 
Pop. (1800), 1,728; (1900), 1,8.57; (1910), 1,818. 

KOERNER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and 
received a university education. He was a law- 
yer by profession, and emigi-ated to Illinois in 
1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once 
affiliated with tlie Democratic party, and soon 
became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was 
elected to the General Assembly, and three years 
later was appointed to the bench of the State 
Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- 
ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. 
Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became 
identified with the Republican party and was a 
staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving 
for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and 
General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- 
coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he 
resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of 
the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated 
Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican 
Presidential Elector in 1808, and a delegate to the 
Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace 
Greeley for the Presidency. In 1807 he served as 
President of the first Board of Trustees of the 
Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was 
elected to tlie Legislature a second time. The 



322 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



following year he was appointed a member of the 
first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
sioners, and served as its President. He is the 
author of "Collection of the Important General 
Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, 
St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- 
the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den 
Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880, second 
edition, New York, 188.5) ; and a number of mono- 
graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. 

KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United 
States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., 
Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany 
who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his 
mother was born in England. The family 
removed to Galena in 1854, wliere young Kohlsaat 
attended the public schools, later taking a course 
in Chicago University, after which he began the 
study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on 
"The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted 
to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted 
a position in the office of the County Clerk, where 
he kept the records of the Coimty Court under 
Judge Bradwell's administration. During the 
sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly 
(1871-72) , he served as First A.ssistant Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which 
he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican 
nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by 
Judge Prendergast; served as member of the 
Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; 
in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook 
County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, 
who died in January of that year), and was 
elected to the office in November following, and 
re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early 
in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinJey, 
Judge of the United States District Court for the 
Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge 
Grossoup, who had been appointed United States 
Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, 
deceased. 

KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- 
paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 
111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year 
to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of 
age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, 
after attending tlie public schools some three 
years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- 
son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position 
of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after 
having been connected with various business 
concerns, he became the junior member of the 
firm of Blake, Shaw & Co., for whom he had been 
a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he 



became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- 
nection with which he laid the foundation of an 
extensive business by establishing a system of 
restaurants and lunch counters in the business 
portions of the city. In 1891 , after a somewhat pro- 
tracted visit to Europe, Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- 
trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," 
but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- 
came principal proprietor of "The Cliicago Times- 
Herald," as the successor of the late James W. 
Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after 
effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- 
cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one 
concern. Although changing the political status 
of the paper from Democratic to Independent, 
Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it 
an assured success. He is also owner and pub- 
lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His 
whole business career has been one of almost 
phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- 
prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. 
Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of 
the University of Chicago, of which he continues 
to be one of the Trustees. 

KROME, WilHam Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- 
man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1812; 
in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison 
County, 111., where he lived and worked for some 
years on a farm. He acquired his education in 
the common schools and at McKendree College, 
graduating from the latter in 18G3. After spend- 
ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- 
ing school during the winter, for a year or two, 
he read law for a time with Judge 31. G. Dale of 
Edwardsville, and, in 1866. entered the law 
department of Michigan University, gradu- 
ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous 
to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. 
Krome has been successively the partner of 
Judge John G. Irwin, Hon W F. L. Hadley (late 
Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and 
C. W. Terry. He has held tlie office of Mayor of 
Edward.sviile (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, 
in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the 
Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- 
tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed 
Justice Scholfleld, deceased. He is also President 
of the Madison County State Bank, 

KUEFFJTER, William C, lawyer and soldier, 
was born in Germany and came to St. Clair 
County, 111., in 1861 Early in 1865 he was com- 
missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- 
ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the 
latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and 
was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



323 



Brigadier-General, serving until January, 186G. 
Later, General Kuetfner studied law at St. Louis, 
and having graduated in 1871, established himself 
in practice at Belleville, where he has since 
resided. He was a successful contestant for a 
seat in the Republican National Convention of 
1880 from the Seventeenth District. 

Kl'YKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin 
(now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was 
self-educated chieflj', but in his early manhood 
adopted the law as a profession, locating at 
Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued 
to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was 
elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- 
eral Assembly, and re-elected two j-ears later ; in 
18.50 became State Senator, serving continuously 
in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- 
listed, and was commissioned Major, in the 
Thirty-iir.st Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. 
Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, 
in May following, on acount of impaired health. 
Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- 
ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one 
term; and, after several years in private life, was 
again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving 
in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw 
twent}' years" service in the State Legislature, of 
which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four 
in the House, besides two years in Congress. A 
zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an 
ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- 
ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" 
(Republican) State Convention of that year. He 
was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- 
mittee in the session of 18.59, which had the duty 
of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. "' 
Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. 

LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad 
Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- 
acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, 
beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the 
entire country, interrupting transportation, and, 
for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- 
nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the 
troubles was the general prostration of business 
resulting from the depression of values, which 
affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A 
reduction of expenses became necessary, and the 
wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction 
and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, 
which found expression in the ordering of a strike 
among railroad operatives on a larger scale than 



had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- 
nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, 
Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- 
cipal points affected. In all these cities angrj', 
excited men formed themselves into mobs, which 
tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, 
in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the 
torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- 
merce by the throat, not onlj- defying the law, 
but even contending in arms against the military 
sent to disperse them. The entire force of the 
State militia was called into service, Major- 
General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. 
The State troops were divided into three brigades, 
commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals 
Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat 
assumed personal command at Braidwood, where 
were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth 
Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point 
with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and 
Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective 
regimental commanders. Generals Bates and 
Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, 
where the excitement was at fever heat, the 
mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- 
ing much property. Governor Cullom went to 
this point in person. Chicago, however, was the 
chief railroad cente* of the State, and only 
prompt and severely repressive measures held in 
check one of the most dangerous mobs which 
ever threatened property and life in that city. 
The local police force was inadequate to control 
the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced 
to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph 
T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, 
I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under 
instructions from Governor Cullom, he promjjtly 
and effectively co-operated with the municipal 
authorities in quelling the uprising. He received 
valuable support from volunteer companies, some 
of which were largely composed of Union veter- 
ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- 
perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, 
Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen 
Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of 
veterans enlisted by him.self, and General Shaff 
ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a 
cavalry force of 1.50 old soldiers, who rendered 
efficient service. The disturbance was promptly 
subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once 
more began to move in its accustomed channels. 
3. The Strike of 1894.— This was an uprising 
which originated in Chicago and was incited by a 
com])aratively young labor organization called 
the American Railway Union. In its inception it 



324 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the 
outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to 
have been suffered by employes of the Pullman 
Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on 
May 11, and, on June 22, the American Eailway 
Union ordered a general boj'cott against all rail- 
road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 
26. The General Managers of the lines entering 
Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking 
toward mutual protection, protesting against the 
proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution 
to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the 
part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- 
ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of 
freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- 
urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to 
be done by inexperienced hands under police or 
military protection (officials and clerks some- 
times throwing the levers), and in the presence of 
iJarge crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered 
along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy 
with the strikers, but actually in the hope of 
plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, 
in not a few instances, valuable freight was 
burned. Passengers were forced to imdergo the 
inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in 
crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, 
sometimes almost within sight of their destina- 
tion, and sometimes threatened with death should 
they attempt to leave their prison houses. The 
mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- 
tured to interfere with the passage of trains 
carrying the United States mails, and, at this 
juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. 
President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- 
tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be 
appointed by the United States Marshal. An 
additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn 
in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city 
police force was augmented. The United States 
District Court also issued a restraining order, 
directed against the officers and members of the 
American Railway Union, as well as against all 
other persons interfering with the business of 
railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily 
accepted by the officers of the Union, but the 
copies distributed among the insurgent mob were 
torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- 
dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to 
protect Government property (notably the Sub- 
treasurj') and to guard mail trains. The Gov- 
ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, hut without 
avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago 
requested tlie State Executive to place a force of 
State militia at his control for the protection of 



property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- 
eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of 
the I. X. G., at once received orders to report to 
the municipal authorities. The presence of the 
militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, 
yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed 
exemplary firmness under most trying circum- 
stances, dispersing jeering and tlii'eatening 
crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the 
rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually 
order was restored. The disreputable element 
subsided, and wiser and more conse^^•ative coun- 
sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. 
Impediments to traffic were removed and trains 
were soon running as though no interruption had 
occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the 
Federal and afterwards those of the State), and 
the courts were left to deal with the subject in 
accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- 
tive board of the American Railway Union were 
indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were 
never pressed. The oflicers, however, were all 
found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- 
obeyed the restraining order of the Federal 
court, and sentenced to terms ia the county jail. 
Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was 
convicted on two charges and given a sentence 
of six months on each, but the two sentences were 
afterward made concurrent. The other members 
of the Board received a similar sentence for three 
months each. All but the Vice-President, George 
W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, 
McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will 
Count}- jail at Joliet. 

LACET, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was bom in 
Tompkins County, N.'y., May 6, 1833. In 1837 
his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He 
graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was 
admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice 
at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 
1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower 
house of the Legislature: was elected to the Cir- 
cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, 
'85 and '91; also served for several years upon 
the bench of the Appellate Court. 

LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall 
County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the 
Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & 
Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. 
A pontoon bridge connects it witli Sjjarland on 
the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- 
ing country raises large quantities of grain, for 
wliich Lacon is a shipping point. The river is 
navigable by steamboats to this point. The city 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



325 



has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, 
a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has 
water works, an excellent telephone system, good 
drainage, and is lighted by electricity. Tliere 
are seven churches, a graded school and two 
weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; 
(1S90), 1,640; (1900), 1.601; (1910), 1,495. 

LA FAYETTE ^Mar<luis de), VISIT OF. An 
event of profound interest in the history of Illi- 
nois, during the year 1S2.J, was the visit to the 
State by the JIarquis de La Fayette, who had 
been the ally of the American people during 
their struggle for independence. The distin- 
giiished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- 
try during the latter part of 1824, the General 
Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of 
that year, adopted an address inviting him to 
visit Illinois. This was communicated to La 
Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the 
General in Europe seven years before. Governor 
Coles' letter and the address of the General 
Asseniblj- were answered with an acceptance by 
La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 
16, 1835. The approach of the latter was made by 
way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by 
which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- 
sissippi) arriving at the old French village of 
Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. 
Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander 
Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in 
the General Assembly from Sangamon County, 
as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- 
ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the 
latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished 
visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturdaj', 
April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, 
with a large delegation of prominent citizens of 
Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, 
where a reception awaited him at the elegant 
residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles 
delivering an address of welcome. The presence 
of a mmaber of old soldiers, who had fought under 
La Fayette at Brandy wine and Yorktown, consti- 
tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This 
was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by 
Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house 
of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- 
brated family of that name, and one of the lead- 
ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those 
participating in the reception ceremonies, who 
were then, or afterwards became, prominent 
factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. 
Jolin Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel 
Pope Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor 
Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, 



a future United States Senator and Justice of the 
Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at 
midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles 
accompanying the party and returning with it to 
Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was 
given and an address of welcome delivered by 
Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few 
hours later General La Fayette left on his way up 
tlie Ohio. 

LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINIJTON & MISSIS- 
SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & Western 
Railrodd.) 

LAFLIN, Matthew, manufacturer, was born 
at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 
1803 •, in his youth was clerk for a time in the 
store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufactuiers, 
at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in tlie 
Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in 
the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., 
which proving a failure, he again engaged in 
powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- 
cago, where he finally established a factory — his 
firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, 
later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely 
interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- 
tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with 
great success, not only in Chicago but else- 
where, having done much for the develop- 
ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one 
of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring 
House"' — also being one of the original stock- 
holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. 
Laflin w-as a zealous supporter of the Government 
diu-ing the war for the preservation of the Union, 
and, before his death, made a donation of S75,- 
000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences, which was erected in the western part 
of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. 

LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and 
one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from 
which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on 
the Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The 
streets are broad and shaded and there are many 
handsome residences. The village is lighted by 
electricitj-, and has public water-works, seven 
churches, a high school and a weekly paper. 
Pop. (1890), 2.314; (1900), 3,969; (1910), 5,282. 

LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the 
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 83 miles west 
by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- 
east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars 
constitute the manufactured out])ut. La Harpe 
has two banks, five churches, a graded and a high 
school, a seminar}-, and three weekly papers. 
Pop. (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591; (1910), 1,349. 



326 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast 
comet of the State, having an area of 394 square 
miles, and a population (1910) of 55,058. It was 
cut off from McHenry County and separately 
organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to 
arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des 
Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region 
the following year. The first County Commission- 
ers (E E. Hunter, William Bro«Ti and E. C. 
Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, 
but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now 
Waukegan. The county derives its name from 
the fact that some forty small lakes are found 
within its limits. The surface is undulating and 
about equally divided between sand, prairie and 
second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are 
several maufacturing establishments, and the 
Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- 
valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- 
dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake 
bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago 
business men. 

LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
(See Lake Erie cfc Western Railroad.) 

LAKE ERIE & TVESTERX RAILROAD. Of 
the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire 
length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. 
This portion extends from the junction of the 
Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side 
of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- 
ana State line. It is a single-track road of 
standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in 
Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 
feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound 
steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total 
capital of the road (1898)— including 823,680,000 
capital .stock, §10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- 
ing debt of §1,479,809— was §36,034,809, or SoO,- 
708 per mile. The total earnings and income in 
Illinois for 1898 were $559,743, and the total 
expenditures for the same period, §457,713. — 
(History.) The main line of the Illinois Division 
of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired 
by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- 
ington & Mississippi Railroad (Similes in length), 
which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio 
and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thtis 
formed was consolidated, without change of name, 
with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- 
ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & 
Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). 
The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and 
the pre.sent company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. 

LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on 
Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 



way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago It is 
the seat of Lake Forest University; has four 
schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric 
light system, electric car line, water system, fire 
department and hospital, and one i^eekly local 
paper. Pop. (1900), 2,215; (1910), 3,349. 

LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, an institution 
of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. ; 
Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, 
Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- 
cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago 
College of Law. The three first named are 
located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- 
sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The 
college charter was granted in 1857, but the 
institution was not opened until nineteen years 
later, and the professional schools, which were 
originally independent, were not associated until 
1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at 
Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- 
ing the same year there were in attendance at the 
professional schools, 1,557 students, making a 
total enrollment in the University of 1,873. 
While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- 
byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is 
self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary 
are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- 
spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational 
and organized upon the elective plan, Iiaving 
seventeen departments, a certain number of 
studies being required for graduation, and work 
upon a major subject being required for three 
years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen 
buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five 
acres. 

LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five 
great northern lakes, and the largest lake l}ing 
wholly within the United States. It lies between 
the parallels of 41° 35' and 46' North latitude, its 
length being about 335 miles. Its width varies 
from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being 
opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 
feet above the sea-level and its maximmn depth 
is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 
20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- 
ary of AVisconsin, the western boundary of the 
lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the 
northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its 
waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through 
the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- 
ity, and are connected with Lake Sui)erior by the 
Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, 
and these mainly in its northern part, the largest 
being .some fifteen miles long. The principal 
rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, 



niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



327 



Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo. 
Grand and St. Joseph. Cliicago, Milwaukee, 
Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its 
banks. 

LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAX SOUTHERN 
RAI LWAT. The main line extends from Buffalo, 
N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, 
with various branches of leased and proprietary 
lines located in the States of Michigan, New 
York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines 
operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 862. 15 are owned 
by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. 
The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, 
were §453,946, and the expenditures for the same 
period, $360,971. — (History.) The company was 
formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the 
Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the 
Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the 
Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- 
etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- 
dation. 

LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born 
in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 13 years of 
age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the 
store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., 
in 1830, and soon after engaged in mercantile 
business with Thomas Mather, who had come to 
Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- 
lished a store at Chester and shipped the first 
barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans 
market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, 
afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- 
packing extensively ; also established an iron 
foundry, which continued in operation until a few 
years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. 

LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and 
historian, %vas born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at 
Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a 
thorough education and, after her marriage in 
1853 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight j-ears 
in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- 
cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and 
Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the 
Sanitarj' Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to 
New York and gave her after life to literary work, 
from 1883 until her death being editor of "The 
Magazine of American History," besides furnish- 
ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- 
jects; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one 
of her most important works being a "History o' 
New York City," in two volumes. She was a 
member of nearly thirty historical and other 
learned societies. Died, Jan. 3, 1893. 

LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- 
ney-General; born in Washington County, Ky , 



and educated at Transylvania University; was 
Attorney -General of the State by appointment of 
Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a 
resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his 
contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but 
of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a 
degree that his name was mixed up with a num- 
ber of official scandals. Separated from his 
family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- 
hall, Greene County. 

LAMOrLLE, a village of Bureau County, on the 
Mendota-Fulton branch of tlie Chicago, Burling- 
ton it yuincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- 
dota; in rich fanning and stock-raising region; 
has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, 
and one weekly jiapcr. Pop. (1900), 576; (1910), 555. 

LAMON, Ward HiH, lawyer, was born at 
Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 
1828; received a common school education and 
was engaged in teaching for a time; also began 
the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the 
law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville. 111., 
subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver 
L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville 
Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan 
for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he 
became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln 
— the partnership being in existence as early as 
1853. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, 
in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- 
ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, 
he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him 
to Washington, making the perilous night jour- 
ney through Baltimore in Jlr. Lincoln's company. 
Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as 
almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- 
pointment of Marshal of the District of Colunibia, 
and, in the first weeks of the new administration, 
made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, 
then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure 
accurate information as to the situation there. 
In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a 
regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
remaining in the field to December, when he 
returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal 
at Washington, but was absent from Washington 
on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. 
Resigning his office after this event, he entered 
into partnership for tlio practice of law with the 
late Jeremi.ah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some 
years later he published the first volume of a pro- 
posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he 
obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. 
W^illiam H. Herndon, but the second volume was 
never issued. His "death occurred at Martins- 



328 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



burg, "VV. Va., not far from liis birthplace, May 
7, 1893. Colonel Lamon married a daughter of 
Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. 

LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by 
rail soutluvest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of 
Mount CarroU The surrounding country is 
largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark 
has two elevators and is an important shipping- 
point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is 
carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- 
tional and one State), eight churclies, a graded 
and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1900), 1,306; (1910), 1,175. 

LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Augusta Count)', Va., Jlay 15, 1843. In early 
youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted 
to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has 
been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 
1864. In 1872 he was elected State's Attorney 
for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876. and 
again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- 
nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being 
elected as a Democrat. Died May 23, 1910. 

LANDRIGAN, John, farmer and legislator, was 
born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and 
brought to America at one year of age, his 
parents stopping for a time in Xew Jersey. Ilis 
early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After 
completing his education in the seminary there, 
he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. 
Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm 
near Albion, Edwards County, where he has 
since resided. He has been twice elected as a 
Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 
and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 
and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, 
a member of the State Agricultural Society — 
for four years of that time being President 
of the Board, and some sixteen j'ears Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

LANE, Albert Grannis, educator, was born in 
Cook Count)-, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated 
in the public schools, graduating with the first 
class from the Chicago Higli School in 1858. He 
immediately entered upon the business of teach- 
ing as Priuciijal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- 
intendent of Schools for Cook County. After 
three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was 
elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 
1877, and regularly every four years thereafter 
until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- 
ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the 
vacancy cau.sed by the resignation of Superin- 
tendent Howlaud — a position which he continued 
to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, 



Superintendent, when he became First Assistant 
Superintendent. Died .4ug. 22, 1906. 

LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in 
Cleveland. Oluo, March 27, 1842, and became a 
resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- 
ing an academic education he studied law and 
was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 
1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- 
titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served 
as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful 
Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for 
three successive terms, but was defeated by 
Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and 
again by \V. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 
1895, to fill tlie vacancy caused by the death of 
Mr. Remann. 

LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was bom 
at Alexandria, Va., April 14. 1820; from 4 years 
of age lived in Wasliington City ; in 1836 entered 
the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- 
ter" at Vandalia. 111., (then owned by his brother- 
in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was 
removed to Si^ringfield, and Walters, having 
enUsted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. 
Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having 
thus succeeded t(> the management, and, finally, 
to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected 
public printer at the next session of the Legisla- 
ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George 
Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- 
phier continued the publication of the paper until 
1863, and then sold out. During the war he 
was one of the State Board of Army Auditors 
appointed by Governor Yates ; was elected 
Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, 
and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for 
State Treasurer hut defeated with the rest of his 
party. Died March 17, 1903. 

LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, bom at 
Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar 
school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, 
becoming one of the most popular contributors to 
"The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by 
tlie factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- 
ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 
1846 she came to Illinois and. for three years, was 
a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near 
Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the 
\ ;cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught 
for six years; in 1805 established "Our Young 
Folks,'' of which she was editor until 1874. Her 
books, both poetical and prose, have taken a 
high rank for their elevated literary and moral 
tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



329 



LARXED, Edward Channin^, lawyer, was born 
in Providence, R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at 
Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- 
matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then 
studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He 
was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained 
considerable deserved celebrity by a speech 
which lie delivered in 1851, in opposition to the 
fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of 
Abraham Lincoln and, in 18C0, made speeches in 
his support; was an active member of the Union 
Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, 
and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
United States District Attorney of the Northern 
District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by 
failing health. Being absent in Europe at the 
time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately 
and devoted his attention to the work of the 
Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to 
Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the 
press, also doing much other literary work in 
spite of declining liealth. Died at Lake Forest, 
111., September, 1884. 

LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles 
southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois 
River at southern terminus of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three 
trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal 
abounds and is exten.sively mined; zinc smelting 
and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and 
Portland cement are leading industries; has an 
abundant supply of fine sand for glass manufacture; 
is connected with adjacent to^vns by electric rail- 
ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets; two 
daily papers. Pop. (1900), 10,446; (1910), 11,537. 

LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 
a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 
1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving 
that he had mistaken his vocation, came to 
America in 16G6. He obtained a grant of land 
about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
above Montreal. It was probably his intention 
to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming 
interested in stories told him by some Seneca 
Indians, he started two years later in quest of a 
great waterway, which he believed led to the 
South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short 
route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, 
and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The 
claim that he reached the Illinois River at this 
time has been questioned. Having re-visited 
France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility 
and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1079 he 
visited the Northwest and explored the great 
lakes, finally reaching tlie head of Lake Michi- 



gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. 
Joseph River. From there he made a portage to 
the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to 
Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a 
fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes 
attending the expedition, was given the name of 
Creve-Cceur. Returning from here to Canada for 
supplies, in the following fall he again appeared 
iu Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a 
ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, 
gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in 
tlie latter part of 1681 he set out on his third 
expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by 
way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, 
reached "Starved Rock,'" near the present city of 
Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already 
begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- 
panied by Tout}', he descended the Illinois and 
Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on 
April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- 
ana. In 1683 lie again returned to France and 
was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth 
of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully 
attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally 
landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After 
otlier fruitless attempts (death and desertions 
having seriously reduced the number of his colo- 
nists), while attempting to reach Canada, he was 
murdered by his companions near Trinity River 
in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. 
Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred 
Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish 
a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to 
contesting with the Spaniards for the possession 
of that region, but that the French government 
failed to give liim the support which had been 
promised, leaving him to his fate. 

LA SALLE COUNTV, one of the wealthiest 
counties in the northeastern section, being second 
m size and in population in the State It was 
organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square 
miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of 
this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette 
established a mission at an Indian village on the 
Illinois River about where L^tica now stands, 
eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom 
the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, 
which was, for many years, the headquarters for 
French missionaries and traders. Later, the 
Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated 
by starvation, at the same point, which has be- 
come famous in Western history as "Starved 
Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- 
ing and slo])es toward the Illinois River. The 
soil is rich, and timber abounds on the blulTs and 



330 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



along the streams. Water is easily procured. 
Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and 
good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 
to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made 
from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- 
cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- 
can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's 
survey of a canal route (ISIG). The Illinois & 
Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of 
State and National engineers in 1830. (See TIU- 
nois <t Michigan Canal.) During the Black 
Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent 
base of military operations. Pop. (1910), 90,132. 

LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 
17, 1825. His early education was acquired in 
the common schools. Later he read law and was 
admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 
1851, making his home in Central New York until 
his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented 
the Rockford District in the lower house of the 
General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a 
Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- 
nois District in Congress. 

LA VAXTUM, the name given, in the latter 
part of the seventeenth century, to the principal 
village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the 
Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in 
La Salle County. (See Starved Rock. ) 

LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, 
N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation 
was as a news-agent on railroads, which business 
he followed for three years. He learned the 
trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the 
Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters" and Shij)- 
Calkers" Association. While yet a young man he 
settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to 
a clerical position in the postofiRce in that city; 
later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member 
of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was 
elected to Congress from the Second District, 
which he represented in that body for three suc- 
cessive terms. While serving his last year in 
Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate 
on the Democratic ticket for Sheriff of Cook 
County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant 
for the Chicago postmastership. was defeated as 
an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, 
but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- 
teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 
17, 1896. 

LAWLER, (Gen.) Micliael K., soldier, was 
born m County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, 
brought to the United States in 1816, and. in 1819, 
to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began 



farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a 
military taste by organizing a military company 
in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or 
four years. In 1846 he organized a '-ompauy for the 
Mexican War, which was attached to the Third 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), 
and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised 
a company of cavalry, with which he served 
to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and 
a half years* service. He then resumed the 
peaceful life of a farmer: but, on the breaking 
out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- 
otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantrj- — the first regiment organized in 
the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which 
he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the 
three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment 
took part in most of the early engagements in 
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the 
capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily. 
Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. 
Later, he was in command, for some time, at 
Jackson, Tenn.. and, in November, 1862, was com- 
missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and 
meritorious service." He was also an active 
participant in the operations against Vicksburg, 
and was thanked on the field by General Grant 
for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- 
nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant 
Secretarv- of War) "one of the most splendid 
exploits of the war. " After the fall of Vicksburg 
he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and 
in Texas, also being in command, for six months, 
at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was 
brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, 
January, 1866, after a service of four years and 
seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin 
County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. 

LAWLER, Thomas (i., soldier and Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the 
Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 
7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents 
in childhood, and, at H years of age, enlisted 
in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later 
being elected First Lieutenant, and (although 
not mustered in, for two mouths^ during the 
Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- 
pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of 
General Rosecrans. He participated in every 
battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, 
at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first 
man of his command over the enemy's works. 
After the war he became prominent as an officer 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



331 



of the Illinois Xational Guard, organizing the 
Rockford Rifles, in ISTG, and serving as Colonel of 
the Third Regiment for seven 3'ears; was ap- 
pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President 
Hayes, but renioveil bj- Cleveland in 188.5; re- 
appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the 
accession of Cleveland. He was one of the 
organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of 
which he served as Commander twenty-six j-ears; 
in 1883 was elected Department Commander for 
the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- 
Chief, serving one year. 

LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at 
Vergennes. Vt., Dec. 17, 1830. After two years 
spent at Middlebury College, he entered the 
junior class at Union College, graduating from 
the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to 
teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at 
Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. 
Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and 
began practice in 1844. The following year he 
removed to Quincy, 111. , where he was a promi- 
nent practitioner for ten years. The years 
1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- 
mary object of restoring his impaired health. On 
his return home he began farming in Warren 
County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he 
accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench 
and was elected without opposition. Before the 
expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a 
Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the 
Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became 
Chief Justice. At this time his home was at 
Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he 
removed to Chicago, and at once became one of 
the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although 
persistently urged by personal and political 
friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- 
tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United 
States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. 
In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans 
in the State Legislature for United States Senator 
against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at 
Decatur, Ala.. April 9. 1883. 

LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern 
counties in the "southern tier," oi'iginally a part 
of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 
1831, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 
1910 its area was 3()'2 sciuan; mik'.<!, and its popu- 
lation 22,661. The first English-speaking settlers 
seem to have emigrated from the colon}' at Vin- 
cennes, Ind. St. FrancLsville, in the southeast- 
ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, 
were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- 
ment was more or less desultory until after the 



War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil 
productive. About a dozen negro families found 
homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville. and a Shaker 
colony was established about Charlottesville the 
same year. Among the best remembered pio- 
neers are the families of Lautermaun. Chubb, 
Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having 
come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, 
a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State 
Auditor (1857-64). was a large land proprietor at 
an earlj- day, and his house was first utilized as a 
court house. The count}- is richer in historic 
associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- 
ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865 
inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- 
ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. 

LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- 
rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, 
at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of 
Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. 
It has a courthouse, four cliurches, a graded 
school and two weekly newspapers. Population 
(1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1910), 3,235. 

L.4.WS0N, Victor F., journalist and newspaper 
proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian 
parentage, Sept. 9, 1850. After graduating at the 
Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies 
at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at 
Harvard University. In August, 1876. he pur- 
chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News, " 
being for some time a partner of Melville E. 
Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- 
lishing morning and evening editions. He 
reduced the price of the morning edition to one 
cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago 
Record." He has always taken a deep interest 
in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, 
established a fund to provide for the distribution 
of medals among public school children of Chi- 
cago, the award to be made upon the basis of 
comparative excellence in the preparation of 
essays upon topics connected with American 
history. 

LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated 
on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of 
Belleville and 34 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- 
cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. 
Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- 
ing mill being tlie clnef industry of tliis charac- 
ter. The city has electric . lights and electric 
trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. 
Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, one 



332 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



weekly paper and is an important educational center, 
being the seat of McKendree College, founded in 
1828. Pop. (1900), 1,812; (1910), 1,907. 

LEE COL'MY, one of the third tier of counties 
south of the Wisconsin State line; named for 
Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionan,' fame; area, 
728 square miles; population (1910), 27,750. It 
was cut off from Ogle County, and separately 
organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was 
but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Xatlian 
R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first 
County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- 
cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found 
here and there, notably at Ashton. Tlie county- 
seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- 
breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across 
the Rock River In 1830, John Dixon, of New 
York, purchased Ogee's interest for §1,800. Set- 
tlement and progress were greatly retarded by 
the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set 
in in 1838. The first court house was built in 
1840, and the same year the United States Land 
Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, CoL 
John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed 
Receiver. Di.xon was incorporated as a city in 
1859, and, in 1910, had a population of 7,216. 

LEGISLATIVE APPORTIOXMEXT. (See 
Apportionment. Legislative. ) 

LEGISLATURE. (See Oeneral Assemblies.) 

LELAND, a village of La Salle Coimty, on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railwaj-, 29 miles 
southwest of Aurora. Population (1910), 545. 

LEL.AND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was 
born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and 
admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. 
In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, 
to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for 
four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he 
rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1853, he 
was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the 
unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who 
had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap- 
pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by 
popular vote in 1867, and reelected in 1873, being 
assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second 
District in 1877. He was prominently identified 
with the genesis of the Republican party, whose 
tenets he zealously championed. He was also 
prominent in local affairs, having been elected 
the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), 
President of the Board of Education and County 
Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889. 

LEMEX, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- 
eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier 



in the War of the Revolution, being present at 
the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; 
in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of 
New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in 
Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise 
and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the 
head of one of the most prominent and influential 
families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have 
been the first person admitted to the Baptist 
Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming 
a minister of that denomination. Of a family of 
eight children, four of his sons became ministers. 
Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the 
fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with 
offers of large rewards for his influence in found- 
ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- 
western Empire, but the proposals were 
indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. 
Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822. —Robert (Lemen), 
oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley 
County, Ya., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father 
to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. 
Clair Count}'. He held a commission as magis- 
trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal 
for Illinois under the administration of John 
Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair 
County, August 24, I860.— Rer. Joseph (Lemen), 
the second son, was bom in Berkeley County, 
Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, 
on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a 
daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after- 
wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 
Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the 
northern part of St. Clair County, and for many 
years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist 
church, which had been founded in 1809 on the 
principle of opposition to human slavery. His 
death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Kev. 
James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in 
Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united 
with the Baptist Church and became a minister 
— assisting in the ordination of his father, whose 
sketch stands at the head of this article. He 
served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the 
first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as 
Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General 
Assemblies. He also preached extensively in 
Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in 
the organization of many churches, although his 
labors were chiefly within his own. Jlr. Lemen 
was the second child of American parents bom in 
Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, 
Feb. 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son, 
born in Monroe County, 111., in 1791; served as a 
soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



333 



County, in 1857. — Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the 
fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 
1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- 
quoin, July 11, 1867.— Rev. Moses (Lemen), the 
sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; 
became a Baptist minister early in life, served as 
Representative in the Sixth General Asseniblj' 
(IStSS-SO) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- 
ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. 

LEMOXT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles 
southwest of Chicago, on tlie Des Plaines River 
and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick 
vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is 
extensively quarried liere, constituting the cliief 
industry. Owing to the number of industrial 
entei-prises, Lemont is at times the temporary 
home of a large number of workmen. The city 
has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two 
papers, five public and four private schools, one 
business college, aUirainum and concrete works. 
Population of the township (1900), 4,441; of the 
city (1910), 2,284. 

LE MOTNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was 
born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and 
graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 
1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where lie was 
admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed 
to Chicago, where he continued a permanent 
resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was 
a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Repub- 
lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- 
well. Republican. In 1874 he was again a 
candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed 
the election, and a contest ensued which was 
decided by the House in favor of Sir. Le Moyne. 

LEN.\, a village in Stephenson County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of 
Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a 
farming ami dairying district, but has some 
manufactures, the making of caskets being the 
principal industry in this line. There are six 
churches, two banks, and one newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1,2.52; (1910), 1,168. 

LEONARD, Edward P., Railway President, 
was born in Connecticut in 18;j(i; graduated from 
Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar 
and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for 
several years as clerk in the office of the State 
Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- 
struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a 
part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was 
private secretary of Governor Cullom during his 
first term. For several j'ears he has been Presi- 
dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, 
with headquarters at Peoria. 



LEROY, a city in McLean County, 15 miles 
southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev- 
eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. 
Two weekly papers are published there. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1.2.58; (1900), 1,629; (1910), 1,702. 

LEVER KIT, Washington and Warren, edu- 
cators and twin-brother,=, wliose careers were 
strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 
19, 1805, and passed their boyhooil on a farm; in 
1827 began a preparatory course of study under 
an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered 
Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and 
graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, 
spent the following winter in South Carolina, 
afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and 
in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while 
Washington served as tutor two years in his 
Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- 
ington. D. C, then took a course at Newton, 
graduating there in 1836. The same year he 
accepted the chair of Mathematics in ShurtleflE 
College at Upper Alton, remaining, witli slight 
interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering 
from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the 
fall of 1837. and, after teaching for a few months 
at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his 
brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the 
preparatory department, subsequently being 
advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, 
which he continued to occupy imtil June, 1868, 
when he retired in the same year with his brother. 
After resigning he established himself in the book 
business, which was continued until his death, 
Nov, 8, 1872. Washmgton, the surviving brother, 
continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- 
tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the 
duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- 
tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. 

LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- 
tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in 
the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- 
tains departments in law, the classics, prepara- 
tory studies and manual training, and owns 
property valued at §1,600,000, with funds and 
endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report 
is made of the number of pupils. 

LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. 
When six years old he accompanied his parents 
to Knox County, 111., where he attended the 
public schools, read law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk 
of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he 
was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly, and, in 1880, was tlie successful Repub- 



334 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth 
District. In 1882. he was a candidate for re- 
election from the same district (then the Tenth), 
but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, 
his Democratic opponent. 

LEWISTOWN, the county-seat of Fulton 
Count}', located on two lines of railway, fifty 
miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- 
west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- 
mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, ikipiex-scales 
and evener factories; is in a farming, live-stock and 
coal-mining district; has several churches, one daily 
and three weekly newspapers, also excellent public 
schools. Pop. (1900), 2,504; (1910), 2,312. 

LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of 
Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. 
The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- 
raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in 
horses and other live stock. Tile is manufac- 
tured here, and the town has two banks, five 
churches, a high school and one weekly paper. 
Pop. (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415; (1910), 1,318. 

LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on 
the main line of the Chicago & MadLson Division 
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 
miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is 
agricultural and dairying. The town has some 
manufactures, two banks and a weekly paper. Pop. 
(1890), 5.50; (1900), 864; (1910), 1,724. 

LIBRARIES. (Statistical. )— A report of the 
Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the 
subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries 
in the United States," presents some approximate 
statistics of libraries in the several States, based 
upon the reports of librarians, so far as they 
could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out 
from the Bureau of Education in Washington, 
As shown by the statistical tables embodied in 
this rejwrt, there were 348 libraries in Illinois 
reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 
belonged to the smallest class noted. or those con- 
taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 
214 were divided into the following classes; 

Containing 300, 000 and less than 500, 000 volumes 1 

100.000 " " 300,000 " 2 

50,000 " " 100,000 " 1 

25,000 " " 50,000 " 5 

" 10,(100 " " 35.000 " 27 

5,000 " " 10,000 " 34 

1,000 " "' 5,000 " 144 

A general classification of libraries of 1,000 
volumes and over, as to character, divides them 
into. General, 91: School, 36; College, 42; College 
Society, 7 ; Law, 3 ; Theological, 7 ; State, 2 ; Asy- 



lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian 
A.ssociation, 2; Scientific, 0; Historical, 3; Soci- 
ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. 
The total number of volumes belonging to the 
class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822, .580 with 
447,168 pamphlets; and, of tlie class between 300 
and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — making a grand total of 
1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the 
largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University 
of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 
180,000 ijamphlets, while the Chicago Public 
Library and the Newberry Library belong to the 
second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- 
umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes 
and 35,654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- 
cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for 
that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- 
phlets.) 

As to sources of support or method of adminis- 
tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes 
and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- 
priations by State, County or City ; 20, from 
endowment funds; 54, from membership fees and 
dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, 
leaving 53 to be supported from sources not 
stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this 
subject is §787,262; the aggregate endowment 
of 17 of this class is $2,283,197, and the value of 
buildings belonging to 3G is estimated at 82.981,- 
575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes 
and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 
are both circulating and reference. 

The free public libraries in the State containing 
3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. 
The following list includes those of this class con- 
taining 10,000 volumes and over: 

Chicago, Public Library . . (1896) 217.065 

Peoria, " " 57,604 

Springfield, " " 28,639 

Rockford, " " 28,000 

Quincy, " " and Reading Room 19,400 

Galesburg " " 18,469 

Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library . . 17,000 

Bloomington, Withers " "... 16,068 

Evan.ston, Free " " ... 15,515 

Decatur, " " " . . . 14,766 

Belleville, " " ... 14,511 

Aurora. " " ... 14,350 

Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 

Joliet, " " ... 22,325 

The John Crerar Librarj' (a scientific reference 
library) — established in the City of Chicago in 
1894, on the basis of a liequest of the late John 
Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully §3,000.- 
000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, 
in the four years of its hi.story, acquired over 
40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment, 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



335 



it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be 
reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class 
in the United States, as it is one of the most 
modern and carefully selected. 

The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society 
Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- 
poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy 
beginning has been made in building up a State 
Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to 
the indifference of the Legislature and the meager 
support it has received, the State which was, for 
nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most 
important events in the development of the Mis- 
sissippi Vallej', has, as yet, scarcely accomplished 
anything worthy of its name in collecting and 
preserving the records of its own history. 

In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois 
State Library, which dates from the admission 
of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest 
library in the State is that of the McCormick 
Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- 
ing had its origin in 182.5, though this occurred 
in another State. The early State College Li- 
braries follow next in chronological order: Sluirt- 
lefT College, at Upper Alton, 1837 ; Illinois College, 
at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at 
Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard 
University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most oases, 
however, these are simply the dates of the estab- 
lishment of the institution, or the period at which 
instruction began to be given in the school which 
finally developed into the college. 

The school library is constantly becoming a 
more important factor in the liberal education of 
the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- 
nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the 
State Teachers" Association some ten years ago, 
but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- 
tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later 
period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge 
the range of popular reading and bring the public 
library, in some of its various forms, within the 
reach of a larger class. 

The Free Public Library Law op Illinois. 
— The following history and analysis of tlie Free 
Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for 
the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willooi, 
Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : 

The Library Law passed by the Legislature 
of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, 
comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- 
brary I^w placed on the statute book of any 
State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp- 
shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, 
had taken steps in tliis direction, with tliree or 
four brief sections of laws, permissive in their 



character rather than directixe. but lacking the 
vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that 
they provided no sufficiently specific working 
method — no sailing directions — for starting and 
administering such free public libraries. They 
seem to have had no intluence on subsequent 
library legislation, while, to quote the language 
of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in 
America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this 
regard, is probably the reason why it has been so 
widely copied in other States." 

By this law of 1873 Illinois placed herself at the 
head of her sister States in encouraging the 
spread of general intelligence among the people; 
but it is also a record to he equally jjroud of, tliat, 
within less than five years after lier admission to 
the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses- 
sion of her Third General Assemlily — a general 
Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, 
entitled: "An act to incorporate such persons as 
may associate for the purpose of procuring and 
erecting public libraries in this State," with the 
following preamble • 

"Whereas, a di'^position for improvement In useful 
knowledge lias iiiaiiilestfd itself iu viirioiis parts of this 
State, by associatiiii; for jtrocuring and erertinj; public 
libraries; and. wliereas. it is of the utmost iinportance to 
the public that the soiirees of information should be niultl- 
plied. and institutions for that jiurpose eucouraged and pro- 
moted: See. 1. Be it enacted," etc. 

Then follow ten sections, covering five and a 
half pages of the published laws of tliat session, 
giving explicit directions as to the organizing 
and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- 
visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask 
for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act 
are, of course, subscription libraries, the only 
kind known at that time, free public libraries 
supported by taxation not having come into 
vogue in tliat early day. 

It is the one vivifying qtiality of tlie Illinois 
law of 1873, that it showed how to start a free 
public library, how to manage it when started 
and how to provide it with the necessary funds. 
It furnished a full and minute set of sailing 
directions for the ship it launched, and. moreover, 
was not loaded down with useless limitations. 

With a few excejitions — notably the Boston 
Public Library, working under a special charter, 
and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor 
Library— all public libraries in those days were 
subscription libraries, like tlie great Mercantile 
Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
with dues of from §3 to SIO from each member 
per year. With dues at S4 a year, our Peoria 
Mert'antile Librarj', at its best, never had over 
28(5 members in any one j-ear. Comp:ire this with 
our present public membership of 0..500, and it 
will be seen that some kind of a free public 
library law was needed. Tliat was the conclu- 
sion I. as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- 
cantile Library, came to in 18(19. We had tried 
every expedient for 3'ears, in the way of lecture 
courses, concerts, spelling matches. "Drummer 
Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our 
membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, 
seemed to be tlie rule with all subscription 
libraries. They did not reach tlie masses who 
needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 



336 



UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



son : the necessary cost of annual dues stood in 
the way ; the women and young people who 
wanted something to read, who thirsted for 
knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of 
the free public library to-day, did not hold the 
family purse-striugs ; while the men, who did 
hold the purse-striugs, did not particularly care 
for books. 

It was my experience, derived as a Director in 
the Peoria jlercantile Library when it was still a 
small, struggling subscription librarj', that sug- 
gested the need of a State law authorizing cities 
and towns to tax themselves for tlie support of 
public libraries, as thej' already did for the sup- 
port of public schools. When, in 1870, I 
subtnitted the plan to some of my friends, they 
pronounced it Quixotic — the people would never 
consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I 
replied, that, until sometime in the '50's, we 
had no free public schools in this State. 

I then drew up the form of a law, substantially 
as it now stands; and, after submitting it to 
Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- 
brary; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and 
William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it 
in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, 
in December, 1870, who took it with him to 
Springfield, promising to do what he could to get 
it through the Legislature, of which he was a 
member from Peoria. The bill was introduced 
by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill 
No. 563, and as House bill No. 503 it finally 
received the Governor's signature and became a 
law, March 7, 1872. 

The essential features of our Illinois law are: 

I. Tlie power of initiative in starting a free 
piMic library lies in the Citi/ Council, and not in 
an appeal to the voters of the city at a general 
election. 

It is a weak point in the English public libra- 
ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or 
voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- 
vincial districts, the proposed law has been 
repeatedly voted down by the very people it was 
most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little 
extra taxation. 

//. Th e amount of tax to be levied is permissive, 
not mandatory. 

We can trust to the public spirit of our city 
authorities, supported bj' an intelligent public 
sentiment, to provide for tlie librarj' needs. A 
mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain 
fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, 
might invite extravagance, as it has in several 
instances where a mandatory law is in force. 

///. Tlie Library Board has exclusive control of 
library appropriat ions. 

This is to be interpreted that Public Liltrary 
Boards are separate and distinct departments of 
the city administration; and experience has 
shown that they are as capable and honest in 
handling money as School Boards or City 
Councils. 

IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to 
serve for three years. 

V. The 7nembers of the Board are appointed by 
the Mayor, subject to the approval of the City 
Conncil. from tlie citizen.<! at large jvith reference 
to their Jitness for such office. 



VI. An annual report is to be made by the 
Board to the City Council, stating the condition 
of their trust on the Jirst day of June of each 
year. 

This, with slight modifications adapting it to 
villages, towns and town.ships, is, in substance, 
the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under 
its beneficent operation flourishing free public 
libraries have been established in the principal 
cities and towns of our State — slowly, at first, 
but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness 
has become apparent. 

No argument is now needed to show the im- 
portance — the imperative necessity — of the widest 
possible diffusion of intelligence among the people 
of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the 
one means civilization, the other, barbarism. 
Give a man the taste for good books and the 
means of gratifying it, and j-ou can hardly fail of 
making him a better, happier man and a wiser 
citizen. You place him in contact with the best 
society in every period of history ; you set before 
him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths 
to follow. 

We have no way of foretelling how many and 
how great benefits will accrue to society' and the 
State, in the future, from the comparatively 
modern introduction of the free public library 
into our educational system; but when some 
youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^sop's 
Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United 
States History, by tlie flickering light of a pine- 
knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope 
and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the 
world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- 
eral spread of intelligence through our free 
schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies 
our only hope that our free American institutions 
shall not decaj' and perish from the earth. 

" Knowledge is the onlv cood. icnnrance the only evil." 
" Let knowledfie grow from more to more. " 

LIEUTEXAM-GOVERXORS OF ILLINOIS. 

The ofBce of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the 
Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of 
the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by 
the people at the same time with that of Gov- 
ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- 
Governors of the State, from the date of its 
admission into the Union to the present time 
(1899), with the date and length of eacli incum- 
bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus 
Frederick Hubbard, 1822-2G; William Kinney, 
1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. 
Ewing (succeeded to tlie office as President of the 
Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; 
William H. Davidson (as President of the 
Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; 
John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; 
William McMurtry, 1849-5:3; Gustavus Koerner, 
18.53-57; Joliii Wood, 1857-00; Thomas A. Mar- 
shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861; 
Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross, 
1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



337 



Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; as President of the 
Senate John Early, 1873-75, and A. A. Glenn, 
1875-77; Andrew Shuman, 1877-81; Jolin M. Hamil- 
ton, 1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of 
the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; 
L\-nian B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B Gill, 1893-97; 
William A. Northcott, 1897-1905; Lawrence Y. 
Shcnnau. 1905-09; John G. Gglesby, 1709—. 

LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- 
vania in its output of limestone, the United 
States Census Report for 1890 giving the number 
of quarries as 104, and the total value of the 
product as $2,100,604. In the value of stone VLsed 
for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any 
other State, the greater proportion of the output 
in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. 
Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois 
limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small 
percentage being used for flux, and still less for 
bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. 
The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and 
represent a capit,al of 53.310,016, in the latter par- 
ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The 
quarries are found in various parts of the State, 
but the most productive and most valuable are in 
the northern section. 

LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county- 
seat of Logan Count}', at the intersection of the 
Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana 
and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- 
sions of the Illinois Central Railroad; is 28 miles 
northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest 
of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted 
to agriculture, stock-raising and coalmining. 
Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among 
the products being flour, brick and drain tile. 
The city has water-works, fire department, gas 
and electric lighting plant, telephone sj'stem, 
machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, 
three national banks, a public library, electric 
street railway, and two daily and two weekly papers. 
Besides common schools, it is the seat of Lincoln 
Univereity (a Cumberland Presbyterian institution, 
founded in 1865). The Odd Fellows' Orphans' 
Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum for Feeble- 
Minded Children are also located here, the inmates 
of the latter numbering some 1,500. Pop. (1890), 
6,725; (1900), 8,9G2; (1910), 10,892. 

LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 
United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., 
Feb. 12, 1809, of. Quaker-English descent, his 
grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to 
Kentucky about 17S0. where he was killed by the 
Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of 
Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed 



to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was- the 
issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's 
maiden name being Nancj' Hanks. The early 
occupations of the future President were varied. 
He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat- 
boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, 
lawyer, State legislator. Congressman and Presi- 
dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk 
War, and was chosen Captain of his company 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature 
the same year, but elected two j-ears later 
About this time he turned his attention to tlie 
study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, 
and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. 
By successive re-elections he served in the House 
until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 
1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- 
date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions 
being defeated by W^illiamL. D. Ewing. In 1841 
he was an applicant to President William Henry 
Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the 
General Land OflSce, the appointment going to 
Justin Butterfield. His next official position was 
that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress 
(1847-49). From that time he gave his attention 
to his profession until 185.5. when he was a lead- 
ing candidate for the United States Senate in 
opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, 
but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being 
chosen. In 1856, he took a leading jiart in the 
organization of the Republican party at Bloom- 
ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by 
the Republican State Convention for the United 
States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate 
with Senator Douglas on party issues, during 
which they delivered speeches at seven different 
cities of the State. Although he again failed to 
secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- 
acter of the legislative apportionment then in 
force, which gave a majority of the Senators and 
Representatives to a Democratic minorit}' of the 
voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the 
subject of slavery attracted the attention of the 
whole country, and prepared tlie way for the 
future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- 
ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52. 
and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate 
for Presidential Elector. In 1860, lie was the 
nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- 
dency and was chosen by a decisive majoritj' in 
the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- 
ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- 
alily his candidacy was aided by internal 
dissensions in the Democratic party. His election 
and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 



338 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



made a pretext for secession, and he met the 
issue with promptitude and firmness, temjjered 
with Icindness and moderation towards tlie se- 
cessionists. He was re-elected to tlie Presidencj' 
in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 
212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. 
George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- 
coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history 
of the whole country during its most dramatic 
period. Next to his success in restoring the 
authority of the Government over the whole 
Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance 
of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 
1863, as the most important and far-reaching act 
of his administration. And yet to this act, wliich 
has embalmed his memorj' in the hearts of the 
lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages 
and in all lands, the world over, is due his death 
at the hands of the assassin, J. "Wilkes Booth, in 
Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of 
an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the 
evening previous — his death occurring one week 
after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of 
Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of 
the Union, was assured. A period of National 
mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor 
of a National funeral, his remains being finally 
laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His 
profound sympathy with every class of sufferers 
during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance 
in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in 
giving direction to public sentiment at liorae and 
in dealing with international questions abroad ; 
his courage in preparing the way for the removal 
of slavery — the lione of contention between the 
warring sections — have given him a place in the 
affections of the people beside that of Washington 
himself, and won for him the respect and admi- 
ration of all civilized nations. 

LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of 
tlie Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of 
Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., 
August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools 
and at Harvard University, graduating from the 
latter in 1864. During the last few months of 
the Civil War, he served on the staff of General 
Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war 
he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, 
settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of 
the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was 
chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- 
tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the 
clo.se of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to 
England by appointment of President Harrison, 



gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This 
was the last public office held by him. After the 
death of George !M. Pullman he became Acting 
President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
later being formally elected to that office, which 
(1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has 
been frequently mentioned in connection with 
the Republican nomination for tlie Presidency, 
but its use has not been encouraged by him. 

LINCOLN AND DOUOLAS DEBATE, a name 
popularly given to a series of joint discussions 
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- 
las, held at different points in the State during the 
summer and autumn of 1858, while both were 
candidates for the position of United States Sena- 
tor. The places and dates of holding these 
discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 
21 ; at Freeport, August 27 ; at Jonesboro, Sept. 
15; at Charle.ston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg. Oct. 7; 
at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense 
audiences gathered to hear these debates, which 
have become famous in the political liistory of 
the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted 
in the histo-y of any State. It resulted in the 
securing hy Douglas of a re-election to the Senate ; 
but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- 
atories of Lincoln 1 d to the alienation of his 
Southern following, the disruption of tiie Demo- 
cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- 
dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. 
Lincoln prominently' before the Nation as a 
sagacious political leader, and his final election 
to the Presidenc)'. 

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located 
at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incor])orated in 
1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven 
instructors and, for 1896-8, i-eports 209 pupils- 
ninety -one male and 118 female. Instruction 
is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine 
arts and preparatory studies. The institution 
has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds 
and endowment amounting to §60,000, with 
property valued at $55,000. 

LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was 
born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten 
miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), 
March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally 
locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- 
ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- 
sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), 
Init resigned before the close of the session to 
accept the office of Attorney-General, which he 
hold less than a year and a half, when he resigned 
that also. Again, in 1846, lie was elected to the 
Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



339 



Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his 
attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. 
Linder, in his best days, was a fiuent speaker with 
some elements of eloquence which gave him a 
wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally 
a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he 
became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate 
to the Democratic National Convention at 
Charleston, S C. , and at Baltimore. During the 
last four years of his life he wrote a series of 
articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the 
Early Bench and Bar of Illinois,"' which was pub- 
lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, 
June 5, 1876. 

LI>'E(tAR, David T., legislator, was born in 
Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, 
Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, 
afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as 
Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- 
lican Presidential Elector in 1873, but afterwards 
became a Democrat, and served as such in the 
lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). 
Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. 

LIPPIXCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was 
born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis 
Medical College, and began the practice of medi- 
cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he 
went to California, remaining there five years, 
taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, 
and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, 
having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice 
at Chandlersnlle, and, in 1861, under authority of 
Governor Yates, recruited a company which was 
attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as 
Company K, and of which he was commissioned 
Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- 
nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, 
and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet 
Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- 
sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a 
candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- 
gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- 
cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary 
of the State Senate, and the same year chosen 
Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at 
Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- 
tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- 
nent President of the Republican State Conven- 
tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became 
its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in 
March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a 
result of injuries received from a runaway team 



while driving through the grounds of the institu- 
tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster 
Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, 
was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass 
County-, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- 
ler, a prominent physician widely known in tliat 
section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville 
Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to 
Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Uppincott. 
Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- 
ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already 
endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the 
veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was 
appointed Matron of the institution, serving until 
her death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which 
she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- 
fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- 
pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching 
manner at the time of her deatli, and on the 
removal of her remains to be laid by the side of 
her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- 
field. 

LIPPIXCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- 
man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 
started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 
1818; the same year established himself in mer- 
cantile business at Milton, then a place of some 
importance near Alton. Tliis place proving 
unhealthy, he .subsequently removed to Edwards- 
ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk 
in the Land Office. He afterwards served as 
Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a 
man of education and high intelligence, as well 
as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his 
writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. 
Lockwood, George Cliurchill and others, in oppo- 
sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of 
a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 
1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The 
Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a 
year or more, but soon after entered the ministry 
of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- 
ential factor in building up tliat denomination in 
Illinois. He was also partlj' instrumental in 
securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- 
sonville. He died at Pana, III., April 13, 1869. 
Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor 
(1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. 

LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the 
State, the question of the regulation of the sale of 
intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control 
of the local authorities, who granted license, col- 
lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As 
early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, 
with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 



340 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly 
known as the "quart law,"' which, it was hoped, 
would do away with the indiscriminate sale of 
liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the 
expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 
1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- 
ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that 
date a general license system has prevailed, except 
in certain towns and cities where prohibitory 
ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- 
erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely 
variant in different localities. The Legislature, 
however, has alwa}'s possessed the same constitu- 
tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, 
as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. 
In 1879 the "Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union began the agitation of the license question 
from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a 
delegation of Illinois women, headed by Jliss 
Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature 
a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 
100,000 women, praying for the amendment of 
the State Constitution, so as to give females above 
the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting 
of licenses in the localities of their residences. 
Miss Willard and :Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, 
addressed the House in its favor, and iliss 
Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. 
The measure was defeated in the House by a vote 
of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no 
action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced 
anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, 
persistent agitation was not without its results. 
In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally 
termed the "High License Law,"' by the provi- 
sions of which a minimum license of S500 per 
annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic 
drinks, and §150 for malt licjuors, with the 
authority on the part of municipalities to impose 
a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure 
was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- 
licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- 
crats almost solidlj- opposing it. The bill was 
promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The 
liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present 
time are based upon local option, high license and 
local supervision. The criminal code of the State 
contains the customary provisions respecting the 
sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited 
parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger 
cities, many of the provisions of the State law 
are rendered practically inoperative by the 
municipal ordinances, or absolutely rullified by 
the indifference or studied neglect of the local 
officials. 



LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- 
ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois 
Central, with tliree other short-liae railways, 43 
miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast 
of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- 
tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, 
oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated 
within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively 
raised, and Litclitield has several elevators, flour- 
ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. 
The output of the manufacturing establishments 
also includes foundry and machine shop prod- 
ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. 
The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, 
and has a Holly water-works system, a public 
library and public parks, two banks, twelve 
churches, high and gi-aded schools, and an Ursu- 
line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two 
monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. 
Population (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1910), 
5,971. 

LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN 
RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- 
biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 
miles ; is of standard gauge, the track being laid 
with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened 
for business, in three different sections, from 1883 
to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- 
nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern 
Railwaj-. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under 
foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- 
field, CarroUtou & Western reverted to the 
former owners. Six months later it passed into 
the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it 
has since been operated. The general offices 
are at Carlinville 

LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was 
Ixjrn in Columbia; Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- 
ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile 
business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 
1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of 
which he was President, in these two branches of 
business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 
5, 1896. 

LITTLE VERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- 
milion Count}", III., and flows eastwardly into 
Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion 
County, Ind. 

LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham 
and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south 
througli Clay, Wayne and Wliite, and enters the 
Waba.sh River about 8 miles above the mouth of 
the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 
miles. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



341 



LITTLER, DaTid T., lawyer and State Senator, 
was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 
7, 1836; was educateil in the common schools in 
his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to 
Lincoln, III., where he worked at the carpenter's 
trade for two j'ears, meanwhile studying law. He 
was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was 
elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed 
Master in Chancery. In 186G he was appointed 
b}' President Johnson Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the Eiglith District, but resigned in 
18G8, removing to Springfield tlie same year, 
wliere he entered into partnership with the late 
Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to 
the firm soon after, the partnership continuing 
imtil 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected 
Representative in the Thirty-fourth General 
Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected 
in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- 
ing in the latter body four years. In both Hou-ses 
Mr Littler took a prominent part in legislation on 
the revenue question. Died June 2.3, 1902. 

LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- 
lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in 
Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821 ; taught for a time in 
a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two 
years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later 
married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a LTiiiversalist 
minister, who held pastorates at various places in 
Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., l)ecoining 
editor of "The New Covenant" at Cliicago, in 
18.57. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote 
much for denominational papers and in assisting 
her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, 
and traveled extensively in the interest of the 
United States Sanitary Commission, visiting 
ho.spitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; 
also took a prominent part in the great North- 
western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. In her 
later years she labored and lectured extensively in 
the interest of woman suffrage and temperance, was 
also the author of several volumes, one entitled 
"Pen Pictures of Chicago" (1865). Her last home 
was in Boston. Died May 23, 1905. 

LIYIJiGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- 
way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- 
face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the 
west; area, 1,020 square miles; population (1000), 
42,03.), named for Edward Livingston. It was 
organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being 
Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel 
Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the countj'- 
seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and 
$3,000 in cash for the erection of public building.s. 
Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the i)rin- 



cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, 
and shafts aie in successful operation at various 
points. It is one of tlie chief agricultural coun- 
ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being 
large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried 
on. The development of the county really dates 
from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed 
by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- 
seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad 
center and the site of the State Reform School. 
Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has 
attained a wide reputation as the seat of the 
parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the 
liquor habit. Countv population (1910), 40,465. 

LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out 
in 1837 and incorporated in 1853; situated 33 
miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines 
River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- 
son, Topeka it Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton 
Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- 
tural ; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- 
factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper 
and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public 
and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas 
plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. 
The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage 
Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; 
(1900), 2,6.59; (1910), 2,555. 

LOCKWOOI), Samnel Drake, jurist, was bom 
at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., 
August 2, 1789 , left fatherless at the age of ten, 
after a few months at a private school in New 
Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis 
Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he 
studied law, being admitted to the bar at Bata\ia, 
N. Y'., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, 
and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 
he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in 
company with William H. Brown, afterwards of 
Chicago, and walking across the country from 
Shawneetown. arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- 
ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he 
remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- 
ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- 
lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of 
State, to which he was appointed by Governor 
Coles, and which he filled only three months, 
when President Monroe made him Receiver of 
Public Sloneys at Edwardsville. About the same 
time he was also appointed agent of the First 
Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature 
of 1824-25 elected him Jvidge of the Supreme 
Court, his service extending until the adoption 



348 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in 
framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 
1851 he was made State Trustee of the IlUnois 
Central Railroad, which office he held until liis 
death. He was alwaj^s an imcompromising 
antagonist of slavery and a leading supirorter of 
Grovernor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure 
a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal 
and political integrity was recognized by all 
parties. From 1828 to 1833 Judge Lockwood was 
a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- 
self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- 
lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as 
one of its Trustees, and was also influential in 
securing several of the State charitable institu- 
tions there. His later years were spent at 
Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th 
year of his age. 

LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the 
Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 
4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- 
tural, and the town has considerable local trade. 
It also has a bank and one weekly paper. 
Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 668; (1910), 603. 

LOGAN, Cornelius Anil)rose, physician and 
diplomatist, born at Deerfleld, Mass., August 6, 
1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name; 
was educated at Auburn Academy and served as 
Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, 
Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- 
pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was 
appointed United Stat«s Minister to Chili, after- 
wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again 
(1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. 
He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical 
Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the 
works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), 
besides contributing to foreign medical publi- 
cations and publishing two or three volumes on 
medical and sanitary questions. Resides in 
Cliicago. 

LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born 
in Hamilton County, Ohio. Dec. 30, 1809; at six 
years of age was taken to Missouri, his family 
settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- 
nee and Delaware Indians. He began business 
as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but 
returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the 
blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted 
in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Slilitia and took 
part in the Indian troubles of that year and the 
Black Hawk War of 1832. later being Colonel of 
the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the 
close of the Black Hawk War he settled in 
Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine. 



engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At 
the beginning of the war he raised a company 
for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota 
being already- full, it was not accepted. He was 
finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- 
second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- 
eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks 
later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry 
and Donelson. Subsequently he had command 
of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- 
nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment 
lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself 
being severely wounded and compelled to leave 
the field. In December. 1864, he was discharged 
with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 
1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President 
Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern 
District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he 
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
Republican on the organization of that party, 
serving as a delegate to the first Republican State 
Convention at Bloomington in 18.'56. He was a 
man of strong personal characteristics and an 
earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, 
August 24, 1885. 

LOG.VN, John Alexander, soldier and states- 
man, was born at old Brownsville, the original 
county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, 
the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland 
and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he 
attained prominence as a public man. Young 
Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican 
War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, 
and afterwards became Quartermaster of his 
regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson 
County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- 
cute his law studies. Having graduated from 
Louisville University in 1851, he entered into 
partnership %vith his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- 
ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat 
in 1852. and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- 
ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a 
Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 
1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again 
in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the 
special session of Congress in 1861, he left his 
seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In 
September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first 
Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- 
tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to 
be Major-General. President Johnson tendered 
him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. 
In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



343 



gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of 
the managers in the impeachment trial of the 
President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was 
chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 
1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the Presidential nomination at the Republican 
Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on 
the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. 
Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November 
following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, 
but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 
1886. General Logan was the author of "The 
Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier 
of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was 
erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in 
Chicago. 

LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, 
was born in Franklin County. Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; 
studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted 
to the bar before attaining his majority. After 
practicing in his native State some ten years, in 
1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- 
mon County, one year later opening an office at 
Springfield. In 183.5 he was elevated to the 
bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two 
years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but 
again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 
and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- 
bly; also served as a member of the Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 
and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- 
coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member 
of the lower house of the Legislature, was 
a delegate to the Republican National Conven- 
tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned 
by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the 
Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- 
ington. Soon afterward he retired to private 
life. As an advocate his ability was widely 
recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. 

LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part 
of the State, and having an area of about 620 
square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or 
moderately undulating prairie, with some high 
ridges, as at Elkliart. Its soil is extremely fertile 
and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- 
mining is successfully carried on. The other 
staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle 
and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, 
and the county was organized in 1839, being 
originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a 
portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a 
part of De Witt County. It was named in honor 
of Dr. Jolm Logan, father of Senator John A. 
Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but. 



in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, 
and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- 
tal. Pop. (1900), 28,080; (1910), 30,216. 

LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the 
Chicago Great Western and the Chicago & North 
AA'estern Railways, 20 miles west of Chicago. Pop. 
(1900), 590; (1910), 883. 

LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at 
Galesburg under control of the Universalist 
denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- 
torj-, collegiate and theological departments. 
Tlie collegiate department includes both classical 
and scientific courses, with a specially arranged 
course of three years for young women, who con- 
stitute nearly half the number of students. Tlie 
University has an endowment of $200,000, and 
owns additional property, real and personal, of 
the value of §100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- 
ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 
191 students. 

LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station 
of Fulton Count)', on the Fulton Narrow Gauge 
and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast 
of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the 
to^\'n has banks and a weekly paper; fine brick clay 
is mined. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 555. 

LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was 
born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- 
ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after 
teacliing some years, entered the United States 
Army in December, 1814. as a Lieutenant in the 
Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor 
of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- 
ferred to the Topographical Engineers with tlie 
brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1833 he had 
charge of explorations between the Mississippi 
River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, 
to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the 
highest peaks of the Rocky Jlountains was named 
in his honor. Between 1827 and 1880 he was 
employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- 
in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in 
Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves 
and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- 
ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- 
graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, 
he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, cliief, 
with the rank of Colonel. An account of his 
first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) 
by Dr. Edwin James, was publislied in 1823, and 
the following year appeared "Long's Expedition 
to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the 
Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- 
can Pliilosophical Society and the author of the 



344 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



first original treatise on railroad building ever 
published in this country, under the title of 
"Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter 
days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where 
he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from 
active service in June, 1863, he continued in the 
discharge of important duties up to his death. 

LOXGEN'ECKER, Joel 31., lawyer, was born in 
Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before 
reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntil the close of the 
war. After attending the high school at Robinson 
and teaching for some time, he began the study 
of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 
1870; served two years as City Attorney and four 
(1877-81) as Pro-secuting Attorney, in the latter 
year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, lie be- 
came the assistant of Luther Lafliu Mills in the 
office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, 
retaining that position with Mr. Mills" successor. 
Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of tlie latter 
to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded 
to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing 
in that position until 1893. While in this office 
he conducted a large number of important crimi- 
nal cases, the most important, perliaps, being the 
trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in whicli he 
gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as 
a prosecutor in criminal cases. Died Sept. 19, 1906. 

LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born in Colche.ster, Conn., May 01, 
177.5; prepared for college in the common schools 
and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, 
finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 
1799 — liaving supported himself during a con- 
siderable part of his educational course by 
manual labor and teaching. He subsequently 
studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, 
served as pastor of a Congregation.al chinch at 
Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number 
of j'oung men for college, including among them 
Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- 
vard College and author of numerous historical 
works. About 1829 his views on the subject of 
baptism underwent a change, resulting in liis 
uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- 
ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at 
Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located 
at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent 
factor in laying the foundation of ShurtletT Col- 
lege, first by the establishment of the Bapti.st 
Seminarv. of which he was the Principal for 
several years, and later by assisting, in 183.'), to 
secure the charter of the college in which the 
seminar}' was merged. His name stood first on 



the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, 
in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- 
tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. 
The latter j'ears of his life were spent among his 
books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at 
Upper Alton, Dec. 1.5, 1872, at the advanced age 
of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias 
Loomis — an eminent mathematician and natural- 
ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and 
otlier scientific text-books, in extensive use in the 
colleges of the country. He held professorships 
in various institutions at different times, the last 
being that of Natural Philosopln- and Astronomy 
in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. 

LORIMEK, William, Member of Congress, was 
born in Manchester, England, of Scotcli parent- 
age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to 
America at five years of age, and, after spending 
some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- 
cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. 
Having lost his father by death at twelve j'ears 
of age, he became an apprentice in tlie sign-paint- 
ing business; was afterwards an employe on a 
street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate 
business and serving as an appointee of Mayor 
Roche and Maj'or Washburne in tlie city water 
deiiartment. In 1892 he was the Republican 
nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was 
defeated. Two j-ears later he was elected to the 
Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois 
District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again 
in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 
votes. 

LOUISVILLE, the county -seat of Clay County; 
situated on the Little Wabasli River and on the 
Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- 
southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of 
Flora.; has a courthouse, three churches, a high 
school, a sa\ings bank and one weekly new.^paper. 
Pop. (1890), 637; (1900), 046; (1910), 670. 

LOUISTILLE, EV.VNSVILLE & NEW AL- 
RAW RAILRO.VD. (See Loiiis'i-itk'. Ennisrille 
(i- St. Louis (Consoliilated) Railroad) 

LOUISVILLE, EV.\XSVILLE ic ST. LOUIS 
(Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this 
entire line is 3.58.55 miles, of which nearly 1.50 
miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State 
from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the 
Wabash River. Witliin Illinois the system uses 
a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel 
rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually 
light, although, as the line leaves tlie Mis,sissippi 
bottom, the gradient is aViout two per cent or 
105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization 



IIISTOniCAL KXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



345 



(1898) was $18,236,246, of which §4,247,909 was in 
stock and §10,568,350 in bonds.— (History.) The 
original corporation was organized in both Indi- 
ana and Illinois in 18G9, and the Illinois section of 
the line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 
miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division 
was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- 
ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- 
pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized 
in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount 
Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months 
later the two divisions were consolidated under 
the name of the former. In 1881 this line was 
again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport 
& Eastern Railroad (of Indiana!, taking the name 
of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. 
In 1889, bj- a still fuither consolidation, it 
absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- 
nois — those in tlie latter State being the Illinois 
& St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the 
Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from 
Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & 
Carondelet — the new organization assuming the 
present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis 
(Consolidated ) Railroad. 

LOUISVILLE & XASHVILLE RAILROAD, a 
corporation operating an extensive system of 
railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and 
extending through Kentucky and Tennessee 
into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois 
(known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville 
line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash 
River, in Wliite Count}' (133.64 miles), witli 
branches from Belleville to 0"Fallon (6.07 miles), 
and from JIcLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 
miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- 
sion, though virtually owned by the operating 
line, is formally leased from the Southeast & .St. 
Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- 
ence is merely nominal. The latter company 
acquired title to the property after foreclosure 
in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to 
the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total 
earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, 
for 1898, were §1,053,789, and tlio total expendi- 
tures (including §47,198 taxes) were §657, 125. 

LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
JucksonviUe (i- St. Louis Riiilwny.) 

LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, mini.ster and anti- 
slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, 
Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- 
ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, 
came west and taught scliool in St. Louis in 
1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 
1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton 



and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 
1833. Returning to St. Louis, he .started "The 
Observer" — a religious weekly, which condemned 
slave-holding. Threats of violence from the 
pro-slavery party induced him to remove his 
paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three 
times within twelve months his plant was de- 
stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been 
procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- 
tect it from destruction in tlie warehouse where 
it was stored. On tlie evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a 
mob, having assembled about the building, sent 
one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. 
Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside 
to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties 
in ambush, breathing liis last a few minutes 
later. His death did mucli to strengthen the 
anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and 
Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a 
martyr, and his death was made the text for 
many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- 
sition to an institution which employed moboc- 
racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free 
di.scussion. (.See Alton Riots.) 

LOVEJOY', Owen, clergyman and Congressman, 
was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being 
the son of a clergyman of small means, he was 
thrown upon liis own resources, but secured a 
collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin 
College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join- 
ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was 
conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal 
there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery 
mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton 
Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy. ) This tragedy 
induced him to devote his life to a crusade 
against slavery. Having previously begun the 
study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- 
try and officiated for several years as p.astor of a 
Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he 
was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- 
tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 
1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that 
issue, and earnestlj' supjiorted Abraham Lincoln 
for United States Senator. LTpon his election to 
the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at 
Princeton, his congre.gation presenting him with 
a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 
1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress 
by a majority of 7,000,, and was re-elected for 
three sviccessive terms. As an orator lie had few 
equals in the State, while his courage in the 
support of his principles was indomitable. In 
the campaigns of 18.50, ".58 and "GO he rendered 
valuable service to the Republican party, as he 



346 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



did later in upholding the cause of the Union in 
Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 
186-i. 

LOVINGTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on 
the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia 
Line and the Bement & Altaniont Division of the 
Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of Decatur. 
The town ships grain and live-stock, has a bank, a 
newspaper, water-works, electric lights and tele- 
phone. Pop. (1900), 81.5; (1910), 1,011. 

LUDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, 
was born at Camden, N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son 
of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- 
sician who, in his later years, became a resident 
of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having 
taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, 
N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the 
study of medicine with his father, followed by a 
course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having 
removed to Chicago the following year, he soon 
after began an investigation of tlie homoeopathic 
system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- 
tion, and, a few j'ears later, had acquired such 
prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly 
established Hahnemann Medical College in the 
city of Chicago, with which he continued to be 
connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving 
as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he 
had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the 
editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'" later 
being editorially associated with "The North 
American Journal of Homojopathy," published in 
New York City, and "The United States Medical 
and Surgical J:)uruar of Chicago. He also 
served as President of numerous medical associ- 
ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor 
CuUom a member of the State Board of Health, 
serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a 
period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors 
as a lecturer and practitioner. Dr. Ludlam was 
one of the most prolific authors on professional 
lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous 
monographs on special topics, having produced a 
"Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" 
(1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the 
Diseases of Women"' (1871), and a translation 
from the Frencli of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- 
cine" (1880). The secon:l work mentioned is 
recognized as a valuable textbook, and has 
passed through seven or eight editions. A few 
years after his first connection with the Hahne 
mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the 



death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen 
President of the institution. Died suddenly from 
.'leart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- 
cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann 
Medical College, April 29, 1899. 

LUSDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- 
ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- 
entage ; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, 
Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge 
of the institution of slavery ; later carried on 
business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, C, 
where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery 
association under the name of the "Union 
Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery 
articles to "The Philanthropist,"' a paper pub- 
lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. 
Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- 
test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. 
Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the 
issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," 
a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- 
ough, Tenu., and finally to Baltimore in 1824, 
when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend 
towards colonization is shown in the fact that he 
made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a 
view to promoting the colonization of emanci- 
pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 
1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd 
Garrison, who became a f onvert to his views and 
a firm all}'. The following winter he was as- 
saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly 
killed; soon after removed his paper to Washing- 
ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the 
name of "The National Enquirer," being finally 
merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 
1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery 
mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the 
following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle 
Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, 
but the design was f nistrated by his early death, 
which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper 
however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under 
the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re- 
moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the 
name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, 
Zebina.) 

LUXT, Orringtou, capitalist and philanthro- 
pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 
1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in 
the grain commission business, becoming a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. 
Later, he became interested in real estate oper- 
ations, fire and life insurance and in railway 
enterprises, being one of the early promoters of 
the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



347 



Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. lie also took 
an active part in municipal atfair-s, and, during 
the War, was an efficient member of the "War 
Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all 
moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by 
his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- 
ety" after the lire of 1871, and his generous bene- 
factions to the Young Men"s Christian Association 
and feeble churches, his most efficient service 
was rendered to the cause of education as repre- 
sented in the Northwestern University, of which 
he was a Trustee from its organization, and much 
of the time an executive officer. To his noble 
benefaction the institution owes its splendid 
library building, erected some j-ears ago at a 
cost of §100,000. In the future history of Clii- 
cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of 
J. Young Scammon, "Walter L. Newberr}', John 
Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. 
Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897. 

LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South 
Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 
1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established 
a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town 
of Golconda, in Pope Count}-, 111. Lusk's Creek, 
which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, 
took its name from this family. In 18().} the sub- 
ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., 
and settled near Edwardsville. During the War 
of 1813-14 he was engaged in the service as a 
"Ranger." When Edwardsville began its 
growth, he moved into the town and erected a 
hoase of hewn logs, a story and a half high and 
containing three rooms, which became the first 
hotel in the town and a place of considerable 
historical note. ilr. Lusk held, at different 
periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, 
County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, 
Dec. 22, 1857. 

LUTHERAIVS, The. Wliile this sect in Illi- 
nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, 
it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- 
fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small 
Catechism in instruction of the young, in the 
practice of infant baptism and confirmation at 
an earlj- age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg 
Confession. Services are conducted, in various 
sections of the country, in not less than twelve 
different languages. The number of Lutheran 
ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach 
in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- 
nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches 
over which they preside recognize allegiance 
to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- 
nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- 



ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the 
General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of 
the Sy nodical Conference; the Synod for the 
Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- 
Augustana. and the Indiana Synod of the General 
Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the 
foreign element in this denomination, reference 
may be made to the fact that, of sixty-tliree 
Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the 
English language. Of the remainder, thirty- 
seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine 
Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- 
ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was 
estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains 
a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. 
(See also Religious Denominations. 

LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles 
southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; 
(1890), 732; (1900), 951; (1910), 1,483. 

MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the 

name given to a class of Strate indebtedness 
incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- 
cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- 
missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. 
Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York 
City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of §1,000 each, 
payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalistei 
& Stebbins advanced to the State .5201,560.83. 
This was done with the understanding that the 
firm would make further advances sufficient to 
increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the 
face value of the bonds, but upon which no 
further advances were actually made. In addi- 
tion to these, there were deposited witli the same 
firm, wjthin the next few months, with a like 
understanding, internal improvement bonds and 
State scrip amounting to .5109,215.44 — making the 
aggregate of State securities in their hands §913,- 
215.44, upon which the State had received only 
tlie amount already named — being 28.64 per cent 
of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts 
having been made by the holders of these bonds 
(with whom they had been hypothecated by 
Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on 
their par face value, tlie matter became the sub 
ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- 
tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both 
reciting, in their respective preambles, the history 
of the transaction. The last of these provided 
for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new 
bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- 
pal and interest of the sum actually advanced 
and found to be due, conditioned upon the sur- 
render, by them, of the original bonds and otlier 



348 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



evidences of indebtedness received by them in 
1841. Tliis the actual holders refused to accept, 
and brouglit the case before the Supreme Court 
in an effort to compel the Governor (who was 
then ex-offieio Fund Commissioner) to recognize 
the full face of their claim. This the Supreme 
Court refused to do, on the ground that, the 
executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- 
ernment, they had no authority over his official 
acts. In IS'>9 a partial refunding of these bonds, 
to the amoimt of SIU.OOO, was obtained from 
Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was 
probably but imperfectly acquainted with their 
history and previous legislation on the subject. 
Representations made to him led to a suspension 
of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not 
transferable e>:cept on the books of the Funding 
Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they 
were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti 
mately surrendered by the holders on the basis 
originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 
1865 an additional act was passed requiring the 
presentation, for payment, of the portion of the 
original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- 
feiture, and this was finally done. 

MACK, Alonzo W., legislator, was born at More- 
town, Vt., in 1822; at 16 years of age settled at 
Kalamazoo, Mich., later began the study of medi- 
cine and gi'aduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. 
Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he 
adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected 
Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the 
Senate, serving through five continuous sessions 
(1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the 
Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, 
in January following, to take his seat in the 
Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend 
of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits 
in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- 
lican, " in May, 1865, and was its business mana- 
ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing 
with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally 
retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice 
of Liw in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. 

M.iCKIXAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell 
County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 
miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- 
cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- 
ries of farm implements, pressed brick, liarness, 
wagons and carriages , also a State bank and a 
weekly i«i)tT. Pop. (19U0), 8.59; (1910), 725. 

MAC MILLAX, Thomas C, Clerk of United 
States District Court, was born at Stranraer, 
Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 



1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the 
nigh School and spent some time in the Chicago 
University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The 
Chicago Inter Ocean;'' two years later accom- 
panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills 
and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with 
General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux 
After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed 
charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of 
"The. Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County 
Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi 
cago Public Library, besides eight years in the 
General Assembly — 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 
93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan 
was appointed Clerk of the United States District 
Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- 
nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the 
honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. 

MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough 
County, situated on the Chicago, Biu'lington & 
Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 
39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal 
manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- 
tery, and school-desk castings. The city has 
interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, 
high school and three daily and weekly papers; 
is the seat of the ^^'e.'^tern Illinois State Normal 
School, Preparatory School and Business College. 
Pop. (1890), 4,0.52:^1900), 5,375; (1010), 5,774. 

MACOX, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad. 10 miles south by west of 
Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- 
tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important 
shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar 
factories, four churclies, a graded school, and a 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 705; (1910), 683. 

MACOX COUXTT, situated near the geograph- 
ical center of the State. The census of 1910 gave 
its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 
54,186. It was organized in 1829, and named for 
Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and 
statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, 
although in parts there is a fair grow-th of timber. 
The countj- is well drained by the Sangamon 
River and its tributaries. The soil is that high 
grade of fertility which one might expect in the 
corn belt of the central portion of the State. 
Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively 
cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are 
among the products. Decatur is the county-seat 
and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- 
tural region. Jlaroa, in the northern part of the 
county, enjoys considerable local trade. 

MACOrPIN COrXTY, a south-central county, 
with an area of 864 square miles and a population 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



349 



of 50,685 in iniO. The word Macoupin is of 
Indian derivation, signifying ''white iiotato." 
The county, originally a part of Sladison, and 
later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, 
under tlie supervision of Setli Hodges, William 
Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court 
house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained 
but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries 
were wont to retire to a convenient grove to 
deliberate upon their findings. The surface of 
the county is level, with narrow belts of timber 
following the course of the streams. The soil is 
fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively 
raised While agriculture is the chief industry 
in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried 
on in the north Carlinville is the county-seat 
and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the 
other principal towns 

MAC VEAGH, Frankliu, merchant, lawyer 
and politician, was born on a farm in Chester 
Countj', Pa., graduated from Yale University in 
1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law 
School, New York. He was soon compelled to 
abandon practice on account of ill-health, and 
removed to Chicago, in .September, 1865, where he 
embarked in business as a wliolesale grocer. In 
1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer 
Citizens' Association, whicli inaugurated manj' 
important mimicipal reforms. He was thereafter 
repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among 
them the mayorality, but persistently refused 
until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for 
United States Senator by a State Convention of 
the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- 
vass of tlie State, but the Republicans having 
gained control of the Legislature, he was 
defeated. At present (1911) Mr. MacVeagh occupies 
the office of Secretary of the Treasuiy, m Washing- 
ton, to wliich he was appointed by Pres.Taft in 1900. 

MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- 
sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. 
The surface of the county is liilly along the Mis- 
sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only 
slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- 
can Bottom"' occupies a strij) of country along 
the western border, four to six miles wide, as far 
north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The 
covmty was organized in 1812, being the first 
county set off from St. Clair County after the 
organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the 
third within the Territory. It was named in 
honor of James Madison, then President of the 
United States. At that time it embraced sub- 
stantially the whole of the northern part of tlie 



State, but its limits were steadily reduced by 
excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, 
wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and 
exported in large iiuantities. Coal seams under- 
lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out 
in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers 
began first to arrive about 1800. the Judj-s, GiU- 
hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- 
erally locating in the American Bottom, and 
laying the foundation for the present county. 
In the early history of the State, Madison County 
was the home of a large number of prominent 
men who exerted a large influence in shaping its 
destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, 
Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, ami 
many more whose names are intimately inter- 
woven witli State histor}'. The county-seat is at 
Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. 
Population of the county (1910), 89,847. 

MAORUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the 
Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., 
Sept. 37, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 
1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in 
teaching in his father's private academj' at 
Baton Rouge, La. , and in reading law. In 1859 
he graduated from the law department of the 
University of Louisiana, and the same year 
opened an office at Slemphis, Tenn At the out- 
break of the Civil War, his sympathies being 
strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, 
and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, 
Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While 
ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting 
or taking jiart in political discussions during the 
war, many members of his immediate family 
being in the Confederate service. He soon 
achieved and easily maintained a high standing 
at the Chicago bar; in 1868 was appointed Master 
in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook 
County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed 
Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the 
Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term 
of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was 
Chief Justice in 1891-92. Died April 21, 1910. 

MADISON, a village and station in the western 
part of JIadison County, opposite the city of St. 
Louis, and at the junction of several lines of railroad 
with the St Louis Bridge Terminal; has rolling mills, 
foundries and other manufacturing enterprises; is 
also an important shijjping point for river transpor- 
tation; has two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 5,046. 

MA LTD Y, .lasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- 
tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, serve! as a 
lirivate in the Mexican War and was severely 
wounded at Chapultepeo. After his discharge he 



350 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



established himself in the mercantile business at 
Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered tlie volunteer service 
as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois 
Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- 
moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded 
a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned 
Brigadier- General in August, 1863; served 
through tlie subsequent campaigns of the Army 
of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 
1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander 
of tlie district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that 
office, Dec. 13, 1867. 

MAKA>'DA, a village of Jackson County on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 49 miles north of Cairo at 
South Pass, a spur of the Ozark Mountains; is in a 
rich fruit-growing region; has a bank and a weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 528; (1910), 400. 

MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and 
jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- 
don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, 
his mother removed to New York City, where he 
began the study of law, occasionally contributing 
to "The New York Mirror," then one of the 
leading literary periodicals of the country. In 
1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed 
his professional studies and was admitted to the 
bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in 
the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed 
Master in Chancery, and served one term as 
Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. 
While filling the latter office he codified the 
municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected 
Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 
without opposition. Before the expiration of his 
second term he died, May 31, 1863. He held the 
office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, 
during which time, largely through his efforts, 
the school system was remodeled and the im- 
paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- 
dition. He was one of the organizers of the 
Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of 
the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago 
University, and prominentl}' connected with 
several societies of a semi-public character. He 
was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- 
torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." 

MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was 
born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 
1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County 
in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois 
in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- 
cago, in 1881, after which he established himself 
in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head 
of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 
was elected Attorney of the village of H3'de Park 



and, after the annexation of that municipality to 
the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman 
of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 
1894, while in the City Council becoming one of 
its most prominent members; in 1894, served as 
Temporary Chairman of the Republican State 
Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman 
of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 
1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- 
fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 
over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 
26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- 
didate for re-election,and was again successful, by 
over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. 
Other positions held by Mr. Maim, previous to his 
election to Congress, include those of Master in 
Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County 
and General Attorney of the South Park Com- 
missioners of the city of Chicago. 

M.4NN, Orriii L., lawyer and soldier, was bom 
in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, 
removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, 
being compelled to abandon it on account of an 
injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. 
Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female 
College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, 
two years later, become President of the North- 
western University, at Evanston; Mr. Mann 
accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing 
liis studies for a time, but later engaging in 
teaching; in 1856 entered the University of 
Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he 
took part in the campaign which resulted in the 
election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring 
had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- 
trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at 
the firing on Fort Sumter; tlaen assisted in 
organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having 
been accepted after considerable delay, he 
was chosen Major. The regiment was first 
assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the 
first battle of Winchester and in operations in 
North and South Carolina. Having previously 
been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major 
Mann «as now assigned to court-martial duty at 
Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- 
pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, 
winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for 
meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having 
"veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and 
being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. 
Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



351 



Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously 
wounded, necessitating a stay of several months 
in liospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned 
to the staff of General Ord, and later served as 
Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with 
headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered 
out in December, 1865. After the war he 
engaged in tlie real estate and loan business, 
but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 
1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. 
Other positions held by him wore' Represen- 
tative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly 
(1S7-1-76), Coroner of Cook County (1S78-S0), and 
Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a 
fall, some years since, inducing partial paralysis. 
Died Dec. 13, 1908. 

MANNING) Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 
1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, 
and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, 
residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson 
County, where he held the office of County- 
Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he 
was appointed Secretary of the first Board of 
Commissioners of the Illinois & Alichigan Canal, 
remaining in office until 1845. He continued to 
reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the 
close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying 
there. Jan. 8, 1869. 

MANNINtJ, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- 
ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his 
earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, 
completin.g his education at Middlebury College, 
Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111., where he 
served one term as County Judge and two terms 
(1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- 
bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential 
Elector in 1848. In 18.')3 he removed to Peoria, 
where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of the following 
year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. 

MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at 
the intersection of the Peoria Division of the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
the Chicago Division of the "Wabash Railways, 
32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the 
heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- 
paper. Pop. (1890), .533; (1900), 70S; (1910), 681. 

MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, 
on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south 
of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- 
stock, small fruits and dairy products; has 
one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 
627; (1900), 9.32; (1910), 1,229. 



M.\(JUO>', a village of Knox County, on the 
Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- 
burg. The region is agricultural. The town has 
banks and a weeklj' paper. Population (1880), 
54S; (1890), .501; (1900), 475; (1010), 472. 

MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in 
Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early 
education in the grammar schools of his native 
town, graduating, in 1842, from t)ie Wesleyan 
University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- 
fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and 
became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, 
Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile 
making numerous trips for geologic investigation 
One of these was made in 1849, overland, to 
Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data 
for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- 
puted questions as to the geologic formation of 
the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited 
San Francisco, making maps of the mountain 
regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 
he was called to the professorship of Natui'al 
History in the Northwestern University, at 
Evanston, remaining there until his death. The 
institution was then in its infancy, and he taught 
mathematics in connection with liis other duties. 
From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He 
received the degee of LL.D. from the University 
of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 
19. 1899. 

MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar 
depression (or slougli) in the southwestern part of 
Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi 
and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of 
freshets, the former sometmies discharges a part 
of its waters into the latter. On tlie other liand, 
when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- 
times discharges through the same channel into 
the Mississippi. Its general course is north and 
south. — Cat-Tall Slough, a similar depression, 
runs nearly parallel witli the Maredosia, at a dis- 
tance of five or six miles from the latter. The 
highest point in the Maredosia above low water 
in the Mississippi is tliirteen feet, and that in the 
Cat-Tail Slough is twent}--six feet. Each is 
believed, at some time, to have served as a 
channel for the Mississippi. 

MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled 
in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a 
city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, 
on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is 
in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- 
trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed 
milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 



352 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



trie lights, Las six churches, good scliools and 
two weekly newsjjapers; also two large pickle 
factories. Pop. (1900), 2,00.5; (1910), 1,936. 

MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of St. 
Lbuis. Several of its earliest settlers were sea cap- 
tains from the East, from whom the "Marine 
Settlement" obtained its name; has one newspaper. 
Pop. (1900), 666; (1910), 685. 

MARION, the county-seat of Williamson 
County, 173 miles southeast of Springfield, on the 
Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
Railroads ; in agricultural and coal region ; has 
cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- 
works, ice and cold-storage plant, pressed brick 
factory, churches, a graded school, one daily and 
two weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,510; (1910), 7,09.3. 

MARION COUNTY, located near the center of 
the southern half of the State, with an area of 
576 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by 
the census of 1910, had a population of 35,094. 
About half the county is prairie, the cliief prod- 
ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The 
remainder is timbered land. It is watered b}' the 
tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash 
Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth 
of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large 
portion of the county is underlaid with a thin 
vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper 
coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are 
also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are 
afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & 
Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, 
but Centralia is tlie largest and most important 
town, being a railroad junction and center of an 
extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving 
town at the junction of the Illinois Central and 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. 

M.ilRISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the 
St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad. 39 miles 
southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and 
mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and 
a magazine. Pop. (1900), 1,086; (1910), 2,004. 

MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur 
and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has 
three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- 
tory, water-works system, electric light plant, 
telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, 
three churches and a graded school. Population 
(ISOn), 1,161; (190(1), 1,213; (1910), 1,160. 

MARCJUETTE, (Father) Jacciurs, a French 
missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, 
in 1637. He liecame a Jesuit at the a^e of 17, and, 
twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. 



The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at 
Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- 
self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, 
in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to 
Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of 
Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- 
tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, 
founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a 
rude church. In 1673 he accompanfed Joliet on 
his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the 
two setting out from Green Bay on Slay 17, and 
reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fo.x and 
Wisconsin Riverc, June 17. (For an interesting 
translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the 
e.xpedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- 
ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- 
tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- 
ping for some time among the Indians near 
'.Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much 
broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders 
from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- 
sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In 
December lie reached the present site of Chicago, 
where he was compelled to halt because of 
exhaustion. On Marcli 29, 1675, he resumed his 
journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much 
suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- 
gably and making many converts, failing health 
compelled him to start on his return to Macki- 
nac. Before the voyage was completed he died. 
May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which 
long bore his name^but is not the present Mar- 
quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- 
gan. His remains were subsequently removed to 
Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to 
explain the lake tides, and modern science haa 
not improved his theory. 

MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in 
La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 
miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- 
cellent water power is furnished by a dam across 
the river. The city has several factories, among 
the leading products being flour, paper and 
agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the 
vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to 
suiiport three elevators. There are two papers, one 
issuing a daily edition. Pop. (1900), 2,559; 
(1910), 3,291. 

M.VRSH, Benjamin P., Congressman, born in 
Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu- 
cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, 
leaving the latter institution one j'e.ar before 
graduation. He read law mider the tutelage of his 
brother. Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



353 



admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was 
an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. 
Immediately upon the first call for troops in 18G1, 
he raised a conipauj- of cavalry, and, going to 
Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No 
cavalrj' having been called for, the Governor felt 
constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. 
Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private 
in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantr}', in which regi- 
ment lie served until July 4, 18G1, when Gov- 
ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his 
readiness to accept his cavalry company. 
Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- 
pany witliin a few da3-s, of which he was com- 
missioned Captain, and which was attached to 
the Second Illinois Cavalry. lie served in the 
army until January, 1866, being four times 
wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On 
his return home he interested himself in politics. 
In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the 
State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, 
was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. 
In 188.5 he was appointed a member of the Rail- 
road and Warehouse Commissicm, serving until 
1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress 
from his old district, wliich, under the new 
apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was 
reelected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the 
Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the 
House Committee on Military Affairs and Cliair- 
man of Committee on Militia. iJicd June 2, 1905. 

MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, 
N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton 
Academy and Union College, graduating from 
the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in 
the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca 
until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here 
he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- 
ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, 
until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- 
ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. 

MAKSHALIi, the county -seat of Clark County, 
and an incorporateil city, 16!^ miles southwest of 
Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding 
country is devoted to farming and stock-rai.sing. 
The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, 
and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, 
eiglit churches and a good public school system, 
which includes city and township high schools, 
and two newspapers. Pop. (1S9UJ, 1,'JOU; (.1900), 
2,077; (1910), 2.,5R9. 



MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Gallatin County. 111., in 
1824; studied law and soon after located at 
McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member 
of the lower house of the Fifteenth General 
Assembly, but resigned, early in the following 
year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 
1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 
to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate 
from the State-at-large to the Charleston and 
Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the 
National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary 
vote of his party in the Legislature for United 
States Senator, and was similarly honored in the 
Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- 
cratic support for Speaker of the House. He 
was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 
1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 
1875, when he returned to the practice of his 
profession. Died, July 26, 1890. 

MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- 
central part of the State, with an area of 350 
square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar- 
shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and 
county organization was effected in 1839. The 
Illinois River bisects the county, which is also 
drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- 
ally level prairie, except along the river, although 
occasionally undulating". The soil is fertile, 
corn, wheat, haj' and oats forming the staple 
agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great 
number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon 
is the county -seat. Population (1880), 15,053; 
(1890), 13,6.53; (1900), 16,370; (1910), 15,679. 

MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman 
and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., 
August 19, 1826, educated in the common 
schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his 
parents to Soutliern Illinois, settling in Marion 
County. He served as a non-commissioned 
officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was 
elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which 
office he filled for twelve years. By profession he 
was a lawyer, and was in active jiractice when 
not in public or military life. For a number of 
years he was a member of the Republican State 
Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- 
sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh 
Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, 
brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home 
he was elected County Judge of Slaripn County, 
and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension 
Agent. The latter po.st he resigned in 1872, hav- 
ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 



354 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- 
gress. He was Department Commander of the 
Grand Army (1S89-90). Died Xov. 20, 1907. 

MARTIXSVILLE, a village of Clark County, 
on the Terra Haute & ludianapoUs (\'andalia) Rail- 
road, 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has a bank, 
flouring mills and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 
779; (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,500. 

MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 
miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- 
ville, on the Una of the Louisville & Nashville 
Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the 
principal industries of the surrounding country. 
The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, 
school, churches, and electric line; also bank and two 
weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 2,171; (1910), 2,081. 

MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was bom 
in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his 
boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie 
Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as 
rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer 
in charge of construction. Subsequently he was 
employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, 
on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, 
finally, chief and superintendent. Other works 
with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar 
capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the 
Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the 
Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came 
west and took charge of the construction of the 
Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required 
five years for its completion. The next four 
years were spent as contractor in the construction 
of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when 
he became Superintendent of the Chicago & 
Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 
1861 accepting the position of Controller of the 
land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
which he retained until 1867. The next two 
years were occupied in the service of the State in 
lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city 
of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of 
his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, 
testing his executive abiUty to the utmost. From 
1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of 
the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of 
the incorporators, and a lifelong Director, of the 
Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- 
west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay(Mason), 
son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, 
Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's 
family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended 
school for several years, after which lie entered 
Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then 



studied law, and, later, became a member of the 
law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, 
in conjunction with two brothers, organized the 
firm of JIason Brothers, for the prosecution of a 
real-estate and law buiiiness. In 1881 Mr. Mason 
was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical 
Festival, which was instrumental in bringing 
Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became 
President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the 
successor of EUhu B. "Washburne, retaining the 
position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During 
his incumbency, the commodious building, now 
occupied by the Historical Society Library, was 
erected, and he added largely to the resources of 
the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts 
and other historical records. He was the author 
of .several historical works, including "Illinois in 
the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its 
Parish Records." besides papers on La Salle and 
the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of 
James Willing — An Episode of the American 
Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled 
"Early Chicago and Illinois." which was pub- 
lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- 
ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a 
Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of 
his death, was prominently talked of for President 
of that institution, as successor to President 
Timothy Dwight. 

MASON, William E., United States Senator, 
was born at Frsnklinville, Cattaraugus Coimty, 
N. Y. , July 7, 18.50, and accompanied his parents 
to Bentousport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated 
at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham 
College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the 
last two years at Des Moines. In that city he 
studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who 
afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 
he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- 
ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- 
tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house 
of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the 
State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- 
lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois 
District (then strongly Republican), but, owing 
to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. 
Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, 
he was elected to Congress, but. in 1890. was 
defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. 
He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. 
In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, 
receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for 
John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. 

M.\SON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason 
County, at the intersection of the Chicago & 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



355 



Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois 
Central R<iilroads, 18 miles west by north of 
Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. 
Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, 
it is an important shipping point for that com- 
modity. It. has four churches, two banks, two 
newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- 
vators and a caiTiage factory. Population (1880), 
1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890; (1910), 1,842. 

MASOX COl'XTY, organized in 1841, with a 
population of about 2,000; population (1910), 
17,377, and area of 518 square mile.s — named for a 
county in Kentuckj-. It lies a little northwest 
of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- 
mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- 
aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The 
chief staple is corn, and the county ofTers excel- 
lent opportunities for viticultiu'e. The American 
pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. 
Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1833. 
Not imtil 1837, however, can immigration be said 
to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen 
as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor 
for a few years, the county offices being per- 
manently removed to the former point in 1851. 
Mason City is an important shipping point on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad 

MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AKD 
ACCEPTED. (See Free-3Iasons.) 

MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern 
county of the State and one of the smallest, its 
area, being but little more than 240 square miles, 
with a population (1910) of 14,200 — named for 
Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is 
hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands 
along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to 
frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the 
natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- 
nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and Cottonwood 
abounding. Sawmills are found in nearly every 
town, and considerable grain and tobacco are 
raised. The original settlers were largely from 
Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- 
tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio 
River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839, 
although Massac Countj' was not separately 
organized until 1843. At Massac City may be 
seen the ruins of the early French fort of that 
name. 

MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name 
commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence 
which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An 
arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- 
ized band of thieves and robbers exi.sted, and 
having given the names of a large number of the 



alleged members, popular excitement rose to 
fever hesit. A company of self-apix)inted "regu- 
lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary 
that, at the August election of 1846, a SherilT and 
County Clerk wei-e elected on the avowed issue 
of opposition to these irregular tactics. This 
served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed 
activity. Many persons were forced to leave the 
county on suspicion, and others tortured into 
making confession. In consequence, some leading 
"regulators" were thrown intojail, only tobesoon 
released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff 
and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud 
rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- 
sity. Governor French made two futile eflforts to 
restore order through mediation, and the ordinary 
processes of law were also found unavailing. 
Judge Scates was threatened with lynching 
Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, 
and these surrendered upon promise of personal 
immunity from violence. This pledge was not 
regarded, several members of the posse being led 
away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, 
were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- 
ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff 
and his supporters were once more ordered to 
leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed 
each other in quick succession. To remedy this 
condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted 
a law creating district courts, under the provi- 
sions of which a Judge might hold court in any 
county in his circuit. This virtually conferred 
upon the Judge the right to change the venue at 
his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased 
by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this 
legislation was highly beneficial in restoring 
quiet, although the embers of the feud still 
smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame 
for several 3-ears thereafter. 

MATHEJiY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in 
Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a 
Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, 
came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- 
tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and 
was admitted to the bar; served in the Third 
Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- 
tures (1820-22); removed, in 1821, to the newly 
organized county of Sangamon, where he was 
appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in 
office eighteen year.^, also for some years holding, 
at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, 
Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while 
County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son 
of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., 
July 31, 1815; was assistant of his father in the 



356 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Count}' Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and, 
on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was 
elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- 
secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 
30, 1877. — James H, (Matheny), another son, 
born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in 
bis j-outh as Clerk in various local offices ; was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his 
term beginning tlie practice of law; was com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred 
and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 
1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as 
Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he 
resigned. He then returned to his profession, 
but, in 1873, was electeil County Judge of Sanga- 
mon County, holding the office by repeated re- 
elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having 
resided in Springfield 68 j-ears. 

MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was 
born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford 
County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged 
for a time in business in New York City, but, in 
the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where 
he soon after became associated in business with 
James L. Lamb and others. This firm was 
afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade 
with New Orleans. Later he became one of the 
founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. 
Mather was elected to the lower branch of the 
Second General Assembly from Randolph 
County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for 
a part of the se.ssion as Speaker), and again to the 
Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, 
resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- 
dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to 
locate the militarj' road from Independence to 
Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the 
Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 
1832 he was one of the most deternlined oppo- 
nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery 
Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to 
the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term 
01 four years. He also served as Colonel on the 
staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the 
United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused 
by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having 
removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- 
nent in business affairs there in connection with 
his former jtartner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 
was appointed a member of the first Board of 
Fund Commissioners for the State under the 
internal improvement system; also served seven 
years as President of the Springfield branch of 
the State Bank; was connected, as a stock- 



holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & 
Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from 
Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and 
was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- 
cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until 
his death. Colonel Matlier served as one of the 
Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and 
was a liberal contributor to the endowment of 
that institution. His death occurred during a 
visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853. 

MATTESOX, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly 
elected Governor of Illinois (18.53-.57), was born 
in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some 
experience in business and &s a teacher, in 1831 
he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman 
in the construction of the first railroad in that 
State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he 
became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at 
Joliet. After serving three terms in the State 
Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 
1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the 
United States Senatorship. At the close of his 
gubernatorial term he was complimented by the 
Legislature, and retired to private life a popular 
man. Later, there were developed grave scandals 
in connection with the refunding of certain 
canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately 
— was connected. He turned over property to 
tlie State of the value of nearly §250,000, for its 
indemnification. He finally took up his resi- 
dence in Cliicago, and later spent considerable 
time in travel in Europe. He was for many 
years the lessee and President of tlie Chicago k 
Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jau. 31, 1873. 

MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the 
United States Treasury, was born in Pike Coimty, 
111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- 
lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three 
j'ears later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, 
he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitt.s- 
field to enlist in the army, and was elected and 
commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- 
nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, 
being mustered out of the service in August. 
1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District 
composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 
1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General 
Assembly in 1870, he resigned his office, and was 
re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the 
death of Judge Higbeo. (Governor Hamilton 
appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus 
created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his 
term expiring iL 1885. In 1888 he was elected to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



357 



the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was 
chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, 
President Harrison named him First Comp- 
troller of the United States Treasury, and the 
House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- 
fication at his selection. Col. Matthews served as 
Department Commander of the G. A. R. of Illinois, 
1007-OS. Dirdat his home inPittsfield, Junel 1, 190S. 

MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- 
ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, 
educated in the common schools, and, near the 
close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment; 
began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; 
in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served 
two terras as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, 
was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 
1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The 
Champaign Countj' Herald," of which he was 
also proprietor. During his last session in the 
State Senate (1891-93) he served as President pro 
tern, of that body; was also President of the 
State Press Association and served on the staff of 
Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the 
Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 
10, 1893. 

MATTOOX. an important city in Coles County, 
173 miles west of soutli from Chicago and 56 miles 
west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for 
three lines of railway, and an important shipping 
point for corn and broom corn, wliich are both 
extensively grown in the surrounding region. It 
has several banks, foundries, macliine sliops, 
brick and tile-works, flour-mills, broom factories, 
with three daily and two weekly newspapers; also 
has good graded schools and a high school. The 
rejjair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago 
& St. Louis Railroad arc located here. Pop. (1890), 
6,833; (1900), 9,622; (1910), 11,456. 

MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, 
was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated 
in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's 
Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- 
ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort 
Dearborn, in 1833, remaining iutil the abandon- 
ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he 
was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. 
Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- 
noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in 
Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- 
ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 
18,55, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., 
where he ilied, Nov. 5, 18.59. 

MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congre.ss- 
man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day 



to Edwardsville, 111., and afterwards to Jackson- 
ville; was elected from Jlorgan County to the 
Sixth General Assembly (1838), and the next year 
removed to Springfield, having been appointed by 
President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for 
the Land Office there He was twice elected to 
Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating 
Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. 
Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but 
finally removed to California, where he died. 

MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- 
marle Count.v Va., March 7, 1810; came to 
Edwards County, 111., in 1838, and l)egan teach- 
ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War 
(1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds 
Quartermaster of a liattalion organized in that 
section of the State. He had previously been 
appointed County Clerk of Edwards Coimty to fill 
a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- 
tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven 
years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as 
Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- 
urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the 
Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 
18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having 
been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. 
Louis, when about to take the train for his home 
at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly 
murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime 
was ever discovered, and the affair has remained 
one of the mysteries of the criminal historj' of 
Illinois. 

MAYWOOl), a village of Cook County, and 
sub\irb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on 
the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago 
Great Western Railways; has churches, two 
weekly newspapers, public schools and some 
manufactures. Pop. (1!I!K)), 4,532; (1910), 8,033. 

McAllister, Willinm K., jmist, was born in 
Washington County. N. Y., in 1818. .\fter 
admission to the bar he commenced ]iractice at 
Albion, N. Y., and. in 18.54, removed to Chicago. 
In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the 
Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by 
Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen 
Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was 
elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which 
position he resigned in 1875, having been elected 
a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to 
fill a vacancy. He was reelected for a full term 
and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. 
He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, 
before the e.xpiration of his term, he died, Oct. 
29, 1888. 



358 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



McARTHCR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- 
kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826; worked at his 
father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old. 
when, coming to the United States, he settled in 
Chicago. Here he became foi'eman of a boiler- 
making establishment, later acquiring an estab- 
lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth 
Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, 
with a company of which he was Captain, he 
was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, 
and, in March, 1862, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, 
where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloli he 
was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, 
returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- 
mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L. 
Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded 
a division of McPherson's corps in the operations 
against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in 
the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a 
division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet 
Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General 
McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 
to 1S77. Died March IG, 1906. 

McCAGG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at 
Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at 
Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 18-17, entered 
the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- 
wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- 
mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg 
was an active member of the United States Sani- 
tary Commission, and (for some years after the 
fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; also a 
life-member and officer of the Chicago Historical 
Society, besides being identified with several State 
and municipal boards. His standing in his pro- 
fession is sho^vn by the fact that he was more than 
once offered a non-partisan nomination for Justice 
of the Supreme Court, but declined it. He held a 
high rank in literarj' circles, as well as a connoisseur 
in art, and was owner of a large private library col- 
lected since the destruction of one by the fire of 
1871. Died Aug. 2, 1908. 

McCartney, James, lawyer and ex- Attorney 
General, was born of Scotch parentage in the 
north of Ireland. Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of 
age was brought to the United States and, until 
1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents 
removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he 
spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile 
attending a high school and finallj' engaging in 
teaching. In 1856 he began the studj' of law at 
Warren. Ohio, which he continued a year later in 
the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; 
was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and 



began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- 
lowing year to Galva. In April, 1861, he enlisted 
in what afterwards became the Seventeenth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned 
a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- 
pelled to resign on account of illliealth. A few 
months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a 
captaincy, although serving much of the time as 
Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one 
year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the 
Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term 
of service in the army, he resumed the practice 
of his profession at Fairfield. 111. ; in 1880 was 
nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- 
General of the State, and, during his last year in 
office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" 
which finally terminated successfully for the 
city of Chicago. Since retiring from office. Gen- 
eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice 
of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Clii- 
cago, having been a resident of the latter city 
since 1890. 

McCartney, Robert Wilson, lawyer and 
jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, 
March 19, 18-13, spent a portion of his boyhood in 
Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- 
town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the 
Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded 
at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and 
nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. 
As soon as able to take the field he was commis- 
sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the 
Eighth-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in 
the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, 
and taking part in the grand review at Washing- 
ton in ilay. 1865. After the war he took a course 
in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to 
Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon 
came to Illinois, and, having completed his law 
studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at 
Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868; also 
edited a Republican paper there, became inter- 
ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the 
founders of the First National Bank of that city. 
In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac 
County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was 
elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- 
eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the 
Legislature lie was elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 
1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney 
was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city 
of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library 
l)caring his name. 



niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



359 



McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist, 
was born at Fountain Green, Uaucock County, 
111.. July 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch- 
Irish ancestry — his grandfather, who was a native 
of the North of Ireland, having come to America 
in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- 
tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a 
farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, 
then spent the next two winters at au academy, 
and, in IS.'JG, began a course in Monmouth Col- 
lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following 
year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same 
institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The 
Carthage Republican,'' a Democratic paper, 
which he made a strong advocate of the cause of 
the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on 
the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. 
About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of 
his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company 
of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, 
and which, with four other companies organized 
in the same section, became the nucleus of the 
One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. 
The regiment having been completed at Camp 
Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the 
field in the following fall, took part in General 
Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by 
way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1863. 
Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- 
eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his 
regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in 
the operations against Vicksburg which resulted 
in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. 
He then joined the Department of the Gulf under 
command of General Banks, but was compelled 
by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently 
recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- 
ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was 
transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the 
Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with 
the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty 
at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- 
nois regiments as mustered out of the service, 
imtil Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- 
charged. A few weeks later he was elected 
County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four 
years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone 
business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry 
& Co., furnishing stone for tlie b.asement of the 
State Capitol at Sjiringfield and for bridges across 
the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later 
being engaged in the sivme business at St. Gene- 
vieve, Mo., with head(juarters at St. Louis. Com- 
pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his 
residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was 



called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- 
tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 
1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- 
tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at 
Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted 
from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of 
Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under 
Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he 
became Superintendent of the Illinois State 
Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was 
again offered and accepted the position of Warden 
of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- 
mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- 
dent McKiuley the appointment of Warden of the 
Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 
which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- 
Claughry's administration of penal and reforma- 
tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, 
and he has taken rank as one of the most success- 
ful penologists in the country. 

McCLELLAJf, Robert H., lawyer and banker, 
was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 
1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. 
Townsend, of Troj-, being admitted to the bar in 
1850. The same year he removed to Galena, III ; 
during his first winter there, edited "The Galena 
Gazette," and the following spring formed a 
partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards 
General Solicitor and President of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, which ended with the removal 
of the latter to Chicago, when Mr McClellan 
succeeded him as local attorney of the road at 
Galena. In 18C4 Mr. McClellan became President 
of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank 
of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. 
He was also largely interested in local manufac- 
tories and financial institutions elsewhere. He 
served as a Republican Representative in the 
Twenty-second General Assembly (1S61-G2), and 
as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank 
as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, 
public spirited and patriotic, his name was prom- 
inently connected with all movements for the 
'improvement of his locality and the advancement 
of the interests of the State. Died July 23, 1902. 

McCLEENAND, John Alexander, a volunteer 
officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- 
cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge 
County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- 
town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832, 
and engaged in journalism for a time. He served 
in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the 
Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42. 
The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 



360 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing four consecutive terms, but declining a 
renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- 
ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice 
(1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on 
the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to 
Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as 
Representative of the Springfield District; was 
re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept 
a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers 
from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- 
General early in 1862. lie participated in the 
battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and 
before Vicksburg, and was in command at the 
capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- 
cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg 
campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- 
eral Grant. Having finally been restored by 
order of President Lincoln, he participated in the 
campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned 
his commission in 1864. General McClernand 
presided over the Democratic National Conven- 
tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- 
dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah 
Commission, serving through President Harri- 
son's administration. He was also elected 
Circuit Judge in 1S70, as successor to Hon. B. S. 
Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. 
MeCLURG, Alexander C, soldier and pub- 
lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in 
Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- 
facturer. He graduated at Miami University. 
Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time 
with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came 
to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of 
S. C. Griggs & Co. , as a junior clerk. Early in 
1861 be enlisted as a private in the War of the 
Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men 
being already full, his services were not accepted. 
In August, 1862, he became a member of the 
"Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the 
Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of 
Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected 
Captain of Company H. After the battle of 
Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at 
Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the 
position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the 
staff of General IMcCook, afterwards serving in a 
similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Tliomas, 
Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense 
of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary 
Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also 
with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta 
campaign, and. at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. 
Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and 
brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- 



sented with a sword bearing the names of the 
principal battles in which he was engaged, 
besides being especially complimented in letters 
by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, 
Davis and others. He was invited to enter the 
regular army at the close of the war, but pre- 
ferred to return to private life, and resumed his 
former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon 
after becoming a junior partner in the concern, 
of which he later became the chief. In the various 
mutations through which this extensive firm has 
gone. General McClurg became a leading factor imtil, 
in his later years, he stood at the head of the most 
extensive publishing firm west of New York. Died 
April 15, 1901. 

McCOXXEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was 
born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and 
educated in the common schools; left home at 
14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, 
spent several years flat-boating, trading and 
hunting in the West, during this period visiting 
Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a 
farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located 
in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but 
when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, 
became a citizen of that place. During the Black 
Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on 
the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of 
Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- 
can a member of the Board of Public Works for 
the First Judicial District, in this capacity having 
charge of the construction of the railroad between 
Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the 
Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- 
road built in the .State, and the only one con- 
structed during the "internal improvement" era 
following 1837. He also held a commission from 
Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- 
litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce 
Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but 
retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from 
the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- 
sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan 
County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State 
Senate for the District composed of Morgan, 
Slenard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, 
serving until 1868. Thougli previously a Demo- 
crat and a delegate to the Democratic National 
Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter 
of the war policy of the Government, and was 
one of four Democratic Senators, in the General 
Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification 
of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National 
Constitution, prohibiting slaver}- in the L'nited 
States. His death occurred by assassination, by 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



361 



some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- 
ville, Feb. 9, 18U9.— John Liidliim (McConnel), 
son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville. 
111., Nov. 11, 1826. studied law and graduated at 
Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a 
private in the Mexican "War, became First Lieu- 
tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle 
of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. 
After the war he returned to Jacksonville and 
wrote several books illustrative of Western life 
and character, which were publishetl between 
1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 
17, 186'3 — he was engaged in the preparation of a 
"History of Early Explorations in America," hav- 
ing special reference to the labors of the early 
Roman Catholic missionaries. 

McCONSELL, (Gen). Jolin, soldier, was born 
in Madison County, N. Y. , Dec. 5, 1824, and came 
with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen 
years of age. His father (James McConnell) was 
a native of Ireland, who came to the United 
States shortly before the War of 1813, and, after 
remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- 
gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of 
Springfield, where he engaged extensively in 
sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- 
gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders 
of the State Agricultural Society, being President 
of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its 
organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. 
The subject of this sketch was engaged with his 
father and brothers in the farming and stock 
business until 1861, when he raised a company 
for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was 
elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- 
ing until March, 1863, during that time taking 
part in some of the important battles of the war 
in Southwast Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and 
was highly complimented by his commander, 
Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three 
months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was 
commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was 
commLssioned Brevet Brigadier-General, liis com- 
mission being signed by President Lincoln on 
April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night 
of his assassination. During the latter part of 
his service, General McConnell was on duty in 
Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 
1865. After the death of his father, and until 
1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising 
and farming, being for a time the owner of 
several extensive farms in Sangamon County, 
but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business 
in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. 



McConnell, Samuel r,, son of the preceding, 
was born at S|)ringlield, 111., on July 5, 1849. 
After completing his literary studies he read law 
at .Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & 
Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, soon 
after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. 
After various partnerships, in whicli he was asso- 
ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was 
elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the deatli of 
Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when 
he resigned to give his attention to private prac- 
tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon 
the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, 
soon after his election, to preside at the trial of 
the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder 
case, in which he displayed great ability. He has 
also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number 
of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- 
porations. 

MeCOBMICK, Cynis Hall, inventor and manu- 
facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va.,Feb. 15, 
1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- 
cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the 
manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his 
first finished machine being produced in 1831. 
Though he had been manufacturing for years 
in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his 
first machine was shipped to the West, and, 
in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to 
establishing its manufacture in the heart of the 
region where its use would be most in demand. 
One of his early partners in the business was 
William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known 
in connection with Chicago's railroad history. 
The business grew on his hands until it became 
one of the largest manufacturing interests in the 
United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, 
and, in 1860, he bought "Tlie Chicago Times." 
and having united it with "The Herald," which 
he already owned, a few months later sold the 
consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The 
Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the 
Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint 
stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 
1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 
1873, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the 
beginning of the following year, it tocAme the 
property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with 
Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager 
ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work 
was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- 
terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which 
goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 
1884. after a business life of almcst unprece- 



362 



HISTORICAL EJvTYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



dented success, and after conferring upon the 
agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable 
value. 

Mccormick theological seminary, a 

Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- 
ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- 
nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 
1859 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,- 
000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, 
where it was opened in September, with a class 
of fifteen students. Since then nearly S300,000 
have been contributed toward a building fund by 
Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous 
donations to the same end made bj' others. The 
number of buildings is nine, four being for the 
general purposes of the institution (including 
dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- 
fessors. The course of instruction covers three 
annual terms of seven months each, and includes 
didactic and polemic theology, biblical and 
ecclesiastical historj-, sacred rhetoric and pastoral 
theology, church government and the sacra- 
ments. New Testament literature and exegesis, 
apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The 
faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct 
professor, and one instructor in elocution and 
vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are 
enrolled, including post-graduates. 

McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Cmnberland County, Pa., Jan. 2.5, 1832; 
received his academic education at Marshall Col- 
lege, Mercersburg, Pa., graduating in the class of 
1852. Then, a"fter spending some six months as 
a teacher in his native village, he came west, 
arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- 
ducted a private school for two years, when, in 
1855, he began the study of law in the office of 
Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar 
in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies 
he was elected School Conunissioner for Peoria 
County, serving, by successive re-elections, three 
terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he 
was taken into partnership with his old precep- 
tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 18C2. In 
1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth 
Circuit, under the law authorizing the inorea.se of 
Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- 
elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of 
this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate 
Court for the Third Appellate District. On 
retiring from the bench. Judge McCuUoch entered 
into partnership with his son, E. D. JlcCulloch, 
which is still maintained. Politically, Judge 
McCuUoch was reared as a Democrat, but during 
the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 



he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, 
although, as the result of questions arising during 
the Spanish-iVmerican War, giving a cordial 
support to the policy of President McKinlej". In 
religious views was a Presbyterian, and a member 
of the Board of Directors of McCormick Theological 
Seminarj', Chicago. Died Sept. 17, 1907. 

McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of 
Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, 
Franklin Count}-, Pa. , Maj' 4, 1843 ; in 1854 came 
with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a 
farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as 
could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862, 
at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in 
Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantrj-, and served during the next three years 
in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, 
meanwhile participating in the campaign against 
Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the 
operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 
1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort 
Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to 
pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation 
near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred 
in Julj', 1865. Returning home he spent a year in 
school at Urbana, after which he was a student in 
the Soldiers" College at Fulton, 111. , for two years. 
He then (1868) entered the ofiBce of the County 
Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- 
ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, 
serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The 
latter year he received the nohiination of the 
Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
and, at the Xovember election, was elected by a 
plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic 
opponent. He was serving his sixth term as 
County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having 
received the nomination of his party on each 
occasion without opposition. 

McDAXXOLI), John J., lawyer and ex-Con 
gressman, was born in Brown Count}', 111., August 
29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- 
mon schools of his native county and in a private 
school ; graduated from the Law Department of 
the Iowa State University in 1874, and was 
admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, 
commencing practice at Jlount Sterling. In 1885 
he was made JIaster in Chancery, in 1886, elected 
County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning 
his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by 
the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as 
Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. 
After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. 
McDannold removed to Chicago, where he 
engaged in the practice of law. Died Feb. 3, 1904. 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



363 



iMcDOXOUGH COUNTY, org-anized uiuier an 
act passed, Jan. 25, lti26, ami attached, for judicial 
purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its 
pre.'ic'nt area is 576 square miles — named in honor 
of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement 
in the county was at Industry, on the site of 
which William Carter (the pioneer of the 
county) birilt a cabin in 1826. James and John 
Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in 
the following year. Out of this settlement grew 
Blandinsville. William Pennington located on 
Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. 
Campbell erected the first frame house on the 
site of the present city of Macomb. The first 
sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the 
county, was delivered in the Job settlement by 
Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early 
officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; 
William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- 
ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first 
term of the Circuit Court was held in 1880, and 
presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The 
first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other 
lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous 
railroad centers and shipping points of consider- 
able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; 
(1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412; (1910), 26,887. 

McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and 
United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, 
Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated 
at the Albany grammar school, studied law and 
settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- 
ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then 
engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized 
and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del 
Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling 
at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of 
law. In 1830 he was elected Attorney-General of 
California, served several terms in the State 
Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- 
crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 
1800 was elected United States Senator from Cali- 
fornia, serving as a War Democrat imtil 1867. 
At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired 
to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. 
Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at 
times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- 
ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable 
aid to the Union cause. 

McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.I)., alienist, was 
born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated 
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
1841, and, after being engaged in general practice 
for a few years, was invited to assume the man- 



agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the 
Insane at Concord. Here he remained some 
eight years, during which he acquired consider- 
able reputation in the treatment of nervous and 
mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and 
accepted the position of Medical Superintendent 
of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for 
the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his 
duties in June of that year, and continuing his 
connection with that institution for a period of 
more than sixteen years. Having resigned his 
position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he 
soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at 
Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- 
ment of insane patients, which he conducted 
with a great degree of success, and with which 
he was associated during the remainder of his 
life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- 
ices were in frequent request as a medical expert 
in cases before the courts, invariably, however, 
on the side of the defense. The last case in which 
he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles 
F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, 
whom he believed to be insane. 

McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 
lU., in 1817, and served as Representative from 
that County in the Third and Fourth General 
As-semblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the 
Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native 
of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent 
of slaver}', and, at the session of 1822, was one of 
those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- 
tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- 
rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. 
(McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected 
to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford 
County, in 1834, but died during his term of 
service. 

MeGAX\, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, 
was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father 
having died in 1884, the following year his 
mother emigrated to the United States, settling 
at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public 
schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and. for 
fourteen years, found emplo3meut as a shoe- 
maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service 
as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was ajipointed 
City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 
1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to 
represent the Second Illinois District in the 
Fifty -second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- 
third. In 1894 he was a candidate for reelection 
and received a certificate of election by a siiuill 
majority over Hugli R. Belknap (Republican). 
An investigation having shown his defeat, he 



364 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- 
petitor without a contest. He has large business 
interests in Chicago, especiall)' in street railroad 
property, being President of an important elec- 
tric line. 

McHENRT, a village in McHenry County, situ- 
ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- 
western Railway. The river is here navigable for 
steamboats of light draft, which ply between the 
town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- 
men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, 
marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour 
mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,013; (1910), 1,031. 

McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier of 
the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to 
Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and 
afterwards became prominent as a legislator and 
soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk 
War of 1832, serving in the latter as Major of 
the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the 
battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- 
ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- 
eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and 
Seventh. While serving his last term in the 
House (183,5), he died and was buried at Vandalia, 
then the State capital. McHenry County— organ- 
ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second 
session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named 
in his honor 

McHEXRY COUXTY, lies in the northern por- 
tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- 
consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its 
area is 612 square miles. With what is now the 
County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 
1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three 
years later the eastern part was set off as the 
County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry 
County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- 
ical center. The soil is well watered by living 
springs and is highly productive. Hardwood 
groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are 
extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- 
cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass 
being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are 
daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- 
duction of butter and cheese reaches into the 
millions of pounds. The geological formations 
comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara 
groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found 
gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of 
wood have been found at various depths in the 
drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log. seven 
inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- 
frvro feet below the surface. Peat is found every- 



where, although the most extensive deposits are 
in the northern half of the county, where they 
exist in sloughs covering several thousands of 
acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, 
and every important village is a railway station. 
Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- 
cipal towns. Population (1880), 34,908; (1890), 
26,1U; (1900), 29,759; (1910), 32,.509. 

McIXTOSH. (Capt.) Alexander, was born in 
Fulton County, N. Y , in 1822; at 19 years of 
age entered an academy at Galway Center, 
remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 
111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet 
True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, 
in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he 
bought back "The True Democrat," which he 
edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder 
of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by 
President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- 
master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 
and in the "March to the Sea,' and, after the 
war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at 
Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in 
mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County; 
but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- 
ent," which he published until 1873. The next 
year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months 
after, became political editor of "The Joliet 
Republican," and was subsequently- connected, in 
a similar capacity, with other papers, including 
"The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. 
Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899. 

McKEXDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal 
Bishop, was bom in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as 
a private in the War of the Revolution, but later 
served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- 
ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and 
the next year began preaching in his native 
State, being advanced to the position of Presiding 
Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- 
nois falling within his District. Here he remained 
until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. 
McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its 
name from him, together with a donation of 480 
acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 
5, 1835. 

McKEXDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of 
Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- 
rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by 
Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to 
have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal 
Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 
1827. The first funds for its establishment were 
subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



365 



uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc- 
tion began, Nov. 24. 1828, under Rev. Edward 
Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made 
a donation of land to the infant institution, and 
the school was named in his honor. It cannot be 
said to liave become really a college imtil 1836, 
and its first class graduated in 1841. University 
powers were granted it by an amendment to its 
charter in 1839. At present the departments are 
as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, 
scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- 
tion owns property to the value of 890,000, includ- 
ing an endowment of $25,000, and has about 200 
students, of both sexes, and a facultj- of ten 
instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) 

MeLAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, 
was born at Geneva, X. Y . , Dec. 13, 1881 ; gradu- 
ated at Wasliington and Jefferson College (Wash- 
ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in 
teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- 
gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and 
entering the Presbyterian ministr}- in 1860. For 
three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South 
America, and later in charge of churclies at 
Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a 
deacon in Julj-, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- 
lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming 
the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. 
In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then 
included the whole State. Subsequently, the 
dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected 
therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the 
head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, 
church work has been active and effective, and 
the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago 
has been founded. His published works include 
numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides 
a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote 
to Doubt" (New York, 1S84). Died Feb. 19, 1905. 

McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and 
State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 
1779; before attaining liis majoritj' went to Ken- 
tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- 
tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon 
the practice of law. The first public position 
held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling 
and Engrossing Clerk of botli Houses of the Third 
(or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In 
August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State 
Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had 
been Treasurer during the whole Territorial 
period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a 



citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the 
State capital a few months later, he continued to 
reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- 
quently represented the Fayette District as 
Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, 
and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, 
and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office 
at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an 
uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- 
didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, 
standing third on the list. He married a Miss 
Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under 
whose administration he served as State Treasurer. 
Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. 

Mc'LEAJf, a village of McLean County, on the 
Chicago it Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of 
Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- 
growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- 
btion (1900), 532; (1910), 707. 

McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, 
was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by 
his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. 
at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to 
Illinois, settling at Sliawneetown in 1815. Pos. 
sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an 
almost magnetic power over men, coupled with 
strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, 
great command of language, he soon attained 
prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. 
In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in 
Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. 
Cook, but served only a few months, being de- 
feated by Cook at the next election. He was 
three times elected to the Legislature, serving 
once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United 
States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who 
had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was 
elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, 
but lived to serve only one session, dying at 
Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the 
public appreciation of the loss which the State 
liad sustained by his death, McLean County was 
named in his honor. 

McLEAN COUXTY, the largest county of the 
State. ha\-ing an area of 1,1G1 square miles, is 
central as to the region north of the latitude of 
St. Louis and about midway between that city 
and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an 
early United States Senator. The early immi- 
grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- 
tucky and New York were well represented. The 
county was organized in 1830, the population at 
that time being about 1,200. The greater jxirtion 
of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with 
occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 



366 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, 
buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy 
ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. 
The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, 
brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid 
with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- 
ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. 
Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- 
taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and 
gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in 
depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring 
for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five 
feet of the clay common to this formation. The 
upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is 
No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4 ; 
the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The 
principal towns are Bloomington (the county- 
seat), Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. 
Population (1900), 67,843; (1910), 68,008. 

McLEANSBORO, a city and the county- seat of 
Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- 
ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- 
east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of 
Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- 
gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, 
supporting three banks and six churches. Two 
weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- 
tion (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758; (1910), 1,796. 

McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was 
born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 183G; began 
work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great 
Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., 
May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he 
accepted the position of Freight Agent of the 
Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- 
mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- 
ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in 
September, 1864, became Superintendent of the 
Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- 
wards successively filling the positions of Assist- 
ant General Superintendent (1867), General 
Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager 
(1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- 
President, remaining in office some ten years, 
when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, 
in Chicago. Dec. 30, 1896. 

McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, 
was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20, 1801 ; 
removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, 
Ind. , and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., 
settling in Henderson Township. He was elected 
Representative in the Tenth General Assembly 
(1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. 
In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on 



the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being 
the first to hold the office under the Constitution 
adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising 
the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, 
was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was 
compelled to accept a discharge on account of 
failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. 

McNEELET, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- 
gressman, was born in Jacksonville, HI., Oct. 5, 
1835, and graduated at Lombard University, 
Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year 
he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- 
sue his professional studies, attending the Law 
University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- 
tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member 
of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- 
mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented 
his District in Congress, resuming his practice 
at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- 
ment. 

McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received 
an academic education, was admitted to the bar, 
and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while 
yet a j^oung man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as 
a private in the Union army, and served until 
August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank 
of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and 
Brevet Brigadier-General. From 18G9 ta 1873 he 
was a member of the lower house of the General 
Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was 
elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- 
lican. General McNulta has been prominent in 
the councils of the Republican party, standing 
second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, 
in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as 
Permanent President of the State Convention of 
1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest 
advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for 
President. Some of his most important work, 
within the past few years, has been performed in 
connection with receiverships of certain railway 
cind other corporations, especially that of the 
AVabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 
to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National 
Bank t.f Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. 

McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- 
scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, 
was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 
19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, 
and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, 
after a year's service as teacher of mathematics 
at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



367 



Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- 
ment in 1879, having in tlie meantime traveled 
through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was 
licensed to preacli by the Rochester Presbytery 
in 1877, and spent tliree j-ears (1879-82) in pas- 
toral labor at East Oiange, N. J. ; %vhen he ac- 
cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church 
of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, 
when he tendered his resignation to accept the 
position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- 
atorj- Acaileniy of Princeton College, N. J. 

McROBERTS, Josiali, jurist, was born in 
Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated 
from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied 
law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, 
and, in 1842, entered the law department of 
Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, 
after which lie at once began practice. In 1846 
he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- 
paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of 
his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was 
appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, which- office he held 
for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit 
Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- 
cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, 
but died a few months after his last election. 

McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- 
tor, was born in Monroe Count}', 111., Feb. 20, 
1T99; graduated from Transylvania University in 
1819; in 1821. was elected the first Circuit Clerk 
of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed 
Circuit Judge, which office he held for three 
years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, 
representing the district comprising Monroe, 
Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was 
appointed United States District Attorney by 
President Jackson, but soon resigned to become 
Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by 
appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 
1839, Solicitor of tlie General Land Office at 
Washington. Resigning the latter office in the 
fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois 
Legislature he was elected United States Senator 
to succeed Jolin M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at 
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- 
ceeded by James Semple. 

McVICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- 
rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 
14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the 
death of hLs father in infancy and the necessity 
of assisting to support his widowed mother, he 
early engaged in various occupations, until, at 
the age of 15, lie became an apprentice in the 
office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years 



later becoming a journeyman printer. He first 
appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, 
New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- 
cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- 
maining until 18,52, when he made a tour of the 
country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 
1855 he made a tour of England and, on his 
return, commenced building his first Chicago 
theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was 
conducted with varied fortune until burned down 
in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled 
from time to time, it burned down a second time 
in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires 
having imposed upon Mr. SlcVicker a lieavy 
burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. 
SlcVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, 
from that date giving his attention entirely to 
management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree 
the respect and confidence, not only of the 
profession, but of the general public. Died in 
Chicago, March 7, 1890. 

McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., 
was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; 
was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on 
a farm until 14 j-ears of age, when he entered the 
office of the Pittsfleld (Pike County) "Free Press" 
as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the 
lumber trade with his father, the management of 
which devolved upon him a few years later. In 
the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in 
Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston 
County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- 
cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed 
to that point a few months previous. Here he 
erected the first store building in the town, and 
put in a §2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- 
tal, remaining in the mercantile business for 
eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the 
establishment seven years longer. In tlie mean- 
time, wliile engaged in merchandising, he began 
a banking business, which was enlarged on his 
retirement from the former, receiving his entire 
attention. The profits derived from his banking 
business were invested in farm lands until he 
became one of the largest land-owners in Living- 
ston County. Mr. McWilliams was one of the 
original members of the first Methodist Episcopal 
Church organized at Dwight, and served as a 
lay delegate to several General Conferences of 
that denomination, as well as a delegate to the 
Ecumenical Council in London in 1S81; was also 
a liberal contributor to the support of vari- 
ous literary and theological institutions of the 
church, and had served for many years as a Trus- 



368 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. 
In politics he was a zealous Republican, and 
repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- 
ventions of that party, including the Bloomington 
Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presi- 
dential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine 
ticket in 1884 He made several extended tours 
in Europe and other foreign countries, the last 
including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, 
during 1898-99. Died May 17, 1909. 

MECHAXICSBURO, a village of Sangamon 
County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east 
of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 
426; (1900), 476; (1910), 417. 

MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- 
lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinitj- (now 
a part of the city) of St. John, N. B , of Scotch- 
Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot 
descent. At nine years of age he accompanied 
his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he 
enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged 
to that region and period. He entered an acad- 
emy with a view to preparing for college, but his 
family having suffered from a fire, he was com- 
pelled to turn his attention to business; studied 
law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began 
practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas 
County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism 
by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, 
learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 
1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he 
assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers 
as assistants in various capacities. The name of 
this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which 
he soon changed to "The Republican," in which 
he dealt vigorous blows at political and other 
abuses, which several times brought upon him 
assaults from his political opponents — that being 
the style of political argument in those days. 
Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- 
lican," he established "The Daily Forest Citj-" at 
Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- 
ties. The following year "The Forest City" was 
consolidated with "The Free- Democrat," a Free- 
Soil paper under the editorship of John C. 
Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new 
paper taking the name of "The Cleveland 
Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of 
Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the 
consolidation of the elements opposed to slaverj' 
in one compact organization. In this he was 
aided bj' the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill in Congress, in December, IS.jS. and, before 
its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had 
begun to agitate the question of a union of all 



opposed to that measure in a new party under the 
name "Republican." During the winter of 
18.14-5.T he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- 
ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago 
Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago 
a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- 
est in the paper, his connection with the concern 
dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost 
immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who 
had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," 
and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred 
Cowles, who had been associated with him on 
"The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed 
the position of managing editor, and, on the 
retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- 
chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace 
White, now of "The New York Evening Post." 
During the Civil War period he was a zealous 
supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation 
policy, and served, for a time, as President of the 
"Loyal League," which proved such an influ- 
ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- 
ernment during the darkest period of the 
rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Me<lill was elected to the 
State Constitutional Convention, and, in that 
body, was the leading advocate of the principle 
of "minoritj' representation" in the election of 
Representatives, as it was finalh' incorporated 
in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed 
by President Grant a member of the first Civil 
Service Commission, representing a principle to 
which he ever remained thoroughly committed. 
A few weeks after the great fire of the same 
year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. 
The financial condition of the city at the time, 
and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- 
culties and resi)onsibilities, which he met in a 
way to command general approval. During his 
administration the Chicago Public Library was 
established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at 
its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near tlie close of his 
term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent 
the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- 
ously with his return from his European trip, he 
secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," 
resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, 
which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the 
remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. 
The growth of the paper in business and influence, 
from the beginning of his connection with it. was 
one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily 
one of the most successful newspaper ventures 
in the United States, if not in the world. Early 
in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San 
Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



369 



mild climate from a cUronic disease which had 
been troubling him for years, but died in that 
city, March 16. 1899, within three weeks of hav- 
ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous 
features of his cliaracter were a strong individu- 
ality and indomitable perseverance, which led 
him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- 
ous to his death, facts were developed going to 
show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President 
Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General, 
whicli was declined, when he was tendered the 
choice of any position in the Cabinet except two 
w4iich had been previously promised; also, that 
he was offered a position in President Harrison's 
Cabinet, in 1889. 

MEDILL, (Maj.) 'William H., soldier, was 
born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 18.").5, 
came to Chicago and was associated with "The 
Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of 
"The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but 
again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of 
the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of 
which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was 
editor. After a few mouths' se'-vice in Barker's 
Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- 
ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry 
(Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election 
as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- 
ment soon joined the Armj' of the Potomac. By 
the promotion of his superior officers Captain 
Medill was finally advanced to the command, 
and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led 
his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles 
of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he 
had command of a portion of his I'egiment, accjuit- 
ting himself with great credit. A few daj's after, 
while attacking a party of rebels who were 
attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac 
at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound 
through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 
16, 1803. 

MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- 
ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, 
Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of 
white lead until 1832, when he headed a pioneer 
expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 
lU. , to enter upon the business of smelting lead- 
ore. He served as Captain of a company in the 
Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa 
County, Wis., where he built the first smelting 
works in that Territory, served in the Territorial 
Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- 
tional Convention (1846). A "History of the 
Blarly Lead Regions," by him, appears in the 
sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- 



ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., 
July 7, 1865. 

MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west 
of the initial station of the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad, upon which it is located. It 
has two or three churches, some manufacturing 
establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- 
tion (lOnO). 2,.W_': (191(1), 4,805. 

MEMBRE, Zenobiiis, French missionary, was 
born in France in 1C45 ; accompanied La Salle on 
his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at 
Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended 
the Mississippi with La Salle in 1683; returned to 
France and wrote a history of the expedition, 
and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final 
expedition; is supposed to liave landed with La 
Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred 
by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) 

MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first 
Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, 
Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, 
and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in 
politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council 
of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of 
Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the 
latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. 
He was, for several years. Government Agent, 
and in this capacity negotiated several important 
treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- 
tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He 
was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and 
generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of 
office having expired, he retired to private life 
and the care of his extensive business. He died 
at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was 
then considered a large estate. Among his assets, 
however, were found a large number of promis- 
sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal 
friends, besides many uncollectable accounts 
from poor people, to whom he had sold goods 
through i)ure generosit}'. Menard County was 
named for him, and a statue in his honor stands 
in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by 
the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- 
teau, of St. Louis. 

MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical 
center of the State, and originally a part of 
Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the 
Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- 
kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. 
The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, 
who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial 
organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) 
Cotton was an important crop until 1880, when 



370 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising 
is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins 
of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among 
early American settlers may be mentioned the 
Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- 
mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of 
Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant 
are also familiar to early settlers. Tlie county 
furnished a company of eight}'-six volunteers for 
tlie Mexican War. The county -seat is at Peters- 
burg. The area of the county is 311 square miles; 
and its population, under census (1910), 12,790. 
In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now 
extinct, but for some jears tlie liome of Abraham 
Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who 
marched thence to the Black Hawk War as 
Captain of a company. 

MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the 
Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast 
of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- 
rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. 
Pop. (1890), G40; (1900). 627; (1910), 640. 

MEXDOTA, a city in La Salle County, founded 
in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington 
& Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches 
and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- 
west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three 
graded and two high schools, and a public li 
brary. Wartzburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened 
in 18.53) is located here. The chief industrial 
plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, 
plow works and a brewery. The city has tliree 
banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- 
rounding country is agricultural and the city has 
considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
3,542; (1900), 3,7:56; (1910), 3,806. 

MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an 
area of 550 square miles and a population (1910) 
of 19,723 — named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The 
Mississippi forms the western boundary, and 
along this river the earliest American settlements 
were made. William Denuison, a Pennsylvanian, 
settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, 
before the expiration of a half dozen years, the 
Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, 
.Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- 
cer County was separated from Warren, and 
specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, 
black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation 
of cereals. A good quality of building stone is 
found at various points. Aledo is the county- 
seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the 
Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced 
in 1845. 



MERCY HOSPITAL, 4ocated in Chicago, and 
the first permanent hospital in the State — char- 
tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General 
Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken 
toward organization until 1850, when, with a 
scanty fund scarcely exceeding S1.50, twelve beds 
were secured and placed on one floor of a board- 
ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as 
nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and 
Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first 
physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the 
hospital was given in charge of the Sisters oi' 
Mercy, wlio at once enlarged and improved the 
accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name 
to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a 
removal was made to a building previously occu- 
jjied as an orphan asj-lum. Being tlie only pub- 
lic hospital in the cit)', its wards were constantly 
overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and 
better arranged building was erected. This 
edifice it has continued to occupy, although many 
additions and improvements have been, and are 
still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the 
grounds and buildings, and manage tlie nursing 
and all the domestic and financial aff'airs of the 
institution. The present medical staff (1896) 
consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, 
besides tliree internes, or resident practitioners. 

MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on 
the east bank of the Illinois River and on the 
Wabash Railway, some .58 miles west of Spring- 
field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and 
hunting resort It was the first Illinois River 
point to be connected witli the State capital by 
railroad in 1838. Pop. (1900), 700; (1910), 951. 

MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- 
tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 
1834; was brought to Springfield, 111,, when two 
years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents 
finalh' locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, 
where he now resides — wlien not officially em- 
ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He 
was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- 
ton, and at McKendree College; entered the 
Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- 
teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close 
of tlie war. During the Civil AVar period he was 
one of the founders of the "Union League of 
America." which proved so influential a factof 
in sustaining the war policy of the Government. 
He was also a member of the State Constitutional 
Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- 
lican nominee for Congress in 1870; .served as 
Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



371 



District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in 
the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- 
blies, and, in 189T, was appointed, by President 
McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, 
with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- 
triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won 
the respect and confidence of all in every public 
position he has been called to fill. 

MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- 
pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, 
Sept. 16. 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel- 
ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor 
of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- 
cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 
1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, 
removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The 
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio 
Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL. D. 
by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He lias 
published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 
1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); 
"Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of 
Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- 
dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on 
Probation" (1886). 

MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in 
New York Citj-, July 4, 1806; studied law and 
practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James 
T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to 
St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 
to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; 
later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established 
"The Salem Advocate"; served as Assistant Sec- 
retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 
1862, and as Representative in the Twenty -third 
General Assembly. In 1864 he jiurchased "The 
State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor 
for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. — Thomas 
E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and 
politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 
1834; at six years of age was brought by his 
father to Illinois, where he attended the common 
schools and later learned the trade of carriage- 
painting. Subsequently he read law, and was 
admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 
1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower 
house of the General Assemblj' from the Salem 
District, and was re-elected to the same body in 
1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two 
terms in the Senate (1878-"86), making an almost 
continuous service in the General As.seinbly of 
eighteen years. He has repeated!}- been a mem- 
ber of State conventions of his party, and stands 
as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-(>eu. 



Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New 
York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- 
nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at 
West Point Military Academy from tliis State, 
graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant 
in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- 
moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year 
later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he 
was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of 
Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and 
being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank 
of Major-General. He re entered the regular 
army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a 
colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- 
mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming 
Major-General. He was in command, for a time, 
of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his 
last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- 
ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- 
ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning 
of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the 
command of the land forces destined for the 
Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of 
the Islands. Towards the close of the year he 
returned to the United States and resumed his old 
command at New York. 

MESSlN(wER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- 
tographer, was Ijorn at West Stockbridge. Mass. , 
in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good 
education, especially in mathematics. Going to 
Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- 
penter and mill- Wright; removed to Kentucky in 
1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- 
ana Territory), locating first in the American 
Bottom an<l, later, at New Design within the 
present limits of Monroe County. Two j'ears 
later he became tlie proprietor of a mill, and, 
between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest 
schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he 
took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- 
lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under 
William Rector, surveying much of the land in 
St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, 
assisting in determining the northern boundary 
of the State. He also served for a time as a 
teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; 
in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, 
intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- 
ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and 
county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the 
Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, 
and took part in the steps which resulted in set- 
ting up a separate Territorial Government for 
Illinois, the following year. lie also received an 
api)ointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPKDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



CouHty miilor the new Territorial Government : 
was chosen a Delegate frxnu St. Clair County to 
the Convention of ISIS, which fnuned the tirst 
State Constitution, and, tJie sune year, was 
electeti a Representative in the First Geuen>l 
Assembly, serving as Sjieaker of that Kxly. 
After lejiving New Design, the later yeiwrs of his 
life were sjvnt on a farm two and a lialf miles 
north of Belleville, where he Jie<.l in 1S40. 

MET.\5I0RA, a town of AWxxlford County, on 
a branch of the Chicago A Alton Kailrostd. 19 
miles east-northeast of Pet^ria and some thirty 
miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a 
fine farming district. The town has a creamery, 
soda factory, one bank, three churches, two 
newsivipers. schoi->ls and a park. Population 
(ISSO) S-JS: (I9lHn. 75S. Metamora w[is the 
i>ounty-seat of Wixvlforvl County until 1S99. when 
the se»it of justice wtws removeti to Eureka. 

METO.tl.F, .Andrew >V., lawyer, was born in 
Guernsey County. Ohio. August 6. 1S3S; educateil 
at Madison College in his native State, graduating 
in 1S46. and. after studying law at Cambridge, 
Ohio, three years, was ailmitted to the Ivir in 
1S50. The following year he went to Appleton. 
Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed 
to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville. and shortly 
after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- 
ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The 
Alton Courier." In 1S53 he returned to Edwards- 
ville to reside permanently, and. in lSo9. wjis 
appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney 
for Madison County, serving one year. In IStU 
he was elected State Senator for a term of four 
years; was a delegate to the Republican National 
Convention of 1S70. and. in ISTC. a Lw delegate 
from the Southern Illinois Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church to the (.teneral Con- 
ference at Baltimore: has also been a Trustee of 
McKendree College, at Lebanon, IlL, for more 
than twenty-five ye;»rs. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of 
the mi^st numerous Protestant church organiza- 
tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. 
Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect 
to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. 
Joseph Ogle >vas the first class-leader ^1T95V It 
is stated that the first American preacher in the 
American Bottom was Rev. Hi^seii Riggs (179lil. 
Rev. Benjamin Young tiK>k charge of the first 
Methodist mission in iSOo. and, in ISlM. this mis- 
sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) 
circuit. Revs. Jvv^ph Oglesby and Charles R. 
Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 
18S0 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and. in 



ISiiO. twenty-eight, the actual memliership 
exceeding lO.lHKV The first Methtxlist service in 
ChicagV) was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. 
The first MethiHlist society in that city was 
organized by Rev. Stephen R, Beggs, in June, 
1S31. By 1S35 the numlier of ciri-uits had in- 
crejiseil to 61. with 370 ministers and 15,lK>0men>- 
Ivrs. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the 
early revi\-alists. The grvnvth of this denomi- 
n.ation in the State has Kvn extraordinary. By 
1SSK>. it had nearly 0.(HX> churches. 037 ministers, 
luid 151.00(>meml>ers — the total numl>erof Metho- 
dists in the Uniteil States, by the same census, 
lieing 4.9S0.040. The church property ownetl in 
1SVK1 ^including juu^magesl appnxiched Jllt.tXXl.- 
iHHi. and the total contributions were estimated 
at $"'.073.90;>. The denomination in Illinois sup- 
jx^rts two the<.>Uigical seminaries and the Garrett 
Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- 
western Christian Advoi-ate. " with a circulation 
of son»e 80.000. is its ofticiiil organ in Illinois. 
(See also Relitjious Dcnomiuations.) 

METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac 
County. 1"U) miles southeast of St. Louis, situated 
on the Ohio River and on the St. Ixiuis and 
Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road. The city was founded in lSo9. on the site 
of old Fort Massiic. which was erected by the 
French, aided by the Indians, alxnit 1711. Its 
industries consist largely of various forms of 
wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a 
commercial factor; other establishments turn 
out wheel, buggy and wagon material, liarrel 
staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. 
There are also flouring mills and potteries. The 
city has a public library, two lv»nks. water- 
works, electric light*, numerous chun^hes. high 
school and graded schix'ils. and three papers. 
Population (18801. •:.t!fv8: (181W. 3.573: (\9im. 4.069. 

MEXICAN' WAR. Briefly state*!, this war 
originate*! in the annexation of Texas to the 
United States, early in 1846. There was a -dis- 
agreement as to the western Ixnmdary *>f Texas. 
Mexico complained of encn.\!ichment Ufxin her 
territory, and lu^tilities l>egan with the Ivittle of 
Piilo Alto. May 8. and endeil with the treaty of 
pejice. concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the 
City of Mexico. Feb. 0. 184^?. Among the mi«t 
prominent figures were President Polk, under 
whose administration annexation was effecteil, 
and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- 
mand in the field at the beginning of the w.ar. and 
was elected Polk's succe.^si^r. Illinois furnished 
more than her fviU quota of troops for the strug- 
gle May 13, 1846. war was declared. On May 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



373 



25, Governor Ford issued hLs proclamation calling 
for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, 
the assessed (juota of the State. The resf>onse 
was prompt and general. Altfjn was named as 
the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) 
Sylvester Churchill was the mu.stering officer. 
The regiments mustere'l in were commanded, 
respectively, by Col. John J. Ilardin, Col. Wm. 11. 
Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris 
Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment 
(the Fourth) was accepted, under command of 
Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States 
Senator from Oregon, and fell at the tjattle of 
Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was 
made in April, 1S47, under which Illinois sent 
two more regiments, for the war, towards the 
Mexican frontier. These were commanded by 
Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James 
Collins. Independent companies were also 
tendered and accepted. Besides, there were 
some 150 volunteers who joined the rfjgiments 
already in the field. Commanders of the inde- 
pendent companies were Capts. A'lam Dunlap, 
of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- 
ren; Micliael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and 
Josiah Little. CoL John J. Hardin, of the First, 
was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- 
tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best 
and bravest sons. After participating in the 
battle of Buena Vi.sta, the Illinois troops shared 
in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, 
on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those 
from Kentucky) were especially comjjlimented in 
General Taylor's official report. The Third and 
Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, 
Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the 
second of these battles, General Shields fell 
severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) 
wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led 
a gallant cliarge, and really turned the day at 
Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably 
named by General Scott, in his official report, were 
C*jlonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, 
Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and 
Davis. All the Illinois troops were mastered out 
between May 2r,, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- 
pendent companies being the last to quit the 
service. The total number of volunteers was 
6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 
12 of the latter dying of their wound.s. Gallant 
service in the Mexican War soon became a i>as.s- 
port to jjolitical preferment, and some of the 
brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved 
merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- 
came di.stinguished soldiers in the War of the 



Rebellion, including such names as John A. 
Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James 
D. Morgan, W. H. L. Walla^je, B. M. Prentiss, 
W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The 
cost of the war, with $1.5,*X»0,00<J paid for territory 
annexed, Ls estimated at $166,WW,(KXJ and the 
extent of territory aojuired, nearly 1,000,000 
square rniles — considerably more than the 
whole of the present territory of the Republic of 
Mexico. 

METER, John, lawyer and legislator, was bom 
in Holland, Feb. 27, 18.52; came to Chicago at the 
age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern Uni- 
versity, supporting hiuLself liy labor during vaca- 
tions and by teacliing in a night school, until his 
third year in the university, when he became a 
student in the Union College of Law, being 
admitted to the Ijar in 1879; was elected from 
Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General A.s.sembly 
(1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- 
eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen .Speaker of 
the latter (Jan. 18, IS'^.I). Died in office, at Free- 
I>ort, 111., July 3, 189.i, during a special session of 
the General Assembly. 

MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- 
ity favors the l>elief that this trilje of Indians was 
originally a part of the lU-i-ni or Illinois, but the 
date of their separation from the parent stock 
cannot be told. It Ls likely, however, that it 
occurred tefore the French pushed their explo- 
rations from Canada westward and southward, 
into and along the Mi.ssLssippi Vallej'. Father 
Dablon alludes to the presence of Sliamis (whom 
he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, 
near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 
1670. Tlie orthography of their name is varied. 
The Iroquois and the British generally knew 
them as the "Twightwees," and so they were 
commonly called by the American colonists. 
The Weas and Piankesliaws were of the same 
tribe When La Salle founded his colony at 
Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which 
could muster some 1,9.'>0 warriors, of which the 
Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 1-50, the re- 
maining 1,300 being Miamis projier. In 1671 
(according to a written statement by Cliarlevoix 
in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages- 
— one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- 
mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). 
They were friendlj- toward the French until 
1094, when a large number of them were 
ma.ssacred by a partj' of .Sioux, who carried 
firearms which had been furnished them by 
the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was 
never closed. Having become possessed of guns 



374 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to 
hold their own, but also to extend their hunting 
grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately 
warring with the French, British and Americans. 
General Harrison says of them that, ten years 
before the treaty of Greenville, they could have 
brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the 
finest light troox)S in the world," but lacking in 
discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and 
smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), 
greatly reduced their numerical strength. The 
main seat of the Miamis was at Fort "Wayne, 
whose residents, because of their superior num- 
bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands 
except the Piankeshaws. The physical and 
moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- 
ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by 
little, they ceded their lands to the United States, 
the money received therefor being chiefly squan- 
dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and 
disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- 
riginal nation gradually drifted westward across 
the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had 
emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- 
nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- 
tory, but they have made comparatively little 
progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- 
shaws; Tl'ca.s. ) 

MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in 
Chicago, under care of the association known as 
the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 
this association maintained a small hospital for 
the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was 
destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no 
immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, 
liowever, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman 
who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- 
fornia, bequeathed .597,000 to the organization. 
With this sum, considerably increased by addi- 
tions from other sources, an imposing building 
was erected, well arranged and thoroughly 
equipped for hospital purposes. The institution 
thus founded was named after its principal bene- 
factor. Patients are received without discrimi- 
nation as to race or religion, and more than lialf 
those admitted are charity i)atients. The pre.sent 
medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and 
physicians, several of whom are eminent 
specialists. 

MirHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. Tlie 
main line of this road extends from Chicago 
to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities 
from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the 
Illinois Central, to its terminus in Cliicago. 
Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in 



Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the 
total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The 
company was chartered in 1846, and purchased 
from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit 
to Kalamazoo, 144 miles,of which construction had 
been begun in 1886. The road was completed to 
Michigan City in 1850, and. in May, 1852, reached 
Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the 
road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part 
of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt 
System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are 
operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the 
Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). 
The outstanding capital stock (1898) was S18,- 
738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- 
ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total 
operating expenses, §540,905; taxes, 824,250. 

MICHIGAN, LAKE. {See Lake Michigan.) 

MIHALOTZY, (Jeza, soldier, a native of Hun- 
gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar 
struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted 
in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on 
the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks 
later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained 
soldier, he .served with gallantry and distinction, 
but was fatally wounded at Buzzard 's Roost, Feb. 
24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. 

MILAN, a town of Rook Island County, on the 
Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of 
Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has 
several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- 
tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719. 

MILBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- 
man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26. 1826. 
At the age of five years he almost totally lost 
sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, 
and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. 
For a time he was able to decipher letters with 
difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face 
of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 
12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's 
familj' to Jacksonville, 111., and, five j'ears later, 
became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a 
time he rotle a circuit covering 200 miles, preach 
ing, on q^n average, ten times a week, for $100 per 
year. In 1845, while on a Missis.sippi steamboat, 
he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, 
who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance 
and gaming. Tliis resvilted in his being made 
Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 
1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- 
gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried 
for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free 
Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Cliap- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



375 



lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he 
took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned 
to Methodism in 1371. He has since been twice 
Chaplain of the House (1885 and "8") and three 
times (1893, "95 and '97) elected to the same posi- 
tion in the Senate He is generally known as 
"the blind preacher" and achieved considerable 
prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on 
"What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among 
his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- 
dlebags" (18.56), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" 
(1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the 
Mississippi Valley" (18(30). 

MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in 
the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight 
years, came to America with his parents, who 
settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school 
and worked on a farm until the beginning of the 
Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred 
and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 
1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- 
tain. After the war he read law with John I. 
Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in 
Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago 
— was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a 
number of years, served as State's Attorney in 
Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from 
Illinois to the Republican National Convention, 
and the following year was appointed by Presi- 
dent Harrison United States District Attorney 
for the Northern District of Illinois. Since 
retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been 
engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 
he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- 
trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General 
Assembly. 

MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born 
at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at 
the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged 
in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In 
October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second 
Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- 
tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, 
Charles City Cross Road^ and Malvern Hill, 
in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- 
tember, 1863, he was Colonel of the Sixty- 
first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg 
and at Chancellorsville, where he was again 
severely wounded. He commanded the First 
Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army 
Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made 
Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- 
General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's 
Station, in December of the same year. At the 
close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of 



the Fortieth United States Infantrj', and distin- 
guished himself in campaigns against the Indians; 
became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- 
General in 1890, in the interim being in command 
of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 
1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- 
cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and 
importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 
1894, rendered valuable service in checking the 
strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the 
year he was transferred to the Department of the 
East. and. on the retirement of General Schofield 
in 1895, was placed in command of the army, 
with headquarters in Washington. During the 
Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave 
attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban 
and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago 
during the siege conducted by General Shafter, 
but took no active command in the field until the 
occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted 
with rare discrimination and good judgment, and 
with comparatively little loss of life or suflfering 
to the troops. 

MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois 
County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- 
road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- 
ing region; has water and sewerage systems, 
electric lights, two brick and tile works, three 
large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, 
good schools, a public library and a weekly news- 
paper. It is an important shipping point for 
grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; 
(1900), 1,077. 

MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military 
Tract.) 

MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to 
a section of the State, set apart under an act of 
Congress, passed, May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for 
soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- 
ing the same year. Similar reservations in the 
Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now 
Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. 
The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were 
situated between the Illinois and Mississippi 
Rivers, and extended from the junction of these 
streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- 
ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 
north of the "Base Line." This "base line" 
started about opposite the present site of Beards- 
town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi 
about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- 
ern border of the "Tract" was identical with 
the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, 
extended eastward, reached the Illinois about 
the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 



376 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes 
a great bend towards the south, a few miles west 
of the city of Peru. The distance between the 
Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 
90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," 
from its northern boundary to the junction of 
the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- 
sisting of 90 miles north of the "base Une" and 79 
miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. 
The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- 
prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, 
each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an 
area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres— 
a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to 
military bounties. The residue consisted partly 
of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of 
fractional quarter-sections bordering on township 
lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, 
and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- 
veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to 
this, there were large reservations not coming 
within the above exceptions, being the overplus 
of lands after satisfying the military claims, and 
subject to entry and purchase on the same con- 
ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" 
thus embraced the present covmties of Calhoun, 
Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- 
Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, 
Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, 
Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of 
them as was necessary to meet the demand for 
bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite 
actively about 1823, and the development of some 
portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its 
growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- 
titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase 
from the original holders. This led to a great 
deal of litigation, and called for considerable 
legislation; but since the adjustment of these 
questions, this region has kept pace with the most 
favored sections of the State, and it now includes 
some of the most important and prosperous towns 
and cities and many of the finest farms in 
Illinois. 

MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences 
of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing 
for protection of its citizens against the incur- 
sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- 
tion, at an early date, of such measures as were 
then common in the several States for the main- 
tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 
1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief 
of the army and navy of this State," and declared 
that the militia of the State should "consist of 
all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- 



lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the 
State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and 
this classification was continued in the later con- 
stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all 
reference to the subject of color. In each there 
is the same general provision exempting persons 
entertaining "conscientious scruples against 
bearing arms," although subject to payment of 
an equivalent for such exemption. The first law 
on the subject, enacted by the first General 
Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment 
of a general militia system for the State ; and the 
fact that this was modified, amended or wholly 
changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, 
'23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the 
estimation in which the subject was held. While 
many of these acts were of a special character, 
providing for a particular class of organization, 
the general law did little except to require per- 
sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to 
attend county musters, which were often con- 
ducted in a very informal manner, or made the 
occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of 
July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), 
required an enrollment of "all free, white, male 
inhabitants of military age (except such as might 
be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; 
divided the State into five divisions by counties, 
each division to be organized into a certain speci- 
fied number of brigades. This act was quite 
elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and 
provided for regimental, battalion and company 
musters, defined the duties of oflBcers, manner of 
election, etc. The act of 1837 encoiu-aged the 
organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- 
can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this 
class of legislation, as also did the War of the 
Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- 
tant-General had existed from the first, its duties 
— except during the Black Hawk and Mexican 
Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged 
without stated compensation, the incumbent 
being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as 
Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion 
at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- 
tant part of the State Government, which it has 
since maintained. The various measures passed, 
during this period, belong rather to the history of 
the late war than to the subject of this chapter. 
In 1865, however, the office was put on a different 
footing, and the important part it had played, 
during the preceding four years, was recognized 
by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- 
pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay 
and prescribe the duties, of tlie Adjutant-General 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



377 



of Illinois." During the next four years, its 
most important work was the publication of 
eight volumes of war records, containing a com- 
plete roster of the officers and men of the various 
regiments and other military organizations from 
Illinois, wjtli an outline of their movements and 
a list of the battles in which they were engaged. 
To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- 
tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- 
records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. 
A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage 
of an act formulating a military code and provid- 
ing for more thorough organization. Jlodifying 
amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 
1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied 
male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 
and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are 
declared "subject to military duty, and desig- 
nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is 
made for the organization of a body of "active 
militia," designated as the "Illinois National 
Guard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four 
companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery 
and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- 
tary enlistments for a period of three years, with 
right to re-enlist for one or more years. The 
National Guard, as at present constituted, con- 
sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 
9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides 
the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. 
Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- 
loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- 
tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one 
or more regiments participating — each year, 
usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, 
when regimental and brigade drills, competitive 
rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act 
establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to 
consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- 
panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- 
sions each, was passed by the General Assembly 
of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of 
an officer with the rank of Commander. The 
commanding officer of each battalion is styled a 
"Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- 
mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their 
respective staffs — their organization, in other 
respects, being conformable to the laws of the 
United States. A set of "Regulations," based 
upon these several laws, has been prepared by the 
Adjutant-General for the government of the 
various organizations. The Governor is author- 
ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- 
sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution 
of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- 



ities of any city, town or county. This authority, 
however, is exercised with great discretiou, and 
only when the local authorities are deemed unable 
to cope with threatened resistance to law The 
officers of the National Guard, when called into 
actual service for the suppression of riot or the 
enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- 
pensation paid to officers of the United States 
army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive 
S2 per day. During the time they are at any 
encampment, the officers and men alike receive 
$1 per day. witli necessary subsistence and cost 
of transportation to and from the encampment. 
(For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's 
office, see Adjtitants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish- 
A7nerican ^Var ) 

MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of 
Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; 
in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., 
where he finally engaged in the practice of law. 
At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in 
the Union army, but before being mustered into.' 
the service, received an injury which rendered' 
him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical 
organization and a sufferer from ill-healtli, ha 
was a man of decided ability and much influence. 
He served as State's Attorney of Stark County 
(1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative 
in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at tlie' 
following session being one of the most zealous 
supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- 
brated contest which resulted in the election of 
the latter, for the third time, to the United States 
Senate. By successive re-elections he also served 
in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General 
Assemblies, during the session of the latter being 
chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to 
A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during 
the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at 
Washington. In the early part of the summer 
of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- 
fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at 
Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. 

MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- 
tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, 
and described by his contemporaries as a highly 
educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a 
brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in 
Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but 
he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine 
Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and 
was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to 
locate in that section of the State. He was 
elected a Representative in the Eighth General 
Assembly (1832), his di.strict embracing the 



378 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle 
and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- 
mon (as it then stood), and extending from the 
Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At 
this session occurred the impeachment trial of 
Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. 
Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment 
Committee, and delivering a speech of great 
power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three 
days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress 
from the Northern District, but was defeated by 
William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. 
Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim 
to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, 
died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. 
Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, saj's of him; 
"He was a man of remarkable ability, learning 
and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his 
"History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common 
consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was 
regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer 
of his day at the Galena bar."' 

MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at 
New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; 
located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 
1856, finally engaging in the banking business at 
that place. Having served in various local 
offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for 
the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg 
before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. 

MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at 
North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to 
Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public 
schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- 
versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was 
admitted to practice three years later, and, in 
1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- 
elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- 
nected with some of the most important cases 
ever brought before the Chicago courts. 
Although he. has held no official position except 
that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar 
and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and 
his services, as an attorney and an orator, have 
been in frequent demand. 

MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on 
branch of Mobile tt Ohio Railroad. 14 miles south- 
southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, 
churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, 
and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1.172. 

MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See 
Chicago. Milwaukee &• St. Paul Railway.) 

MI\ER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in 
Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived 



in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where 
he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 
he went to Central America and was with Gen- 
eral William Walker at Grey town. Returning to 
Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 
1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief 
clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, 
when he was elected State Auditor as successor 
to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he 
gave attention to liis private business. He was 
one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- 
field Iron Companj-. Died in 1879. 

MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the 
Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria 
Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria ; is in fine 
farming district and has several grain elevators, 
some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. 
Population (1890), 664; (1900), 746. 

MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles 
north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of 
Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and 
the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding 
region is agricultural, though much coal is 
mined in the vicinitj'. The city has brick yards, 
tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain 
elevators, two private banks and two weekly 
newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 
2,316; (1900), 2,.546. 

MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of 
choosing members of the General Assembly and 
other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- 
resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. 
In Illinois, this method is limited to the election 
of members of the lower branch of the General 
Assembly — except as to private corporations, 
which may, at their option, apply it in the election 
of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment 
of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- 
lative Apportionment), the State Constitution 
requires that the Senatorial and Representative 
Districts shall be identical in territory, each of 
such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- 
tor and three Representatives. The provisions of 
the Constitution, making specific application of 
the principle of "minority representation" (or 
"cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), 
declares that, in the election of Representatives, 
"each qualified voter may cast as many votes for 
one candidate as there are Representatives, or 
(he) may distribute the same, or equal parts 
thereof, among the candidates as he shall see 
fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 
8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter 
power to cast three votes for one candidate, two 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



379 



votes for one candidate ajid one for another, or 
one and a half votes to eacli of two candidates, 
or he may distribute his vote equally among 
three candidates (giving one to each); but no 
other division is admissible without invalidating 
his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- 
it}' representation have been proposed by various 
writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John 
Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most 
prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to 
be the simplest and most easy of application. 

MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, 
a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111. , at 
an early day, and entered upon the practice of 
law ; served as Representative in the Eighth, 
Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as 
Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- 
stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, 
being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. 
Walker. 

MISSIONARIES, EAELT. The earliest Chris- 
tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman 
Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the 
French explorers and did not a little toward the 
extension of French dominion. They were usually 
members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," 
founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded 
by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- 
astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the 
former having been earlier in the field, but hav- 
ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by 
Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between 
the two orders gradually involved the civil 
authorities, and continued until the suppression 
of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted 
of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, 
Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- 
ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, 
the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, 
Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. 
Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and 
Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, 
were called secular priests. The first Catholic 
mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at 
the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the 
present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- 
quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by 
Allouez in 1677. (See AUouez, Claude Jean.) 
The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- 
ier, who was followed, in 16'J2, by Father Sebas- 
tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained 
until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet 
and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was 



in charge of the mission, and the number of 
Indians among whom he labored was, that year, 
considerably diminished by the emigration of the 
Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about 
this time, labored among the Peorias, but was 
incapacitated by a wound received from the 
medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted 
in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station 
remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled 
by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- 
sion in Illinois was tliat at Cahokia. While the 
precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed 
with certainty, there is evidence that it was in 
existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. 
Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the 
savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and 
Lamoges. This mission was at first called the 
Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. 
It was probably the first permanent mission in the 
Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down 
to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- 
ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 
1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at 
Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a 
regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being 
Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher 
preached and administered the sacraments at 
Fort St Louis, where he died in 1719, having 
been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde 
in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 
1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the 
early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council 
of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been 
a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- 
tory. That body, following the example of some 
provincial legislative bodies in France, officially 
declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and 
decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- 
cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of 
its churches, as well as the banishment of its 
members. This decree the Louisiana Council 
undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the 
fact that that territory had pa.ssed under the 
jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem 
to have offered no resistance, either physical or 
legal, and all members of the order in Illinois 
were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- 
ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported 
to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis 
Meurin— was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, 
only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical 
authority of the Superior Council as supreme, 
and to hold no communication with Quebec or 
Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart 
from spiritual results, were of great value. They 



380 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



perpetuated the records of early discoveries, 
reduced the language, and even dialects, of the 
aborigines, to grammatical rxiles, and preserved 
the original traditions and described the customs 
of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip"s 
"Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western Hi.s- 
tory," Winsor"s "America," and Shea's "Catholic 
Chtrrch in Colonial Days.") 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi 
Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are 
in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet 
above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca 
Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, 
and which is fed by a stream having its source 
within one mile of the head waters of the Red 
River of the North. From this sheet of water to 
the mouth of the river, the distance is variously 
estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake 
Itasca is in lat. 47' 10' north and Ion. 95° 20' west 
from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- 
ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands 
into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as 
Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which 
point it rims southward to St. Cloud, thence south- 
eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of 
St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to 
navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than 
a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- 
pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense 
water-power, which is utilized iu operating flour- 
ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- 
ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches 
the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it 
expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, 
bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 
400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- 
tion is southward, and it forms the boundary 
between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas 
and the northern part of Louisiana, on the 
west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- 
sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn 
ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of 
Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at 
the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines 
Parish, La., in lat. 29° north and Ion. 89' 13' 
west. Its principal affluents on the right are the 
Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas 
and Red Rivers, and, on the left, tlie Wisconsin, 
Illinois and Ohio. The Slissouri River is longer 
than that part of the Mississippi above tlie point 
of junction, the distance from its source to the 
delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, whicli 
exceeds that of any other river in the world. 
The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 
3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 



feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The 
mean velocity of the current between St. Louis 
and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and 
one-half miles per hour. The average depth 
below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in 
the vicinitj" of New Orleans, the maximum is said 
to reach 150 feet. The princijjal rapids below the 
Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the 
Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former 
having twenty-two feet fall and the latter 
twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des 
Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, 
aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- 
vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, 
often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which 
are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- 
tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the 
"American Bottom," extending along the east 
bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums 
have been spent in the construction of levees for 
the protection of the lands along the lower river 
from overflow, as also in the construction of a 
system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- 
gation by deepening the channel. 

MISSISSIPPI RITER BRIDGE, THE, one of 
the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, 
spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111. , to Loui- 
siana, Mo. The construction company was char- 
tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for 
the passage of trains on Dec. 34, 1873. On Dec. 
8, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago 
& Alton Railway Company, which holds all its 
stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, 
paying a rental of $60,000 per annum, to be applied 
iu the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 
6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was paid for 
rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. 

MOBILE & OHIO R.4.ILR0AD. This company 
operates 100.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 
151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- 
road. (See St. Louis <t Cairo Hailroad.) 

M0LI?fE, a flourishing manufacturing city in 
Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the 
Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite 
Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from 
Chicago, and the intersecting point of three 
trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and 
Davenport are connected by steam and street 
railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain 
water-power from the Mississippi. The region 
around Moline is ricli in coal, and several pro- 
ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is 
an important manufacturing point, its chief out- 
puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- 
able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



381 



(pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, 
milling luacliinery, and furniture. The city has 
admirable water-works, several churches, good 
schools, gas and electric light plants, a public 
library, five banks, three daily and weekly 
papers. It also has an e.xtensive electric power 
plant, electric street cars and iuterurban line. 
Population (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,348. 

MOLO'ET, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-Geueral, 
wa.s boru in Ireland, in 1840; came to America in 
1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our 
Lad}' of the Angels'" at Niagara Falls, studied 
theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and 
studied law at the University of that State, 
graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 
111., where he served three 3'ears as State's Attor- 
ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- 
nated and elected Attorney-General on the 
Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 
1897. 

MOMESCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- 
ated on the Kankakee River and at the intensec- 
tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south 
of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, 
enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two 
banks, two newspapers, five churches and two 
schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,036. 

MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren 
County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at 
point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- 
waj's. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the 
Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is 
agricultural and coal yielding. The city has 
manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- 
pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- 
mouth College (United Presbyterian) was 
chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- 
tion, with that of Warren County (also located 
at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There 
are three national banks, two daily, three weekly 
and two other periodical publications. An ap- 
propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress 
for the erection of a Government building at 
Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. 

MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian 
denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- 
mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class 
graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been 
Drs. D. A. Wallace (1850-78) and J. B. McMichael, 
the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 
1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen 
instructors and the number of students was 289. 



The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully 
laid out. The institution confers four degrees — 
A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring 
of the first three, four years' study is required; 
for the degree of B.L., three years. 

MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born 
in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and 
came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His 
father having been elected Sheriflf of Will County 
in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving 
as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he 
engaged in merchandising as the partner of his 
father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years 
later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, 
for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in 
which he is still employed. He has also been 
extensively engaged in the stone business some 
twenty years, being a large stockholder in the 
Western Stone Company and Vice-President of 
the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as 
a Republican, to the State Senate from the 
Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth 
and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving 
himself one of the most influential members of 
that body. 

MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — 
named for President Monroe. Its area is about 
380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and 
included within its boundaries several of the 
French villages which constituted, for many- 
years, a center of civilization in the West. 
American settlers, however, began to locate in 
the district as early as 1781. The county has a 
diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The 
soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river 
bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and 
shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations 
of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. 
Population (1890), 13,948; (1900), 13,847. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, 
situated northeast of St. Louis and south of 
Springfield; area 703 square miles, population 
(1900), 30,836 — derives its name from Gen. Richard 
Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- 
cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- 
zation being effected five years later. The entire 
population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 
families. The surface is undulating, well watered 
and timbered. The seat of county government is 
located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important 
town. Here are situated car-shops and some 
manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in 
the county's history as pioneers were Harris 
Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 



382 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights 
(Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and 
Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. 

MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of 
Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway 
between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee 
and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, 
and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the 
Wabash Railways. It lies witliin the "corn belt, " 
and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the 
surrounding country. Among the city industries 
are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and 
planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, 
and patent fence and tile works. The city is 
lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an 
excellent water system, numerous churches and 
good schools, with banks and three weekly 
papers. Population (1890), 1,043; (1900), 1,982. 

MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the 
second institution established in Illinois for the 
higher education of women — Jacksonville Female 
Seminary being the first. It was founded 
through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin 
Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at 
Godfrey, Madison County, and gave $53,000 
toward erecting and equipping the buildings. 
The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, 
with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron 
Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," 
being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- 
ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she. in turn, 
by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still 
remains in charge. In November, 1883, the 
seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; 
but the institution continued its sessions in tem- 
porary quarters until the erection of a new build- 
ing, which was soon accomplished through the 
generosity of alumnae and friends of female edu- 
cation throughout the country. The new struc- 
ture is of stone, three stories in height, and 
thoroughly modern. The average number of 
pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and tlae 
standard of the institution is of a high character. 

MOORE, Clifton H,, lawyer and financier, was 
born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 
1817; after a brief season spent in two academies 
and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' 
Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west 
and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while 
giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent 
the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and 
Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, 
DeWitt County, which has since been his home. 
In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, 



of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years- later, 
began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and 
is now one of the largest land proprietors in 
the State, besides being interested in a number 
of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. 
The only official position of importance he has 
held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- 
astic collector of State historical and art treasures, 
of which he possesses one of the most valuable 
private collections in Ilhnois. 

MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- 
cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was 
almost immediately admitted to the bar, also 
acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. 
Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all 
the county offices on the organization of Cook 
County. Mr. Moore was one of the original 
Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained 
from the Legislature the first charter for a gas 
company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- 
vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, 
but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., 
where he died some years afterward. 

MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State 
of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native 
State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later 
removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the 
Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- 
templated expedition of Col. George Rogers 
Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. 
After the Clark expedition (in which he served 
as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick 
Henrj'), he returned to Virginia, where he 
remained until 1781, when he organized a party 
of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, 
spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following 
year they located at a point in the northern part 
of Monroe County, which afterwards received 
the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in 
Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute 
Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was 
a man of prominence and influence among the 
early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and 
influential family of his descendants have grown 
up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of 
the preceding, was born in Slaryland in 1773, ajid 
brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. 
He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, 
who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also 
served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- 
nois under the internal improvement system. 
Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and 
served in a company of rangers during the War 
of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



383 



Monroe County. Died. July 4, 1S;S3. — James B. 
(Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was 
born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- 
ents; in his early manhood he followed the 
business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and 
Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans. Pittsburg and 
other points; became a prominent Indian fighter 
during the War of 1812. and was commissioned 
Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to 
raise a company of mounted rangers; also 
served as Sheritf of Monroe Countv. b}' appoint- 
ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial daj's; 
was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- 
tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the 
latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. 
James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old 
block-hou.se at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the 
first child born of American parents in Illinois; 
served as a "ranger" in the companj- of his 
brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of 
the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge 
of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- 
torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional 
Convention of 1818, and served as Representative 
from Monroe County in the Second General 
Assembly, later filling various county offices for 
some twenty years. He died in 1848. 

MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- 
gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 
III, AjDril 23, 1817, and graduated from McKen- 
dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was 
a teacher, during portions of this period being 
successively at the head of three literary insti- 
tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a 
minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
resigned j)astorate duties in 1862, to take part in 
the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- 
dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving 
as brigade commander during the last year of the 
war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its 
close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, 
but, in 1808, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur 
District, he was elected to the Fortj'-first Con- 
gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; 
afterwards .served as Pension Agent at Spring- 
field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States 
Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that 
city, July 11, 188!!. 

MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ; 
was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; 
came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, 
spending mo.st of his life as a resident of Bloom- 
ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower 
branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from 



the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, 
but before the close of his term, in 1842, was 
elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas 
Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), 
of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, 
serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 
1848 he was apjjointed State Treasurer, as succes- 
sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 
1850 he was elected to the same office, and con- 
tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he 
was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 28, 
1863. 

MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- 
ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 1789, 
and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., 
where he served two terms in the Legislature. 
He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled 
in St. Clair County, 111.— besides a family of fif- 
teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen 
colored people — the object of his removal being 
to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in 
what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- 
ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where 
he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore 
became a prominent citizen, was elected to the 
Second Territorial House of Representatives, and 
was chosen Speaker, serving as sucli for two ses- 
sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from 
St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third 
General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois 
into the Union. In the last of these he was one 
of the most zealous opjjonents of the pro-slavery 
Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- 
ous and highly respected family of descendants, 
who were afterwards prominent in public afl'airs. — 
William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in 
the War of 1812, and also commanded a companj' 
in the Black Hawk War, He represented St. 
Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth 
and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local 
preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- 
lege at the time of his deatli in 1849. — Rlsdon 
(Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon 
Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County 
in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in 
the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his 
term, being succeeded at the next session by 
Adam W. Snyder. 

MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of 
Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22. 
1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College nojir Cin- 
cinnati, graduating in 1850, and, having (pialilied 



384 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



himself for the practice of law, located the fol- 
lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since 
been his liome. In 1858 he was employed in 
defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently 
died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits 
begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman 
Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- 
ing appearance and great independence of char- 
acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has 
generally acted politically in co-operation with 
the Democratic party, though strongly anti- 
slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate 
to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- 
cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the 
Presidency, and, in 1896. participated in the same 
way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- 
nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in 
the follo%ving campaign giving the "Gold Democ- 
racy" a vigorous support. 

MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; received 
his preliminary education in the district schools 
of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family 
had removed in 1846), and at an academy at 
Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 
1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. 
In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany 
(N. Y. ) Law School, and the same year com- 
menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the 
front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was 
elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his 
second term he resumed private practice. While 
on the bench he at first heard only common law 
cases, but later divided the business of the equity 
side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 
1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- 
late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year, 
Chief Justice. 

MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in 
Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of 
age, went for a three years' trading voyage on 
the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a 
mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel 
was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, 
and. after many hardships, returned to Boston. 
In 1834 he removed to Quincj', 111., and engaged 
in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the 
"Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties 
(1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a 
company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- 
teers ; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, 
and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment 
for three years ; was promoted Brigadier-General 



in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded 
a brigade at Na.shville. and. in March, 1865, was 
brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- 
ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. 
After the war he resumed business at Quinc3', 
III., being President of the Quincy Gas Company 
and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- 
dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army 
of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. 

MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the 
State, Ij'ing west of Sangamon, and bordering on 
the' Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- 
gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 
35,006. The earliest American settlers were 
probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who 
located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George 
Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- 
sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- 
ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. 
Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers 
about 1832, and, Jan. 31, 1823 the county was 
organized, the first election being held at the 
house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- 
west of the present city of Jacksonville. 01m- 
stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this 
choice was only temporary. Two years later, 
Jacksonville was .selected, and has ever since so 
continued. (See JacksonviUe.) Cass County 
was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott 
County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the 
most populous county in the State. The county 
is nearly equally divided between %voodland and 
prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois 
River on its western border, there are several 
smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, 
Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous 
coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and 
thin veins crop out along the Illinois River 
bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. 

MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook 
County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- 
cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat 
of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the 
University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- 
partment of the Divinity School connected with 
tlie same institution. PopuUition (1880), 187; 
(1890), 1.027; (1900). 2,329. 

MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph 
Smitli, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca Coimty, N. Y., 
August 6, 1830, styling themselves the "Chiurch of 
Jesus Clirist of Latter-Day Saints." Membership 
in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 
20,000 were outside of the United States. Their 
religious teachings are peculiar. Thej- avow faith 
in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them 



HISTORICAL EXCYC LOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



385 



interpreted). They believe, however, that tlie 
"Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine 
origin and a direct revelation to Smith^is of 
equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- 
rior to them. Among their ordinances are 
baptism and the laj-ing-on of hands, and, in their 
church organization, they recognize various orders 
— apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- 
ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of 
the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of 
Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, 
and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- 
amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, 
though professedly not practiced under existing 
laws in the United States. The supreme power 
is vested in a President, who has authority in 
temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although 
there is less effort now than formerly, on the part 
of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. 
Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his 
followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, 
for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ; 
but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- 
tices excited so much hostility that they were 
forced to make another removal. Their next 
settlement was at Far West, Mo, ; but here the 
hatred toward them became so intense as to 
result in open war. From Missouri they 
recrossed the Jlississippi and founded the city 
of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 
111. The charter granted by the Legislature was 
an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made 
the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon 
obtained commercial importance, in two years 
becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The 
Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in 
State politics, when there broke out a more 
bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en- 
countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, 
and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a 
newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently 
assailed the prophet and threatened him with 
exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- 
struction of the printing office, and the editor 
promptly .secured a warrant for his arrest, return- 
able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly 
justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, 
but he positively refu.sed to appear before the 
Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter 
issued a second warrant, charging Smith with 
treason. This also was treated with contempt. 
The militia was called out to make the arrest, and 
the Mormons, who had formed a strong military 
organization, armed to defend their leader. 
After a few trilling clashes between the soldiers 



and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- 
render and go to Carthage, the county -seat, where 
he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within 
twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a 
mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his 
brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their 
adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, 
were wounded. Brigham Young (then an 
apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, 
after several months of intense popular excite 
raent, in the following year led his followers 
across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in 
Utah. (See also Naui^oo.) There their history 
has not been free from charges of crime; but, 
whatever may be the character of the leaders, 
they have succeeded in building up a prosperous 
community in a region which they found a vir- 
tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. 
The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- 
fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it 
by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- 
ence to polygamy, and by contact with other 
communities. (See Smith, Joseph.) 

MORRISj a city and the county -seat of Grundy 
County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. 
It is an extensive grain market, and the center of 
a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- 
able water-power here, and much manufacturing 
is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron 
specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour 
and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leathet 
There are also a normal and scientific school, two 
national banks and three daily and weekly news- 
papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; 
(1900), 4,373. 

MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer, born 
at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted 
to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, 
continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two 
terms in the Legislature of that .State. In 1834 
he removed to Chicago, took an active part in 
the incorporation of the city, and was elected its 
second Mayor in 1838. In' 1840 he was a Whig 
candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham 
Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 
1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for 
Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of 
the Seventh Circuit in \Sr,\, but declined a re- 
nomination in 185.5. In 1856 he accepted the 
American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for 
Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett 
party for the same office. He was vehemently 
opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 



386 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that 
civil war would result in either event. A shadow 
was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest 
and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to 
burn and pillage Chicago and liljerate the 
prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The 
trial, however, which was lield at Cincinnati, 
resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, 
Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in 
his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him 
as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite 
of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a 
fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his 
acquittal of the charge of complicity with the 
Camp Douglas conspirac3', as the evidence of his 
being in communication with the leading con- 
spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See 
Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) 

MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, 
was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, 
labored on a farm and attended the district 
school in his youth, but completed his education 
in Chicago, graduating from the Union College 
of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, 
when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. 
In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
House of Representatives from tlie Iroquois Dis- 
trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, "94, 
"96, being one of the most influential members of 
his party in that body. In 189."? he was appointed 
by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank 
of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 
1896. 

MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County, 
Ohio, Jan. 22, 1813; educated at Miami Univer- 
sity, admitted to the bar in 183.5, and the next 
year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and 
President of the Board of Canal Commissioners 
(1843-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- 
crat in 18.o6, and again in 1858, but opposed the 
admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- 
stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant— who 
had been his friend in boyhood — for President, 
and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the 
Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 
29, 1879. 

MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of White- 
side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles 
west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and 
stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the 
surrounding region. The city has good water- 
works, sewerage, electric lighting and several 



manufactories, including carriage and refriger 
ator works; also has numerous ch\irches, a large 
graded school, a public library and adequate 
banking facilities, and two weekly papers. 
Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for 
winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 3,308. 

MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, 
born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu- 
cated in the common schools and the Masonic 
Seminary of his native State; admitted to the 
bar, and came to Illinois in 1851. locating at 
Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of 
the bar and of the Republican party, which he 
assisted to organize as a member of its first State 
Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was al.so 
a delegate to the Republican National Convention 
of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was 
three times elected to the lower house of the 
General Assembly (1876, "78 and '82), and, by his 
clear judgment and incisive powers as a public 
speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that 
body. Of late years, he has given his attention 
solely to the practice of his profession in 
Jacksonville. 

MORRISON, James Lowery Donaldson, poli- 
tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- 
kaskia, III, April 12, 1810; at the age of 16 was 
appointed a midshipman in the United States 
Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law 
with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to 
the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected 
to the lower house of the General Assembly from 
St. Clair Coimty, in 1844, and to the State Senate 
in 1848, and again in '54. In 18.52 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- 
lution of that party, allied himself with the 
Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in 
Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- 
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- 
tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to 
the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- 
didate before the Democratic State Convention 
for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated 
by James C. Allen. After that j'ear lie took no 
prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak 
of the Mexican War he was among the first to 
raise a comiiany of volunteers, and was commis- 
sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment 
(Colonel Bi.ssell's). For gallant services at Buena 
Vista, the Legislature presented him with a 
sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- 
poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted 
and introduced in the Legislature the charter of 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



387 



the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at 
St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. 

MORRISON, \>'illiani, pioneer merchant, came 
from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, 
as representative of the mercantile house of 
Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally 
established an extensive trade throughout the 
Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. 
Louis. St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New 
Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent 
with a stock of goods across the plains, with a 
view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at 
Santa Fe. about 1804, but was defrauded by the 
agent, who appropriated the goods to his own 
benefit without accounting to his employer. 
He became the principal merchant in the Terri- 
tory, doing a thriving business in early days, 
when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point 
for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- 
scribed as a pulilic-spirited, enterprising man, to 
whom was due the chief part of the credit for 
securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- 
kaskia River at the town of that name. He died 
at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- 
tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the 
preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was 
appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 
1801, retaining the position for many years, 
besides holding other local offices. He was the 
father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician 
and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is 
given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest 
son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing 
there several years, but finally returned to Prairie 
du Rocher, where he died in 1.S4.'). — James, 
another son, went to Wisconsin; William located 
at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* 
another son, settled at Covington, Washington 
County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 
1851; then engaged in mercantile business at 
Chester, dying there in 18."i6, 

MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, 
Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, 
Sept. 14, 1825, in Alonroe County, 111., and edu- 
cated at McKendree College ; served as a private 
in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and 
was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe 
County, but resigned before the close of his term, 
accepting the office of Representative in the State 
Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was 
re-elected in 185G, and again in 18.58, serving as 
Speaker of the House during the session of 18.59. 
In 1801 he as.si.sted in organizing the Forty-ninth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- 



sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, 
Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort 
Donelson in February following, where he was 
severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 
1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, 
when he resigned his commission, but was de- 
feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as 
he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again 
elected to the General Assembly, and. two years 
later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- 
ville District, after which he served in that body, 
by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 
1887, being for several terms Chairman of the 
House Ways and Means Committee and promi- 
nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In 
Marcli, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him 
a member of the first Inter-State Conmierce Com- 
mission for a period of five years ; at the close of 
his tertn he was reappointed, by President Harri- 
son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of 
the time as President of the Board, and retiring 
from office in 1898. Died .Sept. 29, 1909. 

MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian 
County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 
miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- 
northeKst of Litchfield. Grain is extensively 
raised in the surrounding region, and Morri.son- 
ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important 
shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, 
a pump factory, electric lights, banks, several 
churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 9.34; (1010), 1,126. 

MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles 
southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a 
newspaper. Pop. (1900), 894; (1910), 1,004. 

MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- 
tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came 
to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- 
ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in 
farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He 
served as a member of the House in the Tenth 
and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator 
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a 
Democrat in politics, but. on questions of State 
and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully 
representing the interests of his constituents. 
Died, .at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. 

MOSES, Adolph, lawj-er, was born in Speyer, 
Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years 
of age, was educated in the public and Latin 
schools of his native country ; in the latter part 
of 18,53, came to America, locating in New 
Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 



388 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in Louisiana T/niversity, under the preceptorship 
of Randall Hunt and otlier eminent lawyers of 
that State. In the early days of the Civil War 
he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving 
some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first 
Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- 
ration of this period, he resided for a time in 
Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, 
where he took a place in the front rank at the 
bar, and where he spent his last years. Although 
in sympathy with the general principles of the 
Democratic party, Judge Moses was an independent 
voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for 
General Grant for President in 1868, and supported 
the leading measures of the Republican party in 
1896. He was editor and publisher of " The National 
Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, which 
was devoted to the discussion of corporation inter- 
ests. Died Nov. 6, 1905. 

MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at 
Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1835; came to 
Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, 
Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a 
teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk 
of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and 
served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The 
latter year he became the private secretary of 
Governor Yates, serving until 1863, dui-ing that 
period assisting in the organization of seventy- 
seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While 
serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- 
ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference 
of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- 
tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the 
Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a 
few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- 
lamation of emancipation. Having received the 
appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor 
of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
trict, he resigned the position of private secretary 
to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen 
Representative in the Twenty-ninth General 
Assembly for the District composed of Scott, 
Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate 
to the National Republican Convention at Phila- 
delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of 
Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for 
three years (1880-83). He was then appointed 
Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and 
assigned to duty in connection with the customs 
revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- 
retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving 
until 1893. While connected with the Chicago 
Historical Library he brought out the mo.st com- 
plete History of Illinois yet published, in two 



volumes, and also, in connection with the late 
Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in 
two large volumes. Other literary work done by 
Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of 
Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the 
War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures 
or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. 

MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, 
where he was educated in the public schools. 
After spending some years in the South, he 
removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, 
and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- 
tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a 
member of the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the 
Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State 
Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 
he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
Congress for the State-at-large, being elected 
again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- 
trict, in 1880 and '82. During his last few years 
(including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton acted 
in co-operation with the Republican party. Died 
June 3, 1905. 

MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively smaU 
county in the eastern section of the middle tier of 
the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 
340 square miles, and population (by the census 
of 1910), 14,6.30. Moultrie was one of the early 
"stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were 
always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The 
earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, 
but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. 
County organization was effected in 1843, both 
Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion 
of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal 
underlies tlie county, but agriculture is the more 
important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, 
selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 
1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- 
nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil 
War) began the practice of law here. 

MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One 
of the most conclusive evitlences that the Mis- 
sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people 
different in customs, character and civilization 
from the Indians found occupying the soil when 
the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- 
ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, 
of the origin and purposes of whi(^h the Indians 
seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These 
works extend throughout the valley from the 
AUeghenj' to the Rocky Mountains, being much 
more numerous, however, in some portions than 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



389 



in others, and also varying greatly in form. This 
fact, with the remains found in some of them, has 
heen regarded as evidence that the purposes of 
their construction were widely variant. They 
have con.sequentlj' been classified bj' archaeolo- 
gists as sepulchral, religioiLs, or defensive, while 
some seem to liave had a purpose of which 
writers on the subject are unable to form any 
satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, 
still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of 
the most elaborate of these works are found along 
the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, 
especially in Ohio; and the fact that they appear 
to belong to the defensive class, has led to the 
conclusion that this region was occupied by a race 
practically homogeneous, ami that these works 
were designed to prevent the encroachment of 
hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- 
nois being in the center of the valley, compara- 
tively few of these defensive works are found 
here, those of this character which do exist being 
referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- 
fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are 
numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form 
and structure give evidence that they were 
erected by a peaceful people, however bloody 
may have been some of the rites performed on 
those designed for a religious purpose. Their 
numbers also imply a dense population. This is 
especially true of that portion of the American 
Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is 
the seat of the most remarkable group of earth 
works of this character on the continent. The 
central, or principal structure of this group, is 
known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," 
being situated near the creek of that name which 
empties into the Mississippi just below the city 
of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' 
Mound,'" from the fact that it was occupied early 
in the present century by a community of Monk.s 
of La Trajipe, a portion of whom succumbed to 
the malarial influences of the climate, while the 
survivors returned to the original seat of their 
order. Thi.s mound, from its form and com- 
manding size, has been supposed to belong to the 
class calle<l "temple mounds," and has been de- 
scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" 
and the "best representative of its class in North 
America." The late William McAdams, of 
Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, 
in his "Records of Ancient Races." gives the fol- 
lowing description of this principal structure: 

"In the center of a great mass of mounds an<l 
earth works there stands a mighty pyramid 
whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. 



It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a 
little longer north and south than east and west. 
Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, 
is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an 
orchard of considerable size. This terrace is 
approached from the plain by a graded roadway. 
Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west 
side, is another much smaller, on which are now 
growing some forest trees. The top, which con- 
tains an acre and a half, is divided into two 
nearly equal parts, the northern part being four 
or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, 
east and south, the structure still retains its 
straight side, that probably has changed but little 
since the settlement of the country by white 
men, but remains in appearance to-day the same 
as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, 
however, has its base somewhat serrated and 
seamed by ravines, evidently made by niinstorras 
and the elements. From the second terrace a 
well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of 
the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost 
wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the 
surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical 
mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight 
sides." The approximate height of this mound 
is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, 
this was surmounted by a small conical mound 
some ten feet in height, from which human 
remains and various relics were taken while 
being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. 
Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient 
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published 
by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the 
contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. 
A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds 
in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- 
mates that the construction of this principal 
mound mu.st have required the work of thoiLsands 
of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, 
at the time of his visit, was occupied by the 
Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the 
structure was sown in wheat. He also found • 
numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- 
sels, and concludes that "a populous city once 
existed here, similar to those of Mexico described 
by the first conquerors. The moimds were sites 
of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- 
ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two 
mounds of considerable size within two miles of 
the main structure, the group extending to the 
mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one 
hundred in all. Most of these are siiuare, rang- 
ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are 
oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 



390 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the mounds are also a number of small lakes, 
evidently of artificial origin. From the fact 
that there were a number of conspicuous 
mounds on the Missouri side of the river, 
on the present site of the city of St. Louis 
and its environs, it is believed that they all 
belonged to the same system and had a common 
piu^se; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior 
size, being the center of the group — and probably 
used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number 
of these structures in the American Bottom, 
whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, 
was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two 
hundred, and the presence of so large a number 
in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence 
of a large population in the immediate vicinity. 
Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous 
specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and 
implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves 
and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the 
Illinois River, as well as on the latter some 
twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the 
relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a 
burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in 
thirty years, he has unearthed more than a 
thousand of these, many of which closely 
resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. 
Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient 
cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, 
when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- 
ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in 
decay. These cists are built up and covered with 
slabs of limestone, which here abound. '" — Another 
noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior 
to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in 
Crawford County. As described in the State 
Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- 
five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area 
of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from 
fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones 
having a height of five to eight feet. From their 
form and arrangement these are believed to have 
, been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- 
tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar 
construction and larger size, each surrounded 
by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing 
towards each other, indicating that they were 
defense-works. The location of this group — a 
few miles from a prehistoric fortification at 
Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to 
which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been 
given — induces the belief that the two groups, 
like those in the American Bottom and at St. 
Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor 
Engelman, in the part of the State Geological 



Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a 
remarkable group of earthworks in the Black 
Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of 
"fortifications and mounds which probably 
belong to the same class as those in the Missis- 
sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other 
points farther up the Ohio." In the report of 
Government survey by Dan \V. Beckwith, in 1834, 
mention is made of a very large mound on the 
Kankakee River, nearthe mouth of Rock Creek, 
now a part of Kankakee County. This had a 
base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of 
twenty feet, and contained the remains of a 
large number of Indians killed in a celebrated 
battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and 
the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near 
by were two other mounds, said to contain the 
remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this 
case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably 
been utiUzed as burial places by the aborigines at 
a comparatively recent period. Related to the 
Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of 
construction, is a group of nineteen in number on 
the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy 
County. Within a circuit of three miles of 
Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 
3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed 
to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole 
Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments 
of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of 
the conspicuous character of those found in the 
vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound 
Builders. — A very large and numerous group of 
these monuments exists along the bluffs of the 
Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock 
Island and Mercer Counties, chietly between 
Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. 
Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a 
few years ago, estimated that there were 2,. 500 of 
these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in 
groups of two or three to 100. varying in diameter 
from fifteen to 1.50 feet, with an elevation of two 
to fifteen feet. There are also nmnerous burial 
and sacrificial moimds in the vicinity of Chilli- 
cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern 
part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- 
mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so 
many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; 
and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock 
River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with 
the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of 
these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within 
the present limits of tlie city of Rockford — though 
some regard it as having more resemblance to an 
alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



391 



good state of preservation by the citizens, has an 
extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in 
width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the 
hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height 
of a man. There are some smaller mounds in 
the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River 
some six miles below Rockford. There is also an 
animal eifigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo 
Daviess County, with a considerable group of 
round mounds and embankments in tlie immedi- 
ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar 
character on the north side of the Pecatonica in 
Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- 
port. The Rock River region seems to have been 
a favorite field for the operations of the mound- 
builders, as shown by the number and variety of 
these structures, extending from Sterling, in 
WTiiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A 
large nimaber of these were to be found in the 
vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- 
eastern part of "Winnebago County. The famoiis 
prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just 
beyond the Wisconsin lioundary — which seems to 
have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient 
Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash 
— appears to have had a close relation to the 
works of the mound-builders on the same stream 
in Illinois. 

MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski 
County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of 
Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central 
an. I the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- 
ing and sliip-building; also has furniture, canning 
and other factories. One of the United States 
National Cemeteries is located here. The town 
has a bank and four weekly pajiers. Population 
(1S90), 2,.5.50; (1900), 2,70.5; (1910), 2,837. 

MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat 
of Wabash County; is the point of junction of 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis 
and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast 
of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, 
Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- 
plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring 
mills, and some other manufactures. The town 
has railroad shops and two daily and two weekly 
papers. Agriculture and lumbering are the j)rin- 
cipal pursuits of the people of the surrounding dis- 
trict. Pop. (1890),. 3 ,370; (1900), 4,311; (1910), 6,934. 

MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll 
County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; 
is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, 
stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- 



tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, 
good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly 
newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,96.5; (1910), 1,7.59. 

MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young 
ladies' seminary, located at Jlount Carroll, Carroll 
County; incorporated in 18.53; had a faculty of 
thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- 
erty valued at $100,000, and a library of 5,000 
volumes. 

MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- 
ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles 
west by noi-th from Chicago, and 24 miles south- 
west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris 
College and flourishing puiilic scliool; has hand- • 
some stone and brick buildings, three churches 
and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 1,132. 

MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, 
on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the 
Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur; 
in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. 
Pop. (1890), 1,986; (1900), 2,935; (1910), 3,.501. 

MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- 
tion in Logan County, 81 miles nortliwest of 
Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. 
Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are 
leading industries. It is also an important ship- 
ping point for grain, and contains several 
elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 
1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,&13; (1910), 1,511. 

MOUNT STERLING}, a city, the county-seat of 
Brown County, midway between Quincy and 
Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- 
rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- 
tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six 
churches and four schools (two large public, and 
two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- 
tricitj' and has public water-works. Wagons, 
brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured 
here; city also has carding and flouring mills, and 
one semi-weekly and one weekly paper. Pojx (1890) 
1,655; (1900), 1,960; (1910), 1,986. 

MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of 
Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 
77 miles ea.st-southeast of St. Louis; is the center 
of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many 
flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a 
plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- 
tor}-, canning factory, and is an important ship- 
ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The 
Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division 
is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine 
school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, 
heating plant, two daily and two weekly papers. 
Pop. (1890), 3,233; (1900), 5,216; (1910), 8,007. 



392 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



MOIST VERNON & GRAYVILLE RAILROAD. 

(See Peoria, Decatur & Evan-sville Railicay.) 

MOWEAqUA, a village of Shelby County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of 
Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising 
section; has coal mine, three banks and two 
newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,47S; (1910), 1,513. 

MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in 
St. Charles County. Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father 
having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike 
County, 111., to free her children from the influ- 
ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 18.50, he 
made the overland journey to California, each 
time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- 
tending into 18.51. In 1854 he engaged in the 
commission business in St. Louis, as head of the 
firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash 
of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, 
was again in prosperous business. While on a 
business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, 
he had an opportunity of learning the growing 
spirit of secession, being advised by friends to 
leave the St. Cliarles Hotel in order to escape a 
mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army 
as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. 
Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was 
stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and 
Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the 
advance of General McClernand"s division in the 
attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely 
wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. 
Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his 
regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable 
to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the 
staff of General McClernand during the advance 
on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head 
of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to 
the command of General McPherson. Early in 
1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the 
movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was 
again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, 
was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently 
participated in the operations in Southwestern 
Louisiana and Texas. On Jlay 1, 1SG4, he left 
Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to 
General McClernand. but two days later, while 
approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, 
was shot through the head and instantly killed. 
He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by 
his troops. 

MU LBERR Y « ROVE, a village of Bond County, 
on the Terre Haute it Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a 
local newspaper. Pop. (1900), 632; (1910), 716. 



MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born of 
Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in 
1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, 
after graduating from the University of St. 
Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of 
law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- 
phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his 
return resumed his professional studies, at the 
same time editing "The Western Tablet." a 
weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the 
Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of 
the Twentj'-third Illinois Regiment, known as 
the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- 
try, first in the West and later in the East, being 
severely wounded and twice captured. He 
declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to 
remain with his regiment. He was fatally 
wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- 
chester. While being carried off the field he 
noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- 
dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he 
ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the 
command until it was obeyed. Before they 
returned he had been borne away by the enemy, 
and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va. , July 26, 
1864. 

MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was 
born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated 
at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught 
two years, meanwhile beginning the study of 
law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855. he 
resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar 
in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- 
gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One 
Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the 
following year was appointed Colonel of the First 
Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the 
service on account of declining health, he re- 
turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of 
"The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the 
State Senate, serving four years; served as Presi- 
dential Elector in 1868; was the Republican nomi- 
nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year 
was appointed by President Grant Sui)ervisor of 
Internal Revenue for the District including the 
States of Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon.sin. 
Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 
1875, in which he has since been engaged. He 
has been prominently connected with a number 
of important cases before the Chicago courts. 

MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- 
lator, was born about 1818. and came from Ohio 
at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, 
Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



393 



where he practiced law. During the War he 
served as Major of the Yates Phalaux (Tliirty- 
nintli Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's 
Attorney for Will County and State Senator in 
the Thirty-first and Thirty-second (leneral 
Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He 
was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- 
ation from its organization. 

MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- 
gress, was born in Nashville, lU., July 34, 1852; 
in early youth removed to Sparta, wliere he was 
educated in the high schools of that place ; at the 
age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 
1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the 
next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit 
Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he 
was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 
1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- 
eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by 
Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois 
Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this 
position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. 
Two years later he was elected as a Republican 
to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first 
District, but was defeated for re-election by a 
small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat 
and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed 
Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to 
succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. 

MURPHYSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson 
County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on 
main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis 
Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of 
the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of 
Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. 
Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in 
the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine 
shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour 
and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, 
three Ijanks, two daily and two weekly newspapers, 
city and rural free mail delivery. Population (1S90), 
3,380; (1900), 6,403; (1910), 7,48.5. 

MLRPHYSBORO ii SHAWNEETOWN RAIL. 
ROAD. (See Carbondale cfc Shatvneetown, St. 
Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton & Terre 
Haute Railroads.) 

NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on 
the west branch of the Du Page River and on the 
Chicago, Burlington ct Quincy Railroad, 30 miles 
■west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of 
Aurora. It has three banks, a weeklj' newspaper, 
stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; 
is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an 
institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical 



Association ; the college now has a normal school 
dejiartment. Pop. (1900), 2,629; (1910), 3,449. 

NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- 
nois River and the llaunibal and Naples branch 
of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson- 
ville. Pop. (1900), 39S; (1910), 457. 

NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & 
Chester and the Louisville A: Nashville Railways; 
is 120 miles south of Springfiehl and 50 miles east 
by south from St. Loui.s. It .stands in a coal- 
producing and rich agricultural region There 
are two coal mines within the corporate limits, 
and two large flouring mills do a considerable 
business. There are numerous churches, public 
schools, including a high school, a State bank, 
and five weekly papers, two of them German. Pop. 
(1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184; (1910), 2,135. 

NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the 
head of the Lower Rapids on the Jlississippi, 
between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It 
was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its 
early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of 
the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of 
French Icarians, who introduced the culture of 
grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of 
communistic order, but their experiment did not 
prove a success, and in a few years they gave 
place to another class, the majority of the popu- 
lation now being of German extraction. The 
chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. 
Large (juantities of grapes and strawberries are 
raised and shipped, and considerable native wine 
is produced. Nauvoo was founded adjacent to the 
original town of Commerce. Pop. (1900), 1,321; 
(1910), 1,020. (See also Mormons.) 

NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- 
lowing the example of tlie French explorers, who 
chiefly followed the water-ways in their early 
explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- 
nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the 
principal streams, but later took especial pains to 
maintain their navigable character by statute. 
This was, of course, partly due to the absence of 
improved highways, but also to the belief that, 
as the country developed, the streams would 
become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, 
especially in the transportation of heavy commod- 
ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century 
after the organization of the State Government, 
one of the questions receiving the attention of 
the Legislature, at almost every session, was the 
enactment of laws affirming the navigability of 
certain streams now regarded as of little imixjr- 
tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 



394 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, 



transportation. Legislation of this character 
began with the first General Assembly (1819), 
and continued, at intervals, with reference to 
one or two of the more important interior rivers 
of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois 
and Wabash, still recognized as navigable 
streams, the following were made the subject of 
legislation of this character : Beaucoui) Creek, a 
branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson 
Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of 
the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big 
Muddy, to the junction of the East and West 
Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various 
subsequent amendments; Big Vermilion, declared 
navigable (1831) ; Bon Pas, a branch of the 
Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- 
ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson 
County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable 
(1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent 
acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, 
declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), 
and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- 
rated (18.5.5); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation 
& Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), 
•with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; 
Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a 
point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), 
with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin 
Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837); 
Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison 
Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- 
pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts 
(1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable 
to Third Principal ileridian — east line of Sanga- 
mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same 
to Champaign Coimty (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou 
of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike 
and Adams Counties (18,59); Spoon River, navi- 
gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton Count}' (1835), 
with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little 
Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated 
and river declared navigable to McCawley's 
bridge — probably in Clay County — (1826), with 
vai'ious subsequent acts making appropriations 
for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch 
of the Little Wabasli), declared navigable 
to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and 
to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at 
various times declared a number of unim- 
portant streams navigable, including Big Creek 
in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's 
Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle 
County, besides a number of others' of similar 
character. 



NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a 
child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, 
Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 
1813; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began 
the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- 
ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties 
for the AVinnebago War (1827), and afterwards as 
Surveyor of Sangamon Count}", appointing 
Abraliam Lincoln as his deputy. He also served 
as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, 
at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. 

NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was 
born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of 
Logan County, 111., but which was then within the 
limits of Sangamon; was reared on a farm and 
attended the public schools in McDonough 
County ; studied law and was admitted to the 
bar in 1858, and was afterwards engaged in 
practice. His political career began in 1861, 
when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. 
oil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the 
Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- 
stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again 
elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 
to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- 
trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated 
for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, 
Republican. Died Jan. 3, 1909. 

NEGROES. (See Slavei-y and Slave Laws.) 

AEOGA, a village of Cumberland County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest 
of C!harleston; has a bank, one newspaper, some 
manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and live- 
stock. Pop. (1900), 1,126; (1910)," 1,074. 

XEPOXSET, a \-illage and station on the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau 
County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota; a farming 
and stock-growing district. Poj). (1910), 542. 

NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
(See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- 
dated) Railroad.) 

NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, 
on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- 
nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- 
kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has 
one newspaper, foundries, mills, and considerable 
grain trade. Pop. (1900), 856; (1910), 1,131. 

NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, 
on the Walia.sh Raihvay, 17 miles west of Spring- 
field. Pop. (18,80), 403; (1900), 533; (1910), 690. 

NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- 
brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. 



a 

cr 
o' 

so 

m 
o 



a- 



5^ 





Art Institute. 



Public Library.. 

Armour Institute. 

prm.ic luiLDixGS. 



Gourt-House. 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



395 



Newberry, an early business man of Cliicago, who 
left half of his estate (aggregating over §2,000,000) 
for the purpose. The property bequeathed was 
largely in real estate, which lias since greatlj' in- 
creased in value. The librarj- was estabhshed in 
temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section 
of a permanent building was opened in the 
autumn of 1893. By that time there had been 
accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. 
A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of 
eminent Americans, including many citizens of 
Chicago — -was presented to the library by G. P. A. 
Healy. a distinguished artist, since deceased. 
The site of the building occupies an entire block, 
and the original design contemplates a handsome 
front on each of the four streets, with a large 
rectangular court in the center. The section 
alread}' completed is massive and imposing, and 
its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes 
of a librarj-, and at the same time rich and 
beautiful. When completed, the building will 
have a capacity for four to six million voUimes. 

SEWBERRr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was 
born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 
23, 1835. Earl}- in the Civil War he enlisted as a 
private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and 
was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. 
In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second 
Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. 

NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and 
philanthropist, was born at East W^indsor, Conn., 
Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. 
He was President Jackson's personal appointee 
to the United States ^Military Academ}- at West 
Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- 
nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in 
business at Buffalo, N. Y. , going to Detroit in 
1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After 
engaging in general merchandising for several 
years, he turned his attention to banking, in 
which he accumulated a large fortime. He was 
a prominent and influential citizen, serving 
several terms as President of the Board of Edu- 
cation, and being, for si.^ years, the President of 
the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, 
Nov. G, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of 
which he devoted, by will, to the fovmdiug of a 
free reference library in Chicago. (See Netvberry 
Libra ry.) 

NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer Coimty, on 
the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of 
the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population 
(1890), 44.5; (1900), 703; (1910), 718. 



NEW BADEN, a village of Clinton County, on 
the Southern R;iihvay, 15 miles east of Belleville. 
Pop. (1900), 510; (1910), 1,372. 

NEW CANTON, a village of Pike County, on the 
Quincy and St. Louis Di\-ision of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 20 miles west of 
Pittsfield, in agricultural region; has a bank and 
one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 473. 

NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, 
on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in 
farming and fruit-growing region; has coal mine, 
flour mill and newspaper. Population (1910), 499. 

NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born 
at West Newbury, Mass., Marcli 31, 1S30, being 
directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At 
the age of 16 he entered the employment of the 
Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen 
months later he was appointed an assistant engi- 
neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed 
in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section 
of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 
1850, he accepted a responsible position on the 
Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 
to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for 
roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during 
the latter year, held tlie position of engineer of 
the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he 
entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road Company, as Division Engineer, where his 
remarkable success attracted the attention of the 
owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad 
(now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern 
system), who tendered him the presidency. This 
he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of 
the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years 
later, he accepted the position of General Superin- 
tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York 
Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become 
Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but 
retired in September, 1874, to accept the position 
of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Jlichigan 
Southern Railroad, of which he was elected 
President, in May, 1883, and continued ill office 
until the time of his death, which occurred at 
Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. 

NEWH.\LL, (Dr,) Horatio, early physician 
and newspaper jiublisher, came from St. Louis, 
Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- 
ing and smelting, but abandoned this bu-siness, 
the following year, for the practice of his profes- 
sion; soon afterward became interested in the 
publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still 
later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which 
Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 



396 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In 1830 he became a Surgeon in tlie United States 
Army, aud was stationed at Fort Winnebago, 
but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned 
to Galena. When tlie Black Hawk War broke 
out he volunteered his services, and, by order of 
General Scott, was placed in charge of a military 
hospital at Galena, of which he had control until 
the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- 
tion were increased by the appearance of the 
Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems 
to have discharged his duties with satisfaction 
to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide 
reputation for professional ability, and had an 
extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. 

NEWMAN, a city of Douglas County, on the Cin- 
cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles east 
of Decatur; has a bank, two newspapers, canning 
factory, broom factory, electric lights and large 
trade in agricultural jiroducts and live-stock. Pop. 
(1890), 990; (1900), 1,166; (1910), 1,264. 

NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper 
published in the Northwest Territory, of which 
the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- 
po.sed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest 
Territory," established at Cincinnati by William 
Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 
1793. This was also the first newspaper published 
west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was 
sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name 
of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis 
(grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- 
lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 
1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" 
was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also 
within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. 
Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- 
torial Government on the removal of the capital 
to Chillicothe, in 1800. 

The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then 
including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout 
at Vincennes, beginning publication, Jul}- 4, 1804. 
It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- 
eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The 
Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- 
ence for ninety-five j'ears. 

The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- 
tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the 
absence of early files and other specific records, 
the date of its establisliment has been involved 
in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- 
can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- 
wards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- 
lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial 
capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentuckj', 



brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit 
with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, 
who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 
1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest 
Territor}-," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," 
has fixed the date of the first issue of this 
paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois 
was severed from Indiana Territory and placed 
under a separate Territorial Government. There 
is good rea.son, however, for believing that the 
Governor was mistaken in this statement. If 
Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — 
which is probable — it does not seem to have been 
employed at once in tlie publication of a news- 
paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the 
third paper established in Illinois) says it "was 
for years only used for the public printing." 
The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known 
to be in existence, is No. 33 of Vol. II, and bears 
date. April 18, 1816. Calculating from these 
data, if the paper was issued continuously from 
its establishment, the date of the first issue would 
have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence 
of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri 
Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- 
lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which 
was established in 1808, makes no mention of the 
Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- 
cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was 
most intimate, and these two were, for several 
J'ears, the only papers published west of Vin- 
cennes, Ind. 

In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to 
Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the 
name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois 
Intelligencer." Cook — who had previouslj' been 
Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and 
afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, 
the first Attornej-General umier the new State 
Government, and, for eight years, served as the 
only Representative in Congress from Illinois — 
for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- 
gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded 
to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. 
The size of the paper, which had been four pages 
of three wide columns to the page, was increased, 
by the new publishers, to four columns to the 
page. On the removal of the State capital to 
Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was 
removed thither also, and continued under its 
later name, afterwards becoming, after a change 
of management, an opponent of the scheme for 
the calling of a State Convention to revise the 
State Con.stitution with a view to making Illinois 
a slave State. (See Slavei^ and Slave Laws.) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIlJOIS. 



397 



The second paper established on Illinois soil 
was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- 
tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry 
Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- 
yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name 
of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to 
"The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, 
became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among 
others wlio were associated with the Sliawnee- 
town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- 
wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, 
without doubt, the mo.st prolific and popular 
writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- 
lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- 
sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under 
the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine."' 
He was also a freijuent contributor to other maga- 
zines of that period, and author of several vol- 
umes, including "Legends of the West" and 
"Border Tales." During the contest over the 
slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" 
rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery 
party by the publication of articles in opposition 
to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris 
Birkbeck and others. 

The third Illinois paper — and, in 1823-24, the 
strongest and most influential opponent of the 
scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was 
"Tlie Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub 
lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 
23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and 
responsible editor, though he received valuable 
aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George 
Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge 
Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and 
others. (See Warren, Hooper.) W^arren sold 
"The Spectator" to Rev. Tliomas Lippincott in 
182.'), and was afterwards associated with papers 
at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. 

The agitation of the slavery question (in part, 
at least) led to the establishment of two new 
papers in 1822. The first of these was "The 
Republican Advocate," which began publication 
at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the 
management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- 
ant to the United States Senatorship. After his 
election to that oftlce in 1824, "The Advocate" 
passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, vrho, 
after a period of suspension, established "The 
Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, 
removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the M^est" 
was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent 
of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making 
its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. 
Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme 



Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later 
it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, 
assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." 
Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The 
Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the 
pro slavery party. 

With the settlement of the slavery question in 
Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- 
ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. 
At the close of this first period there were only 
five papers published in the State — all established 
within a period of ten years: and one of these 
("Tlie Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) 
promptly ceased publication on tlie settlement of 
the slavery question in opposition to the views 
which it had advocated. The next period of fif- 
teen years (182.5 40) was prolific in the establish- 
ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be 
expected from the rapid increase of the State in 
population, and the development in the art of 
printing during the same period. "Tlie Western 
Sun," established at Belleville (according to one 
report, in December, 182,5, and according to 
another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph 
Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- 
lished in St. Clair County. This was followed 
by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock 
Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable 
Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," 
as its editor. It was removed in 18.SG to Upper 
Alton, when it took the name of "The Western 
Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, 
however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- 
session of tlie material upon which he liad jirinted 
"The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to 
Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began 
the publication of the first paper at the present 
State capital, which he named "The Sangamo 
Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 
1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of 
the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, 
Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged 
in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- 
ier," at Springfield, whicli was continued only a 
short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- 
field appears to have been "Tlie Hennepin Jour- 
nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. 
"The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois 
State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- 
ous existence in the State— was established at 
Sj)ringfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- 
ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing 
date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same 
year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder 
of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 



398 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- 
ville. Another paper, established the same year, 
was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State 
capital. (See Forquer, Oeorge; Ford, Tliomas; 
Francis. Simeo7i.) 

At this early date the development of the lead 
mines about Galena had made that place a center 
of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, 
James Jones commenced the issue of "The 
Miners" Journal, " ' the first paper at Galena. Jones 
died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into 
other hands. July 20, 1829. "The Galena Adver- 
tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- 
lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison 
Philleo as editors, and Hooper "Warren as pub- 
lisher, but appears to have been discontinued 
before the expiration of its first year. "The 
Galenian"" was established as a Democratic paper 
by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in 
September, 1836. "The Nortliwestern Gazette 
and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 
1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named 
afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy 
Whig'"), has had a continuous existence, being 
now known as "The Galena Advertiser."' Benja- 
min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of 
his time, was editor of this paper during a part 
of the first year of its publication. 

Robert K. Fleming, who has already been 
mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane 
in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, " 
at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short 
time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his 
establishment to Edwardsville, where he began 
the publication of "The Corrector." The latter 
was continued a little over a year, when it was 
suspended. He then resumed the jjublication of 
"The Recorder"' at Kaskaskia. In December, 
1883, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- 
lication of "The St. Clair Gazette,'" which after- 
wards passed, through various changes of owners, 
under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury"' and 
"Representative and Gazette." This was suc- 
ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," 
which has been published continuously to the 
present time. 

Sanuiel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, 
afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- 
ent times published papers at various points 
in the State. His first enterprise was "The 
Crisis" at Edwardsville. which he changed 
to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close 
of his first year, sold out to Judge John 
York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western 
Plowboy,"" which he had established a few 



months previous. "The Advocate" was removed 
to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who 
had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- 
dated with "The Illinois Register," which had 
been established in 1836. Tlie new paper took the 
name of "The Illinois Register and People's 
Advocate,"" in 1839 was removed to Springfield, 
and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- 
ter."" 

Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 
include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The 
Alton Spectator," the first paper published in 
Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- 
crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The 
Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land 
Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; 
"The Alton American" (1833); "The White 
Comity News,"" at Carmi (1833); "The Danville 
Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at 
Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and 
Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State 
Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville 
(183.5); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land 
Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville 
Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); 
"The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton 
Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- 
thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer'" (1837) ; 
"The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John 
Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published 
in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" 
(1838); "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar 
County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). 
The second paper to be established in Chicago 
was "The Chicago American," whose initial 
number was issued. June 8, ISS.i, with Thomas O. 
Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it 
passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., 
and. on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the 
issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. 
"The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- 
can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner 
of "The Chicago Journal." Tlie third Chicago 
paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," 
founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived 
only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was 
afterwards associated with Warren, and became 
one of the most influential journalistic opponents 
of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in 
the latter part of that year, was as.sociated with 
the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in 
the preliminary steps for the issue of "The 
Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected 
by Ijundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's 
untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



399 



vented him from seeing the consummation of his 
plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in 
part. A paper whose career, although extending 
only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- 
nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its 
history closing with the assassination of its 
editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of 
Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to 
protect his press from destruction, for the fourth 
time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was 
this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it 
undoubtedl}' strengthened the cause of free 
speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of 
the institution in whose behalf it was committed. 
That the development in the field of journal- 
ism, within the past sixty years, has more than 
kept pace with the growth in population, is 
shown by the fact that tliere is not a county in 
the State without its newspaper, while every 
town of a few hundred population has either one 
or more. According to statistics for 1898, there 
were 60.5 cities and towns in the State having 
periodical publications of some sort, making a 
total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 
semi- weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 338 
monthly, and the remainder at various periods 
ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. 

NEWTO.V, the county-seat of Jasper County, 
situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- 
tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central 
Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- 
corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the 
county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining 
and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in 
the surrounding region. The city has water- 
power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- 
facturing, but most of its factories are operated 
by steam. Among these establishments are flour 
and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a 
half-dozen churches, a good public school system, 
including parochial school and high school, 
besides two banks, two weekly and one monthly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 1,030; (1910), 2,108. 

NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, 
of which (1808) only 9.96 miles are operated in 
Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses 
the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad 
(9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial 
control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total 
capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. 
Louis, in 1898, is §50,222,568, of which §19,425,000 
is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi- 
cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under 
the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 



Indiana and Illinois in 1881, con.struction begun 
immediately, and the road put in operation in 
1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a 
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and 
reorganized by the consolidation of various east- 
ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, 
forming the line under its present name. The 
road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of 
Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its 
line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & 
State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as 
well as the owner of its capital stock. The main 
line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the 
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which 
owns more than half of both the preferred and 
common stock. 

NIAJfTIC, a town in Macon County, on the 
Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. 
Agriculture is the leading industry. The town 
has three elevators, three churches, school, coal 
mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1910), C85. 
NICOLAY, John <»eorare, author, was born in 
Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age 
was brought to the United States, lived for a 
time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools 
there, and then came to Illinois ; at 16 entered the 
office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- 
field, and, while still in his minority, became 
editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he 
became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. 
Hatch, the first Rejiublican Secretary, but during 
Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, 
aided him as private secretary, also acting as a 
correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." 
After the election he was formally selected by 
Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- 
ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. 
Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed 
United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 
1869; on his return for some time edited "The 
Chicago Republican" ; was also Marshal of the 
United States Supreme Court in Washington 
from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay was author, in col- 
laboration with John Hay, of "Al)raham Lincoln: 
A History," first published serially in "The Cen- 
tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; 
of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" and "Cam- 
paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous magazine 
articles. Died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 26, 1901. 
NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came 
from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several 
years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- 
guage he learned and for whom he acted as 
interi)reter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake 
Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 



400 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and visited the Cliippewas, ilenominees and 
Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, 
among whom he was received kindly. From the 
Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin \ he 
learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose 
northern villages he also visited. He subse- 
quently returned to Quebec, where he was 
drowned, in October, 1642. He was prol)abh' the 
first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. 

Ji'ILES, Xathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, 
born at Plainfield, Otsego County, X. Y., Feb. 4. 
1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 
to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed 
west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and 
Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 
1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1846 
he was commissioneii a First Lieutenant in the 
Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel 
Bisseirs) for the Mexican "War, but. after the 
battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General 
Wool to the captaincj- of an independent com- 
pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk 
of the House of Representatives at the session of 
1849, and the same year was chosen County 
Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. 
With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to 
'59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- 
ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic, 
but which became Republican on the organiza- 
tion of the Republican party. In 1801 he was 
appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its 
organization having been delayed, he resigned, 
and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- 
nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving 
until May, 1864, when he resigned — in JIarch. 
1865. receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- 
dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 63 
he was in command at Memphis, but later took 
part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- 
paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After 
the war he served as Representative in the 
General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; 
as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and 
Dumb at Jacksonville: on the Commission for 
building the State Penitentiary at Joliet. and as 
Commissioner (by appointment of Governor 
Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home. His later years have l>ern spent chiefly in the 
practice of his profession, with occasional excursions 
into journalism. Originally a Democrat, he became 
one of the founders of the Republican party in 
Southern Illinois. Dictl Sept. 16, 1900. 

NIXOX, William Penn, journalist, Collector of 
Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of 



North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 
1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now 
Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After 
devoting two years to teaching, he entered the 
law department of the University ot Pennsyl- 
vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years 
thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during 
which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio 
Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, 
he and his older lirother. Dr. O. W. Xixon. \vith 
a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- 
icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- 
chased, and the two papers were consolidated 
under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In 
May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in 
Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- 
ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new 
venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 
he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a 
controlling interest in the paper, when the 
former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, 
which he continued to occupy until 1897, when 
he was appointed Collector of Customs for the 
City of Chicago, serving two terms. 

>'OKOMIS, a city of Montgomerj' County, on the 
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
road, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 
52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- 
growing and haj'-producing section ; has water- 
works, electric lights, three flour mills, two 
machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, .seven 
churches, high school, two banks and three 
papers; is noted foi' shipments of poultry, butter 
and eggs. Pop. (1900), 1,371; (1910), 1,872. 

NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles 
north of Bloomington and 134 southwest of Chi- 
cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & 
Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies 
in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has 
extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- 
tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. 
It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 
founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal 
University, founded in 1857; has city and rural 
mail delivery. Po)). (1900), 3,795; (1910), 4,024. 

NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern 
lUhidis X'irmid Vnirrnsitij: State Norrnal Uni- 
versili/.) 

NOR R IS CITY, a village of White County, on the 
Bait. & Ohio S. W. and Big Four R.Rs. fruit and 
grain-grooving region. Pop. (1900), S6S: (1910), 1,055. 

NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28, 
1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose 
loyalty to the Union, at the beginning «f the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



401 



Rebellion, compelled liiiu to leave his Southern 
home and seek safety for himself and family in 
the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- 
missioned Colonel of a regiment and served 
through the war, being for some nine months a 
prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his 
literary education in the public schools, the 
younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was 
engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- 
ing for the pi'actice of law and was admitted to 
the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- 
ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his 
home. In 1880, by appointment of President 
Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for 
the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's 
Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- 
cessively in '84 and '88; in 1890 was appointed on 
the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval 
Academy, and, by selection of the Board, 
delivered the annual address to the graduating 
class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- 
lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- 
trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of 
that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being 
elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the 
State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over 
his Democratic opponent; was re-elected in 1900, 
serving two terras and at the present time (1911) is 
serving his third term as U. S. District Attorney 
for the Southern District of Illinois. 

NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. 
The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific 
provision, by Congress, for the government of the 
country lying northwest of the Ohio River and 
east of the Mississippi (known as the Northw-est 
Territor}-). provided, among other things (Art. 
v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed 
in the said Territory not less than three nor more 
than five States." It then proceeds to fix the 
boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- 
tion that there shall be three in number, adding 
thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- 
ever, and it is further understood and declared, 
that the boundaries of these three States shall be 
subject .so far to be altered that, if Congre.ss shall 
hereafter find it expedient, they shall have 
authority to form one or two States in that part 
of the said Territory which lies north of an east 
and west line drawn through the southerl)' bend 
or extreme of Lake Micliigan." On the basis of 
this provision it has been claimed that the north- 
ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio 
should have been on the exact latitude of the 
southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the 



failure to establish this boundary was a violation 
of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- 
tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the 
following articles shall be considered as articles 
of compact between the original States and the 
j)eopIe and States in the said Territory, and for- 
ever remain unalterable, unless by conunon con- 
sent. "—In the limited state of geographical 
knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of 
the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- 
siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude 
of the .southern limit of Lake Michigan. The 
map of Mitchell (17.'),')) had placed it on the paral- 
lel of 42' 20', while that of Thomas Ilutchins 
(1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was officially estab- 
lished by Government survey, in 183,5, at 41" 37' 
07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- 
ary of neither of the three States named was finally 
fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above 
quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where 
it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little 
north of iV 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 
10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), 
and that of Illinois at 42' 30'— about 61 miles 
north of the same line. The boundary line 
between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a 
bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter 
State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance 
by her of certain conditions proposed by Congres.s. 
These included the annexation to Michigan of 
what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," 
lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, 
in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her 
southern border, which she demanded from 
Ohio, — The establishment of the northern bound- 
ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now 
exists, is universally conceded to have been due 
to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the 
Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. 
While it was then acquiesced in without ques- 
tion, it has since been the subject of considerable 
controversy and has been followed by almost 
incalculable results. The "enabling act," as 
originally introduced early in 1818, empowering 
the people of Illinois Territory to form a State 
Government, fixed the northern boundary of the 
proposed State at 41° 39', then the suppo.sed lati- 
tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. 
AVhile the act was under consideration in Com- 
mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- 
n)ent advancing the northern boundary to 42° 
30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- 
plained) was to gain for the new State a coast 
line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political 
and commercial relations with the States east of 



402 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — 
thus ■"affording additional security to the per- 
petuity of the Union." He argued that the 
location of the State between the Mississippi, 
Wabash and Oliio Rivers — all flowing to the 
south — would bring it in intimate communica- 
tion with the Southern States, and that, in the 
event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it 
was important tliat it sliould be identified with 
the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left 
entirely to the waters of the south-flowing 
rivers. ' 'Thus, ' ' said he, ' 'a rival interest would be 
created to check the wish for a Western or South- 
ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be 
balanced and her inclinations turned to the 
North." He recognized Illinois as already "the 
key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that 
the time might come when it would be the Key- 
stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- 
ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his 
argument that, in time, a commercial emporium 
would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would 
demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- 
nois River — a work which was realized in the 
completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
thirty years later, but which would scarcely have 
been accomplished had tlie State been practically 
cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium 
left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not 
at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted 
without division, and, in this form, a few days 
later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- 
human sagacity e.\hibited in Judge Pope's argu- 
ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the 
commercial and political history of the State 
since, but never more significantly than in the 
commanding position which Illinois occupied 
during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- 
zens in the Presidential chair and another leading 
its 2.50,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the 
Union in battling for the perpetuity of the 
Republic— a position which more than fulfilled 
every prediction made for it. — The territory 
affected by this settlement of the northern 
boundary, includes all that part of the State 
north of the northern line of La Salle County, 
and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen 
counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, 
Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- 
son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- 
tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated 
at 8, .500 square miles, or more than one-seventh 
of the present area of the State. It has been 
argued that this territory belonged to the State 
of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- 



nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts 
made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature 
and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 
and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to 
recognize this claim. These were, in a few 
instances, partially successful, although no official 
notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- 
nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by 
Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- 
nois" when the subject was fresh in the public 
mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 
gave Congress power to organize a State north of 
the parallel running through the southern bend 
of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- 
nance requiring such additional State to be 
organized of the territory north of that line." In 
other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, 
authorized the organization of an additional 
State north of and in (i. e., within) the line 
named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, 
but acted in accordance with it — in practically 
assuming that the new State "need not neces- 
sarily include the whole of the region north of 
that line. " The question was set at rest by Wis- 
consin herself in the action of her Constitutional 
Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- 
stitution, in form recognizing the northern 
boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act 
of 1818. 

NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 
16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- 
ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of 
August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. 
Joslj'n, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. 
After considering many offers and examining 
numerous sites, the Commissioners finallj- selected 
the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 
1V4 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox 
River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — 
this liaving been tendered as a donation by the 
citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the 
latter part of 1869, the system of construction 
chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the 
United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- 
ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing 
and rear building were so far advanced as to per- 
mit the reception of sixty patients. The center 
building was ready for occupancy in April. 1873, 
and the south wing before the end of the follow- 
ing year. The total expenditures previous to 
1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date 
liberal appropriations have been made for addi- 
tions, repairs and improvements, including the 



2 
O 

H 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



403 



addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands 
connected with the institution The first Board 
of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, 
Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. 
E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and 
Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- 
ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as liis 
Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head 
of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, 
covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- 
bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, 
and lie. by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the 
latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- 
vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- 
pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in 
December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The 
total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was 
$882,745.66, of which §701,330 was in land and 
buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- 
lisliing the hospital, provision is made for the 
care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is 
both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- 
ber of patients under treatment, for the two years 
preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number 
of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average 
daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 
1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- 
trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, 
Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- 
dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- 
bago. 

NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, 
an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee 
County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction 
in branches related to the art of teaching. Its 
last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 
885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- 
tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of 
property' was estimated at more than $200,000, of 
which S160.000 was in real estate and $45,000 in 
apparatus. Attendance on the institution has 
been affected by the establishment, under act of 
the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State 
Normal School at DeKalb (which see). 

NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- 
tution for the confinement of criminals of the 
State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site 
was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- 
prises some seventy -two acres. Its erection was 
found necessary because of the inadeqiiacy of the 
first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Pent 
tt'nfianj.) Tlie original plan contemplated a 
cell-liouse containing 1,000 cells, %vhich, it was 
thought, would meet the public necessities for 
many years to come. Its estimated cost was 



$550,000; but, within ten years, there had been 
expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 
000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. 
Subsequent enlargements have increased the 
cost to over 81,000,000, but by 1877. the institution 
had become so overcrowded that the erection of 
another State penal institution became positively 
necessary. (See Soiitliern Penitentiary.) The 
prison has always been conducted on "the 
Auburn system," which contemplates associate 
labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- 
tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at 
night. Tlie system of labor has varied at differ- 
ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract 
sy.stem" and the "State account plan" being 
successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The 
whole number of convicts in the institution, at 
the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. 
The total assets of tlie institution, Sept. 30, 1894, 
were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 
601.11 was in real estate. 

NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. 
Louis, Peoria <fc NorViern Railivay.) 

NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
institution for the education of teacliers of the 
common schools, authorized to be established by 
act of the Legislature passed at the session of 
1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 
for the erection of buildings and other improve- 
ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, 
DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the 
erection of buildings commenced soon after — 
Isaac F. Ellwood, of DeKalb, contributing $20,- 
000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- 
seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the 
appropriations and contributions, in land and 
money, aggregated $175,000. The school was 
expected to be ready for the reception of pupils 
in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will 
accommodate 1.000 students. 

NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name 
formerly applied to that portion of the United 
States north and west of tlie Ohio River and east 
of the Mississippi, comprising the present States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
sin. The claim of the Government to the land 
had been acquired partly through conquest, by 
the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark 
(which see), under the auspices of the State of 
Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the 
Indians, and jiartly through cessions from those 
of tlie original States laying claim thereto. The 
first plan for the government of this va.st region 
was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, 
in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 



404 



IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of ultimate passage. ' But three years later a 
broader scheme was evolved, and the famous 
Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the 
extension of slavery bej'ond the Ohio River, 
passed the Continental Congress. This act has 
been sometimes termed "The American Magna 
Charta," because of its engrafting upon the 
organic law the principles of human freedom and 
nqual rights. The plan for the establishment of 
u. distinctive territorial civil government in a 
new Territory — the first of its kind in the new 
republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too 
much power was not granted to the residents. 
All the officers were appointive, and each official 
was required to be a land-owner. The elective 
franchise (but only for members of the General 
Assembl}-) could first be exercised only after the 
population had reached 5,000. Even then, every 
elector must own fifty acres of land, and every 
Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, 
however, were subsequently incorporated by 
amendment, in 1809. The first civil government 
in the Northwest Territory was established by act 
of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization 
of all the country west of the Ohio under the 
name "Illinois County," of which the Governor 
was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- 
ant" or "Commandant-in-Cliief." The first 
"Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, 
of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge 
the duties for only a short period, being killed in 
the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the 
Illinois Country was almost without the semblance 
of an organized civil government, until 1788, 
when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the 
first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the 
Ordinance «f- 1787, serving until the separation of 
this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- 
ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison 
became the Governor of the latter, embracing all 
that portion of the original Northwest Territory 
except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's 
administration (1790) that part of the present State 
of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois 
Rivers on the west, and a line extending north 
from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the 
Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the 
present county of Tazewell, on the east, was 
erected into a county inider the name of St. 
Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Caliokia, 
Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair 
County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North- 
west Territory was applied to an unorganized 
region, embracing the jireseiit State of Wisconsin, 
attached to Michigan Territory for governmental 



purposes. (See Illi)iois County; St Clair, Arthur; 
and Todd, John.) 

NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at 
Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 
1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- 
ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and 
collegiate departments, besides a theological 
school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- 
sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less 
than one-third of the latter being females, though 
both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal 
footing. The institution owns property to the 
value of $207,000, including an endowment of 
S85,000. 

NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- 
WAT. (See Chicago &• Grand Trunk Railway.) 

NORTHW ESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- 
seo, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in 
1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 
pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one 
female. 

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- 
tant educational institution, established at 
Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it 
reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 
female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. 
It embraces the following departments, all of 
which confer degrees: A College of Liberal 
Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women 
exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- 
macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- 
cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- 
ferred, constitutes the theological department of 
the LTniversity. The charter of the institution 
requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- 
bers of the Methodist Episcopal Churcli, and the 
University is the largest and wealthiest of the 
schools controlled by that denomination. The 
College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical 
Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments 
(all professional) are located in Chicago. In the 
academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- 
vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- 
ate courses. The Medical School was formerly 
known as the Chicago Medical College, and its 
Law Department was originally the Union Col- 
lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed 
b)' the Universitj', as have also its schools of 
dentistrj' and pharmacy, which were formerly 
independent institutions. The property owned by 
the University is valued at §4,870,000, of which 
§1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endow- 
ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students 
in 1898 w.as §215,288, and total receipts from all 
sources, §482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



405 



vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henrj- 
Waile Rogers is President. 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL 

SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 
18.59 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake 
Forest) University. Three annual terms, of &ve 
months each, at first constituted a course, 
although attendance at two only was t^impul- 
sory. The institution first opened in temporary 
quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors 
and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample 
accommodations were needed, and the Trustees 
of the Lind L^niversity being unable to provide a 
building, one was erected by the facult3^ In 
1864 the University relinquished all claim to the 
institution, which was thereupon incorporated as 
the Chicago Jledical College. In 1868 the length 
of the annual terms was increased to six months, 
and additional requirements were imposed on 
candidates for both matriculation and gradu- 
ation. The same j-ear, the college building was 
sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- 
dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- 
pital, was commenced. This was completed in 
1870, and the college became the medical depart- 
ment of the Northwestern University. The 
number of professorships had been increased to 
eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. 
Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- 
ings have been erected, and the growth of the 
institution has been steady and substantial. 
Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South 
Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical 
instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted 
in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- 
cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and 
assistants. 

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S 
MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro 
fessional education of women, located in 
Chicago. Its first corporate name was the 
"Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago, " 
and it was in close connection with the Chicago 
Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it 
severed its connection with the hospital and took 
the name of the "Woman's Medical College of 
Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine 
and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 
to 1870, but the exjieriment proved repugnant to 
the male students, wlio unanimously signed a 
protest against the continuance of the system. 
The result was the establisliment of a separate 
school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- 
teen professors. The requirements for graduation 
were fixed at four years of medical study, includ- 



ing three annual graded college terms of six 
months each. The first term opened in the 
autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty 
students. The original location of the school 
was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- 
porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal 
was effected to the "West Division," where (in 
1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building wa.s 
erected. A larger structure was Iniilt in 1884, 
and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the 
Northwestern University. The college, in all its 
departments, is organized along the lines of the 
best medical schools of the country. In 1896 
there were twenty-four professorships, all capably 
filled, and among the faculty are some of the 
best known specialists in the country. 

NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and 
Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., Ai)ril 25, 
1812, and graduated from Williams College in 
1835. He settled at JoUet in 1839, and soon 
became prominent in the affairs of Will County. 
His first public office was that of City Attorney, 
after wliich he served as County Judge (1846-50). 
Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was 
elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- 
gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the 
repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in 
his re election as a Representative in 1854. At 
the expiration of his second term (1857) he was 
chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the 
unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He 
was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but 
disagreed with his party as to the legal status of 
the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson 
appointed him United States Attorney for the 
Northern District of Illinois, which ofBce lie filled 
until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he 
began private practice at Cliicago, where he died, 
August 3, 1875. 

NORTH CHICAGO, a city of Lake County (in- 
corporated 1909) on C. & N. W. R. R., 33 miles 
north of Chicago; has a bank, steel and wireworks 
and one weekly i)aper. Pop. (1910), 3,306. 

NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born 
at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by 
his parents to Pike County, III., in 1844, and, at 
the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the 
ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- 
sonville, graduating with first honors in the class 
of 1855. In the following autumn he entered 
Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, 
having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same 
year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- 
terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 



406 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ten years, when he accepted a call to the First 
Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a 
small organization which developed, during the 
twentj' years of his pastorate, into one of the 
strongest and most influential churches in Evans- 
ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an 
editorial writer and weekly correspondent of 
"The New York EvangeUst, " over the signature 
of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an 
active and very efficient member of the Board of 
Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of 
his mind %vas illustrated in the fact that he acted 
as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- 
brated trial of the latter for heresy before the 
Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that 
occasion Tvinning encomiums from all classes of 
people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 
14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, 
and was deeply deplored, not only by his own 
church and denomination, but by the whole com- 
munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a 
union meeting was held in one of the churches at 
Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration 
of his services were delivered by some dozen 
ministers of that village and of Chicago, while 
various social and literary organizations and the 
press bore testimony to his high character. He 
was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, 
and, during the last year of his life, served as its 
President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a 
daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored 
citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. 

OAKLAXD, a city of Coles County on the Van- 
dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in 
grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has 
a bank and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890). 
99.5; (1900), 1,198; (1910), 1,159. 

OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and 
popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles 
west of the initial station of the Chicago & 
Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is 
also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- 
road. The place has numerous churches, pros- 
perous schools, a public library, telegraph and 
express offices, banks and three local papers. Pop. 
(1890), 4,771; (1910), 19,444. 

OBERLY, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- 
ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, 
Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in 
Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 18.53. began learn- 
ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- 
ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, 
Tenn , and becoming a joiimeyman printer in 



1857. He worked in various offices, including 
the Wooster paper, where he also began the study 
of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of 
"The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which 
he had been employed as an apprentice, and, 
later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave 
Memphis on account of his Union principles 
after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned 
to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers 
there during the next four years, but, in 1865, 
came to Cairo, 111. , where he served for a time as 
foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years 
later establishing "TheCairo Bulletin." Although 
the latter paper was burned out a few months later, 
it was immediately reestablished. In 1872 he 
was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth 
General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed 
by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of 
the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving 
four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- 
cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other 
positions held b)- him included Mayor of the city 
of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- 
graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- 
phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National 
Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of 
the Democratic State Central Committee 
(1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and 
Warehouse Commission, he united in founding 
"The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he 
was editor some three years. During President 
Cleveland's administration he was apiwinted a 
member of the Civil Service Commission, being 
later transferred to the Commissionership of 
Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected 
in an editorial capacity with "Tlie Washington 
Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- 
cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- 
ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to 
reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at 
Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. 

ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 
1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 
1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was 
instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at 
Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first 
Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- 
retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- 
ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, 
at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable 
Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches 
of the Order numbered seventy -six, with 3,291 
members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the 
Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,544, 
with $475,252.18 revenue, of which §135,018.40 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



407 



was expended for relief. The Encampment 
branch, in 1895. embraced 179 organization.s with 
a membership of 0,813 and §23,865.25 revenue, of 
which §6,781.40 was paid out for relief. Tlie 
Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 
Lodges, with 23,000 members and 543,215.65 
revenue, of which $3,122.79 was for relief. The 
total sum distributed for relief by the several 
organizations (1895) was $144,972.59. The Order 
was especially liberal in its benefactions to the 
sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to 
its members calling forth a generous response 
throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows' 
Orphans' Home.) 

ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo 
lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at 
Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters 
of Rebekah (see Odd FeUows). and dedicated 
August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in 
height, has a capacity for the accommodation of 
fifty children, and cost $36,524.76, exclusive of 
forty acres of land valued at S8,000. 

ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and 
station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 
miles south-southwest of Chicago; in a grain and 
stock-raising region ; has a l^ank and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,035. 

ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- 
ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central 
and the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern Rail- 
ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in 
fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, 
bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,400. 

O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on 

the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 

miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, 

.electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mines, 

bank and a new.'^paper. Pop. (1910), 2,018. 

OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail 
way President, born at "Walton, N. Y., June 15, 
1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- 
lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed 
to Chicago, where he established a land and trust, 
agency. He took an active part in the various 
enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on 
the incorporation of the city! was elected its first 
Mayor. Ho was prominently identified with the 
construction of the Galena & Chicago Union 
Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. 
While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful 
study of the canals of Holland, which convinced 
him of the desirability of widening and deepen- 
ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- 
structing a ship canal across the southern 
peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- 



dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the 
Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- 
dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
way Company, of which he was elected President. 
In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific 
Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of 
the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became 
its President. He was largely coimected with 
the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the 
success of which he was a firm believer. He 
also controlled various other interests of public 
importance, among them the great lumbering 
establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time 
of his death, was the owner of what was probably 
the largest plant of that description in the world. 
His benefactions were numerous, among the 
recipients being the Rush Medical College, of 
which he was President; the Theological Serai- 
nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical 
Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University 
of Chicago, the Astronomical Societj', and many 
other educational and benevolent institutions 
and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in 
New York City, August 8, 1877. (See Chicago & 
Northwesiern Railroad. ) 

OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia 
in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the 
American Bottom within the present County of 
Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair 
County, about the site of the present town of 
O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville ; was selected 
by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their 
skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home 
in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain 
Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- 
vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in 
Northern Illinois, was named in his honor — 
Jacob (,Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native 
of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois 
with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in 
the War of 1812. He served as a Representative 
from St. Clair County in the Third General 
Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh 
(1830), in the former being an opponent of the 
pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two 
terms in the Legislature he seems to have held 
no public oflSce except that of .lustice of the 
Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- 
di.st and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 
j'ears. 

OGLE COUNTY, next to the '•northern tier"' of 
counties of the State and originally a part of Jo 
Daviess. It was .separately organized in 1837, 
and Lee County was carved from its territory in 



408 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1839. In 1900 its area was 773 square miles, and 
its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk 
War immigration was slow, and life primitive. 
Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain 
was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded 
with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. 
Rock River flows across tlie county from north- 
east to southwest. A little oak timber grows 
along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- 
face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich 
loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the 
limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has 
been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, 
the county -seat, has fine water-power. The other 
principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and 
Mount Morris. Pop. of the county (1910), 27,864. 
OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and 
United States Senator, was born in Oldham 
County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the 
age of 8 years; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to 
Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at 
farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting 
his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he 
was admitted to the bar and began practice at 
Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was 
commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- 
ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- 
ment), and served tlirough the Me.xican War, 
taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the 
battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a 
course of study at the Louisville Law School, 
graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in 
California, but returned to Decatur in 18.51. In 
1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- 
gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was 
elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 
resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the 
Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry 
(notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at 
Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- 
verely wounded in the last-named battle. He 
resigned his commission on account of disiibility, 
in May, 1864, and the following November was 
elected Governor, as a Republican. In 18T2 he 
was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after 
his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the 
United States Senate, to which he was elected 
by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was 
elected Governor for the third time — being the 
only man in the history of the State who (up to 
the present time — 1899) has been thus lionored. 
After the expiration of his last term as Governor, 
he devoted his attention to his private affairs at 
his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he 
died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal 



and political friends in all parts of the Union, 
who admired his strict integrity and sterling 
patriotism. 
OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY. 

(See Peoria cfr Eastern Railroad.) 

OHIO RIY'EK, an affluent of the Mississippi, 
formed by the union of the Monongahela and 
Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point 
it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards 
wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above 
sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its 
l)anks secured for it, from the early French 
explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name 
of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to 
the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- 
ing tlie southern boundary of the States of Ohio, 
Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- 
ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, 
until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 
37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of 
the latter stream. The area which it drains is 
computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth 
is 268 feet above the level of the sea The current 
is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near 
Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- 
two feet witliin two miles, which is evaded by 
means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- 
boats can navigate its whole length, except in low 
stages of water and when closed b}- ice in winter. 
Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, tlie Cum- 
berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and 
the Green Rivers, from the south, and tlie Wa- 
bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the 
north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- 
burg, Wheeling. Cincinnati. Louisville, Evans- 
ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is 
crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and 
Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a 
variation of forty-two to fiftj'-one feet between 
high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and 
its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See 
Inundafiotis, Kemarkable. ) 

OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- 
timore & Ohio Southu-estern Railroad.) 

OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- 
seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- 
cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., 
at the junction of the Baltimore it Ohio South- 
western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois 
Central and the Oliio River Division of the Cin- 
cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the 
center of the fruit belt and an important sliipping 
point for farm produce and livestock; has Hour 
mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair 
shops, banks, a public library, churches and live 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



409 



newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- 
weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,8;il : (1900). 
4,260; (1010). .'>.011. 

OMELTENY, John, pioneer and head of a 
numerous family wliicli became prominent in 
Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who 
came to America aljout 1T98 or 1799. After resid- 
ing in Kentucljy a few jears, he removed to Illi- 
nois, locating in wliat afterwards became Pope 
County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had 
preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for 
a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, 
carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 
from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet 
Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph 
County, wliere he served as a member of the 
County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a 
member of the Second General Assembly from 
Union County, having successfully contested the 
seat of Samuel Alexander, who liad received the 
certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward 
(Omelvenj-), anotlier member of this family, and 
grandson of the elder John Omelvenj-, represented 
Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
bly (18-16-48), and was Presidential Elector ia 
1853, but died sometime during the Civil War. — 
Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- 
liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born 
in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern 
Illinois, in 1832, and engaged in the practice of 
law, being for a time the partner of Senator 
Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 lie 
was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to 
succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to 
the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He 
gained considerable notoriety bj' his intense 
hostility to the policy of the Government during 
the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 18G2, and was named as a 
member of tlie Peace Commission proposed to be 
appointed by tlie General Assembly, in 1863, to 
secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- 
federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the 
peace meeting lield at Peoria, in August, 1863. 
In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, 
Cal., which has since been his home, and where 
he has carried on a lucrative law practice. 

OXARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles soutli by west 
from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from 
Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, 
wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being 
among the products. It has banlis, tilcworks, a can- 
ning factory, several churches, a graded school, a 



commercial college, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. 
(1900), 1,270; (1910), 1,273. 

ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
northeast of Galesburg; lias wagon, pump and 
furniture factories, two lianks, electric liglits, 
several churches, a graded scliool, and a weekly 
paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, 
where coal is mined about twenty feet below the 
surface. Pop. (1900), 785; (1910), 589. 

0(JUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson 
Count}-, situated on the Mississippi River, about 
15 miles above Burlington Iowa, and 32 miles 
west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, 
but has some manufactories. The town has 
five cliurches. a graded school, a bank and three 
newspapers Pop. (1900), 1,010; (1910), 907. 

ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name 
given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, 
for the government of the territory northwest of 
tlie Ohio River, comprising the present States of 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Micliigan and Wisconsin. 
Tlie first step in tliis direction was taken in the 
appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a 
committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- 
man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- 
ment of the region wliicli had been acquired, by 
tlie capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers 
Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity 
for some step of tliis sort had grown all the more 
urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the 
right of the United States to this region by the 
Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- 
ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on 
account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — 
a right which she liad exercised by furnishing 
whatever semblance of government so far existed 
northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted 
from Jefferson's committee proposed the division 
of the Territory into seven States, to which was 
added the jiroviso that, after the year 1800, "there 
sliall be neitlier slavery nor involuntary sers-itude 
in any of said States, otiierwise tlian in punish- 
ment of crime whereof tlie party sliall have been 
duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, 
however. Congress contenting itself with the 
pa.s.sage of a resolution providing for future 
organization of this territory into States by the 
people — the measures necessary for temporary 
government being left to future Congressional 
action. While the postponement, in the reso- 
lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- 
bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been 
criticised, its introduction was significant, as 
coming from a representative from a slave State, 



410 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and being the first proposition in Congress look- 
ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject 
of slavery. Congress having taken no further 
step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the 
condition of the country (thus left practically 
without a responsible government, while increas- 
ing in population) became constant!}' more 
deplorable. An appeal from the people about 
Kaskaskia for some better form of government, 
in 178G, aided by the influence of the newly 
organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- 
courage emigration to the lands which they were 
planning to secure from the General Government, 
at last brought about the desired result, in the 
passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th 
day of July, 1787. While making provision for a 
mode of temporary self-government by the 
people, its most striking features are to be found 
in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — 
with which the document closes. These assert: 
(1) the right of freedom of worship and religious 
opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas 
corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- 
sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- 
erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, 
being necessary to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall. forever be encouraged"; (4) that 
the States, formed within the territory referred 
to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- 
acy of the United States of America, subject to 
the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- 
ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; 
(5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be 
formed therein and the conditions of their admis- 
sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant 
of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the 
introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- 
tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any 
qualification as to time. There has been consider- 
able controversy regarding the authorship of this 
portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not 
necessary to enter here. While it has been char- 
acterized as a second and advanced Declaration 
of Independence — and probably no single act of 
Congress was ever fraught with more important 
and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable 
that a majority of tlie States supporting it and 
securing its adoption, were then, and long con- 
tinued to be, slave States. 

ORE€rON, the county-s'eat of Ogle County, 
situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis 
Brancli of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- 
rounding region is agricultural; the town has 



water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel 
tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has 
two banks, water-works supplied by flowing 
artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- 
papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer 
resort. Pop. (1900), 1,577; (1910), 2,180. 

ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- 
section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago 
Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railwaj'S, 19 miles southeast of 
Rock Island. Pop. (1900), 584; (1910), 655. 

OSBORN, William Henry, Railway President, 
was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After 
receiving a high school education in his native 
town, he entered the counting room of the East 
India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- 
quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, 
finally engaging in business on lus own account, 
during which he traveled extensively in Europe. 
Returning to the United States in 1853, he took 
up his residence in New York, and, having mar- 
ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the 
original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- 
ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he 
was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on 
Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving 
in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 
11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, 
twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- 
nection with the Illinois Central Raib'oad, Mr. 
Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises 
of an educational and benevolent character in aid 
of the unfortunate classes in the State of New 
York. 

OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, 
was born in Licking County, Ohio, Augu.st 11, 
1832; graduated from the Ohio University at 
Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, 
Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to 
the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in 
the war for the Union he joined the "Yates 
Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of 
the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- 
ice, in August, 1801, as tlie Thirty-nintli Illinois 
Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- 
missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion 
to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment 
being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall 
Jackson, and took part in many important en- 
gagements, including the battles of Winchester, 
Bermuda Hundreds, and Drurj-'s Bluff, besides 
the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At 
Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



411 



wounded, losing the use of his riglit arm. He 
bore a conspicuous part in tlie o[)erations about 
Richmond which resulted in the capture of tlie 
rebel capital, his services being recognized by 
promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. 
At the close of the war he returned to the prac- 
tice of law in Cliicago, but, in 1874. was appointed 
Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the 
Argentine Republic, remaining in that position 
until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his 
residence in Chicago. Died March 27, 1904. 

OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the 
Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincj- Railwaj-, 6 miles south of 
Aurora. Pop. (1890), 641; (1900), (US; (1910), 600. 

OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city 
of La Salle Count3', being incorporated as a vil- 
lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located 
at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers 
and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the 
intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the 
Clucago, Burlington & Quincj-, 98 miles east of 
Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. 
Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of 
glass is foimd in the vicinity and the place has 
extensive glass works. Other manufactured 
products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- 
roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons 
and carriages, agricultural implements, hay 
carriers, liaj' presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet 
work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The citj' 
has some handsome public buildings including 
the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House 
for the Northern Division. It also has .several 
public parks, one of which (South Park) contains 
a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches 
and numerous public school buildings, including 
a high school. Tlie city is lighted by gas and 
electricity, has electric street railways, good 
sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 
150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. 
It lias one private and two national banks, five 
libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three 
German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. 
(1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588; (1910), 9,535. 

OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY 
RAILROAD. (.See Chicago, Burlimjfon d- Qiiinci/ 
Railroad.) 

OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the Frencli, 
to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See 
Sacs and Fo.res. ) 

OWEX, Thomas J. V., early legislator and 
Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 



1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 
1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- 
bly from Randolph County ; the following year 
was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- 
cessor to Dr. Alexander AVolcott, who had died in 
the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as 
Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the 
first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- 
cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of 
the Government Commissioners who conducted 
the treaty %vith the Pottawatomie and other 
tribes of Indians at Cliicago, in September, 1833. 
Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. 

PADDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massa- 
chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he 
entered the Colonial Army, serving until the 
close of the Revolutionary War, and being in 
Washington's command at the crossing of the 
Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- 
mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a 
jear later, to St. Charles, 51o. Then, after hav- 
ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he 
located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- 
wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which 
became one of the most prosperous agricultural 
sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. 

PAIXE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in 
Parkman. Geauga Count}', Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; 
graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 
1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, 
serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, 
Oct. 11,-1840. He then studied law and practiced 
at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 
111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower 
branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly 
(1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been 
Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- 
Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, 
became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). 
He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in 
April, 18G1, and served through the war, being 
promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. 
The first duty performed by his regiment, after 
this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., 
where he was in command. Later, it took part 
in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 
the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, 
and also in the various engagements in Northern 
Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From 
November, 1W(J2, to Jlay, 1864, General Paine was 
guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, 
and, during a part of 1864, in command of the 
AVestern District of Kentucky. He resigned, 
April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey Cit)', Dec. 16, 



412 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1882. A sturdj' Union man, lie performetl his 
duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. 

PALATIXE, a village of Cook County, on the 
Wisconsin Division of the Cliicago & Xorthwest- 
ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. 
There are flour and i)laning mills here; dairying 
and farming are leading industries of the sur- 
rounding country. The village has good schools, 
churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910). 1,144. 

PALESTINE, a town in Crawi'ord County, about 
2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of 
Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, 
on the Indianapolis Southern Railway; has churches, 
a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour 
mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment 
factorj', and municipal light and power plant. 
Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979; (1910), 1,399. 

PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- 
man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, 
Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the 
printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards 
edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served 
two terms in the New York Legislature; in 18.5s 
removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The 
Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, 
and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having 
purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he 
edited for several years. In 1873 he removeil to 
Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," 
remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- 
master of the citj- of Chicago, serving eight years. 
Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, 
in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- 
ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- 
land in 1893. when he returned to newspaper work, 
but resumed bis old place at tlie head of the 
Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- 
tion of President McKinley, 1897. Died Dec. 3. 1907. 

PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and 
United States Senator, was born in Scott County. 
Ky.. Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to 
Madison County. 111., in 1831, and, four years 
later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 
as a student; later taught and studied law. being 
admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was 
elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also 
served in the State Constitutional Convention of 
1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and 
County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to 
fill a vacancy, in 18.52. and re-elected in 18.54. as 
an Anti-Xebraska Democrat, casting his vote for 
Lyman Trumbull for L'nited States Senator in 
18.55. but resigned his seat in 1856; was President 
of the first Republican State Convention, held at 
Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a 



delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- 
phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
in 1859. and chosen a Presidential Elector on the 
Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of 
the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered 
the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- 
dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in 
the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, 
assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army 
Corps with the rank of MajorGeneral, but was 
relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 
1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to 
command of the Jlilitary Department of Ken- 
tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the 
service, and, in 18G7, became a citizen of Spring- 
field. The following year he was elected Gov- 
ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported 
Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- 
operated with the Democratic party. He was 
three times the unsuccessful candidate of his 
party for United States Senator, and was their 
nominee for Governor in 1888. but defeated. In 
1890 he was nominated for United States Senator 
by the Democratic State Convention and elected 
in joint session of the Legislature. March 11. 1891, 
receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and 
two Farmers" Mutual Alliance votes. He became 
an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as 
candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for 
President, although receiving no electoral votes, 
proving his devotion to principle. His last years 
were occupied in preparation of a volume of 
personal recollections, which was completed, 
under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life.'' 
a few weeks before his death, which occurred at 
his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. 

PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, 
was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; 
received an English education and became a 
junior clerk in a country store at Durham, 
Greene County, in that State, three years later 
being placed in charge of the business, and finally 
engaging in business on his own account. Com- 
ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- 
goods business on Lake Street, establishing the 
house which afterwards became Field. Leiter & 
Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ) . from which here- 
tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, 
which later was greatly increased by fortunate in- 
vestments. He died May 9, 1902. Mr. Palmer 
Avas Second Vice-President of the first Board of 
Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M, Honore (Palmer), 
wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



413 



Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner 
and operator of Chicago. Slie is a native of 
Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly 
spent, though she was educated at a convent near 
Baltimore, Md. Later she came witli her family 
to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter 
Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized 
leader in many social and benevolent movements, 
but won the highest praise by her ability and 
administrative skill, exhibited as President of the 
Board of Lady JIanagers of the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition of 1893. 

PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on 
the Springfield Divi.sion of the ."^t. Louis, Chicago, 
Peoria & St. Louis Raihvay, 33 rriilcs southwest from 
Springfield; has some local manufactories, a bank 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 813; (1910), 873 

PAN A, an important railway center and prin- 
cipal city of Christian County, situated in the 
southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- 
secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 
miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles 
southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- 
ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its 
mechanical establishments include two flouring 
mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two 
planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in 
coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has 
banks, several churches, graded schools, and 
one paper issuing daily and weekly editions. Pop. 
(1890), 5,077; (1000), 5,,5.30; (1910), 0,055. 

PAXA, SPRIXiFIELD & NORTHWESTERN 
RAILROAD. (See Baltimore d- Ohio South- 
western Ra ilroad. ) 

PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the 
county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important 
railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and 
the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, 
and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in 
the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural 
region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries 
include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and 
planing mills, gla.ss, broom, and corn product 
factories. The city has three banks, three daily 
and three weekly n wspapers, one monthly i)ul)lica- 
tion, several churches, and graded schools. Poj). 
(1900), 6,105; (1010), 7.0G.1. 

PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre 
Haute & i'coria Railroad.) 

PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See 
Tcrrc Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

PARKS, (jiavion D. A., lawyer, was born at 
Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17. 1817; 



went to New York City in 1838, where he com- 
pleted his legal .studies and was admitted to the 
bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842, Here 
he successively edited a paper, served as Master 
in Chancery anil in an engineering corps on the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County 
Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, 
acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock 
Island, the Jlichigan Central and the Chicago 
& Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the 
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became 
a Republican and served on the first Republican 
State Central Committee (185G); the .same year 
was elected to the State Senate, and was a 
Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. 
In 1873 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- 
lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and 
afterwards acted with the Democratic party. 
Died, Dec. 28, 1895. 

PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at 
Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the 
printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came 
to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- 
lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his 
interest a few years later. Then, having offi- 
ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some 
years, in 1854 he again became associated with 
"The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at 
Alton, March 31, 1875. 

PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- 
consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- 
lation (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340; (1910), 2,009. 

PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and 
Assi.stant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army 
of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden 
County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents 
to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- 
hood on a farm, receiving his education in the 
district school, with four terms in a high school 
at Burlington. Wis. At 16 he taught a winter 
district .school near his boyhood home, and at 18 
enlisted in what became Company C of the 
Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being 
mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at 
Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to 
tlie Army of the Cumberland, he participated 
with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the 
Atlanta campaign, as well as those oi Franklin 
and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in tlie 
fact that he never fell out on the march, took 
medicine from a doctor or was absent from his 
regiment during its term of service, except for 
four months while recovering from a gun-shot 



414 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



wound received ax Chickamauga. He was pro- 
moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, 
and commissioned Second Lieutenant of liis old 
company, of which his father was First Lieuten- 
ant for six months and until forced to resign on 
account of impaired health. Receiving his final 
discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, 
where he remained until 1809, in the meantime 
being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, 
and teaching school one winter. In 1809 he was 
elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the 
Republican ticket, and re-elected in 18T1 ; in 
January of the latter year, purchased an interest 
in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he 
remained associated some fifteen years, at first as 
the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his 
younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he 
was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster 
at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was 
elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive 
elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, 
Thirty-sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- 
blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the 
Speaker's chair, and, especially during tlie long 
Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a 
leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he 
was called to the service of the Republican State 
Central Committee (of which he had previously 
been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- 
tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining imtil 
the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the 
secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign 
of 1892 he was associated with the late AVilliam 
J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the 
Republican National Committee, and was en- 
trusted b}' him with many important and confi- 
dential missions. Without solicitation on his 
part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the 
secretaryship of the Republican State Central 
Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- 
ential part in winning the brilliant success 
achieved by the party in the campaign of that 
year. From 1893 to 189.') lie served as Mayor of 
Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- 
General of the Grand Arnij- of the Republic for 
the Department of Illinois — a position which he 
held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, 
and to which he was reappointed by successive 
Department Commanders up to the year 1910. Mr. 
Partridge's ser\acc in the various public positions 
held by liim gave him an acquaintance extending 
to every county in the State. Died \ndoly mourned, 
Dec. 13, 1910. 

PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the 
Western branch of the Illinois Central Railwav, 



15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and 
saw mills here; the surrounding country is agri- 
cultm-al. Pop. (1900), 640; (1910), 676. 
PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., 

clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., 
Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with 
his parents in 1822, his father dying two years 
later; at 18 had had onlj' nine months' schooling, 
but graduated at IlUnois College in 1837 ; spent a 
year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as 
tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years 
more at Lane Seminarj' and preaching in Chicago 
and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the 
Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which 
he remained the "pastor over thirty 3'ears. In 
1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic 
Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. 
Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a 
similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- 
ship in 1873, he was, for several jears. Professor of 
Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological 
Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as 
President of Lake Forest University (of which he 
was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as 
lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He 
received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- 
lege, X. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake 
Forest University, and was Moderator of the 
Presbj'terian General Assembly (X. S.) at Wil- 
mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., 
Feb. 24, 1894. 

PAVEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State 
Auditor, was born in Higliland County, Ohio, 
Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling 
in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, 
followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- 
raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- 
etli Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and 
became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was 
severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain 
and, having been captured, was confined in Libby 
Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, 
Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring 
great hardship and suffering. Having been 
exchanged, he served to the close of the war as 
Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- 
eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention of 1880, 
which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- 
dency, and was one of the famous "306" who 
stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 
lie was appointed by President Arthur Collector 
of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, 
and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State 
Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



415 



feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. 
General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " 
councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- 
Commander for the Department of Illinois in 

1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 

1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the 
National Guard, for Southern IlUnois, during the 
railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from 
President JIcKiuley the appointment of Special 
Agent of the Treasury Department. His liome 
was in Mount Vernon, 111. Died May 11, 1910. 

PAWNEE, a \'illage of Sangamon County, on 
the Chicago & Illinois Midland Railroad, 19 miles 
south of Springfield. The town has two elevators, 
a coal mine, a bank and a weekly paper. Popula- 
tion (1900), 595; (1910), 1,399. 

PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- 
mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn 
(9 miles), where it forms a junction with the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was 
organized ami procured a charter in December, 
1888, and the road completed the following year. 
The cost was ?101,774. Capital stock authorized, 
.$100,000; funded debt (1895), 550,000. 

PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the 
junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of 
Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but 
has a brick and tile faetorj', a bank and one weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 765; (1910), 709. 

PAXTOX, the county-seat of Ford County, is 
situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- 
sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & 
Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from 
Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It 
contains a court house, two schools, water-works, 
electric light and water-heating system, two banks, 
nine churches, one daily and two weekly papers. 
It is an important shipping-point for the farm 
products of the surrounding territory, which is a 
rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile 
works and flour mills, factories for the manu- 
facture of carriages, buggies, liardware, cigars, 
brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 
2,187; (1900), 3,036; (1910), 2,912. 

PAYSON, a \'illage in Adams County, 15 miles 
southeast of (Juincy; the nearest railroad station 
l)eing Fall Creek, on the (Juincy and Louisiana 
Division of the Chicago, Burlington & (Quincy 
Railway; has a l)ank and one newspaper. Pop. 
(1900), 465; (1910), 467. 

PATSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 
1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after 
passing through the common schools, attended 



Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. 
He was admitted to the bar at Ottaw.a in 1862, 
and, in 1865, took up his residence at Poutiac. 
From 1809 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston 
County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented 
his District in Congress, being elected as a 
Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his 
Democratic opjionent, Herman \V. Snow. After 
retiring from Congress he practiced his profession 
in Washington, D. C. Died Oct. 4, 1909. 

PE.VBODT, Selim Hobart, educator, was born 
in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829: 
after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a 
Boston Latin School, then engaged in various 
occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when 
he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- 
ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- 
fessor of- Mathematics and Engineering in the 
Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, 
remaining three years, when he spent five years 
in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of 
Schools at Racine. From 1805 to 1871 he was 
teacher of physical science in Chicago High 
School, also conducting night schools for work- 
ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and 
Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 
1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- 
emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois 
Industrial University (now University of Illinois), 
at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical 
Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but 
resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody 
was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, 
and, on the expiration of his service there, 
assumed the position of Curator of the newly 
organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from 
which he retired two years later. Died May 26, 1903. 

PE.IRL, a village of Pike County, on the 
Kansas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Pojnilation 
(1890), 928; (1900), 722; (1910), 842. 

PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, 
was born at Contrcville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed 
to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and 
continued his residence tliore. In 1872 he was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
in 1870. Later he engaged in real-estate and 
banking business. He was a member of the lower 
house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in 
the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the 
expiration of his term in the latter, was elected 
Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 
1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 



416 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



but was defeated, altliouRh, next to Governor 
Fifer, lie received tlie largest vote cast for any 
candidate for a political office on the Republican 
State ticket. Died Feb. 27, 1908. 

PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware- 
house Comniissioiier, born at Xewburyport, 
Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter ; was 
educated in his native State and came to Illinois 
in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he 
was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of 
agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- 
pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- 
liouse Commission, serving four years; in 1878 
was elected Representative in the Thirty-first 
General Assembly from Madison County, and 
was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He 
was appointed a member of the first Board of 
Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 
1893, for a considerable portion of the time as 
President of the Board. Mr. Pearson was a life- 
long Republican and prominent member of the 
Masonic fraternity. His home was at Godfrey, 111. 
Died June 4, 1910. 

PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.l)., real-estate oper- 
ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt. , 
April 14, 1820; began teaching at 16 years of age, 
and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a 
two years' coui-se. He then studied medicine, 
and, after practicing a short time in his native 
State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he 
remained from 1843 to 18.57. The latter year he 
came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating 
in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- 
ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this 
line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber 
lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago 
City Railway Company and American Exchange 
Bank, besides being interested in other financial 
institutions. He has been one of the most liberal 
supporters of the Chicago Historical Societ}', and 
a princfily contributor to various benevolent and 
educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in 
different parts of the country, aggregating over a 
million dollars. 

PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, 
Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It 
is on the Chicago tt Northwestern Railway, mid- 
way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 
miles from each. It contains a carriage factor}', 
machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, 
six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news- 
paper. Pop. (1900), 1,045; (1910), 1,022. 

PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the 
confluence of two branches, both of which rise 
in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north 



of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs 
southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, 
until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the 
headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the 
river is about 50 miles. 

PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in 
Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- 
demical education, studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice 
elected to the Provincial Parliament and made 
King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835, 
settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate 
(1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); 
was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), 
Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), 
and member of the Constitutional Convention of 
1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal 
friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was 
appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at 
Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 
1881. 

PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- 
cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son 
of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- 
chant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated 
in the public schools, the Chicago University 
and Union College of Law, graduating from 
both of the last named institutions, and being 
admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he 
engaged in practice, but his father having died in 
1871, the responsibilitj' of caring for a large 
estate devolved upon him and has since occupied 
liis time, though lie has given much attention to 
the amelioration of the condition of the poor of 
his native city, and works of practical benevo- 
lence and public interest. He is one of the 
founders of the Illinois Humane Society, lias been 
President and a member of the Board of Control 
of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board 
of Education, President of the Chicago Union 
League, and was an influential factor in securing 
the success of the World's Columbian Exposition 
at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- 
dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- 
man of the Finance Committee, and member of 
the Board of Reference and Control. Of late 
years. Mr. Peck has been connected with several 
important building enterprises of a semi-public 
cliar.acter, whicli have added to the reputation of 
Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- 
change Building and others in which he is a 
leading .stockholder, and in the erection of which 
he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was 
appointed, by President McKinley. the United 
States Commissioner to the International Expo- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



417 



sitioii at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late 
Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which liiis 
followed his discharge of the duties of that 
position, has demonstrated the fitness of his 
selection. 

PECK, (ieorge R., railway attoiney, born in 
Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken 
to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his 
father's farm; at 16 became a country school- 
teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from 
debt; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy 
Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Tliirty- 
first Wisconsin Infantry, witli which he joined in 
"Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning liome 
at the close of the war, he began the study of 
law at Janesville, spending six years there as a 
student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- 
tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 
1871 and '74. practiced lii.s profession at Independ- 
ence, when he was appointed by President Grant 
United States District Attorney for the Kansas 
District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to 
return to general practice. In 1881 he became 
General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & 
Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 
1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the 
Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept 
a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he 
still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the 
most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was 
chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- 
veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake 
Front Park, Chicago; has also officiated as orator 
on a number of other important public occasions, 
alwaj's acquitting himself with distinction. 

PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; 
removed to Greene Count}-, N. Y,, in 1811, where 
he united with the Baptist Church, the same 
year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting 
his studies and supporting himself by teaching. 
In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia, 
N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- 
ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the 
same year. During the next nine years he trav- 
eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as 
an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating 
at Rock Spring, St Clair County, where, in 182(5, 
he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the 
education of teacliers and ministers. Out of this 
grew Shurtletf College, founded at Upper Alton 
in 1835, in securing the endowment of which Dr. 
Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- 
lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee 



for many j'ears. Up to 1843 he devoted nmch 
time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- 
ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two 
years following, was Corresponding Secretary and 
Financial Agent of the American Bajrtist P\ibli- 
cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. 
Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- 
eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and 
Kentucky. " A man of indomitable will, unflag- 
ging industry and thoroughly upriglit in conduct, 
for a period of acjuarter of a century, in the early 
history of the State, probably no man exerted a 
larger influence for good and the advancement 
of the cause of education, among the piimeer citi- 
zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Tliough giving 
his attention so constantly to preaching and 
teaching, he found time to write much, not only 
for the various publications witli which he was, 
from time to time, connected, but also for other 
periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- 
grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared 
in 1830, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- 
ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to 
be valued for the information they contain of the 
condition of the country at that time. He was 
an industrious collector of historical records in 
the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which 
were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years 
before his death. In 1852 he received the degree 
of D. D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock 
Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. 

PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was 
born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a 
wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune bj' 
indorsing for a friend. After some years spent 
in a mercantile house in New York, he came to 
Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- 
lowing 3'ear brought a stock of goods to the 
embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small 
backwoods liamlet — and, by trade and fortunate 
investments in real estate, laid the foundation of 
what afterwards became a large fortune. He 
died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident 
occurring about the time of the great fire of two 
weeks previous, from which he was a heavy 
sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. , 
Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among 
Cliicago's most substantial citizens. 

PEKI\, a flourishing city, the county seat of 
Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- 
ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south 
of Peoria and 5(> miles north of Sjjringfield. 
Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- 
pations in the surrounding country, but the city 
itself is an important grain market with large 



418 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



general shipping interests. It has several dis- 
tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, 
brick and tUe works, lumber yards, planing mills, 
marble works, plow and wagon works, and a 
factory for corn products. Its banking facilities 
are adequate, and its religious and educational 
advantages are excellent. The city has a public 
library, park, .steam-heating plant, two daily and 
three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 
8,420; (1910), 9,897. 

PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. 
(See Peoria, Decatur ct' Eransrilk' Raihray.) 

PELL, (iilbert T., Representative in tlie Third 
Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards 
County, and an opponent of the resolution for a 
State Convention adopted by tlie Legislature at 
that session, designed to open the door for the 
admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law 
of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders 
in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very 
naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. 
He was elected to the Legislature, for a second 
term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, 
dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to 
Australia. 

PEXNSTLTAMA RAILROAD. As to oper- 
ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet 
River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; Soutli 
Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railwa3's. The whole num- 
ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the 
Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of 
which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, 
however, a controlling interest in the stock of 
the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which 
see). 

PEORIA, the second largest city of the State 
and tlie county-seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles 
southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- 
sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. 
The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, 
having a water frontage of four miles and extend- 
ing back to a bluff, which rises 2J0 feet above the 
river level and about 120 feet above the liighest 
point of the main .site. It was settled in 1778 or 
'79, although, as generally lielieved, the French 
missionaries had a station there in 1711. There 
was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, 
when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- 
teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same 
name as the village. From that date until 1812, 
the place was continuously occupied as a French 
village, and is said to have been the most impor- 
tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. 
The original village was situated about a mile and 



a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- 
ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name 
of "La Ville de Maillet,'' from a French Canadian 
who resided in Peoria, from 176.5 to 1801 (the time 
of his death), and who commanded a company of 
volunteers in the Revolutionar}' War. The popu- 
lation of the old town removed to the new site, 
and the jjresent name was given to the place by 
American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who 
were the occupants of tlie country when it was 
first discovered, but who had followed tlieir cog- 
nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and 
Kaskaskia, about a century before American 
occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is 
estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- 
ings, witli a population of between 200 and 
300, made jip largel3' of French traders, 
hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable 
admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few 
Americans. Among the latter were Thomas 
Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser 
of Governor Edwards ; Michael La Croix, son-in- 
law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of 
Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- 
port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; 
William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. 
Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- 
yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812. about lialf 
the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas 
E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor 
Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with 
materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same 
time, the Governor himself was at the head of a 
force marching against Black Partridge's vil- 
lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- 
munication Tvitii Craig, who appears to have 
acted solely on his own responsibility. That the 
latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can 
now b^ little doubt. He alleged, by way of 
excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from 
the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who 
were liarbored by the citizens. The testimony 
of the French, however, is to the effect that it 
was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- 
gated by wine which the soldiers had .stolen from 
the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those 
who remained after the fire were taken by Craig 
to a point below Alton and put ashore. This 
occurred in the beginning of winter, and the 
people, being left in a destitute condition, were 
subjected to great suffering. A Congre.ssional 
investigation followed, and the French, liaving 
satisfactorily established the fact tliat they were 
not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 
1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



419 



was erected and named Fort Clark, in lienor of 
Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not 
two) block-houses. %vith magazines and (juarters 
for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 
181S, and was soon afterwards burned bj' the 
Indians. Although a trading-post had been 
maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 
1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild tlie 
town until 1819, when Americans began to 
arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- 
pany was established here by John Hamlin, the 
company liaviug already had, for five j'ears, a 
station at Wesley City, three miles farther down 
the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other 
products, and was the first to introduce keel- 
boats on the Illinois River. Bj' transferring his 
cargo to lighter draft boats, %vhen necessary, lie 
made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by 
water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, 
and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago 
River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had 
but seven frame houses and twenty-one log 
cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 
(Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, 
as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale 
being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important 
railway and business center, eleven railroad lines 
concentrating here. It presents many attractive 
features, such as handsome residences, fine views 
of river, bluff and valley scenerj^, with an elab- 
orate system of parks and drives. An excellent 
school system is liberally supported, and its public 
buildings (national, county and city) are fine and 
costly. Its churches are elegant and well 
attended, the leading denominations being 
Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- 
terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- 
pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. 
It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a 
young and fiourishing scientific school afl!iliated 
with the University of Chicago, and richly en- 
dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia 
Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at 
least a million doUais, to this object. Right Rev. 
John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- 
lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and 
costly Vmildiug for the Spaulding In.stitute, a 
school for the higher education of young men. — 
At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- 
tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- 
nois River valley for many miles, the State has 
located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is 
now in process of erection, and is intended to be 
one of the most complete of its kind in the world. 
Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for 



the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 
1800, ranked eighth among the grain markets of 
the country. It also has an extensive commerce 
with Chicago, .St. Louis and other iniportant 
cities; was credited, by the census of 18'J0, with 
554 manufacturing establishments, representing 
90 different branches of industry, with a capital 
of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of 
$55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- 
facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural 
implements, glucose and machine-shop products. 
Its contributions to the internal revenue of the 
country are second only to those of the New York 
district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; 
(1800), 41. 024; (1900), 56,100; (1910), 60.950. 

PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton 
County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name 
from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region 
when it was first discovered. As first organized, 
it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and 
Cook, with many others in the northern part of 
the State. At that time there were less than 
1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John 
Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return 
from Green Ba}' (whither he had accompanied 
William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- 
ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), 
solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- 
ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a 
daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria 
County has been subdivided into thirty counties, 
among them being some of the largest and rich- 
est in the State. The first county officer was 
Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the 
Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 
1825. His commission from Governor Coles was 
dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he 
did not qualify until June 4. following, when he 
took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit 
Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. 
Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had lieen appointed the 
first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, 
and served in that capacity until entering upon 
his duties as Probate Judge. The first election 
of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the 
house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph 
Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- 
missioners; .Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William 
Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer 
was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election 
of officers took place in 1820. The first court 
house was a log cabin, anil the first term of 
the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John 
York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John 
Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 



420 



HISTORICALr ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Twiney, tlie Attorne.y-General, present. Peoria 
County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and 
most populous counties in the State. Its soil is 
fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially 
at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city 
(which see). The area of the county is 630 square 
miles, and its population (1S80), 55,353; (18901, 
70,378; (1900), 88,608; (1910), 100,255. 

PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois 
River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria 
County, which it separates from the counties of 
Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles 
long and 2}4 miles broad at the widest part. 

PEORIA, ATLAMA & DECATUR RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Tcrre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 

PEORIA, DECATUR & EVA>SVILLE RAIL- 
WAY. The total length of this line, extending 
from Peoria, 111., to Evans ville, Ind., is 330.87 
miles, all owned by the company, of which 373 
miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, 
southeast to Gray ville, on the Wabash River — is 
single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. 
Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the 
tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of 
which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey 
City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi 
leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, 
Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & 
Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland 
Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of 
the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having 
terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The 
rails are of fifty-two and sixty -pound steel. — 
(History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur 
& Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- 
dation of several lines built under separate char- 
ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 
chartered in 18G7, built in 1869-71, and operated 
the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash 
& Western Railway, but sold to representatives 
of the bond-holders, on account of default on 
interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, 
Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, 
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from 
Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, 
completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, 
and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- 
cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the 
Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, 
and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, 
was reorganized as tlie Decatur, Mattoon & South- 
ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands 
of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur 
Railway having acquired a controlling interest 
during the same year, the two lines were con- 



solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur 
& Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- 
ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was 
consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & 
Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- 
ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois 
Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter 
corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, 
Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of 
the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both 
consolidations, however, were set aside by decree 
of the United States District Court, in 1876, and 
the partially graded road and franchises of the 
Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, 
to the contractors for the construction: 20 miles 
of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed 
during the month of September of that j'ear, and 
the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 
1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of 
foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
Railway Compan3', which had alreadj- acquired 
the Decatur & Mattoon Division —thus placing 
the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the 
hands of one corporation. A line under the name 
of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in 
Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, 
with the Illinois corporation under the name of 
the latter, and completed from Grayville to 
Evansville in 1883. (4) The Chicago & Ohio 
River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- 
ville, Olnej' & Ohio River Railroad — was con- 
structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to 
West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was 
changed to standard gauge and completed, in 
1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same 
year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- 
ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio 
River Railroad; was consolidated with the Peoria, 
Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used 
as the Chicago Division of that line. The property 
and franchises of the entire line passed into tht 
hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) 
under their management. 

PEORIA, PEKIX & JACKSOXTILLE RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria &■ St. Louis Rail- 
road of niiiiois.) 

PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a 
short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- 
pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau .Junction, 
III. It was incorporated. Feb. 12, 18.53. com- 
pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock 
Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual 
rental being $135,000. The par value of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



421 



capital stock is §1,500,000. Annual dividenils of 
8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- 
ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island d- Pacific 
Railway.} 

PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this 
line the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. 
Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total 
length is 350jj miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois 
— 123 being owned by the Companj'. That por- 
tion within this State extends east from Pekin to 
the Ifidiana State line, in addition to which the 
Company has trackage facilities over the line of 
the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to 
Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is 
single, laid with sixty and sixtj'-seven-pound 
steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with 
gravel. The capital stock is 810,000,000. In 1895 
it had a bonded debt of 813,603,000 and a floating 
debt of §1,261,130, making a total capitalization 
of §24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this 
corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- 
ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, 
in July, 1809, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- 
ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation 
taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- 
ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the 
same j'ear. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a 
receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and 
reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & 
Western Railway Company. The next change 
occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with 
an Ohio corporation (tlie Ohio, Indiana & Pacific 
Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of 
name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- 
ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 
it again got into financial straits, was placed in 
charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization 
committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name 
of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- 
pany. The final reorganization, under its present 
name, took place in February, 1890, when it was 
leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St. Louis Railway, by whioli it is operated. 
(See Clei eland, Cincinnati, Cliicago tfc St. Louis 
Raihra!/.) 

PEORIA & HANMBAL RAILROAD. (Sec 
Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 

PEORIA & 0(JUAWKA RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago, Burlington <£■ Quincy Railroad.) 

PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line 
connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which 
are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, 
and acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, 
Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- 
field Railroads, between the two cities named in 



its title, giving it control of two lines, which are 
used by nearly all the railroads entering both 
cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The 
mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, 
second tracks and sidings increasing the total to 
nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, 
about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The 
total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its 
total capitalization (1898) was §4,177,763, includ- 
ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of 
§2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal 
amounts (each a, 500 shares) by the Waljash, the 
Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, 
Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- 
panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & 
Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals 
are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and 
the Iowa Central Railways. 

PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See 
Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) 

PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest 
from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank 
and a newspaper. The surrounding country is 
agricultural. Pop. (1900), 1,003; (1910), 1,207. 

PERCY, a \illage of Randolph County, at the 
intersection of the Wabash, Chester & Western 
and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population 
(1890), .360; (1900), 660; (1910), 1,033. 

PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno 
visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) 
and the country around the great lakes, at various 
times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, 
as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- 
ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1071, which 
was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- 
sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at 
which the Sieur de Lusson took formal po.ssession 
of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the smrround- 
ing region and "all the country southward to the 
sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. 
Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, 
and, for several years, was Commandant in the 
Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was 
intelligent, interesting and accur.ate. His writ- 
ings were not published until 1864, but have 
always been highly prized as authority. 

PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank 
and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770: (1890), 
705; (1900), G42; (1910), 649. 

PERRY COUNTY, !ies in the southwest quarter 
of the State, with an area of 432 square miles and 
a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized 
as a county in 1827, and n.amcd for Com. Oliver 
II. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 



422 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



although flat prairies occupy a consiilerable por- 
tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone 
is found in the southern, and sandstone in the 
northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth 
of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at 
several points, easily mined, some of it being of 
a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some 
extent, and the chief agricultural output is 
wheat. PinckneyviUe, the county-seat, has a 
central position and a population of about 2,70C. 
Duquoir is the largest citj'. Beaucoup Creek is 
the principal stream, and the county is crossed 
by several Unes of railroad. Pop. (1010), 22,088. 

PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head 
of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here 
spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 
miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- 
tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is 
connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile 
distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- 
mining region, is an important trade center, and 
has several manufacturing establisliments, includ- 
ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid 
factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, 
tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, 
foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, 
clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a 
combined capital of §200,000, are located at Peru, 
and one daily.and one weekly paper. Population 
(1890), 5,5.50; (1900), 6,86.3; (1910), 7,984. 

PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and 
the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the 
intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, 
Peoria & St. Louis Railway; 23 miles northwest 
of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- 
ville. The town was surveyed and platted by 
Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the 
"Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, 
two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. 
The manufactures include woolen goods, brick 
and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and 
canned goods. Pop. (1900), 2,807; (1910), 2,587. 

PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born 
in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- 
sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced 
law in his native State until 1837, when he set- 
tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the 
bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, 
and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 18.56. 

PHILO, a village of Champaign, on the Wabash 
Railroad, six miles northeast of Tolono; is a grain 
and (jroduce shipixng point; has a bank and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 502; (1910), 562. 



PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, 
was born where the town of Marion, Williamson 
County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to 
St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling 
near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, 
and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, 
and, after a brief course with the distinguished 
Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years 
later entered the ministry, serving churches in 
Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, 
finallj' taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. 
Though originally a Democrat, his advanced 
views on slavery led to a disagreement with liis 
church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- 
tion as paymaster in the construction department 
of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being 
transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- 
ern section, in this capacity visiting different 
parts of the State from one end of the main line 
to the other. About 1854 he became associated 
with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- 
zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con- 
nection with it (some two years), he made an 
earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 
At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention 
(which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he 
was appointed a member of their State Central 
Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the 
first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- 
ington in Maj- following, where he served as 
Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- 
nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont 
ticket. Two years later (18.58) he was the 
unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress 
in the Southern District, being defeated by John 
A. Logan ; was again in the State Convention of 
1860, and a delegate to the National Convention 
which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President 
the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
United States Marshal for the Southern District 
in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned 
after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- 
ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of 
"The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining 
this relation until 1878, at intervals performing 
editorial service; also took a prominent part in 
organizing and equipping the One Hundred and 
Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes 
called the "Pliillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, 
was one of the committee of citizens sent to 
escort the remains of President Lincoln to 
Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican 
movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, 
was in line with his former party associates, and 
served in that yair as an unsuccessful candidate 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



433 



for Congress, in the Springfield District, in opiio- 
sitiou to William M. Springer, early the following 
year receiving the appointment of Postmaster 
for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. 
Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. 

PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at 
Peterborough, England, in January, 181G; gradu- 
ated at Cambridge, and came to the United 
States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he 
returned to England, and, for a time, was editor 
of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal 
of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- 
ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, 
and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over 
the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The 
Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor 
of "The New York Sun" for several years. His 
mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an 
asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- 
town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the 
author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of 
travel and biography. 

PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and 
jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., 
May 23, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the 
Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized 
a company of volunteers, of which he was 
chosen Captain, and which was attached to the 
Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was 
successively advanced to the rank of Major, 
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on 
account of disability, in August, 1864, but was 
brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the 
war. His military record was exceptionally 
brilliant He was wounded three times at 
Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- 
mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- 
lantry and efficient service. At the termination 
of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and 
engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, 
he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- 
urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he 
was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial 
Circuit, and reelected in 1885. In 1890 he was 
assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of 
the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a 
Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy 
created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, 
his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected 
to succeed himself, but died before the expiration 
of his form, Feb. 16, 1901. 

PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in 
Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- 
cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 



1813; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois 
Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois 
as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 
1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the 
bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. 
In 1822 he was a candiilate for Governor in the 
interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- 
ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated 
bj- Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery 
party. (See Coles, Edivttrd, and Slavery and Slave 
Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" 
to have been in Illinois as late as 1833, but is 
said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. 
The date of his death is unknown. 

PIANKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami 
tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their 
brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- 
raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as 
the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," 
the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- 
shaws." They were less numerous than the 
Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest 
among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La 
Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, 
their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the 
dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) 
occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- 
nois, having villages on the Vermilion and 
Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations 
toward the whites were friendly, the French 
traders having intermarried with women of the 
tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- 
ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little 
difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new 
government which he proclaimed. In the san- 
guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), 
which marked Western history during the j-ears 
immediately succeeding the Revolution, the 
Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- 
petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred 
the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included 
in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was 
unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The 
Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- 
tion, and the President issued a .special procla- 
mation in their behalf. After the cession of the 
last remnant of the Miami territory to the United 
States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- 
vation, and its last remnant finally fouml a home 
in Indian Territory. (See also jViV/m/.s,- Weas.) 

"PIASA BIRD," LE(JEND OF THE. When 
the French explorers first descended the Upper 
Mississippi River, they found some remarkable 
figures depicted upon the face of the blulT, just 



42J: 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



above the site of the present city of Alton, which 
excited their wonder and continued to attract 
interest long after the country was occupied by 
the whites. Tlie account given of the discov- 
ery by Marquette, who descended the river from 
the mouth of tlie Wisconsin, in June, 1073, is as 
follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing 
the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for 
their height and length, we saw two monsters 
painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at 
first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not 
gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns 
on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red 
eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat 
like a man's, the body covered with scales, and 
the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of 
the body, passing over the head and down be- 
tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. 
Green, red and black are the colors emploj-ed. 
On the whole, these two monsters are so well 
painted that we could not believe any Indian to 
have been the designer, as good painters in 
France would find it hard to do as well. Besides 
this, they are painted so high iipon the rock that 
it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint 
them." As the Indians could give no account of 
the origin of these figures, but had their terror 
even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- 
quette himself, they are supposed to have been 
the work of some prehistoric race occupying the 
country long before the arrival of the aborigines 
whom Marquette and his companions found in 
Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures 
were intended to repre.sent a creature, part beast 
and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers 
of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them 
from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is 
said to have offered himself a victim for his 
people, and when the monster made its appear- 
ance, twentj' of his warriors, concealed near by, 
discharged their arrows at it, killing it just 
before it reached its prey. In this manner the 
life of the chief was saved and his people were 
preserved from further depredations ; and it was 
to commemorate this event that the figure of the 
bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose 
summit the chief stood. This story, told in a 
paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of 
Illinois, ol)tained wide circulation in this country 
and in Europe, about the close of the first 
quarter of the present century, as the genuine 
"Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, 
that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of 
fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely 
from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics 



and human remains are .said, by the late William 
McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have 
been found in caves in the vicinitj', and it seems 
a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when 
pa.ssiug the spot, were accustomed to discharge 
their arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the 
figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this 
celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 
to 184.5, but have since been entirely quarried 
away. 

PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841. consist- 
ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its 
area is 440 square miles ; population(1910), 16,376. 
The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. 
Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose 
family the county was named, was the first 
Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River 
flows centrally through the county from north- 
east to southwest, and several lines of railroad 
afford transportation for its products. Its re- 
sources and the occupation of the people are 
almost wholly agricultural, tlie surface being 
level prairie and the soil fertile. Mouticello, the 
county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. 
Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and 
Bement (1,129). 

PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was 
born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent 
six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family 
removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in 
the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- 
tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and 
established "Tlie Republican" (afterwards "The 
Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska 
Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 
1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, 
and being appointed on the State Central Com- 
mittee, which called the first Republican State 
Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- 
ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the 
National Convention at Philadelphia, which 
nominated General Fremont for President. 
Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock 
Island, at the latter place being one of the first to 
name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was 
elected State Senator in 1860. and. in 1862, com- 
missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth 
Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, 
to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois 
(100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas 
during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the 
war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., 
published a paper there called "The Federal 
Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later, 
Clerk of the United States District Court, and 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



425 



was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that 
District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, 
lie at different times conducted several papers in 
that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. 
Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. 

PIERSOX, David, pioneer banker, was born at 
Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806-; at the age of 13 
removed west with his parents, arriving at St. 
Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- 
tled near CoUinsville, Madison County, 111., where 
the father having died, they removed to the vi- 
cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here 
they opened a farm, but. in 1827, Mr. Pierson 
went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- 
mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 
1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- 
ing, still later being engaged in the pork and 
grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added tlie bank- 
ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, 
also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected 
a woolen factory, which was destrojed by an 
incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery 
Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on 
the organization of that party in 1856, served for 
a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a 
delegate to the National Republican Convention 
at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- 
date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- 
ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and 
unswerving patriotism. Mr. Pierson was generous 
in his benefactions, being one of tlie most liberal 
contributors to the establishment of the Langston 
School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly 
Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at 
Carrollton, May 8, 1891.— Oman (Pierson), a son 
of the subject of this sketch, was a member of 
the Thirtj'-second General Assembly (1881) from 
Greene County, and is present cashier of the 
Greene County National Bank at Carrollton. 

PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born 
about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist 
preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 
and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey- 
ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- 
tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a 
candidate for the State Senate against Thomas 
Cariin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. 
Louis, in ln.W, and died there in 1874. 

PIKE COUXTY, situated in the western por- 
tion of the State, Ij'ing between the Illinois and 
Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 75G square 
miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. 
Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came 
about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organ- 
ized, at first embracing all tlie country north and 



west of the Illinois River, including the present 
county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally 
organized about one fourth of the counties of the 
State. Coles" Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun 
County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of 
justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to 
Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in 
some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai 
ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals 
and hay are tlie staple products, while coal and 
Niagara limestone are found in abundance. 
Population (1900), 31,595; (1910), 28,622. 

PILLSBl'RY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and 
judge, was born in York County. Maine, Oct. 21, 
1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, 
began farming in Livingston County. He began 
the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to 
the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He 
represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 
1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth 
Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and 
again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of 
the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 
and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot 
received from strikers on the line of the Chicago 
& Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting 
in his being permanently disabled physically, in 
consequence of which he declined a re-election to 
the bench in 1891 

PINCKNEYVILLE, a city and the county-seat 
of Perry County, situated at the intersection of 
tlie Paducah Division Illinois Central and the 
Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles 
west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is 
carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, 
carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among 
the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has 
two baiik.s — one of which is national — two weekly 
newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high 
school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; 
(1900), 2,:!.57; (1910), 2.722. 

PITTSBURG, CINCIXNATI, CHICAGO At 
ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- 
vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of 
road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the 
remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 
miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- 
solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg. Cincinnati & 
St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis & 
Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & liirlimiind and the 
Jeffersouville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. 
Tlie Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls 
the entire line through ownership of stock. 
Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601: 



426 



IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



funded debt, 348,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 
—total capital §98,500,584. — (History.) The 
Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- 
bracing the Illinois division of tliis line, was made 
up of various corporations organized under tlie 
laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- 
nent parts was the Cliicago & Great Eastern 
Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of 
the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (cliartered 
in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway 
of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line 
(organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- 
port & Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- 
dated hne was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati 
& St. Louis Railway Company, and operated 
under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & 
Indiana Central between Bradford, Oliio, and 
Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under 
the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania 
Railroad.) 

PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO 
RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- 
cago Railway.) 

PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO 
RAILWAY. The total lengtli of this line is 
nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles 
are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire 
capitalization in 1898 was $52,549,990: and the 
earnings in Illinois, 8472,228.— (History.) The 
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the 
result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of tlie 
Ohio & Pennsj'lvania, the Ohio & Indiana and 
the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, 
under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & 
Chicago Railroad. The road was opened througli 
its entire length, Jan. 1, 18.59; was sold under 
foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present 
title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 
1869. (See Pennsyh-ania Railroad.) 

PITTSFIELI), the county -seat of Pike County, 
situated on tlie Hannibal & Naples branch of the 
Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of 
Quincy, and about the same distance soutli of 
west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings 
include a liandsome court house and graded and 
high school buildings. The city has an electric 
light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a 
National and a State bank, nine churches, and 
three weekly newspapers; in an agricultural district. 
Pop- (1900), 2,293; (1910), 2,095. 

PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the 
Elgin, Joliet it Eastern Railroad and an interur- 
ban electric line, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is 



in a dairying section; has a bank and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920; (1910), 1,019. 

PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated near 
the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest of Aurora. 
The city is in an agricultural and dairj-ing district, 
has malleable iron works, agricultural implement 
factories, banks, several churches, graded and high 
schools, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 
1,6.34; (1910), 1,627. 

PLEASANT PLAINS, a \-illage of Sangamon 
County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio 
S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Springfield; 
in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, bank, five 
churches, college and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
518; (1900), 575; (1910), 625. 

PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was 
born in Harrodsburg, Ky. , Nov. 24. 1823; received 
a classical education at Williams College, Mass... 
graduating in 1842; studied law in New York 
City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at 
Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 
1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington. D. C, 
and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- 
nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since 
been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a 
Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- 
tion which met at Springfield in January follow- 
ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth 
(now Tentli) Judicial Circuit, having served by 
successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring 
at the close of his fifth term— a record for length 
of service seldom paralleled in tlie judicial his- 
tory of the State. The last twenty years of this 
period were spent on the Appellate bench. For 
several years past Judge Pleasants has been a 
sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- 
ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a 
judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands 
among the highest. 

PLl'MB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 
1816. After leaving school he became a mer- 
chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for 
eighteen years. From New York he removed to 
Ohio, where he was elected a member of the 
Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. 
During the Civil War he served four years in the 
Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being 
brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He 
made his home at Streator, where he was elected 
Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- 
mining and lias been connected with several 
important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



427 



represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
gress, after wliich he retired to private life. 

PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on 
the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 
miles northeast of Quincy; is trade center of rich 
farming district; has two banks, electric lights, 
water-work;:;, and one paper. Pop. (1910), 829. 

POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jpiin Captiste, a negro 
and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first 
settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. 
He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, 
but is described by his contemporaries as "well 
educated and handsome," tliough dissijiated. He 
appears to have been at the present site of Chi- 
cago as early as 1794, his house being located on 
the north side near the junction of the North and 
South branches of the Chicago River, where he 
carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. 
About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French 
trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman 
of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died 
soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed 
owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- 
ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated 
with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, 
before the latter came to Chicago. 

POLO, a citj' in Ogle County, at intersection 
of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- 
port and 13 miles north of Dixon. The 
surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and 
stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for 
large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural 
implements (including harvesters) and buggies 
are manufactured here. The city has banks, one 
weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven 
churches, a graded public and high school, and a 
public library. Pop. (1900), 1,869; (1910), 1,829. 

PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the 
Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet 
a young man he became the principal Chief of 
the allied Ottawas, Ojibwaysand Pottawatoraies. 
He was always a firm ally of the French, to 
whose interests he was devotedly attached, 
defending them at Detroit against an attack of 
the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) 
leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. 
He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the 
French and Indian War, although at first strongly 
disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, 
the British officer sent to take possession of the 
western forts. In 1763 he dispatched emissaries 
to a large number of tribes, wliom he desired to 
unite in a league for the extermination of the 
English. His proposals were favorably received, 



and thus was organized what is commonly 
spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He 
himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. 
The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- 
tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac 
thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable 
to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian 
settlers furnishing supplies to botli besieged and 
besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a 
boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed 
at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made 
an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a 
desultory warfare, lasting for nearly tliree 
months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, 
where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another 
movement. Although Detroit had not been 
taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. 
Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, 
besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. 
The garrisons at all these points were massacred 
and innumerable outrages jierpetrated elsewhere. 
Additional British troops were sent west, and 
the Indians finally brought under control. 
Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was 
signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained 
implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in 
heart, but still proud in spirit and relentle.ss in 
purpose, he applied to the former (and last) 
French Governor of Illinois, the j-ounger St. 
Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation 
and support in another raid against the British. 
Being refused aid or countenance, according to a 
story long popularly received, he returned to the 
vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- 
dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of 
a barrel of liquor. N. JIatson, author of several 
volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- 
ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- 
breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, 
asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an 
impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- 
nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, 
in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near 
the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it 
is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian 
trader, of the truth of this last storj', that he 
caused a monument, wliich he had erected over 
the grave of tlie false Pontiac, to be removed. 
Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring 
at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, 
resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the 
tragedy of "Starved Rock. " (See Starved I^ock. ) 
PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Livingston County. It stands on the 
bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 



428 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of intersection of tlie Chicago & Alton, the 
Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is 
33 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 
93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- 
rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- 
raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks 
and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily 
editions), numerous churches and good schools. 
Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, 
among the principal establishments being flour- 
ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and 
candy factories and a foundry. Tlie State Re- 
formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. 
Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,260; (1910), 6,090. 

POOLj Orvalj merchant and banker, was born 
in Union County, Kj-., near Shawneetown, 111., 
Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven 
years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's 
trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dr3--goods 
business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- 
way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he 
retired from the dry-goods trade and became an 
extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. 
In 1871 he established the Gallatin County 
National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- 
dent. Died, June 30, 1871. 

POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, 
librarian and historical writer, was born at 
Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1831, graduated from Yale 
College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore 
year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- 
lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- 
umes. Here he prepared and published the first 
edition of his now famous ''Index to Periodical 
Literature." A second and enlarged addition 
was published in 1853, and secured for its author 
wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1853 
he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile 
Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the 
Boston AtlieniBum, then one of the largest li- 
braries in the United States, which he relinquished 
to engage in expert library work. He organized 
libraries in several New England cities and 
towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and 
the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming 
Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 
1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public 
Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, 
became Librarian of the Newberry Library, 
organizing this institution and remaining at its 
head until Ins death, which occurred, March 1, 
1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him 
by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. 
Poole took a prominent part in the organization 
of library associations, and was one of the Vice- 



Presidents of the International Conference of 
Librariaps, held in London in 1871. His advice 
was nmch sought in relation to library architec- 
ture and management. He wrote much on topics 
connected with his profession and on historical 
subjects, frequently contributing to "The North 
American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- 
ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl." and was 
later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He 
was President of the American Historical Society 
and member of State Historical Societies and of 
other kindred associations. 

POPE, Natlianiel, first Territorial Secretary of 
Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born 
at Louisville, Ky., in 1784; graduated with high 
honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- 
ton, Ky., reail law with his brother. Senator John 
Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, 
later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 
1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the 
next year, was appointed the first Territorial 
Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was 
strong and profound and his intellect quick and 
far-reaching, while both were thoroughh' trained 
and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected 
a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved 
himself, not only devoted to the interests of his 
constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was 
largely instrumental in securing the passage of 
the act authorizing the formation of a State 
government, and it was mainly through his 
efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was 
fixed at lat. 43° 30' north, instead of the southern 
bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of 
Illinois into tlie Union, he was made United 
States Judge of the District, which then embraced 
the entire State. This office lie filled with dig- 
nity, impartiality and acceptability until his 
death, at tlie hon^ of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- 
cietia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 33, 1850. 
Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. Joliii 
(Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- 
ville, Ky. , March 16, 1833 ; graduated at the United 
States Military Academy, 1843, and appointed 
brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
Engineers; served in Florida (1843-44), on the 
northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican 
War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant 
for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena 
Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- 
dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- 
ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-.53), 
and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific 
Railway (18.53-59), meanwhile experimenting on 
the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



429 



Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- 
ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political 
campaign of 18(;0, and was court-martialed for 
criticising the policj- of President Buchanan, in a 
paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, 
the proceedings being finally dropped on the 
recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, 
Joseph Holt. In ISGl he was one of the officers 
detailed by the War Department to conduct Jlr. 
Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, 
was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and 
assigned to command in Jlissouri, wliere he per- 
formed valuable service in protecting railroad 
communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- 
ing an important victory over Sterling Price at 
Black water, in December of that year; in 1863 
had command of the land forces co-operating 
with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against 
New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the 
capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 
125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- 
ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- 
ing participated in the operations against Corinth, 
he was transferred to command of the Army of 
Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- 
dier-General in the regular army. Here, being 
forced to meet a greatly superior force under 
General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which 
led to his falling back on Washington and a 
request to be relieved of his command. For fail- 
ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn 
Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having 
been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- 
ever disqualified from holding any office of trust 
or profit under the United States Government — 
although this verdict was finally set aside and 
Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of 
Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- 
sequMit service was performed chiefly against 
the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he 
took command of the military division of Mis- 
souri, and, in June following, of the Department 
of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern 
States and Territories, from which he was 
relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, 
under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- 
bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the 
Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 
84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to 
his retirement, March 16. 1886. General Pope 
published "Explorations from the Red River to 
the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia" 
(1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. 

POPE COUXTr, lies on the southern border of 
the State, and contains an area of about 360 



square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel 
Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before 
the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of 
Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat 
was first located at Sandsville, but later changed 
to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and 
Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; 
Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, 
Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- 
ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The 
highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- 
eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation 
of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are 
bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by 
a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- 
ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, 
at times, during a part of the year and are 
covered with cypress timber. Tlie remains of 
Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and 
some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- 
stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found 
here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas 
as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is 
found in limited quantities, among the rocks 
toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are 
found in the north. The chief agricultural 
products are potatoes, com and tobacco. Pop. 
(1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585; (1910), 11,215. 

PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island County, 
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock 
Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, 
academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. 
(1910), 642. The (IlHnois) Western Hospital for 
the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve miles 
below Port Byron. 

PORTER, (Bey.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- 
man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- 
ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied 
theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- 
naries, graduating from the latter in 1881. The 
same year he made the (then) long and perilous 
journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the 
Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a 
missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where 
he remained for two years, organizing the First 
Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- 
ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had 
pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- 
ington. While in Chicago he was married to 
Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers 
in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at 
Green Bay, Wis. , accepting a call from a Chicago 
Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was 
commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. 
The next five years were divided between labors 
at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- 
tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du 
Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Cliaplain 
in the regular army, remaining in the service 
(with occasional leaves of absence) until 1883, 
when he was retired from active service on 
account of advanced age. His closing years were 
spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and 
Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at 
tlie age of 89 years. 

POSEY, ((ien.) Thomas, Continental and 
Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 
9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- 
dition against the Indians, and, later, in various 
engagements of the Revolutionary War, being 
part of the time imder the immediate command 
of Washington; was with General Wayne in the 
assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' 
surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, 
with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- 
west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he 
served in the State Senate, for a time being 
presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; 
later (1812), was elected United States Senator 
from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as 
Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the 
home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at 
Shawneetown, 111., March 18, 1818, where he lies 
buried. At the time of his death General Posey 
was serving as Indian Agent. 

POST, Joel S., law-yer and soldier of the Mexi- 
can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) 
County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed 
with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., 
remaining there until 1839, when he came to 
Maoon County, 111. The following year, he com- 
menced the study of law with Judge Charles 
Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in tlie Mexican 
War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth 
Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected 
to the State Senate, and, at the following session, 
was a leading supporter of the measures which 
resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- 
mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later 
years were spent at Decatur, where he died, 
June 7, 1886. 

POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- 
man, was born at Florida, Orange Countj', N. Y., 
March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from 
Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law 
School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted 
to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil 



War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second 
Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. 
He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- 
peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious 
service, until he attained the rank of brevet 
Brigadier-General. He participated in many 
important battles and was severely wounded at 
Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- 
mand in Western Texas. After the close of the 
war he entered the diplomatic service, being 
appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary 
in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his 
home iu Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a 
member of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the 
Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected 
to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- 
lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- 
election vintil his death, which occurred in 
Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. 

POST, Truman Marcellu8, D.D., clergyman, 
was born at Middlebury, Vt. , June 3, 1810; gradu- 
ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal 
of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at 
Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. 
After a winter spent in Washington, listening to 
the orators of the time in Congress and before the 
Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt 
and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, 
first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at 
Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to tlie 
bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of 
Classical Languages in Illinois College, and 
later that of History ; then began the study of 
theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the 
pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- 
sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate 
of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, 
and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, 
of which the former furnished the nucleus. For 
a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he 
continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- 
lege for a short period each year; also held the 
professorship of Ancient and Modern Historj' in 
Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 
was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism 
in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- 
eral years. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 
Chicago Tlieological Seminary. His splendid 
diction and his noble style of oratory caused 
him to be much sought after as a pulilic lecturer 
or platform speaker at college commencements, 
while his purity of life and refinement of charac- 
ter attracted to him all with whom he came in 
personal contact. He received the degree of 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



431 



D.D. from Middlebury College iu ISoS; was a fre- 
quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" 
and otlier religious publications, and, besides 
numerous addresses, sermons and pamidilets, lie 
was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- 
tical Era in Modern History" (New York, ISnC). 
He resigned his pastorate iu January, 1882, but 
continued to be a frequent speaker, eitlier in the 
pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the 
period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, 
Dec. 31, 188G. For a quarter of a century he was 
one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- 
narj-, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable 
portion of the time, President of the Board. 

POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, 
one of the tlu'ee subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or 
Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- 
ous family of the Algonquins. The other 
branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. 
The latter, however, retained the family name, 
and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- 
beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially 
identical. This interchanging of names has been 
a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- 
tinction was analogous to that existing between 
genus and species, although a confusion of 
nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors 
more or less serious. Tiiese three tribes early 
separated, the Pottawatomies going south from 
Green Bay along the western shore of Lake 
Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are 
making a fire," and the word is a translation into 
the Pottawatomie language of the name first 
given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians 
were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was 
divided into four branches, or clans, called by 
names which signify, respectively, the golden 
carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- 
ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies 
were first met by the French, on the north of 
Lake Huron, in 1039-40. More than a quarter of 
a century later (1(560) Father Allouez speaks of 
them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. 
The same Father described them as idolatrous 
and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civilitj' 
and as being kindly disposed toward the French. 
This friendship continued unbroken until the 
expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. 
About 1678 they spread southward from Green 
Bay to the liead of Lake Michigan, a portion of 
the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the 
Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the 
Winnebagoes and tlie Sacs and Foxes on the west, 
and advancing, on the east, into the country of 
the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the 



Maumee. They fought on the side of the 
French in the French and Indian War, and 
later took i)art in the conspiracy of Pontiac 
to capture and reduce tlie British posts, and 
were so influenced by Tecumseh and tlie Prophet 
tliat a considerable number of their warri- 
ors fought against Genei-al Harrison at Tippe- 
canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively 
supported the British. They were also prominent 
at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of 
them, "They were foremost at all treaties where 
lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's 
share of all presents and annuities, particularly 
where these last were the price paid for the sale 
of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- 
mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 
1833 and 1833, and were among the last of the 
tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their 
final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 
1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced 
with those of tlie Chippewas and Ottawas, and 
formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all 
their lands, wherever located, to the United States, 
for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in 
Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through 
the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this 
reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands 
passed into other hands. In 1807, under an ena- 
bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then 
estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- 
ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- 
homa. 

POWELL, John Wesley, Pli.D., LL.D., geolo- 
gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris 
N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist 
itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- 
ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied 
for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and 
subsequently in Wlieaton College, but, in 18,';4, 
began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching 
at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- 
lection for the natural sciences, he spent much 
time in making collections, which he placed in 
various Illinois institutions. Entering the army 
in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois 
Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the 
Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted 
Major. He lost his right arm at tlie battle of 
Sliilnh, but returned to his regiment as soon as 
sufficiently recovered, and continued in active 
service to the close of tlie war. In 1865 he became 
Profes.sor of Geology and Curator of the Museum 
in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
but resigned to accept a similar position in the 
State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 



432 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



greatest work in connection with science by 
leading a class of pupils to the mountains of 
Colorado for the studj' of geology, which he fol- 
lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of 
the canon of the Colorado River than had ever 
before been attempted. This led to provision by 
Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- 
logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, 
which was appropriately placed under his direc- 
tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the 
Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the 
Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881, was 
assigned to the directorship of the United States 
Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the 
Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the 
Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, 
but died September 23, 1902. In 1886 Major 
Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- 
berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- 
vard the same year. He was also a member of the 
leading scientific associations of the country, 
while his reports and addresses fill numerous 
\olumes issued by the Covernment. 

POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- 
factui-er, was born in South Wales, Maj' 10, 1825; 
came to America in 1830, was educated in the 
common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was 
manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- 
ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West 
Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced 
through the grades of Slajor, Lieutenant-Colonel 
and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge 
at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and 
confined in Libbj' Prison six months. After ex- 
change he led a cavalry division in the Army of 
the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in 
October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- 
ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector 
in 1868. He was at the head of a nail mill and 
foundry in BelleN-ille, and was Commander of the 
firand .\rmy of the Republic for the Department of 
Illinois during 1S9.5-96. Died Dec. 26, 1904. 

PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough 
County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 23 miles soutlivvest from Galesburg and 
17 miles northeast of Macomb; lias a carriage 
factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock 
yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two 
weekly papers. Pop. (1900), 818; (1910), 719. 

PRAIRIE DU POXT, (in English, Bridge 
Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile 
south of Caliokia. It was commenced about 17G0, 
located on the banks of a creek, on which was 
the first mill, operated by water-power, in that 
section, having been erected by missionaries 



from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village 
contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was 
inundated and nearly destroyed. 

PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of 
the Rock), an early French village in what is 
now Randolph County, which began to spring up 
near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 1722 
had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood 
at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles 
northeast of the fort. Like other French \'illages 
in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common 
field and commons. The village is on the line of 
the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 
48 miles south of St. Louis. Near the outlet of a 
creek which runs through the bluff may be seen 
the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been 
erected by the .Jesuits during the days of French 
occupation. Pop. (1910), 511. 

PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal 
clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in 
1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, 
and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, CarUn- 
ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — 
the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding 
Elder; was a delegate to the General Conference 
of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1873 to the 
end of his life. During the latter part of his life 
his home was in Springfield. Died. June 28, 1887. 

PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was 
born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 33, 
1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- 
souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where 
he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the 
commission bu.siness. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- 
ant of a company sent against the Slormons at 
Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in 
the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- 
ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the 
outbreak of the Civil War tendered his .services 
to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel 
of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost 
immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and 
l)laced in command at Cairo, so contiuviing until 
relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. 
At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he 
was captured with most of his command, after a 
most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, 
but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- 
General of Volunteers. He was a member of the 
court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, 
and, as commander at Helena, Ark , defeated the 
Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 
3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 
1863. In 1869 lie was appointed by President 
Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



433 



years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- 
dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as 
Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- 
dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by 
President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. 
PRESIDEXTIAL ELECTORS. {See Elections.) 
PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- 
cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of 
wealth}- and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- 
pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick 
and disabled persons, and to provide them, while 
inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations 
of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and 
forms of the Presbyterian Church" Rush Med- 
ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site 
(see Rush Medical College), and through generous 
subscriptions, a well-planned building was 
erected, capable of accommodating about 250 
patients. A corridor connects the college and 
liospital buildings. The medical staff comprises 
eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and 
surgeons. 

PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- 
terian society in Illinois was organized by Rev. 
James McGready, of Kentucky, in 181G, at 
Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills 
and Daniel Smith, also Presbj-terians, had visited 
the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- 
chusetts Slissionary Society, but had formed no 
society. The members of the Sharon church 
were almost all immigrants from the South, and 
were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two 
other churches were established in 1819 — one at 
Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at 
Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three 
Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen 
Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years 
later there were 80 churches, with a membership 
of 2,500 and GO ministers. In 1880 the number of 
churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as 
shown by the United States census) there were 
less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers 
and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the' 
highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination 
in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the 
church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- 
Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- 
burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of 
the denomination is "The Interior," founded by 
Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at 
Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The 
Illinois Synod embraced witliin its jurisdiction 
(1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 
483 churches, 464 ministers and a meml)ership of 
63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) 



PRICKETT, Ahrahiuu, pioneer merchant, was 
born near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison 
County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in 
the drug business in St. Louis, then ojiened a 
store at Edwardsville, where, in 1818, he received 
from the first County Court of Madison County, 
a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served 
as one of the three Delegates from Madison 
County to the Convention which framed the first 
State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
elected a Representative in the First General 
Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of 
Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he 
removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- 
tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged 
there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while 
engaged on a Government contract for the re- 
moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- 
gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. 
—George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, 
and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to 
have been the first white child born in Edwards- 
ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, 
came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 
1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness with his brother and, later, on lus own 
account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- 
lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of 
State Militia. Inspector of the State Penitentiary, 
and, from 1888 to '42, was Receiver of Public 
Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. 

PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born 
in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 31, 1800; in early 
childhood wastaken by his parents to Kentucky 
and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He gradu- 
ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, 
began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme 
Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison 
County Probate Court, Representative in the 
General Assembly (1826 28), Aid-de-Camp to 
General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, 
State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit 
(1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- 
sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- 
nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives 
for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same 
at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. 

PRIXCE, David, physician and surgeon, was 
born in Brooklyne, Windham Countj-, Conn., 
June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to 
Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the 
academy there ; began the study of medicine in 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Xew 
Y'ork, finishing at the Ohio Medical College. Cin- 
cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 



434 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



half, with the celebrated surgeon. Dr. Mvizzy. In 
1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two 
years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical 
Department of Illinois College; later, spent five 
years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on 
surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, 
returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established 
himself in practice there, devoting special atten- 
tion to surgery, in which he had already won a 
wide reputation. During the latter part of the 
Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as 
Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, 
and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, 
voluntarily surrendered himself that he might 
attend the captives of his command in Libby 
Prison. After the close of the war he was 
employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- 
mission, in writing a medical history of the war. 
He visited Europe twice, flr.st in 1881 as a dele- 
gate to the International Medical Congress in 
London, and again as a member of the Copen- 
hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making 
careful inspection of the hospitals in London, 
Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a 
Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of 
surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he 
gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly 
devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited 
and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he 
stood in the front rank of his profession, and his 
death was mourned by large numbers who had 
received the benefit of his ministrations without 
money and without price. He was member of 
a number of leading professional associations, 
besides local literary and social organizations. 
Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. 

PRINCE, Ednard, lawyer, was born at West 
Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; 
attended school at Payson, 111., and Illinois Col 
lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 
18.52 ; studied law at Quincy, and after admission 
to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. 
In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, 
was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry 
and, a few months later, commis-sioned Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- 
ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated 
"Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, 
serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel 
of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave 
considerable attention to engineering and the 
construction of a system of water-works for the 
city of Quincy. Died December, 1908. 

PBINCE, (ieorgre Vi'., lawyer and Congressman, 
born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was 



educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- 
lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He 
then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the 
following year ; served as chairman of the Knox 
County RepubUcan Central Committee in 1884, 
and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the 
General Assembly and re-elected two years later. 
In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for 
Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was 
defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at 
a special election, held in April, 1895, he was 
chosen Representative in Congress from the 
Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the 
death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had 
occurred in January preceding. In common with 
a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was 
re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 
16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in 
November, 1898. 

PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of 
Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west -south west of 
Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric 
lights, graded and high schools, numerous 
churches, three newspapers and several banks. 
Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- 
tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- 
ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- 
ton is populated with one of the most intelligent 
and progressive communities in the State. It 
was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater 
part of his life in lUinois. Pop. (1910), 4,131. 

PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See 
Chicago & Northivestern Railway.) 

PRINCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on 
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock 
Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of 
Peoria ; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- 
tural region. Pop. (1900), 735; (1910), 982. 

PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside 
County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 
miles northwest of Mendota; is a grain trade center, 
has some manufactories, banks and a weekly news- 
paper. Pop. (1900), 1,143; (1910), 1,083. 

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See 
Miiiurity Representatitm. ) 

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The 
pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the 
Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop 
of Illinois in 1S35, and was the founder of Jubi- 
lee College. (See Chase, Rev. Philander.) The 
State at present is organized under the provincial 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



435 



system, the province comprising the dioceses of 
Chicago. Quincy and Springfield. At its head 
(1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. Bisliop 
of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- 
field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with 
C. R. Hale. Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- 
ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Dioce.se, with 
residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of 
the church in Illinois is not great, although 
between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost 
doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen 
jiarishes. with thirteen clergymen and a member- 
ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had 
increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 
9,843 communicants. The United States Census 
of 1890 showed the following figures : Parishes, 
197; clergymen. 150, membership, 18,609. Total 
contributions (1890) for general church and mis- 
sion work, §373,798. The chief educational insti- 
tution of the denomination in the West is the 
Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See 
Silso ReligivHS Denominations.) 

PRTOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early 
steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 
10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of 
the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 
1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then 
a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the 
son located where Golconda. Pope County, now 
stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a 
boatman, which he pursued some forty j'ears. 
At this time he held a commission as a "Falls 
Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended 
the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his 
long service no accident happened to any steamer 
for wliich he was re.sponsible. although the Mis- 
sissippi than bristled with snags. He owned and 
commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was 
sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of 
Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- 
ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, 
no lives were lost. The salient features of his 
character were a boundless benevolence mani- 
fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- 
played not only in the face of dangers met in his 
career as a boatman, but in his encounters with 
robbers who then infested portions of Southern 
Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot 
and popular commander not excelled by any of 
his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope 
County, Oct. 5 1851. leaving one daughter, now 
Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman. of Cairo, 111. 

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- 
ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public 
Instruction.) 



PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian 
County, Ky, Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 
1831, with his father, who first settled in Shelby 
County, but, in 1839, removed to Macon County, 
where the subject of this sketch resided until his 
death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh 
served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk 
War of 1833; then, with the rank of Captain and 
Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with 
Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon 
the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and 
being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- 
dier-General in August, 1864, %vhen his regiment 
was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took 
part with his regiment in the battles of Fort 
Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations 
around Vicksburg. being wounded at the latter. 
In the year of his retirement from the army 
(1864) he was elected a Representative in the 
Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, tlie fol- 
lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon 
County, serving four years. 

PUGH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born 
in Bath County, Ky. , came to Bond County, 111., 
finaUy locating at Springfield in 1833, and being 
the second lawyer to establish himself in practice 
in that city. He served in the Tliird, Fifth, 
Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was 
defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- 
wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. 
Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man 
of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit. 

PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern 
county and one of the smallest in the State, 
bordering on the Ohio River and having an area 
of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 
14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 
1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who 
had aided the Americans during the Revolution. 
The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied 
with much low land along the Cache and tlie Ohio 
Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal 
crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the 
bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat 
and was conceded a population, by tlie census of 
1890, of 3,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of 
the carboniferous formation extends under tlie 
soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of 
iron have been found and sulphur and copperas 
spring.s abound. Population (1910), 15,650. 

PULASKI, a village of Pulaski County, on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, 12i miles north of Cairo; 
in lumber district. Pop. (1910), 592. 



436 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



PULLMAN, a former suburb, now part of the 
city of Chicago; where the Pullman Palace Car 
Company began the erection of buildings in 1S80, 
the first family locating here in 1881. Within 
the next few years, it became the center of the 
largest manufacturing establishments in the 
country, iucluiliug the Pullman Car Works, the 
Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive 
steel forging works, employing thousands of 
mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- 
ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and 
freight cars, were manufactured here every j'ear, 
not only for use on the railroads of the United 
States, but for foreign countries as well. The 
town was named for the late George M. Pullman, 
the founder of the car-works, and was regarded 
as a model city, made up of comfortable homes 
erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of 
its employes. It was well supplied with school- 
houses, and churches, and a public library was 
established there and opened to the public in 
1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- 
cago in 1890. 

PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the 
Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc- 
ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831. enjoyed ordinarj' edu- 
cational advantages in his boyhood and, at 
fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a 
clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the 
cabinet -making business at Albion. His father, 
who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav- 
ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the 
responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- 
ing secured a contract for raising a number of 
buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary 
by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this 
way acquired some capital and experience which 
was most valuable to him in after years. Com- 
ing to Chicago in 1859, when the work of raising 
the grade of the streets in the business portion of 
the city had been in pi-ogress for a year or two, 
he found a new field for the exercise of his 
inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- 
formations in a number of the principal business 
blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, 
Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to 
devising some means for increasing the comforts 
of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he 
remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of 
sleeping-cars, %vhich were used upon the Alton 
Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado 
devoting his engineering skill to mining; but 
returning to Chicago the latter year, entered 
upon his great work of developing the idea of the 
sleeping-car Into practical reality. The first 



car was completed and received the name of the 
"Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the 
funeral train which took the remains of Abraham 
Lincoln to Springfield. 111., after his assassination 
in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull- 
man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the 
dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- 
ing up of the great industrial town which bears 
his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- 
cago, constituted a work of gradual development 
which resulted in some of the most remarkable 
achievements in the history of the nineteenth 
century, both in a business sense and in promot- 
ing the comfort and safety- of the traveling pub- 
lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of 
workingmen. He lived to see the results of his 
inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use 
upon the principal railroads of the United States 
and introduced upon a number of important lines 
in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with 
a number of other enterprises more or less closely 
related to the transportation business, but the 
Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with 
which he was most closely connected, and by 
which he will be longest remembered. He was 
also associated with some of the leading educa- 
tional and benevolent enterprises about the city 
of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal 
manner during his life and in his will. His 
death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at 
his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897. 

PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and 
was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., 
settled at Peoria, 111., in 1836, and the following 
year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the 
Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced 
the greater portion of the State ea.st of Peoria. 
In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 
1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Ju-stice of 
the Supreme Court, vice Je.sse B. Thomas, Jr., 
who had resigned. As required by law, he at the 
same time served as Circuit Judge, his district 
embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and 
his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of 
the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and 
resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois 
Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, 
made a compilation of the general laws, gener- 
ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple 
Statutes." He subsequentlj- undertook to com- 
pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to "63. 
and was engaged on this work when overtaken 
by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a 
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



437 



and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- 
nent at the Chicago bar. 

PUTERBAUGH, Sabin D., judge and author, 
was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834; 
at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- 
well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 18.53, where 
he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. 
At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- 
sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh 
Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous 
engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- 
sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. 
Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his 
residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice 
and began the preparation of his first legal work 
— "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 
1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. 
IngersoU, wliich continued until 1867, when Mr. 
Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. 
He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- 
vate practice and pursue his work as an author. 
His first work, having already run through three 
editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh"s Chan- 
cery Pleading and Practice,"" the first edition of 
which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery 
Practice,'" which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he 
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- 
can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1893. Leslie D. 
(Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is 
Judge of tlie Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. 

PUTNAM COUXTY, tlie smallest county in the 
State, both as to area and population, containing 
only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. 
It lies near the center of the north half of the 
State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel 
Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin 
within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who 
was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 
1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen 
of Chicago. The county was created by act of 
the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- 
ment was not organized until some years later. 
Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark 
Counties have been erected therefrom. It is 
crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The 
surface is moderately undulating and the soil 
fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat 
and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is 
mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- 
seat. Population of the county (1910), 7,561. 

(JUINCT, the principal city of Western Illinois, 
and the county seat of Adams County. It was 
founded in 1822 — the late Gov. John Wood erect- 
ing the fiist log-cabin there — and was incorporated 



in 1 839. The site is naturallj- one of the most beauti- 
ful in the State, the principal part of the city being 
built on a limestone bluff having an elevation 
of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi 
for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west 
of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi- 
cago. Besides being a principal shipping point 
for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the 
converging point of several important railway 
lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, 
Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as 
well as north and south, connections. At the 
present time (1904) several important lines, or 
extensions of railroads already constructed, are in 
contemplation, which, when completed, will add 
largely to the commercial importance of the city. 
The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- 
secting each other at right angles, and being 
lighted with gas and electricity. Water is 
obtained from the Mississippi. There are several 
electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine 
railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a 
wagon bridge has been added within the past two 
years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant 
public buildings, including a handsome county 
court-house, a Government building for the use 
of the Post-ofBce and the United States District 
Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 
is located here, embracing a large group of cot- 
tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, 
besides hospital and administration buildings for 
the use of the officers. The city has more than 
thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public 
and two college), with excellent schools and 
other educational advantages. Among the 
liigher institutions of learning are the Chaddock 
College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis 
Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are 
two or three national banks, a State bank with a 
capital of §300,000, beside two private banks, four 
or five daily papers, witli several weekly and one 
or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a 
shipping point by river and railroad have made it 
one of the most important manufacturing cen- 
ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed 
a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, 
havingan aggregate capital of §6,187,845, employ- 
ing 5,0.58 persons, and turning out an annual 
product valued at .?10. 160,492. The cost of 
material >ised was .?5, .597, 990, and the wages paid 
§2,383,571. The number of different industries 
reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- 
tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- 
tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 



438 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- 
yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, 
paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and 
artiticial-ice factories. Population (1880), 37,368; 
(1S90), 31,494; (1900), 36,252; (1910), 36,589. 

QUINCT, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. 
(See Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad.) 

QUINCT & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chi- 
cago. Burlington <t- Quincy Railroad.) 

QUINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

QUINCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See 
Chicago, Burlington <£■ Quincy Railroad.) 

RAAB, Henry, former State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, was born in "Wetzlar, Rhen- 
ish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; learned the trade of a 
currier with his father and came to the United 
States in IS.'iS, finally locating at Belleville, 111., 
where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub- 
lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of 
schools for that city, and, in 1883, was elected 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 
the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination 
in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, 
and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 
1894. In the administration of his ofBce, Pro- 
fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from 
parti.sanship. After retiring from the office of 
State Superintendent, he resumed a position in 
the public schools at Belleville. Dietl Mar. 13, 1901. 

RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French 
traveler and trader, who is said to have reached 
the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the 
West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations 
extended from 1653 to 1684, of which he prepared 
a narrative which was published by the Prince 
Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of 
"Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in- 
law, Medard Chouarti, first conceived the idea of 
planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See 
Chouart, Medard.) 

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- 
SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed 
by the executive (by and with the advice ancf con- 
sent of the Senate) , under authority of an act ap- 
proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the 
provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation 
to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's 
powers are partly judicial, jiartly executive. The 
following is a summary of its powers and duties: 
To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- 
table to shipper and carrier alike; to require 
yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; 
to hear and pass upon comjilaints of extortion anil 



unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce 
prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- 
tion of railway roadbeds, bridges and trestles; to 
hear and decide all manner of complaints relative 
to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; 
to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- 
tem, to be approved by the Commission ; to 
enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- 
tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- 
cipal offices of the Commission are at the State 
capital, where monthly sessions are held. For 
the purpose of properlj' conducting the grain 
inspection department, monthly meetings are 
also lield at Chicago, where tlie offices of a Grain 
Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. 
Here all business relating to this department is 
discussed and necessary special meetings are 
held. The inspection department has no revenue 
outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its 
maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival 
("inspection in") are twenty five cents per car- 
load, ten cents per wagon-load, and fortj" cents 
per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For 
inspection from store ("inspected out ") the fees 
are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; 
thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per 
wagon-load to teams. While there are never 
wanting some cases of friction between the trans- 
portation companies and warehousemen on the 
one hand, and the Commis.sion on the other, 
there can be no question that the formation of 
the latter has been of great value to the receiv- 
ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-pajers of the 
State generally. Similar regulations in regard to 
the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. 
Louis and Peoria, are also in force. Following is a 
list of Commissioners up to 191 1 with terms: 1871-73 
— Gusta\-us Koerner, Richard P. Morgan, Da\'id S. 
Hammond; 1873-77 — Henry D. Cook (tlcceased, 
1873, succeeded byJas. Steele), David A. Brown, John 
M. Pearson; lS77-S.3—Wm. M.Smith, Geo.M.Bogue, 
John H. Oberly (retired ISSl, succeeded bj' Wm. M. 
Robinson); 1883-85 — \Vm. N. Brainard, E. C. Lewis, 
Chas. T. Stratton; 1S8.5-89— John I. Rinnkcr, Benj. 
F. Marsh, Wm. T. Johnson (retired 1887, succeeded 
by Jason Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac 
N. Phillips, W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John R. 
Tanner); 1893-97-— W. S. Cantrell, Thos. F. Gaht.n, 
Chas. F.Lape (succeeded, 1895, by Gco.W.Fithian); 
1897-1901— Cicero J. Lindley, Chas. S. Rannells, Jas. 
E. Bidwell, Arthur L. French (1901-07), Jas. Mc- 
Kinncy (1901-02), Jas. S. Ne%-ille (1901-0(!). Isaac 
L. Ehvood (1902-07), Wm. H. Boys (1906-09), 
Bernard .\. Eekhart and Jas A. Willoughby 
(1907—); Or\-ille H. Berry, Chairman (1909- ). 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



439 



RAILROADS (IN UEXERAL). The existing 
railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the 
mania for internal improvement which swept 
over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan 
adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being 
tliat the State should construct, maintain, own 
and operate an elaborate s)-stem. Lines were to 
be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton 
to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from 
Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville 
to Jfount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- 
inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. 
The experiment proved extremely unfortunate 
to the financial interests of the State, and laid the 
foundation of an immense debt under which it 
staggered for many years. The Northern Cross 
Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- 
field, was the only one so far completed as to be in 
operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas II. 
Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the 
highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of 
the existing Wabash system. The first road to 
be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- 
itive tramway in St. Clair Count}', designed for 
the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the 
Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This 
was the second line completed in the State, and 
the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent 
development of the railway system of Illinois 
was at first gradual, then steady and finally 
rapid. A succinct description of the various 
lines now in operation in the State may be found 
under appropriate headings. At present Illinois 
leads all the States of the Union in the extent of 
railways in operation, tlie total mileage (1897) of 
main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 
100 square miles of territory and 35 miles for each 
10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population 
(1898) at four and a quarter millions. Ever}- one 
of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at 
least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin 
and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 
companies doing business in the State in 1890, 
(including capital stock, funded debt and current 
liabilities), was $3,669,164,142— equal to .$67,556 
per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased 
lines paid dividends of from four to eight per 
cent on common, and from four to ten per cient 
on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid 
aggregating $35,331,753. The total earnings and 
income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the 
State, aggregated $77,508,537, while the total 
expenditure within the State was $71,403,367. 
Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight cari-ied, 11,611,- 
798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 



mineral products. The number of passengers 
(earning revenue) carried during the year, was 
83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- 
ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire 
amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for 
the year was .$3,846,379. From 1836, when the 
first special charter was granted for the con- 
struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — 
after which all corporations of this character 
came under the general incorporation laws of the 
State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 
— 393 special charters for the construction of 
railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides 
numerous amendments of charters already in 
existence. (For the history of important indi- 
vidual lines see each road under its corporate 
name.) 

RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, 
was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was 
a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), 
after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- 
ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali- 
fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The 
Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the 
Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 32, 1856. 
(See A)iti-\ebraska Editorial Convention.) In 
1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- 
teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on 
account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa 
regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from 
wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. 

RAMSAY, Riifus Jf., State Treasurer, was born 
on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; 
received a collegiate education at Illinois and 
McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- 
versity ; studied law with ex -Gov. A. C. French, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon 
abandoned the law for banking, in which he was 
engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting 
his business to the latter place about 1890. He 
served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and 
two terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the 
General Assembly, and, in 1893, was nominated 
as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died 
in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. 

RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
St. Louis & Western Railroails, 13 miles north of 
Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 747; (1910), 769. 

RANDOLPH COUNTY, lies in the southwest 
section of the State, and borders on the Missis- 
sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for 
Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair 
County in 1795, being the second county organ- 



440 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ized in the territory which now constitutes the 
State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- 
nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal 
point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and 
Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, 
which .subsequently became the center of French 
influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1722 
Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. 
It was in Randolph County that Fort C'hartres 
was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. 
George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure 
of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the 
capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration 
began with the close of the Revolutionary War. 
Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- 
bod and George;, Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge 
family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. 
Toward the close of the century came Shadrach 
Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) 
with his uncle of the same name, and the 
Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of 
whom subsequently became Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) 
In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while 
its surface is diversified. Timber and building 
stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- 
erable area. Chester, tlie county-seat, a city of 
3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade 
and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. 
The county is crossed by several railroad lines, 
and transiiortation facilities are excellent. Pop. 
(1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001; (1910), 29,120. 

RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, 
soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt. , Nov. 29, 1834; 
educated at Norwich University, an institution 
under charge of his father, who was later an 
officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- 
tepec. Having learned ci\il engineering, he 
entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; 
in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm 
of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after 
removing to Fayette County, where he acted as 
agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under 
the first call for volunteers, in April, 1801, he 
organized a company, whicli having been incor- 
porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected 
Major, and, on the reorganization of t!ie regiment 
for the three-years' service, was commissioned 
Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- 
mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he 
was severelj' wounded and won deserved pro- 
motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. 
L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here 
Colonel Ransom again distinguislied himself by 
his bravery, and though again wounded wliile 



leading his regiment, remained in command 
througli the day. His service was recognized by 
promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a 
prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in 
the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded 
the Seventh xVrmy Corps in the operations about 
Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and 
his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 
1864, having previously received the brevet rank 
of Major-General. General Ransom was con- 
fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- 
uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and 
was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one 
of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- 
mands. 

RANTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at 
the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy 
branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign 
and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has 
a national bank, seven churclies, opera house, 
graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, 
flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many 
handsome residences. Pop. (1910), 1,384. 

RASLE, Sebastian, a Je.suit missionary, born 
in France, in lO.'JS; at his own request was 
attached to the French missions in Canada in 
1689, and, about 1691 or '93, was sent to tlie Illi- 
nois Country, where he labored for two years, 
traveling much and making a careful study of 
the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts 
descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of 
life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- 
nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, 
where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki 
language in three volumes, which is now jire- 
served in the library of Harvard College. His 
influence over his Indian parishioners was great, 
and his use of it, during the French and Indian 
War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- 
chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his 
head. On August 12, 1734, he was slain, with 
seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his 
escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- 
wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort 
Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the 
next day by the Indians. In 1883, the citizens of 
Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- 
ory on the spot where he fell. 

RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- 
many in 1828; entered journalism and came to 
America in 1851, being employed on German 
papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 
accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The 
Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



441 



fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for 
the benefit of his health, ilj'ing at Dresden, July 
34, iy91. While employed on papers in this 
country during the Civil War, he acted as the 
American correspondent of papeis at Berlin, 
Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central 
Europe. He served as delegate to both State and 
National Conventions of the Republican party, 
and, in 18(59. received from President Grant the 
appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for 
the Chicago District, but, during the later years 
of his life, co<iperated with the Democratic 
part}'. 

RAUCH, John Henry, physician and .sanitary 
expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and 
graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed 
to Iowa, settling at Bvirlington. lie was an 
active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, 
and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report 
on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," 
and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic 
remains of the Upiier Mississippi and Missouri for 
Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled 
the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany 
at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the 
same position in 1S59 in the Chicago College of 
Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- 
izers. During the Civil War he served, until 
1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the 
Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, 
being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of 
the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in 
reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 
1867, was appointed a member of the new Board 
of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 
1876. The latter year he was chosen President of 
the American Public Health Association, and, 
in 1877, a member of the newly created State 
Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first 
President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- 
tinued in that office during his connection with 
the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention 
to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- 
mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council 
of the Mississijijii, and in securing the adoption 
of a system of river inspection by the National 
Board of Health. He \vas a niemljer of many 
scientific bodies, and the author of numerous 
monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the 
domain of sanitary science and preventive med- 
icine Among them may be noticed "Intra- 
mural Interments and Their Influence on Health 
and Epidemics," ''Sanitarj- Problems of Clii- 
cago, " "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North 



America," and a series of reports as Secretary of 
the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, 
Pa., March 24, 1894. 

RAl'M, (Wen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, 
was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111. , Dec. 3, 
1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
1853, but, three years later, removed with his 
family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities 
rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party 
there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at 
Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil 
War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- 
sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- 
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and. later, 
advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning 
his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 
1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi 
campaign of 1802, took a conspicuous part in the 
battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of 
Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. 
He also rendered valuable service during the 
Atlanta camjiaign, keeping lines of communi- 
cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an 
attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman 
in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in 
the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 
1866 General Raum became President of the pro- 
jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise 
of which he had been an active promoter. He 
was elected to Congress in 1806 from the South- 
ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- 
ing one term, and the same year presided over the 
Republican State Convention, as he did again in 
1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the 
National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago 
the last two years just mentioned. From August 
3, 1876. to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as 
Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- 
ton, in that time having superintended the col- 
lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the 
disbursement of §30,000,000. After retiring from 
the Commissionership, he resumed the practice 
of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed 
Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the 
close of President Harrison's administration, 
when he removed to Chicago and again engaged 
in practice. During the various i)olitical cam- 
paigns of the past tliirty years, his services have 
been in freijuent request as a campaign speaker, 
anil he has canvasse<l a number of Stat(!s in the 
interest of the Republican party. Besides his 
official reports, he is author of "The Existing 
Conflict Between Republican Government and 
Southern Oligarchy" (Washington. 1884), and a 
number of magazine articles. Died Dec. 12, 1909. 



442 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was 
born in Huiumelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and 
died at Golconda, 111., March 14, 1869. Having 
received a liberal education in his native State, 
the subject of thi.s sketch settled at Shawneetown, 
111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope 
County, in 1826. He had previously served three 
years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of 
the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of 
Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as 
Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator 
from the District composed of Pope and Johnson 
Counties in the Eighth General Assemblj' (1833), 
as successor to Samuel Alexander, wlio had 
resigned. The following year lie was appointed 
Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and 
was also elected Clerk of the County Court the 
same year, holding both offices for many j-ears, 
and retaining the County Clerkship up to his 
death, a period of thirty-five years. He was 
married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and 
was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and 
Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the 
volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil 
War. 

RAWLINS, Jolin Aaron, soldier. Secretary of 
War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the 
son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- 
burner. The son, after irregular attendance on 
the district schools and a year passed at Mount 
Mon'is Academy, began the study of law. He 
was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at 
once began practice. In 1837 he was elected City 
Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- 
las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of 
the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, 
coercive measures, and it is said that it was 
partly through his influence that General Grant 
early tendered his services to the Government. 
He served on the staff of the latter from the time 
General Grant was given command of a brigade 
until the close of the war, most of the time being 
its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, imtil, 
in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 
1865, a Major-General. His long service on the 
staff of General Grant indicates the estimation 
in wliich he was held by his chief. Promptly on 
the assumption of tlie Presidency by General 
Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- 
tarj' of War, but consumption had alreadj' 
obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- 
vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 
1869. 

RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- 
wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 13, 1821; 



came west in 1843, studied medicine and began 
practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating 
in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, 
for a time, with the publication of a temperance 
paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to 
Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The 
Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with 
which he remained until 1854. He took strong 
ground against the Kansas-Xebraska Bill, and, at 
the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as 
Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- 
spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few 
months later became associated with Joseph 
Medill and John C. Vauglian in the purchase and 
management of "The Chicago Tribune,"" Dr. Ray 
assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. 
Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful 
writers ever connected with the Illinois press, 
and his articles exerted a wide influence during 
the period of the organization of the Republican 
party, in which he was an influential factor. He 
was a member of tlie Convention of Anti-Neb- 
raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and 
served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- 
lutions. (See Antiyebraska Editorial Conven- 
tion.) At the State Republican Convention held 
at Bloomington, in May following, he was 
appointed a member of the State Central Com- 
mittee for that year; was also Canal Trustee by 
appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 
1857 to 1861. In November, 1803, he severed his 
connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in 
oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- 
cially disastrous. In 1863 he returned to the paper 
as an editorial writer, remaining onlj' for a short 
time. In 1868 he assumed the management of 
"The Chicago Evening Post,"' with which he 
remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 
1870. 

RAY, Lyman Beeoher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt. , 
August 17, 1831; removed to Illinois in 1852, and 
has since been engaged in mercantile business in 
this State. After filling several local offices he 
was elected to represent Grundy County in the 
lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen 
State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887. and 
being one of the recognized party leaders on the 
floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring 
in 1893. His home is at Morris. Grundy County. 

RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in 
Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to 
manhood in his native State, receiving a limited 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



443 



education ; in 1834 removed to Rushville, III. , 
engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as 
a banker ; was a member of the lirst State Board 
of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1H72, was 
elected to Congress as a Republican, representing 
his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 
1881. 

RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, 
on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 
50 miles southwest of Decatur ; has electric lights, 
some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- 
siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit 
grown in the surrounding country. Population 
(1890), 841: (1900), 900; (1910), 881. 

RAYMOND, (ReT.) Miner, D.D., clergyman 
and educator, was born in New York City, 
August 29, 1811, being descended from a family 
of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- 
monde"). who were expelled from France on 
account of their religion. In his youth he 
learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, 
at Reusselaerville, N. Y. He united with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, 
later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy 
at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards 
became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New 
England Conference and, three years later, began 
pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- 
.pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, 
on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allj-n (after- 
wards President of McKendree College and of the 
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
dale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship 
of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there 
until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of 
systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the 
latter institution continuing until 189.5, when he 
resigned. For some three years of this period he 
served as pastor of the First Methodist Church 
at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. 

REAYIS, Logan Uriah, journalist, was born 
in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., 
March 26, 1831 ; in ISo.j entered tiie office of "The 
Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest 
in the paper and continued its publication under 
the name of "The Central lUinoian," until 1857, 
when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- 
ing, in 18C0, he repurchased his old paper and 
conducted it until 1866, when he sold out for the 
last time. The remainder of his life was devoted 
chiefly to advocating the removal of the National 
Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and 
the iiublication of pamphlets and books on the 
subject; also published a "Life of Horace 



Greeley," another of General Harney, and two 
or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, 
April 25, 1889. 

RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- 
ential family \\:ho lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- 
torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, 
who has left the most detailed account of them in 
his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted 
of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom 
were born in Fauquier County, Va., .some of 
them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to 
Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1800. Reynolds 
describes them as passionate and impulsive, but 
possessed of a high standard of integrity and a 
chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — William, the 
oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the 
family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after 
coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian 
campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he 
was appointed Surveyor General of Illinois, Mis- 
souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to 
St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers, 
was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company 
of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles 
commanded one of the two regiments organized 
by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition 
against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. 
— Nelson, still another brother, served in the 
same expedition on the staff of Governor 
Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a 
member of the expedition sent to strengthen 
Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- 
age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. 
During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain. 
Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Ta34or 
(afterwards President) in an expedition on the 
Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict 
with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in 
which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- 
age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of 
March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party 
on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to 
Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians 
and, though severely wounded, was carried away 
by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- 
ber of the family, was (iovernor Edwards' first 
Adjutant-General, serving a few niontlis in 1809, 
when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was 
reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three 
years. — Tliomas, one of the younger members, 
had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody 
Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in 
which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A 
portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- 
sas, where they became prominent, one of their 



444 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



descendants serving as Governor of that State 
during the Civil War period. 

RED BID, a citv in Randolph County, on the 
Mobile it Ohio Railroad, some 87 miles south- 
southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle- 
ville; has a carriage factory and two flouring 
mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five 
churches, a graded school and a vveekly news- 
paper. Pop. (1900), 1,169; (1910), 1,240. 

REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- 
ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- 
ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in 
that institution and as Principal of a High 
School at Chillieothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom- 
ington. 111., and, as a member of the School 
Board, assisted in reorganizing tlie school system 
of that cit}'; also has served continuousl}', for 
over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- 
nois Wesleyan University, being a part of tlie 
time President of the Board. In the meantime, he 
had begun the practice of law, served as City 
Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- 
ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth 
Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days" emergency regi- 
ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, 
with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel 
Reeves was subsequently connected with the 
construction of the Lafayette, Bloomingtou & 
Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois 
Central), and was also one of the founders of the 
Law Department of the Wesleyan University. 
In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- 
ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 
1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency 
being upon the Appellate bench. 

REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and 
lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 
1848 ; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and 
was reared on a farm ; later became a teacher 
and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; 
in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of 
the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to 
the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, 
receiving a majority over three competitors. 
Mr. Reeves was re-«lected three times, serving in all 
four terms and until 1903. Died April 9, 1909. 

REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison 
for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 
years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of 
reformation. It is the successor of the "State 
Reform School," which was created by act of 
the Legislature of 1807, but not opened for the 
admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at 
Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, 



which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, 
while moderately successful, were not altogether 
satisfactorj". The appropriations made for con- 
struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a 
scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, 
and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. 
Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 
j'ears. The law establishing the present reforma- 
tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- 
tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates 
wlio, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, 
may be safelj' granted conditional liberation. 
The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) 
tho.se between the ages of 10 and 16, and(2) those 
between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is 
composed of five members, not more than three of 
whom shall be of the same part}', their term of 
office to be for ten j-ears. The course of treat- 
ment is educational (intellectually, morally and 
industrially), schools being conducted, trades 
taught, and the inmates constantly impressed 
with the conviction that, only through genuine 
and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can 
they regain their freedom. The reformatory 
influence of the institution may be best inferred 
from tlie results of one year's operation. Of 146 
inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and 
became fugitives, 6 were returned to the 
Reformatory, 1 died, anil 124 remained in , 
employment and regularly reporting. Among 
the industries carried on are painting and glaz- 
ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- 
ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, 
tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the 
Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, 
which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, 
thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, 
w-hich can be employed in tlie construction of 
additional needed buildings. The average num- 
lier of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for 
which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from 
simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- 
ous offenses known to the criminal code, with 
tlie exception of homicide. The number of 
inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 
812. An institution of a similar character, for 
the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was 
established under an act of the Legislature 
passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- 
eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile 
Female Offenders.) 

RELIGIOrS DENOMINATIONS. The State 
constitution contains the familiar guaranty of 
absolute freedom of conscience. The chief 
denominations have grown in like ratio with the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



445 



population, as may be seen from figures given 
below. The earliest Christian services held were 
ronducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested 
t!ie sincerity of their convictions (in many 
instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either 
tlirouf^h violence or exposure. The aborigines, 
liowever. were not easily Christianized; and, 
shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to 
Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- 
ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence 
upon the red men, although the French, who 
remained in the ceded territory, continued to 
adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- 
sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to 
hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- 
copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 
1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the 
American Bottom in 179B. (For history of 
Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal 
Church. } The pioneer Protestant preacher, 
liowever, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — 
who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David 
Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 
1796, and the first denominational association 
was formed in 1807. ( As to inception and growth 
of this denomination in Illinois, see also- Baj)- 
tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary 
Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. 
Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years 
later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was 
organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, 
of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) The 
Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide 
of immigration that set in from the Eastern 
States, early in the '30's. Four churches were 
organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of 
the denomination in the State, if gradual, has 
been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About 
the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- 
times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). 
They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and 
warm hearted, and did not require belief in any 
particular creed as a condition of membership. 
The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. 
(See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episco- 
palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 
1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- 
secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from 
the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) 
The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German 
or Scandinavian birth or de.scent, as may be 
inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four 
churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri 
Synod, only four u.se the English language. They 
are the onlj- Protestant sect maintaining (when- 



ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See 
Lutheraiis.) There are twenty-six other religious 
bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who 
have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- 
cording to the census statistics of 1890, these 
twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, 
number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- 
lows: Anti-Mis.sion Baptists, 2,800 members, 78 
churches and 63 ministers ; Church of God, 1.200 
members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 
121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; 
Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches; 
Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 
ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 
churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 
15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; 
Cumberland Pre.sbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 
churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal 
(South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 83 minis- 
ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 
ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- 
ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; 
Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2 
ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 
91 churches, 106 ministers; Reformed Church in 
United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 
ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 
members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed 
Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches. 11 
ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- 
bers. 7 churches, 6 ministers ; Salvation Army, 
1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- 
bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day 
Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; 
Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 
ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members. 19 
churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 
30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; 
United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 
260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- 
bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan 
Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches. 33 min- 
isters. (See various Churches under their proper 
names; also Boman Catholic Church.) 

REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, 
and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, 
Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840. brought to Lowell, Mass., 
in boyhood, and graduated from the high school 
there at 17; taught for a time near New York 
City and later in Marylanil, where he began a 
cour.se of classical study. The Civil War coming 
on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New 
York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a 
non commissioned officer, and participating in the 
battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill, 



446 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. 
After the war he came to Chicago and secured 
employment in a railway surveyor's office, later 
acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight 
depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, 
which was conducted with such success that he 
became the owner of some of the most valuable 
mining properties in the country. Meanwhile 
he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of 
miners and other classes of laborers, and has 



sought to promote arbitration and conciliation 
between employers and employed, as a means of 
averting disastrous strikes. He was especially 
active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to 
bring about an understanding between the 
miners and the operators. For several years 
he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of 
the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by 
the demands of his private business, to tender 
his resignation. 



REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 

The following table jiresents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and length of 
term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in tlie lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois 
as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; \V, Whig; K, Kepublican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). 



Shadrach Bond 

BeDjamin Stephenson 

Nathaniel Pope 

John McLean 

Daniel P. Cook 

Joseph Duncan 

Joseph Duncan 

Williiiiu L. May,D 

Charles .Slade 

John Reynolds, D 

Joh n Rey noids, D 

Zadoc Casey, D 

Adam W. Snyder, D 

JohnT. Stuart, W 

JohnT. Stuart, O.P 

Robert Smith, D 

John A . McClernand, D . . . 
John A. McClernand, D .. . 

Orlando B. FicKlin, D 

Orlando B. Picklin, D 

John Went worth, D 

John Wentwortb, D 

John Wentworth, R 

Stephen A. Douglas, D 

William A. Ricliardson, D. 
William A. Richardson, D. 

Joseph P. Hoge, D 

John J. Hardin, W 

Edward D. Baker, W 

Edward D. Baker, W 

John Henr>'.W 

Thomas J. Turner, D 

Abraham Lincoln, W 

William H. Bisseli, D 

William H . Bissell, D 

Timothy R. Young, B 

Thomas L. Harris, D 

Thomas L. Harris, D 

Willis Allen, D 

Willis Allen, D 

Richard S. Maloney, 1> 

Thompson Campbell, D 

Richard Vates, W 

Rii-hard Vati-i, w 

K. B. WaihUurue, K 



KesID£NCK. 



Kaskaskia Territory. 

Edwards viUe Territory. 

Kaskaskia Territory. 

Shawneetowu State 

Kaskaskia 'State 

JacksonA Morgan Cos Stale 

Jacksonville Third 

Springfield | Third 

Belleville (First 

Belleville I First 

Belleville First 

Mt. Vernon Second ... 

Belleville ) First 

Ispringtield jTnird 

Springfield I Eighth . . . 

.^Iton iFirst 

Shawneetowu Second ... 

Springfield Slxtn 

Charleston [Third 

Charleston Third 

Chicago j Fourth . . . 

Chicago Second — 

First 

Fifth 

Firth 

Si.\th 

Sixth 

Seventh .. 

Seventh . . 

Sixth 

Seventh . . 

Sixth 

Seventh... 



Cliicago. 

Quincy 

Rushville and Quiacy 

Quincy 

Galena 

Jacksonville 

Springfield 

Galena 

Jacksonville 

Freeport 

Sprinptield 

Belleville First.... 

Belleville Eighth.. 

.Marshall iThird. . 

Petersburg Seventh 

Petersburg Sixth ... 

Marion Second.. 

Marion Ninth... 

Belvidere Fourth.. 

.Galena Sixth... 

'Jacksonville 'Seventh. 

Jacksonville 'Sixth — 

Galena 'First ... 



E. B. Washburne, R Galena . 



Third. 



Janiea 11. Woodvvorth, R.. IChicago 

Jacob C. Davis, D 'Quincy 

Lyman Trumbull, B Belleville 

J. L. D. Morrison. D Belleville 

Samuels. Marshall, D 'McLeansboro... 

Samuel .s. Marshall, D .McLeansboro.. 

Samuels. Marshall, D McLeansboro... 

John F. Farnswortb. rt Chicago 

John F. Farnsworth.R iSt. Charles 

Owen Lovejoy.R Princeton 

Owen Lovejov. R Princeton 'Fifth 

William Kellogg, R Icanton Fourth. 

Isaac N. Morris. D iQuincy IFifth... 

Charles D Hodges, D ... Carrolllon ...Sixth... 

Aaron Shaw, D l.awrenceville ISeveolh 



Second . 
Fifth 

Eighth 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Eleventh 

Nineteenth. 

Second 

Second 

Third 



1SIM4 

1814-16 

181G-IS 

1818-19 

1819-27 

1827-33 

1833-34 

18*1-39 

1833-34 

18Ji-37 

lS.TO-43 

1833-43 

1837-39 

1839-43 

1863-65. .• 

184:1-49 

1843-51 

1859-62. 

1843-49 

1851-53 

1843-51 

1853-55 

1865-67 

1843-47 

1847-56 

1861-63 

1843-45 

1843-45 

1845-46 

1849-51 

Feb, to Mar., 1847. 

1847-49 

1847-49 

1849-53 

1853-55 

1849-51 

1849-51 

1855-58 

1851-53 

1853-55 

1851-53 

1851-53 

1851-53 

1853-,55 

1853^)3 

1863-69 



Je-sseO. Norton, R Joliet Third 

Jesse O. Norton, R Joliet sixth 

James Knox.R iKnoxviUe 'Fourth 

James C. Allen. 1) 'Palestine Seventh 

James C. Allen, D 'Palestine |stale-at-large . 



1853-57 

1863-65 

1853-57 

1853-57 

1863-65 

1855-57 

1856-67 

1855 

1855-57 

1855-59 

1865-73 

1873-75 

1857-61 

1863-73 

1857-63 

1863-65 

1857-63 

1857-61 

Jan. to Mar.. 1859. 
1857-59 



Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 



Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and '29. 



Elected Governor; resigned. 

To succeed Duncan. 

Died: term completed by Reynolds. 

One and oue-balf terms. 



Resigned, Dec., *61 ; succeeded by A. Ii. Knapp. 



El'd U.S. Seil,..\pr..'47:suc.byW..\.Richardsoii 
Res'd.Aug.. '56; term tilled by Jacob C. Davis. 



Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. 
Served Baker's unexpired term. 



Died, Nov. 24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Iludges. 



I Resignd, March 9, *69 to accejit Fi ench mis* 
[ sion: term filled by H. C. Uurcliard. 



To fill unexpired term of Richardson. 
Chosen U. S. Senator; reslgne<l. 
Filled Trumbull'a unexpired terra. 



Died, Mar. ,'64; term ailed by B.C. IngersoU. 
Filled unexpired term of Thos. L. Harris. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



447 



Name. 


Rksidesce. 


DIST. 


Tebm. 


Bbmarks. 


Aaron Shaw, D 


Lawrenceville 

Marshal! 


Sixteenth 

Seventh 

Eleventh. 

Eighth 

Twelfth 

Eighth 

Ninth .. 


1883-85 




James C. Robinson, D 


ISS9-63 




James C. Kobinson. D 


Marshall 


ldt>3-£5 




James C. Robinson, D 


Springfield 


1871-73 




James C. Robinson, D 


1873-75 




Philip B. Fouke, D 


Belleville 


1859-63 




John A. Logan, R 




1859-6** 


Res'd, Apr. -62; term filled by W. J. Allen. 
( Chosen U. S. Senator. 1871; resigned; term 
\ filled by John L. Beveridge. 


John A. Logan, D 




State-at-large. 
Second 


1869-71 

1861-63 


Isaac N. Arnold, R 


Chicago 

Chicago 

Marion 

Marion 


Isaac N. Arnold. R 






William J. Allen, D 


Ninth 


1862-63 


Served Logan's unexpired term. 


William J. Allen, D 


Thirteenth 

Fifth 


1863-65 




Jersey ville 




Served McClernand's unexpired term. 








Charles M. Harris, R 




Fourth 

Fifth 


1863-65 










1864-'65 filled Lovejoy'8 unexpired term. 


John R Eden, D 


Sullivan 


Seventh 

Fifteenth 


1863-65 


John R. Eden, D 








John R. Eden. D 


Sullivan 


1885-87 




Lewia W. Rosn, D 




Ninth 


1SC3-69 




William R. Morrison, 1).... 


Waterloo 


Twelfth 

Seventeenth... 
Eighteenth.... 
Stale-at-large. 


1863-65 




WiUiam R. Morrison. D ... 


Waterloo 


1873-83 . 




William R. Morrison, D.... 


Waterloo 


1883-87 




S. W. Moulton, R 


Shelby ville 


1865-67 . 




S. W. Moulton, D 


Shelbyville 


Fifteenth 

Seventeenth... 

Fourth 

Sixth 


1881-83 




a W. Muiilton, D 


Shelbyville 


1883-85 








1865-69 




Burton C Cook, R 


Ottawa 


1865-71.. 


Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. 


H. P. H. Bromweil.R 




Seventh ... — 

Eighth 

Tenth 


1865-69 


Shelby M. Cullom, R 




1865-71 




Anthony Thorn toa, D 


Shelbyville 


1865-67 






Belleville 


Twelfth 

Eighteenth.... 
Twentv-firat .. 
Thirteeniii.... 

First 

Tenth 

Thirteenth 

Third 

Fifth 


1865-69 





Jehu Baker, R 


Belleville 


1887-89 




Jehu Baker. P 


Belleville 


1897-99 




A. J. Kuvkendall, R 




1865-67.. .. 




Norman B. Judd, R 


Chicago 


1867-71 





Albert G Burr, D 


1867 71 .. . 





Green B. Raum, K 


Metropolis 


1867-69 








Filled unexpired term of Washhuriie. 






1873-79 






Fourth 

Sixth 


1869-73 


■ '* 


John B. Hawley, R 


Rock Island 


1873-75 






Seventh 

Ninth 


1869-73 




Thomas W McNeeley, D.. 


Petersburg 

Belleville 


1869-73 




John B. Hav, R.... 


Twelfth 

Thirteenth.... 
State-at-large. 
First 


1869 73 




John M. L'rebs I) 




1869 73 






Evansion .. 

Chicago 

Chicago 


1871-73 


Served unexpired term of Logan. 


Charles B Farvvell R 


1871-73 


Charles B. Farwell. R 

Charles B. Farwell, R 


Third 

Third 


1873-76 

1881-83 


May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. 




Princeton 

Joliet 


Fifth 

Sixth 

Tenth 

First 

First 


1871-73 






1.871-73 

1871 73 


Filled unexpired term'of B. C. Cook. 


Edward V. Rice D 


HiUsboro 


John B. Kice,R 

B G CaulHi'ld D 


Chicago 

Chicago 


1S73-74 

1874-77 


Died Dec, '74: succeeded by B. Q. Caulfleld. 


Jasper U. Ward. R 

Stephen A. Hurlbut, R 


Second 

Fourth 


187.3-75 




Beividere 


1873-77 






Seventh 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Tenth 








Lacon 


1,S7.3-81 






1.S73-75 

1873-75 




Willlaoi II. Ray. R 

Robert M. K napp, D 

Robert M. Knapp, D 


Rushville 

Jerseyville 

Jerseyville 




Eleventh 

Eleventh 

Thirleeilth.... 

Fuurteentli 

Fifteenth 

Fir eenth 

Twelfth 

Sixteenth 

Eighteenth .,.. 

Second 

Third 


1873-75 




1877-79 








Joseph O.Cannon, R 

Joseph G. Cannon, R 

Joseph G.Cannon, R 

Joseph G. Camion, R 


Tuscola and Danville. 


1873-83 






















1873-76 






Carbondale 

Chicago 


1873-75 






1875 79 




John V. Le >r<»yne. D 


1876-77 




Princeton A Geneseo. . 


Sixth 


1875 83 




T.J UHiidffSiin R 


Seventh 

Seventh 

Ninth 


1883 95 






LaSalle 


1875 77 




Richard II. WliUmg. R 


1S75-77 




Rushville 


Tenth 


1875-77 




Scott Wike, D 


Pi Ctj* field 


Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth. ... 

Thirteenth 

Thlrteenih. .. 

.Sixteenth 

Eighteenth.... 
Nineteenth — 
First 






Pittsfield 

Springfield 

Springfield — 

Bloomington 

Bloomington 

Carlyle 

Chester 

Mt. Vernon 

Chicago 






William M. Springer, D. .. 
William M. Springer. D. . 


1875 83 




1883 95 




1875-77. 




Adlal E. Stevenson, I) 

William A J Sparks. D.... 
William Hartzell.D .. .. 
William B. Anderson, D .. 

William Aldrich. B 

Carter H Jlarrison, D 

Lorenz Brentano. R 

William Lathrnp, R 

Philip C Hayes. R 

Thomas A. Boyd, R 

Benlamin F Marah. R .. 






1875-83 




1875 79 




1875-77 




1877-83 




Second 


1877-79 




Chicago 

Rockford 

Morris 

Lewiston 

Warsaw 


Third 


1877-79 




Fourth 

Seventh 

Ninth 


1877-79 




1877-81 








Tenth 


1877-83 





448 



HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Residence. 



Benjamin F. Marsh, R Waraaw 



Benjamin F. Marsh. R 

Tlioma.s F. Tiplon. R 

K. W. Townshend, D 

Goorge R. Davis. R 

George R. Davis, K 

Hiram Barber. R 

John C. Sherwin, R 

R. M. A. Hawk-.R 

James W . Singleton, J) 

A. P. Forsvthe.G. B 

JohnR, Tl'iomas, R 

Jolin R Tliomas. R 

William Cullen,R 

William C'ullen,R 

Lewis E. Pay son, R 

Lewis E. Paysoii. R 

Jobn H. Lewis. R 

Dietrich C.Smith. R 

R. W. Dunham, R 

John F. Finerty, R 

George E. Adams, R 

Reuben EUwootl. R 

Robert R. Hitt.R 

Robert R. Hitt.R 

N. E. Worthington, D 

William H. Neece, D 

James M. Riggs, D 

Jonathan H. Rowell, R,.. 

Frank Lawler, D 

James H. Ward, D 

Alliert J. Hopkins, R. 

Albert J. Hopkins, R 

Ralph Plumb, R 

SilasO. Landes, D 

William E. Mason, R. 

PliilipSidney Post, R 

William H. Gest, R 

George A. Anderson, D — 

Edward Lane, D 

AbnerTavlor, R 

Charles A. Hill. R 

Geo. W. Fithian. D 

Williams. Forman. D 

James R. Williams. D 

James R. Williams. D 

George W. Smith, R 

George W. Smith. R 

Lawrence E. McQann, D. . 
Allan C. Diirborow. Jr.. D 
Walter C. Newberry, D... 

Lewis steward, Ind 

Herman W. Snow, R 



Warsaw 

Bluomiugtoii 

Shawneetown 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Geneva and Elgin. 

lit. Carroll 

Quincy 

Isabel 

Metropolis 

Metropolis 

Ottawa 

Ottawa 

Pontiac 

Pontiac 

Knoxville 

Pekin 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Sycamore 

Mt. Morris 

Mt. Morris 

Peoria 

Macomb 

Winchester 

RIoomington 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Aurora 

-Aurora 

Streator 

Mt. Carmel. 



. Eleventh .... 
. ' fifteenth .... 
. Thirteenth.. 
. Nineteenth.. 

. Second 

. Third 

Third 

. Fourth 

. Fifth 

. Eleventh... 

Fifteenth 

. Eighteenth.. 
. Twentieth — 

. Seventh 

. Eighth 

. Eighth 

. Ninth 

Ninth 

. Thirteenth . , 

, First 

. Second 

. Fourth 

. Fifth 

. Sixth 

, Ninth 

. Tenth 

, Eleventh.... 

. Twelfth 

, Fourteenth.. 

Second 

. Third 

. Fifth 

. Eighth 

. Eighth 

... sixteenth. ... 



1893-95.... 

1895-Ii)01. 



1879-si!!!i!.!!!!!!i Died, '82; succeeded by B. R. Hitt. 



1879 81., 
1879-83., 



IS8I 83., 
1883 85., 
I8S1-83., 
1883-91 . . 
1881-8.3.. 
1881-83.. 
1883-89. 



1883-85 

1883-91 

1882-85 I 

1882-95 SuceeededR. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 

1895-1903 ' 

1883-87 

1883-87 ; 

1883-87 

IS83-91 

1885-91 

1885-87 



1895-1903. 
1885-89 



Chicago iThird. , 



Tenth 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Seventeenth., 

First 

Eighth 

Sixteenth 

Eighteenth... 
Nineteenth. . . . 



Galesburg 

Rock Island, 

Quincy 

Hillsboro ... 

Chicago 

Joliet 

Newton 

Nashville... 

Carmi 

Carmi Tiventietli 

Murphvaboro jTwentielh 

Murpnysboro iTwenty-sec' nd 

Chicago , 'Second 

Chicago (Third 

Chicago I Fourth 

PI ano I Eighth 

_ _ ._ Sheldon Ninth 

Benjamin T. Cable. D Rock Island Eleventh 

Owen Scott, D Bloomington Fourteenth ,.. . 

Samuel T. Busey, D lUrbana |Fifteenth 

John C. Black, D , Chicago ;State-at-large . 

Andrew J. Hunter, D 'Paris State-at-large, 

Andrew J. Hunter. D :Paris Nineteenth.... 

J. Frank Aldrich, R Chicago 'First 

Julius Goldzier. D > Chicago Fourth 

Robert A, Childs, R 'Hinsdale i Eighth 

Hamilton K. Wheeler, R... Kankakee Ninth 

John J. McDannold. D .Mt. Sterling Twelfth 

Benjamin F. Funk. R Bloom ington 

William Lorimer, R Cliicago 

Hugh R. Belknap. R 'Chicago 

Charles W. Woodman, R.. Chicago Fourth, 

Geo. E. White, R Chicago Fifth.... 

Chicago Sixth ... . 

Chicago !Seventh . 

Galesburg Tenth.. . . 

Streator i Eleventh 

Clintoa iThirteeuth 

Pelcin Fourteenth .. 

Cirllnrtllo Sixteenth 

Jacksunville sixteenth ... 

.Springfield 'Seventeenth. . 

Vandal la ; Eighteenth ... 

EdwardsviUe Eighteenth.... 

Emngham .N'iueteenth. ., 

Carmi Twentieth... 

East St. Louis Twenty-first . 

Chicaco First 

Chicago F.iurlh 

Hillsboro Eighteenth.., 

McLeansboro Twentieth ... , 

Chioogo iThird 

Chicago 'Fourth 

Chicago iFlf th 

Chicago 'Sixth 

Pittsfteld Six teenth . . . . 

Seventeeiilh. 
Nineteenth .. 



1887-91 

1887-95 Died, Jan. 6,1895. 



1887-89. 
1887-95.. 



1891-95.. 
1891-93.. 



1:91-93.. 
1191-93.. 



1891-93.. 
1693-95.. 



1897-99. 
1893-97.. 



Fourteenth . 

Second 

Third . 



E<lward D. Cooke, R. , , . 

George E. Foss, R 

George W. Prince.R... 

Walter Reeves, R 

Vespasian Warner, R .. 

J V. Gratr, R 

John I. Riuaker. R... 
W[u- H. Hinrlchaen, D. 
James A. Connolly, R.. 



Frederick Remann, R 
Wm. F. L. Hadley, R . . 

Benson Wood, R 

Orlando Burrell, R 

Everett J. Murphy, R., 

James R. Mann, R 

Daniel W. Mills, R.... 

Thomas M. Jett, D 

James R. Campbell. D 
George I*. Foster, K — 

Thomas Cusack, D 

Edgar T. Noonan.D... 
Henry S. Boutell, R... 

W. E. Williams, D 

B. F. Caldwell, D IChatham.. 

Joseph B.Crowley, D jRoblnson.. 



1893-95.. 
1893-95.. 



1893-95.. .. 
1895-1901. 



.Awarded seat after con, with L. K. McGann. 



1895-99 

1S05-98 Died, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. BoatelL 

1895-191)3 



18;'5-1903. 
18115-1903. 
1895-97 



1895— .!".'.'.'.'.'.'..'..!!' DiedrJiiiyii.'i'sV suc'd. by W. F. L. Hadley. 
1895-97 'Elected tofill vacancy. 



1895-97 

1B95-97 

1897-1903. 



1897-1903. 



1897-99,. 



1899-1903. 
1899-1901. 
1899-1901. 
1898-1903. 
1899-1901. 
1899-1903. 



1899.1903. 



Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



44Sa 



Name. 



James K. Williams, I>... 

Jehu Baker, Pop 

Wni. A. Rodenberg, R. . . 

Fretl J. Kern, 1> 

John J. Feeley. D 

James McAiuirews. D 

Wm. F. Miihoney. i^ 

J, Hoss Miv^'key, D 

Thos. Jefferson »ell)y. I). 

Martin Emerlch. D 

Martin B. Madden. U 

James R. Mann, R 

Wm. Warfleld Wilson. R. 

Geo. P. Foster, D 

Charles S. Wharton. !>.. 
James T. MeDermott. 1). . 

James McAndrews, D 

Anthony Meiclialek. R... 

Adolph J. Sahath. D 

William Lorinier. R 

Wm, J. Moxley. R 

Pliilip Knopf. R 

Fred Liindin. R 

Wm. F. Mahones'. D 

Cliarles McGavln. R 

Thomas Gallagher, D.... 

Henr>- S. Boutell. R 

Geo. Edmund Foss, R. . . 
Howard X. Snapp. R.... 

Charles E. Fuller, R 

Robert R. Hitt, R 

Frank O. Lowden. R 

Benj. F. Marsh. R 

James McKinney, R 

Ceo. W. Prince, R 

Joseph V. Graff, R 

John A. Sterling. R 

Joseph G. Cannon. R. . . . 

Vespasian Warner, R 

Wm. B. McKinley. R 

Henry T. Rainey. D 

Benj. F. Caldwell. D 

Zeno S. Rives, R 

Benj. F. Caldwell. D 

Jaraes M, Graham, D..,, 

Wm, A. Rodenberg. R 

Joseph B. Crowley. D 

Frank L. Dickson. R 

Martin D. Foster, D , 

James R. Williams, D..,. 
Pleasant T Chapman, R. , 

Geo. W. Smith. R , 

X, B. Thistlewootl. R 



Residence. 



Caniii 

BellevilU- 

Kast St. Ix)uls. 
BeUevllle 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Macomb 

HardlD 

Chicago 

ClUcago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chiciigo 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Joliet , 

Belvidere 

Mt. Morris 

Oregon 

Warsaw 

Aledo 

Galesburg 

Peoria 

Blooniinglon. . . 

Danville 

Clinton 

Champaign. . . . 

CarroUlon 

Chatham 

Litchfield 

C hatham 

Springfield 

East St. Louis. 

Robinson 

Ramsey , 

Olney 

Carmi 

Vienna 

Murphysboro, . . 
Cairo 



DlST. 



Twentieth 

Twenty-fliisl 

Twenty-first 

Twfcnty-flrat 

Second 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth , 

First 

First 

Second 

'lliird 

Fourth 

Fourth 

Fourth 

Fifth 

Fifth 

Fifth 

Sixth 

Sixth 

Seventh 

Seventh 

Eighth 

Eighth 

Eightli 

Xinth 

Tenth 

Eleventh 

Twelfth 

Thirteenth 

Thirteenth 

Fourteentli 

Fourteenth 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth 

Seventeenth. .. . 

Eighteenth 

Xineteenth. . . . . 

Xineteenth 

Twentieth 

Twenty-flrst 

Twenty-first 

Twenty-flrst 

Twenty-flrst 

Twemlj-seoond. 
Twenty-third.. . 
T\venty-lhlrd. ,. 
Twenty-third. .. 
Twenty-fourtli. . 
Twenty-fourth. . 

Twenty-fifth 

Tiventv-flfth 



Term. 



1899-1903, 
1897-99... 
18119-1901, 
IltOl-03... 
1901-03.., 
1901-03.., 
19U1-03... 
1901-03... 
1901-03.,. 
1903-05,,. 
1905-11... 
1903-11... 
1903-11... 
1903-05... 
1905-07... 
1907-11... 
1903-05.., 
1905-07.,. 
1907-11... 
1903-09... 
1909-11... 
1903-09... 
1909-11... 
1903-05,.. 
19U5-09... 
1909-11... 
1903-11... 
1903-11... 
190.1-11,.. 
1903-11,., 
1903-06.,. 
1906-11... 
1903-05... 
1905-11... 
1903-11,.. 
190.1-11... 



1903-11. 
1903-11, 
1903-05, 
1905-11. 
190,1-11, 
1903-05. 
m05-07. 
1907-09. 
1909-11, 



1903-11. 
1903-05, 
1905-07, 
1907-11. 
1903-05," 
1905-11. 
1903-07, 
1908-11. 



Remakes. 



Resigned to enter U. S. Senate. 
Vice Wui, Lorimer 



Died Sept. 20. 1906, 

VUe R. R. Ilitt 

Died June 2. 1905.,. 
Vice B. F. Marsh 



.Elected Speaker 1903. 



Died Xov. 30, 1907, 
Vice G. W. Smith.. 



REPRESENTATIVES IN SIXTY-SECOND CONGRESS. 

The following is a list of Representatives in the Sixty-second 
(1911-1913) Congress as chosen at the Xovember election. 1910: 

1. Martin B. Madden. R fhicago 

2. Jcimes R- Mann, R Chicago 

.1. Wniiam W.Trfield Wilson. R Chicago 

4. James T. McDennnit. n Chicago 

5, Adolph J. S^ihath. D Chicago 

6, Edmund J. Stack, D Chicago 

7. Frank Buchanan. D Chicago 

8. Thomas Gallagher, D Oilcago 

9, Lynden Evans, D Chicago 

10. George E. Foss, R Chicago 



n, Ira C, Copley, R Aurora 

12. Charles E. Fuller, R Belvidere 

13. John C. McKenzie. R Elizabeth 

14. James McKinney. R Aledo 

15. Geo. W. Prince. R Galesburg 

16. Claude U. Stone. D Peoria 

17. John A Sterling. R Bloomington 

18. Joseph G. Cannon, R Danville 

19. William B. McKinley. R Champaign 

20. Henry T. Rainej-. D Carrollton 

21. James M. Gratiam, D Springfield 

22. William A. Rodenberg. R East St. Louis 

23. Martin D. Foster, D Olney 

24. H. Robert Fowler, P Ellzabethtown 

25. X. B. ThJsUewood, R Cairo 



448b 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



BOARD OF CIVIL SERVICE. The State 
Board of Ci\'il Service, consisting of three members, 
was created by act of the General Assembly in 
1905. With the exception of the Superintendent, 
Chief Clerk, Treasurer and stenographer, in each 
State charitable institution, all appointments to 
subordinate positions in the same are made after 
examination of applicants on the basis of qualifi- 
cations and merit, and removals are made only on 
the ground of incompetency, disobedience or other 
reasonable cause. Political assessments upon 
employes are also prohibited. 

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, organized under 
act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 
1867; after various changes now (1911) consists of 
25 members chosen by popular vote — one from each 
Congressional District — with the State Auditor as 
ex-officio member and Chairman. It meets annually 
on the first Tuesday after August 10th, its duty 
then being to examine abstracts of assessments from 
the several counties and equalize the same in order 
that equal rates may be imposed upon propertj- 
according to value in all parts of the State. For 
this purpose property is divided into five classes, 
viz.: Personal property; town and city lots; land 
other than town lots; railroad, telegraph and tele- 
phone stock and property; and capital stock of 
franchise corporations. Separate committees are 
appointed to deal vdth these classes, besides a com- 
mittee of general equalization. Each member 
receives a salary of $5 per day while in session, 
and the Board chooses its Secretary, the necessary 
number of clerks and other employes, and provides 
for printing and distribution of copies of proceed- 
ings after each session. The most difficult problem 
the Board has to meet is the equitable assessment 
upon capital stock and franchises of corporations. 
After the work of the Board is completed, the 
Governor, Auchtor and State Treasurer fix the rate 
of taxation requisite to meet the appropriations 
made by the General .\ssembly. 

BOARD OF HEALTH, created by act of the 
Legislature in 1877, with supervision of measures 
for protection of the health and lives of the people, 
matters pertaining to quarantine, and investigation 
of the sanitary condition of hotels and lodging 
houses in cities having over 100,000 inhabitants. 
In 1899 its jurisdiction was extended over th„ 
examination and Ucensing of surgeons and physi 
clans, reporting the standing of medical colleges, 
and, by a later act, it is required to keep a record 
of all births and deaths within the State; is also 
charged with the examination, licensing and regis- 
tration of embahners, the appointment of agents 
for the distribution of diphtheria antitoxins, is 



empowered to investigate the water of cities having 
a population of 2,000 or over, to supervise measures 
for the prevention and restriction of consumption, 
investigate fraudulent medical colleges and other- 
wise protect the public health. 

BOARD OF PHARMACY, created by an act of 
18S1, is composed of five members, registered 
pharmacists of at least ten years' experience, 
empowered to examine all appUcants and issue 
certificates to the same when entitled to receive 
them, and to prosecute violations of the pharmacy 
act. The Board is required to hold meetings for 
the examination of appUcants for registration, and 
is empowered to issue three grades of certificates — 
to apprentices, assistant and registered pharmacists. 

BOARD OF PARDOXS. This Board was 
created by act of the Legislature on recommenda- 
tion of Governor Tanner in 1897, under provision 
of the Constitution (Art. 5, Sec. 13) empowering 
the Governor to "grant reprieves, commutations 
and pardons, after convictions, for all offenses . . . 
subject to such regulations as may be provided by 
law"^the object being to reduce the personal 
labor of the Governor in this department. All 
apjilications for pardon are required to be presented 
to the Board, and, after investigation, reports are 
submitted to the Governor, v\ith such recommenda- 
tions as may be agreed upon by a majority of the 
Board. Before the adoption of this policy, all 
petitions were submitted to the Governor. The 
Board is non-partisan, consisting of three appointive 
members, of whom only two may belong to the 
same partv'. Regular sessions of the Board are held 
quarterly, but in case of emergency, special meet- 
ings may be held under call of the Governor or 
Chairman. The duty of administering the parole 
law is also imposed upon the Board. The present 
Board (1911) con.sists of G. De F. Kinney, Charles 
G. Eckhart and Ethan Allan Snively (Chairman). 
The Board visits each penitentiary once each month 
for the purpose of investigating the records of 
jirisoners petitioning for parole. 

STATE PURE FOOD COMMISSION. The act 
establishing the State Food Commission went into 
effect July 1, 1899, Alfred H. Jones, of Robinson, 
111., being then apiiointcd Commissioner and hold- 
ing office to the present time (1911). An act passed 
May 14, 1807, enlarged the powers of the Com- 
mission, authorizing the appointment of an Assistant 
Commissioner, a State Analyst, an Attorney and a 
Chief Clerk, besides several chemists, inspectors and 
other employes, whose duty it is to investigate and 
report upon the condition of raw material and 
manufactured food products to prevent adultera- 
tion and protect the consumer from fraud. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



449 



REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court 
and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish 
ancestrj', in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 
1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 
111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his 
life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- 
mon school education, and a two years' course of 
study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied 
law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as 
a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, 
winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The 
Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to 
Cahokia, where he began the practice of 
law, and. in 1818, became Associate Justice of the 
first Sujireme Court of the new State. Retiring 
from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in 
the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 
1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State 
volunteers called for service in the Black Itawk 
War. Two weeks before the expiration of his 
term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- 
gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- 
cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, 
and was again elected iu 1838, always as a Demo- 
crat. He also served as Representative in the 
Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the 
Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the 
latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or 
Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- 
perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to 
the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- 
cratic candidates. For some years he edited a 
daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- 
lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds 
acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," 
from the time spent in a Tennessee College at 
that early day, this was not sustained by either 
his colloquial or written style. He was an 
ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early 
days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- 
ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson 
Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of 
"seces-sion. " Nevertheless, in spite of inten.se 
prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- 
tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as 
shown by his devotion to temperance, and his 
popularity among persons of opposite political 
opinions. Although at times crude in style, and 
not always reliable in his statement of historical 
facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered 
a valuable service to posterity by his writings 
relating to the early history of the State, espe- 
cially those connected with his own times. His 
best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- 
nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal 



Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My 
Life and Times" (18.5.5). His death occurred at 
Belleville, May 8, 1865. 

REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and 
President of State Board of Agriculture, was born 
at Lebanon, Ohio, ]\Iarch 1, 1820, and graduated 
from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 
1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law 
School, and soon afterward began practice. He 
removed to Illinois in 1854, settling fijst in Win- 
nebago County, later, successively in Marion 
County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 
1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- 
cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the 
State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected 
its President, filling that position until 1888, 
when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- 
ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public 
or semi-public character, having been President 
of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during 
the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the 
Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector 
from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- 
State Industrial Exposition Comjiany of Chicago, 
from the date of its organization (1873) until its 
final dissolution. His most important public 
service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- 
in-Chief of tlie Illinois exliibit in the World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893. 

REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- 
lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; 
at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated 
in the high school there, within a month after 
graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- 
fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he 
rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of 
Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 
1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was 
a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On 
his return home after nearly four j-ears" .service, 
he entered the law department of the Chicago 
University, graduating therefrom and beginning 
practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been 
prominent in public life, having served as a 
member of both branches of the General Assem- 
bl3S and having been a State Commissioner to the 
Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of 
the G. A. R. , and, in 1875, was elected Senior 
Vice-Commander of the order for the United 
States. 

REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was 
born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after 
graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1833, was 
connected with various institutions in that State, 
as well as President of Capital University at 



450 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was 
President of the Illinois State University at 
Springfield, 1857-60, after wliich he became Prin- 
cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- 
ously a Lutheran, he took orders in tlie Protestant 
Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several 
parishes until his death. In his early life he 
founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- 
gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides 
issuing a number of printed addresses and otlier 
published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- 
cago, Sept. 5, 1876. 

RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier 
and steamboat cajjtain, was born in Harrisburg, 
Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell 
County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- 
er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the 
Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. 
Returning home he engaged in the river trade, 
and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on 
the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In 
April, 1861, he was commissioned Captain of a 
company of three months' men attached to the 
Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the 
reorganization of the regiment for the three- 
years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- 
Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- 
nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, wlio 
had been promoted Brigadier-General. After 
serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in 
Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- 
pelled V)y rapidly declining healtK to resign, when 
he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to 
his farm near tliat city. During the latter years 
of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at 
Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. 

RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and 
educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 
1806; studied medicine and graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania with the degree of 
M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from 
Princeton ; after several years spent in practice 
as a physician, and as Principal in some of the 
public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was 
elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution 
for the Blind, and, in 18.50, took charge of the 
State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 
111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 
1874. when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. 

RICE, Edward Y., lawjer and jurist, born in 
Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in 
the common schools and at Shurtleff College, 
after which he read law witli Jolm M. Palmer at 
Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, 
at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder 



of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- 
teenth General Assemblj', serving one term. 
Later he was elected Coimty Judge of Montgom- 
ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 
1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the 
Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and 
again in 1867. He was also a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the 
election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- 
sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a 
Democrat. Died, April 16, 1888. 

RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of 
Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, 
Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, 
and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened 
there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from 
the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of 
Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected 
in 1867. He was also prominent in the early 
stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to 
raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected 
to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, 
before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- 
folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election 
to fill tlie vacancy, Bernard G. Caullield was 
chosen to succeed him. 

RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- 
tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 
1811, was educated at Transylvania University, 
came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuj-ler 
County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; 
was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature 
in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House 
again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter 
year being also chosen Presidential Elector on 
the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding 
session of the General Assembly, serving as 
Speaker of the House. He entered the Jlexican 
War as Captain, and won a Majority through 
gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 
(when he resigned to become a candidate for 
Governor), he was a Democratic Representative 
in Congress from the Quincy District; re-entered 
Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was cliosen 
United States Senator to fill the unexpired term 
of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Convention of 1868, but 
after that retired to private life, acting, for a 
short time, as editor of "The Quincj- Herald." 
Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. 

RICHLAND COrXTY, situated in the south- 
east ([uarter of the State, and h;is an area of 380 
square miles. It was organized from Edwards 
County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may 
be mentioned the Evans brothers. Thaddeus 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



451. 



Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas 
Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, 
James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 
there were but thirty families in the district. 
The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- 
house homesteads — were built in 1831, and, some 
years later, James Laws erected the first brick 
house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, 
in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by 
Jacob 5Iay ; and the same year the first school was 
opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- 
cey. The first church was erected by the Baii- 
tists in 1822, and services were conducted by 
WilUam Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time 
the mails were carried on liorseback bj' Louis 
and James Beard, but, in 1824. Mills and AVhet- 
sell established a line of four-horse stages. The 
principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- 
ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a 
buffalo and Indian trail about where the main 
street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as 
the county-seat upon tlie organization of the 
county, and a Mr. Lilly built tlie first house 
there. The chief branches of industry followed 
by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- 
growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 
15,019; (1900), 16,391; (1910). 15,970. 

RICHMOND, a \-illage of McHenry County, on 
the Chicago & North Western R R.. 60 miles north- 
west of Chicago ; a grain and li ve-stock region ; has a 
bank and one weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 554. 

RIDGE FARM, a \-iliage of Vermilion County, 
at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
roads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric 
light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and one 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 933; (1910), 967. 

RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- 
talist, born in Springfield, III.. Jan. IT, 183G; was 
educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- 
lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a 
clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally 
becoming a member of the firm and successively 
Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was 
Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but 
later was affiliated with the Republican party. 
About 1872 he became identified with the Si)ring- 
field Iron Company, of which he served as President 
for many years; had also been President of the Co.i- 
solidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some 
time, was a Director of the Wabash Railroad. Mr. 
Ridgely served some time as a Trustee of Illinois 
College. Died Aug. 11, 1910. 

RIDGELY, Mrholas n., early banker, was 
bom in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after 



leaving scliool was engaged, for a time, in the 
dry -goods trade, but. in 1829. came to St. Louis 
to assume a clerkship in the branch of the 
United States Bank just organized there. In 
1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was 
established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely 
became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- 
dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind 
up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- 
dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, 
but this having gone into liquidation a few years 
later, he went into the private banking business 
as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, 
became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the 
strongest financial institutions in the State out- 
side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- 
nal improvement scheme, Sir. Ridgely became 
one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross 
Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system 
extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), 
when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying 
therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- 
field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the 
beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the 
builders and principal owner of the Springfield 
gas-light system. His business career was an 
eminently successful one, leaving an estate at 
Ids death, Jan. 31, 1888. valued at over ^2,000,000. 

RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the 
Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of 
Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1910), 1,0.54. 

RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and 
politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 
1826. His father having died when he was but 4 
years old and his mother when he was 14, his 
education was largely acquired through contact 
with the world, apart from such as he received 
from his mother and during a year's attendance 
at a private school. When he was 6 years of age 
the family removed to Shawneetown, where he 
ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 lie em- 
barked in business as a merchant, and the firm 
of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the 
most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the 
partners closed out their business and organized 
the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of 
which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, 
Mr. Riilgway was Presiiient. He was one of 
the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- 
eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 
1874, served as its President. He was an ardent 
and active Republican, and served as a delegate 



452 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEUIA OF 11.LINOIS. 



to every State and National Convention of his 
party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected 
State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent 
of Public Instruction on the same ticket being 
defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- 
ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- 
ernor. Three times he consented to lead the 
forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate 
for Congress from an impregnably Democratic 
stronghold. For several years he was a Director 
of the MoCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- 
cago, and, for nineteen j-ears, was a Trustee of the 
Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, 
Nov. 17, 1897. 

RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, w-liere he 
received a common school education, supple- 
mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a 
practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was 
elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he 
represented Scott County in the lower house of 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was 
State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1883, and 
again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic 
candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois 
District. 

RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North 
Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford 
County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that 
county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). 
In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where lie 
continued to reside until hisdeatli, Feb. 24, 1872. 

RIXAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, 
born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 
1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in 
Sangamon and Morgan Counties: was educated 
at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating 
from the latter in 1851 ; in 1853 began reading 
law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he 
recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu 
Illinois Volunteers, of wliich he was commis- 
sioned Colonel. Four months later he was 
wounded in battle, but served witli his regiment 
through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- 
General at its close. Returning from the war he 
resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- 
lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party 
as a Presidential Elector^the latter year for the 
State at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a notuina- 
tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, 
largely reducing the normal Democratic major- 



ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 
he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidat^i 
for the Republican nomination for Governor, t 
1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- 
date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, 
although his opponent was awarded the certifi- 
cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on 
the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the 
Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for 
General Rinaker, and he was seated near the 
close of the first session. He was a candidate 
for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly 
Democratic District. 

RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, 
%vas born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), 
Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's 
side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward 
Payson. After receiving his education in the 
high school of his native place, at the age of 17 
he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a 
wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. 
About the time he became of age, he entered into 
the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a 
clerk in the freight department in the Boston 
oflSee, but, a few years later.assumed a responsible 
position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General 
Agent for the business of that road east of 
Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at 
Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept 
the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which 
he remained twelve years, serving successively as 
General Traffic Manager and General Manager, 
until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become 
Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul line. This relation was continued 
until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted 
the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
Fe Railroad, wliich (1899) lie now holds. Mr. 
Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the 
location of the World's Columbian Exjxisition at 
Chicago, and, in Aiiril, 1891, was chosen one of 
the Directors of the Ex])osition, serving on the 
Executive Committee ami the Committee of 
Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- 
man of the latter. 

RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des 
Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has 
handsome parks, several churches, a bank, 
two local papers and numerous fine residences. 
Pop. (1S90), 1,000; (1900), 1,551; (1910), 1,702. 

RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- 
ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of tha 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



453 



SVabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6'/2 
miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four 
churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- 
lation (ISSO), 705; (1S90), 1,127; (1900), 1,511; 
(1910), 1,911. 

RITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- 
ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 
1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he 
grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. 
He received a good education and was a man of 
high character and attractive manners. In his 
early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- 
nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank 
at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to 
Shawneetown and held a position in the bank 
there; also studied law and was admitted to 
practice. FinaUy, having accepted a clerkship 
in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, 
he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became 
associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the 
establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the 
predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of 
which he finally became sole proprietor, so 
remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, 
althougli a native of Virginia and a life-long 
Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- 
uted liberally of his means for the equipment of 
soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for 
the support of their families, during the Civil 
War. His expenditures for these objects have 
been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince 
George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. 

R0.4.N0KE, a village of Woodford County, on 
the Atchison, Topeka <fc Santa Fe Railway, 26 
miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; 
has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1S90), 831; (1900), 96C; (1910), 1,311. 

ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was 
born in Bath, Slaine, in 1819; came to Cook 
County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- 
hood, established the first exclusive wholesale 
grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- 
ne.ss until 1850. He then went to California, 
establishing himself in mercantile business at 
Sacramento, where he remained seven years, 
meanwhile being elected Mayor of that cit3-. 
Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the 
war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor 
"Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serv- 
ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving 
General Grant the first duty he performed in the 
office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival 
from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as 
Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank 
of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary 



affairs until the close of the war, when he was 
appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, 
and, still later. President of the Board of Tax 
Commissioners for that State. Other positions 
held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- 
lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also 
one of the publishers of "The New Era," a 
Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent 
actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the 
CoUectorship, he was appointed by the President 
United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- 
can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- 
sequently identified with Texas railroad interests 
as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio 
Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the 
Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being 
thus engaged until 1873. Later he returned to 
California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, 
April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. 

ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and 
educator, was born in a small village of Wales, 
England., Sept. 23, 1833; recei%'ed his primary 
education in that country, but, removing to 
America during his minority, graduated from 
Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton 
Theological Seminary in 18.58. After filling vari- 
ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, 
in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary 
of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 
tlie next year being offered the Presidency of 
Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he 
accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- 
sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 
he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 
1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma 
Mater. He has traveled extensively in the 
Orient, and was a member of the first and third 
councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- 
burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons 
and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- 
can, German and Welsh periodicals, Dr. Roberts 
has published a Welsh translation of the West- 
minster shorter catecliism and a collection of 
letters on the great preachers of Wales, which 
appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree 
of D.D., from Union College in 1873, and that of 
LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. 

ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the 
county -seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- 
west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles .south of 
Paris, 111.; is on two lines of railroatl, in the heart 
of a fruit and agricultural region, also near to rich 
oil and gas fields, has water-works, electric lights, 
banks and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1900), 
1,683; (1910), 3,863. 



454 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



KOBINSON, James C, lawyer and former 
Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 
1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 
1850. He served as a private during the Mexican 
War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a 
Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '02, '70 and 
'72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for 
Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained 
considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- 
nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. 

ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, 
born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated 
and became a lawyer by profession. In early life 
he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He 
was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and 
personally popular. Through his association 
with the State militia he earned the title of 
"General." In 1830 he was elected to the United 
States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John 
McLean. His immediate predecessor was David 
Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, 
who served one month but failed of election by 
the Legislature. In 1831 Mr. Robinson was re- 
elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. 
In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois 
Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of 
the same year, within three months after his 
elevation. 

ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an 
intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern 
and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. 
It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of 
Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. 
It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising 
region, rendering Rochelle an important ship 
ping point. Among its industrial establish- 
ments are waterworks, electric lights, a flouring 
mill and silk-underwear factory The citj has 
three banks, five churches and three newspapers. 
Pop. (1900), 2,073; (1910), 2.732. 

ROCHESTER, a village and early .settlement 
in Sangamon County, laid out in 18U»; in rich 
agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern Railroad, Tyi miles southeast of 
Springfield ; has a bank, two churclies, one school, 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1900). 365; (1910), 444. 

ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on 
Rock River and the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good 
public school system with a higli S(!hool, banks 
and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- 
ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are 
its chief manufactures. Water for tlie navigable 
feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock 
River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176; (1910).2,r).")7. 



ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing 
city, the county-seat of Wiimebago County ; lies 
on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of 
Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- 
cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- 
western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent 
water-power is secured by a dam across the river, 
and communication between the two divisions of 
the city is facilitated by three railway and three 
highway bridges. Water is provided from five 
artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the 
river. The city is wealth)', prosperous and pro- 
gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 
1893, was §6,531,235. Churches are numerous and 
schools, both public and private, are abundant 
and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 
§7,715,069 capital invested in 240 manufacturing 
establishments, which employed 5.223 persons and 
turned out an annual product valued at §8,888,- 
904. Tlie principal industries are the manufac- 
ture of agricultural implements and furniture, 
though watches, jjianos, sewing machines, paper and 
flour are among the other products; the city has 
three daily papers. Pop. (1910), 45,401. 

ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 
111., incorjiorated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty 
of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches 
taught include the classics, music and fine arts. 
It has a library of 6,1.50 volumes, funds and en- 
dowment aggregating §50,880 and property 
valued at §340,880, of which §150,000 is real 
estate. 

ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- 
seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi 
River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago; is 
the converging point of five lines of railroad, and 
the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. 
Tlie name is derived from an island in the Missis- 
sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which 
belongs to the United St;ites Government and 
contains an arsenal and armory. The river 
channel nortli of the island is navigable, the 
southern channel having been dammed by the 
Government, thereby giving great water power 
to Rock l.sland and Moline. A combined railway 
and highway bridge spans the river from Rock 
Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, 
while a railway bridge connects tlie cities a mile 
below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- 
strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also 
a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- 
ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- 
gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- 
sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural iinple- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



•155 



ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth ; 
also banks and two daily and weekly and one fcmi- 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 19,493; (1910), 24,335. 

BOCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern 
section of the State bordering upon the Missis- 
sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern 
boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an 
area of 420 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- 
ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in 
the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to 
three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort 
Armstrong. It has always remained a military 
post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal 
and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- 
ments were made near Port Bj'ron by John and 
Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George 
Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island 
and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- 
riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and 
among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- 
lett, Joel Thomp.son, the Simms brothers and 
George Davenport. The country was full of 
Indians, this being the headquarters of Black 
Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk 
War. {See Black Haivk, und Black Haivk War. ) 
By 1839 settlers were increased in number and 
county organization was effected in 1S31, Rock 
Island (then called Stephenson) being made the 
county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first 
County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. , the first Treas- 
urer. The first court was held at the residence 
of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The 
county is irregular in shape, and the soil and 
scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the 
water-power inexhaustible, and the county's 
mining and manufacturing interests are very 
extensive. Several lines of railway cross the 
county, affording admirable transportation facili- 
ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock 
Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- 
cipal cities in the county, though there are 
several other important points. Coal Valley is 
the center of large mining interests, and Milan is 
also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one 
of the oldest towns in the count}-, and has con- 
siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- 
town is the seat of the Vv estern Hospital for the 
Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; 
(1890), 41,917; (1900), .55,249; (1910), 70,404. 

ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a 
standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- 
ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is 
lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- 
road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it 
a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 



121.10 miles. — (History.) The company is a 
reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & 
Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was 
sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter 
Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, 
of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria 
and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- 
nies — the new organization taking the latter 
name. The road was opened through its entire 
length, Jan. 1, 1873, its sale under foreclosure and 
reorganization under its jjreseut name taking 
place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable 
Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island 
& Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- 
cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 
1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- 
road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for 
the entire period being commuted at $450,000. — 
(Financial.) The cost of the entire road and 
equipment was §3,654,487. The capital stock 
(1898) is SI, .500,000; fun<led debt, §600,000; other 
forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital 
invested to §2,181,066. 

ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- 
ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a 
southerly direction, a part of its course being very 
sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary 
of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting 
the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside 
and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi 
three miles below the citj' of Rock Island. 
It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is 
partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, 
furnish abundant water-power. The principal 
towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and 
Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its 
beauty and fertility. 

ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at 
the junction of two branches of the Chicago, 
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 
13 miles north of Rockford ; has manufactures of 
paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, 
and local paper. Pop. (1900), 9.36; (1910), 841. 

ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, 
soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, 
to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- 
ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, 
Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., 
where he gave much attention to geological 
research and made some extensive natural his- 
tory collections. From 1843 to '53 he resided at 
Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite 
science, wrote for the press and, for two years 
(1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal," still 



456 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later editing the newly established "Constitu- 
tionalist" for a few months. During a part of 
this period he was lecturer on natural science at 
ShurtleS College ; also delivered a lecture before 
the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, 
which was immediately followed by the passage 
of the act establishing the State Geological 
Department. A majority of both houses joined 
in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- 
gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — 
he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- 
ton in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- 
tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural 
Science in the State Normal University, and also 
a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. 
Having identified himself with the Democratic 
party at this time, he became its nominee for 
State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he 
promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised 
three companies (mostly Normal students) which 
were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- 
mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes- 
sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. 
Having been dangerously wounded in the assault 
at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to 
return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the 
combined vote of both parties, was re-elected 
four years later, became editor of "Tlie Bloom- 
ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where 
he won distinction bj* a somewhat notable 
humorous speech in opposition to removing the 
State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- 
pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- 
nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat 
prolific author, having produced more than a 
dozen works which have appeared in book form. 
One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois 
in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in 
"The Alton Courier" in 18.52. Others of his more 
note worth}- productions are : "The Gray and the 
Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten 
Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His 
Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the 
Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." 
He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. 

ROGERS, Oeorge Clarke, soldier, was born in 
Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was 
educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- 
moved to the latter State early in life. While 
teaching he studied law and was admitted to the 
bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- 
pany in Lake County for the war, which was 
mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers; 



was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; 
was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to 
leave the field, and led his regiment in the final 
charge; w-as promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and 
soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at 
Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three 
wounds, from one of which he never fully re- 
covered ; took a prominent part in the operations 
at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly 
two years, including the Atlanta campaign, 
retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois 
and in Kansas. 

ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and 
author, was born in Central New York in 1853; 
entered Hamilton College, but the following 
year became a student in Micliigan University, 
graduating there in 1874, also receiving the 
degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 
1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship 
in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was 
made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge 
Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was 
tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the 
Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the 
first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- 
ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same 
year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon 
him the honorarj' degree of LL.D. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Bar Association, has served 
for a number of years on its Committee on Legal 
Education and Admission to the Bar, and was 
the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- 
cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- 
man of the Conference on the Future Foreign 
Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga 
Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- 
gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian 
Exposition, he was cho.sen Chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and 
was for a time associate editor of "The American 
Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the 
author of a treatise ou "Expert Testimony," 
which has passed through two editions, and has 
edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations,"' 
besides doing niucli other valuable literary work 
of a similar character. 

ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at 
Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early 
Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- 
lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- 
sity, graduating from the latter institution in 
1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For 
sixteen years he practiced in his native town, 
and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



457 



attained professional prominence. In 18T0 he 
was electeil a Judge of the Cook County Circuit 
Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated 
re-elections, until his death, which occurred 
suddenl}', Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the 
expiration of the term for which he had been 
elected. 

RIVERDALE, a southern suburb of the city of 
Chicago on the Illinois Central Railroad and four 
other lines. Pop. (1900), 5.54; (1910), 917. 

RIVER FOREST, a western suburb of the city 
of Chicago, on the lines of the Cliicago & Xorth 
Western and the Wisconsin Central Railroads; is a 
growing residence suburb. Pop. (1910), 2,456. 

ROLL; John E., pioneer, was born in Green 
Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 
1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He 
assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of 
the flat-boat with which the latter descended the 
Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. 
Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built 
a number of houses in Springfield, where he has 
since continued to reside. 

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earUest 
Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- 
nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early 
Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- 
ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; 
Early Missionaries; Oravier; Marquette.) The 
church went hand in hand with the represent- 
atives of the French Government, carrying in 
one hand the cross and in the other the flag of 
France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- 
trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to 
the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred 
years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic 
clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the 
early French settlers and the natives. They were 
not without factional jealousies, however, and a 
severe blow was dealt to a brancli of them in the 
order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the 
confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- 
sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the 
country by the English, with the contemporane- 
ous emigration of a considerable portion of the 
French west of tlie Mississijjpi, dissipated many 
congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included 
in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was 
constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- 
pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that 
date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. 
But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose 
and rare administrative ability. New parishes 
were organized as rapidly as circumstances 



would permit, and the growth of the church has 
been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one 
parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are 
reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a 
Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also 
Religious Denominations. ) 

ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 31 
miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of 
three divisions of the Chicago & Alton R;iilroad ; 
is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region; 
city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- 
yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light 
plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good 
school buildings, one daily and one weekly paper. 
Pop. (1900), 2,351; (1910), 2,171. 

ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of 
the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., 
was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to 
America in childhood, his father settling in 
Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- 
hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but 
finally returned to the paternal home in Greene 
County, where, on the location of the Jackson- 
ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- 
tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch 
with the main line. 

ROOT, (ieorge Frederick, musical composer 
and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass. , August 
30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while 
employed on his father's farm, learned to play on 
various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- 
ton, where he began his life-work. Besides 
teaching music in the public schools, he was 
employed to direct the musical service in two 
churches. From Boston he removed to New 
York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of 
musical study. In 1853 he made his first public 
essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,'' 
which became popular at once. From this time 
forward his success as a song-writer was assured. 
His music, while not of a high artistic character, 
captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly 
to the heart. In 1800 he took up his residence in 
Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal 
and wrote those "war songs" which created and 
perpetuated his fame. Among the best known 
are "Riilly Round the Flag"; "Just Before the 
Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." 
Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the 
Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago"; and 
"The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he 
composed several cantatas and much sacred 
music, also publishing many books of instruction 
and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 



458 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mental music. la 1872 the University of Chicago 
conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, 
near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1890. 

ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, 
and educator, was born in Onondaga County 
N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools 
and academies of Central Xew York; began 
teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at 
sea for the benefit of liis health, took a course in 
law and civil engineering. He was employed as 
a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of 
Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- 
nois and obtained employment on the railroad 
projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under 
the "internal improvement system" of 1837. 
When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on 
a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry 
County, and soon after opened a boarding school, 
continuing its management until 1840, when he 
became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 
1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in 
charge of surveys and construction, later as land 
agent and attorney. He was prominent in the 
introdiiction of the graded school system in Illi- 
nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- 
mal School at Bloomington and the University of 
Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the 
State Board of Education from its organization, 
and served as delegate to the National Repub- 
lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in 
Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep 
(Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland 
County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois 
the same year and educated in his father's school, 
and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes- 
leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 
17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on 
a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served 
as a civil engineer in the construction and repair 
of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- 
veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief 
Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of 
the Iron Mouutaiu) Railway; tlien engaged in 
the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier 
of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the 
Jlerchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of 
which his brother, Logan H., was President. — 
Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- 
roa, Perry County, UK, Maroli 22, 1841, was edu- 
cated at home and at the State Normal at 
Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal 
of a high school at Duquoin; in 18G2 enlisted in 
the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving 
through the war and acting as Chief Commissary 



for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," 
and participating in the great review in Wash- 
ington, in May, 186.5. After the conclusion of 
the war he was appointed Collector of Internal 
Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was 
elected from that State to the Fortieth and 
Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at 
the time, the youngest member in that body — and 
was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- 
dent Grant. He finally became President of the 
Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with 
which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, 
suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 
1893, leaving an e.state valued at nearly one and 
a half millions, of which he gave a large share to 
charitable purposes and to the city of Little 
Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- 
provement of its parks. 

ROSE, James A., .Secretary of State, was bom 
at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. 
The foundation of his education was secured in 
the public schools of his native place, and, after 
a term in the Normal L^ni versify at Normal, 111., 
at the age of 18 he took charge of a country 
school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the 
Golconda graded schools, was later made County 
SuiJerintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a 
second term. During his second term he was 
admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of 
Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney 
without oiiposition, being re-elected for another 
term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor 
Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the 
Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next 
year, when he was transferred to the Board of 
Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- 
tiary at Chester, which position he continued to 
occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- 
tarj' of State on the Republican ticket; by three 
successive re-elections is still in office in 1912. 

ROSETILLE, a viUage in Warren County, on 
the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton L<: Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of 
Bushnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two 
banks, public librarj- and one newspai)er Region 
agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1910), 882. 

ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton 
County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the 
common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- 
ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; 
the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois 
Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First 
Lieutenant and was commended for services at 
Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- 
portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



459 



eral Taylor. After the war lie served six years 
as Probate Judge. In Jlay, 1801, he enlisted in 
the war for the Uuiou, and was chosen Colonel 
of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving 
with it in Jlissouri and Kentucky ; was commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the 
capture of Fort Donelsou, and. after the evacu- 
ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command 
of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Teun. 
He resigned in July. 1S63, and, in 1867, was 
appointed by President Johnson Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has 
been three times a delegate to National Repub- 
lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- 
date for Congress in a Democratic District. 
Since the war he has devoted his attention 
largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- 
faim in Iowa. In his later years was President 
of a bank at Lewistown, lU. Died Jan. 17, 1901. 
ROSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at 
Monson, Hampden Countj-, Mass., April 24, 1792; 
removed with his father's family, in 180.5, to 
Pittsfield. Mass., where he remained until his 
twentieth year, when he was commissioned an 
Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United 
States Infantry, serving through the War of 
1812 1-1, and participating in the battle of Sack- 
ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- 
ice he acted as drill-master at various points. 
Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the 
business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- 
while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- 
pany consisting of himself and four brothers, 
with their families and a few others, started for 
the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- 
ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, 
they transferred their wagons, teams and otiier 
property to flat-boats, descending that stream 
and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they 
disembarked and, crossing the State, reached 
Upper Alton, where they found only one house, 
that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their 
families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded 
north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, 
until they reached a jioint in the western part of 
the present county of Pike, where the town of 
Atlas was afterwards located. Here they 
erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful 
prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing 
their families thither a few weeks later. They 
suffered the usual privations incident to life in a 
new country, not excepting sickness and death 
of some of their number. At the next .session of 
the Legislature (l.'<20-21) Pike County was estab- 
lished, embracing all that part of the State west 



and north of the Illinois, and including the 
present cities of (ialena and Chicago. The Ross 
settlement became the nucleus of the town of 
Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates 
in 1823. at an early day the rival of Quincy. and 
becoming the second county -seat of Pike County, 
so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of 
justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this 
period Colonel Ross was one of the most [iromi- 
nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- 
ously or successively, the offices of Probate 
Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the 
Peace, and others of a subordinate character. 
As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by 
Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the 
Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at 
Beardstown with twice the number of men 
called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower 
branch of the General As.sembly, also serving in 
the Senate during the three following sessions, a 
part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- 
named body. While in the General Assembly he 
was instrumental in securing legislation of great 
importance relating to Military Tract lands. 
The year following the establishment of the 
county-.seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- 
zen of that place, which he had the privilege of 
naming for his early home. He was a member 
of the Republican State Convention of IS.'iG, and a 
delegate to the National Republican Convention 
of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- 
dent the first time. Beginning life poor he 
acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub- 
lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome 
donation to the first company organized in Pike 
County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. 
Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. 

ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, 
on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 
miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, 
water- works, tile and brick- works, two banks and 
one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,435; (1910), 1,422. 

ROUXDS, Sterling: Parker, public printer, 
was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 
1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- 
osha. Wis., and, in 184.'). was foreman of the State 
printing office at Madison, afterward working in 
(iliices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going 
to Chicago in 1851. Here he finallj- established 
a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an 
electrotype foundry and the manufacture of 
presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's 
Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was 
continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- 
l)ointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 



460 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed 
to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The 
Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 
17, 1887. 

ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in 
Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was 
brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew 
to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War 
of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- 
moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in 
Madison County, where he taught school for two 
years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette 
County about the time of the removal of the 
State capital to Vandalia. On the organization 
of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed 
to office there and ever afterwards resided at 
Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early 
history of the coimty, he held (at the same time) 
the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners 
Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County 
Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, 
Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides 
that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 
1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing 
Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served 
as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 
1847, and the next year was elected to the State 
Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from 
the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge 
without opposition, was re-elected to the same 
office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee 
of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted 
for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. 
Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. 

ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was 
born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought 
to Illinois in infancy and educated in tlie com- 
mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was 
elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean 
County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of 
Company E, Ninety foiu-th Illinois Volunteers. 
After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- 
ington, and was appointed by President Grant, 
successively. United States Marshal for the 
Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant 
Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of 
Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a 
State, he was elected the first Governor under the 
State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- 
ing, in all, three years. For a time he was exten- 
sively and successfully identified with mining enter- 
pri.ses in Colorado. Died in Denver Aug. 3, 1907. 

ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was 
bom at Haverliill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833; was a 



graduate of Eureka College and of the Law 
Department of the Chicago University. During 
the War of the Rebellion he served three years as 
company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois 
Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- 
ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, 
was a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from 
the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times 
re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home 
was at Bloomington. Died May 15, 1908. 

ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- 
wall, England, in 1830, came to the United 
States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near 
Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of 
thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the 
service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois 
Volunteers and was successively promoted 
Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was 
wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and 
AUatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the 
latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for 
gallantry. After the war he returned to his 
stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal 
Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- 
resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- 
bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the 
Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation 
with the Eighth District bj- President Cleveland. 
Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. 

RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- 
cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the 
charter having been prepared the previous year 
by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. 
The extreme financial depression of the following 
year prevented the organization of a faculty 
until 1843. The institution was named in honor 
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, 
medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the 
latter half of the eighteenth century. The first 
faculty consisted of four professors, and the first 
term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of 
twenty-two students. Three years' study was 
required for graduation, but only two annual 
terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at 
the college itself. Instruction was given in a 
few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. 
The next year a small building, costing between 
S3, 000 and §4,000, was erected. Tliis was re-ar- 
ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a co.st of $15,000. 
The constant and rapid growth of the college 
necessitated the erection of a new building in 
1867, the cost of which was $70,000. This was 
destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing 
$54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



461 



added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was 
located on a portion of tlie college lot, and tlie 
two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- 
dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. 
Shortly afterwards. Rush College became the 
medical department of Lake Forest University. 
The present facultj' (1898) consists of 95 profes- 
sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors 
of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- 
ance. The length of the annual terms is six 
montlis, and four years of study are required for 
graduation, attendance upon at least three col- 
lege terms being compulsory. 

RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler 
County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 
miles northwest of Beardstown; is the .southern 
terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
town was selected as the county -seat in 1826, 
the seat of justice being removed from a place 
called Beardstown, about five miles eastward 
(not the present Beardstown in Cass County), 
wliere it liad been located at the time of the 
organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. 
At first tlie new seat of justice was called Rush- 
ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- 
wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, 
grain and fruit-growing region, and contains 
several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick 
and tile works; also has two banks (State and 
private) and a public library. Four periodicals 
(one daily) are published here. Population 
(1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292; (1910), 2,422. 

RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, 
was born at Cavendish, Vt., Jul}' 31, 1793, and 
educated in the common schools of his native 
State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- 
ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support 
himself, during his college course, by teaching 
and by the publication, before lie had reached his 
20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic 
History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- 
ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, 
early in the following year, joined his father on 
the way to Missouri. The next five years he 
spent in teaching in the "Boiihommie Bottom" 
on the Missouri River. During this period he 
published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- 
sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The 
Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), 
which gained a wide popularity and was early 
recognized V)y the compilers of school-readers as 
a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught 
a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia 
(then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent 



two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper 
Alton, which afterwards became Shurtlefl College. 
In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating 
at a point near the Illinois River to whicli he 
gave the name of Blufldale. Here he was li- 
censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- 
pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his 
calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to 
which he %vas an almost constant contributor 
during the last twenty-five years of his life. 
About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called 
"The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part 
of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to 
which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- 
tor some time longer, and, in 1841-43, was editor 
of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was 
also, for several years, Principal of the Spring 
Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., 
meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as 
Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the 
author of a number of stories and sketches, some 
of which went through several editions, and, at 
the time of his death, had in preparation a his- 
tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of 
Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He 
was an accomplished linguist, being able to read 
with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and 
Italian, besides having considerable familiarity 
with several other modern languages. In 1863 
he received from the University of Chicago the 
degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was 
buried on the old homestead at Blufldale. 

RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- 
ist, born in Chicago, Deo. 20, 1845. He was a 
nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan. 
James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- 
General on the staff of the latter in the Civil 
War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The 
Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to 
tiie position of city editor. Subsequently he was 
connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- 
gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- 
cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of 
that village to Chicago, and has been one of the 
South Park Commissioners of the city last named. 
After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by 
Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on 
the editorial stafl". In 1894 President Cleveland 
appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. 
At the expiration of Iiis term of office lie resumed 
editorial work as editor-in-cliief of "The Chron- 
icle," the organ of the Democratic party in 
Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. 

RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- 
dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 



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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- 
nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at 
Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- 
dential Elector in ISoG, and, in 1860, a member of 
the National Republican Convention at Chicago, 
which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. 
In September, 1863, he was conamissioned Colonel 
of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and 
participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in 
the operations about Vicksburg— also leading in 
the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently 
serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of 
fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 
1864, one week before his promotion to the rank 
of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford), 
brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., 
Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New 
Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite 
young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- 
turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which lie 
lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and 
other States after coming west in 1849. During- 
1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner 
and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively 
throughout Illinois in support of the movement 
which resulted in the donation of public lands, 
by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial 
Colleges'" in the several States. The establish- 
ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, 
was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he 
located at Quincy, where he resiiled some thirty 
years; in 1861, served for several months as the 
first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was 
later associated with the State Quartermaster's 
Department, finally entering the secret service of 
the War Department, in which he remained until 
1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed 
to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895.— 
(ieorge V. (Rutherford), another brother, was 
born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to 
the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- 
struction of telegraph lines in some of the .South- 
ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War 
became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the 
State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. 
John Wood, but subsequently entered the 
Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- 
ment in Washington, retiring after the war with 
tlie rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned 
to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872, when 
he engaged in manufacturing business at North 
ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California 
for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. 
Helena, Cal., August 28, 1872. 



RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on 
the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La 
Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a 
newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. 
(1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1910). 754. 

RUTLED(»E, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, 
Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., 
June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 
years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
serving various churches in the central and west- 
ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as 
Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College 
at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- 
lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- 
teers. Returning from the war, he served as 
pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, 
Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and 
other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of 
the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. 
Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, and served for many years 
as Chaplain of the order for the Department of 
Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he 
lias occupied a supernumerary relation since 
1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. 

RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in 
a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 
5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a 
farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California 
in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third 
United States Artillery at San Francisco, .serving 
with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge 
in 1864, and taking part in everj' battle in which 
his command was engaged. After his return in 
1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was 
elected Count}' Surveyor, served three consecu- 
tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected 
State Treasurer three times — 1872, '76 and "80. 
About 1892 he removed to California, where he 
resided until his death. May 28, 1905. 

RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist, 
born at Newcastle House, Count}- Meatli, Ireland, 
Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, 
but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, 
came to New York and engaged in teaching 
wliile prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- 
moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the 
bar and was, for a time, associated in practice 
with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan 
assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- 
cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which lie 
conducted for over a year, and which is remem- 
bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on 
Judge John Pearson of Danville, wlio had 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



463 



aroused the liostility of some members of the 
Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. 
About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee. Wis., 
where he was. for a time, a partner of ilatthew 
H. Carpenter (afterwards United State.s Senator), 
and was connected with a number of celebrated 
trials before the coiirts of that State, including 
the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with 
Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor 
of "Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief 
Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, 
which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He 
was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, 
was an intense opponent of the war policy of the 
Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, 
he appears to have been a man of much learning 
and recognized legal ability. 

RYAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in 
childhood ; was educated for the priesthood in 
Kentucky, and. after ordination, was made a pro- 
fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, 
Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching 
himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having 
charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 
1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, 
within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- 
bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop 
of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop 
Baltes) having died in 1886. 

SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian 
tribes, who were among the most warlike and 
powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. 
The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- 
kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- 
ing "those of red earth." The French called 
them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of 
the name given them bj' other tribes, the mean- 
ing of which was "Foxes," and which was 
bestowed upon them because their totem (or 
armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. 
They seem to have been driven westward from 
the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of 
Niagara and Slackinac, to the region around 
Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- 
ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- 
ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, 
Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably 
an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- 
longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed 
a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, 
on what is now known as the Sac River, near 
Green Bay. but the date of the alliance cannot 
be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally 



uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe 
originally dwelt around Quebec, but. as to the 
authenticity of this claim, historical authorities 
differ wiilely. Subse(iuent to 1(!70 the history of 
the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their 
characteristics, location and habits are described 
at some length by Father Allouez, who visited 
them in 166G-67. He saj-s that they were numer- 
ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, 
avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That 
they were cordially dete.sted by their neighbors 
is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the 
Ishmaelites of the lakes." They were unfriendly 
to the French, who attached to themselves other 
tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had 
well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and 
Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on 
terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 
1718, however, they were virtually in possession 
of the region around Rock River in IlUnois, and, 
four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- 
tinsand Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, 
driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the 
Illinois River. They abstained from taking part 
in the border wars that marked the close of the 
Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- 
ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 179.5. At 
that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed 
the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They 
offered to cooperate with the United States 
Government in the War of 1812, but this offer 
was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under 
the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the 
side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved 
their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island 
they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large 
part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body 
of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Haick 
War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government 
divided the nation into two bands, removing both 
to reservations in the farther West. One was 
located on the Osage River and the other on the 
south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the 
northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- 
vations, there is Little doubt, many of them have 
silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, 
where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, 
the net and the spear of the hunter. A few 
years ago a part of these confederated tribes 
were lo(\ated in the eastern part of Oklahoma. 

SAILOn SPRINGS, a village and health resort 
in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has 
an academy and a local paper. Population ( 1900), 
419; (1910), 388. 




464 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. 
Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in 
agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- 
try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of 
fruit. The city has flour-mills, machine shops, 
creamery, two banks and three weekly newspapers. 
Pop. (1900), 1,642; (1910), 2,669. 

SALIXE COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
organized in 1847, ha\ing an area of 396 square 
miles. It derives its name from the salt springs 
which are found in every part of the county. 
The northern portion is rolling and yields an 
abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- 
ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily 
timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickor}', 
sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are 
the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are 
extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and 
humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of 
the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes 
excellent farming lands. In some localities a 
good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, 
is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. 
In the southern half of the county are the Eagle 
Mountains, a line of bills having an altitude of 
some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis- 
sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to 
have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth 
to the Ozark ^Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- 
sas. The highest land i.''. the county is 864 feet 
above sea-levol. Tradition says that these hills 
are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found 
in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- 
nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The 
county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, 
which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- 
quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid 
out in 1859. Population of the county (1890), 
19,342; (1900), 21,685; (1910), 30,204. 

SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- 
fluence of two branches, both of which flow 
through portions of Saline County, uniting in 
Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- 
ton County and runs nearly south, while the 
South Fork drains part of Williamson County, 
and runs east through Saline. The river (which 
is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs 
southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below 
Shawneetown. 

SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence 
going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin 
County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- 



ants in the making of salt, long before the advent 
of white settlers. There have been discovered, at 
various points, what appear to be the remains of 
evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay 
and pounded shells, varying in diameter from 
three to four feet. In 1813, with a view to en- 
couraging the manufacture of salt from these 
springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of 
36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the 
United States. These lands were leased by the 
State to private parties, but the income derived 
from them was comparatively small and fre- 
quently difficult of collection. The workmen 
were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- 
see, who are especially referred to in Article VI., 
Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt 
made brought §5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped 
in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- 
sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while 
many purchasers came hundreds of miles on 
horseback and carried it away on pack animals. 
In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the 
General Assembly having decided to erect a. peni- 
tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to 
donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- 
mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the 
Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the 
proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature 
might by law direct." The sale was made, one- 
half of the proceeds set apart for the building of 
the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- 
ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of 
the State. The manufaotui'e of salt was carried 
on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- 
quently by owners — until 1873, about which time 
it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased 
to be profitable on account of competition with 
other districts possessing superior facilities. 
Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County 
about 1824. The manufacture has been success- 
fully carried on in recent years, from the product 
of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. 

SANDOVAL, a village of Marion Co\mty, at 
the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois 
Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio 
Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The 
town has coal mines and some manufactures, 
with banks and one newspaper. Population 
(1890), 834; (1900), 1,258; (1910), 1,563. 

SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar- 
ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its 
value being less than one fifth of one per cent of 
the value of the output of the entire country. 
In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list 
of States producing this mineral, the total value 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



465 



of the stone quarried being but 817,896, repre- 
senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken fiom ten quar- 
ries, which employed fortj'-six hands, and had an 
aggregate capital invested of §-19,400. 

SAXDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- 
porated in 1873, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. 
The principal industries are the manufacture of 
agricultural implements, hay -presses, corn-shell- 
ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two 
or more banks, two weekly and one semi-weokly 
papers. Pop. (1S90), 2,516; (1900), 2,.520; (1910), 
2,557. 

SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, 
organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts 
of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing 
the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, 
Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, 
McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It 
was named for the river flowing througli it. 
Though reduced in area somewhat, four years 
later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was 
reduced to its present limits bj' the setting apart 
of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) 
Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed 
to have been the first white settler, arriving 
there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton 
Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by 
William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, 
Robert PuUiani and others. John Kelly located 
on the present site of the city of Springfield in 
1818, and was there at the time of the selection 
of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 
1821. Other settlements were made at Aiiburn, 
Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population 
began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- 
watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, 
but soon moved north or west. County organi- 
zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of 
County Commissioners being composed of Wil- 
liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. 
John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the 
first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, 
Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and 
Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United 
States Land Office was established at Springfield 
in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the 
first sale of lands taking place the same year. 
The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- 
tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous 
coal, which is mined in large quantities. The 
chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, 
Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the 
county is S75 square miles. Pop. flSSO), .52,.8n4; 
(1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593; (1910), 91,024. 



SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of 
the North and South Forks, of which the former 
is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork 
rises in the northern part of Champaign County, 
whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, 
thence westward through Sangamon County, 
forming the north boundary of Christian Count}', 
and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles 
above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 
miles long, including the North Fork. The 
South Fork flows through Christian County, and 
joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of 
Springfield. In the early history of the State the 
Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, 
and its improvement was one of the measures 
advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he 
was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- 
cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 
1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the 
"Talisman," ascended the river to a point near 
Springfield. The event was celebrated with 
great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel 
encountered so mucli difficulty in getting out of 
tlie river that the experiment was never 
repeated. 

SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- 
tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 
1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, 
N. Y., where his father became a contractor on 
the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon 
the same work. The latter suUsequently became 
a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his 
own account, being known as "the boy contract- 
or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile 
business, and a year .spent in the construction of a 
canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and 
soon after became an extensive contractor on the 
Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock 
excavation at Lockport. He was also connected 
with the Rock River improvement scheme, and 
interested in a line of stages between Chicago 
and Galena, which, having been consolidated 
with the line managed by the firm of Fink & 
Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage 
Company, extending its operations throughout 
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa 
and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the 
Western Division, for a time, with headquarters 
at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the 
firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the 
con.struction of the Western (or Illinois) Division 
of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & 
Oliio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 



466 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA (JF ILLINOIS. 



was employed for several years. Otlier works 
with which he was connected were the North 
Missouri Railroad and the construction of the 
State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the 
firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of 
convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from 
Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, 
a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to 
staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After 
the war he became largelj- interested in stone 
quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive 
contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening 
the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, 
Cal., March 23, 1875, whitlier he had gone for the 
benefit of his health. — James Young (Sanger), 
brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, 
Vt. , March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time 
in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, 
Pa., later being associated with his father and 
elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and 
similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- 
ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's 
family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- 
lished a large supply store, and engaged in 
bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a 
later period, in connection with his father and 
his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently 
connected with the construction of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and 
the locks at Peru being constructed bj' them. 
About 1850 the Construction Companj-, of which 
he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading 
members, undertook the construction of the Ohio 
& Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., 
and were prominently identified with other rail- 
road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and 
California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- 
mating arrangements for the performance of a 
large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. 

SANITARY COMMISSION. (See niinois San- 
itary Coin mission.) 

SAMTARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See 
Chicago Drainage Canal.) 

SAUtiANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed 
known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a 
British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born 
in Canada about 1780; received an education 
from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to 
speak and write English and Fi'ench, besides 
several Indian dialects; vi-as a friend of Tecum- 
seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a 
devoted friend of the whites. He took up his 
residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, 
was a .lustice of the Peace, while nominally a 



subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- 
was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- 
ment, in consideration of his services, built for 
him the first frame house ever erected in Cldcago, 
which he occupied until his departure with his 
tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treat}', 
made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by 
the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and 
other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 
acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set 
apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving 
the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
Sept. 28, 1841. 

SAVAGE, George S. F., D.I)., clergyman, was 
born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- 
ated at Yale College in 1844 ; studied theology at 
Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; 
was ordained a home missionary the same year 
and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 
111., for four years being corresponding editor of 
"The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational 
Herald." For ten years he was in the service of 
the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil 
War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work 
in the army. In 1870 he w;is appointed Western 
Secretarj' of the Congregational Pul)lisliing 
Society, remaining two years, after which he be- 
came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- 
logical Seminar}^ He has also been a Director 
of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit 
College since 1850, and, for several years, editor 
and publisher of "The Congregational Review." 

SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated 
on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount 
Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, 
Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con- 
tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, 
flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public 
library, churches, two graded schools, township 
high school, and two daily and weekly news- 
papers. Pop- (1000), 3,325; (1910), 3,f)91. 

SAY15R0OK, a Ullage of McLean County, on 
the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 20 miles east 
of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs 
held here; the town has two banks and one news- 
paper. Pop. (1900), 879; (1910), 805. 

SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, 
was born at South Boston, Halifax County, Va., 
Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- 
ville, Ky., where he resided until 1831, having 
meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- 
ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he 
removed to Frankfort. Franklin County, 111., 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



467 



where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 
1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, 
he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- 
ment, but resigned at the close of the same year 
to accept the judgesliip of the Third Judicial 
Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- 
town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges 
added to the Supreme Court bench, the others 
being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, 
Thomas Ford and Samuel II. Treat. In that 
year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson 
County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat 
upon the bench to resume practice. The same 
year lie was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
vention and Chairman of the Committee on 
Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat 
upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to 
succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 
18,57, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 
1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, 
received a Major's commission and was assigned 
to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was 
made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered 
out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President 
Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at 
Chicago, whicli position he filled until July 1, 
1869, when he was removed by President Grant, 
during tlie same period, being ex-officio custodian 
of United States funds, the office of Assistant 
Treasurer not having been then created. Died, 
at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. 

SCAMMOX, Jonathan Young, lawyer and 
banker, was born at Wliitetield, Maine, July 27, 
1812; after gi-aduating at Waterville (now Colbj') 
University in 1831, he studied law and was 
admitted to the bar at HalloweU, in 1835 remov- 
ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of 
liis life. After a year spent as deputy in the 
office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during 
which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- 
utes, he was appointed attorney for the State 
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became 
reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he 
held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- 
ated witli several prominent lawyers, his first 
legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & 
Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 
1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- 
fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- 
lent cliaracter, his most important financial 
venture was in connection with the Chicago 
Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- 
ducted an extensive banking business for many 
years, and of which he was the President and 
leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, 



public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the 
main promoters and organizers of the old Galena 
& Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad ti/ 
run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- 
nently identified with the founding of the Chi- 
cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) 
Chicago University, and one of the founders of 
the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago 
Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- 
nomical Society — being the first President 
of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 
§30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in 
which lie caused to be placed tlie most power- 
ful telescope which liad at tliat time been brought 
to the West. He also maintained the observatory 
at his own expense. He was the pioneer of 
Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a 
stauncli Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. 
In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- 
cago American," a paper designed to advance 
tlie candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ; 
and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" 
espoused the Libei-al Republican cause, he started 
"The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, 
for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- 
chief. He was one of the first to encourage the 
adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine 
in Chicago, and was prominently connected with 
the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College 
and the Halmemann Hospital, being a Trustee in 
both for many years. As a member of tlie Gen- 
eral Assembly he secured the passage of many 
important measures, among them being legisla- 
tion looking toward the bettering of tlie currency 
and the banking system. He accumulated a 
large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 
1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, 
March 17, 1890. 

SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- 
necticut, came to Edwardsville, III, in 1820, and, 
in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison 
County. His sons afterward became influential 
in business and Methodist church circles. Died, 
Dec. 12, 1847. 

SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the 
uniformity of surface which characterizes a 
country containing no mountain ranges, but 
wliicli is made up largely of natural prairies, 
there are a number of localities in Illinois where 
scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and 
rugged cliaracter, ma}' be found. One of the 
most striking of these features is produced by a 
spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- 
tains of Missouri, projected across the southern 
part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 



468 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Tower in Jackson County, tlirough the northern 
part of Union, and through portions of William- 
son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. 
Grand Tower, the initial point in the western 
part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, 
standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, 
and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- 
water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark 
for navigators ever since the discovery of the 
Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff,"' a few miles 
above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point 
immediately on the river bank, formed by some 
isolated hills about three miles long by a mile 
and a half wide, which have withstood the forces 
that excavated the valley now occupied by the 
Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower 
end of this hill, with a low valley between them, 
is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's 
Bake Oven." The main cliain of bluffs, known 
as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the 
river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet 
above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more 
than 400 feet above the level of the river at 
Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a verj- prominent inland 
bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of 
the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part 
of Union County, with an elevation above tide- 
water of 985 feet. The highest point in this 
range of hills is reached in the northeastern part 
of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as 
ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University 
at Champaign) being 1,0-16 feet. — There is some 
striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton 
between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as 
well as some distance up the latter stream — 
though the landscape along the middle section of 
the Illinois is generally monotonous or only 
gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few 
other jjoints, where bluffs rise to a considerable 
height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at 
Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, 
including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the 
site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). 
This rock rises to a perpendic\ilar height of 
about 125 feet from the surface of the river at the 
ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, 
about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo 
Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles 
long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once 
an island at a period when the Illinois River 
occupied the whole valley. Additional interest 
is given to both these localities by their associ- 
ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- 
milion River — some two miles from where it 
empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved 



Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused 
by a ravine which enters the VermiUon at this 
point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, 
for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- 
dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a 
dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this 
point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, 
with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring 
of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at 
certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall 
pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- 
tom of the chasm. There is much other striking 
scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox 
Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of 
the earliest explorers in this region was Mount 
Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first 
mentioned by St. Cosme in 1698, and has been 
variously known as Moujolly, Mont Jolie, Mount 
Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in 
early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 
1,300 by 225 feet. Prof O. H. Marshall, in "The 
American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion 
that, originally, it was an island in the river, 
which, at a remote period, swept down the valley 
of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite 
rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were 
accustomed to hold their councils at its base. — 
The scenery along Rock River is not striking 
from its boldness, but it attracted the attention 
of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of 
its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. 
The highest and most abrupt elevations are met 
with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin 
State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about 
three miles south of Galena and two miles from 
the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known 
to tourists and river men ever since the Upper 
Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering 
above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- 
tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of 
Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these 
mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- 
easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and 
Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among 
them. There are also some castellated rocks 
around the city of Galena which are very strik- 
ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system 
already referred to, is believed to be the highest 
elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- 
consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, 
has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- 
tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 
feet above the Gulf of Mexico. 

SCHRAM CITY, a village of Montgomery County 
in a coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 510. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



469 



SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, 
was born at Pirmaseus, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. 
Being sentenced to deatli for his participation in 
the attempted rebellion of 1848. he escaped to 
America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve- 
land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- 
nection with his brother, he established a German 
daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely 
anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- 
ence, especially among persons of German birth. 
In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became 
editor of "The Staats Zeitung, " in which he 
vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on 
its introduction bj' Senator Douglas. His attitude 
and articles gave such offense to the partisan 
friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was 
threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. 
He early took advanced ground in opposition to 
slavery, and was a member of tlie convention of 
Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, 
and of the first Republican State Convention, held 
at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the 
National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 
1860, participating in the nomination of both 
Jolin C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the 
Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the 
Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was 
appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at 
Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 
1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats 
Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of 
Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On 
retiring from this oflSce he engaged in banking, 
subsequently becoming President of the National 
Bank of Illinois, with wliich he was associated 
for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President 
Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, 
whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- 
dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving 
for a number of years as a member of the Repub- 
lican State Central Committee. Died Sept. 16, 1905. 

SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, 
was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 
1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 
1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport; 
graduated from the United States Military Acad- 
emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson 
and Slieridan ; was assigned to the artillerj' ser- 
vice and served two years in Florida, after which 
he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at 
West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War 
he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor 
of Physics in Washington University at St. 
Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned 
■to duty and was appointed mustering officer; 



then, by permission of the War Department, 
entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, 
serving as Chief of Statf to General Lyon in the 
early battles in Missomi, including Wilsou"s 
Creek. His subsecjuent career included the 
organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), 
command of the Army of the Frontier in South- 
west Missouri, command of the Department of 
the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the 
Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- 
man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston in North Carolina — his army having 
been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee 
bj- waj- of Washington. After the close of the 
war he went on a special mission to Mexico 
to investigate the French occupation of that 
country ; was commander of the Department of 
the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by 
appointment of President Johnson, from June, 
1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- 
net he was commissioned a full ilajor-General 
and held various Division and Department com- 
mands until 1886, when, on the death of General 
Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the 
Army, with headquarters at Washington. 
He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 
1895. His present home is in Washington. 

SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark 
County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of 
an education in the common schools during boy- 
hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the 
higher branches through toilsome application to 
text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 
20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., 
graduating two j-ears later, and beginning prac- 
tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses 
at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of 
a small jiiece of land to which he had fallen heir. 
In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 
1860, was chosen to represent his county in the 
Legislature. After serving one term he returned 
to his professional career and succeeded in build- 
ing up a profitable practice. In 1809-70 he repre- 
sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the 
Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became 
Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he 
was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the 
Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand 
Divi.sion, cau.sod by the resignation of Judge 
Anthony Tliornton, and re-elected without oppo- 
sition in 1S79 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 
1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- 
land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- 
ship of the United States Supreme Court, had ho 
not insistently declined to accept the honor. 



470 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive 
school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and 
wei'e extremely rude, as regards both structure 
and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers 
rarely erected a special building to be used as a 
school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned 
dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one 
end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered 
the purpose, and the church and the court-house 
were often made to accommodate the school. 
When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the 
men of the district gathered at the site selected, 
bringing their axes and a few other tools, with 
their ox-teams, and devoted foiir or five days to 
constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a 
nail was driven. Trees were cut from tlie public 
lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a 
cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- 
sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls 
were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light 
and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from 
which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and 
mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted 
by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with 
clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great 
labor, stone was substituted for mortar made 
from the clay soil. The chimneys were always 
wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes 
extending across one entire end of the building. 
The fuel used was wood cut directly from the 
forest, frequentl}' in its green state, dragged to 
the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be 
cut by the older pupils in lengtlis suited to the 
width of the chiinnej'. Occasionallj' there was 
no chimney, the fire, in some of the most prinii- 
tive structures, being built on the earth and the 
smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In 
such houses a long board was set up on the wind- 
ward side, and shifted from side to side as the 
wind varied. Stones or logs answered for 
andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no 
one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were 
made of roughly split clapboards, held in place 
by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- 
ports starting from "eaves poles." The space 
between the logs, which constituted the walls of 
the building, was filled in with blocks of wood 
or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior 
and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in 
which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its 
adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one 
or two U)gs were sometimes cut out to allow the 
admission of light; and, as glass could not always 
be procured, rain and snow were excluded and 
light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over 



tliis space a board, attached to the outer wall by 
leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep 
out the storms. The placing of a glass window 
in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 
1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- 
narily the floor was of the natural earth, although 
this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, 
firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious 
school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors 
made of split logs rouglily he\vii. Few had 
"ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually 
made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which 
was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The 
seats were also of puncheons (without backs) 
supported on four legs made of pieces of poles 
inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, 
e.Kcept the advanced pupils who were learning to 
write. For their convenience a broader and 
smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall 
by wooden pins, in such a way that it would 
slope downward toward the pupil, the front being 
supported by a brace extending from the wall. 
When a pupil was writing he faced tlie wall. 
When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- 
self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. 
These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with 
the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the 
teacher (who seldom liad a desk) and a pail, or 
"piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking 
cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures 
were, they were evidences of public spirit and of 
appreciation of the advantages of education. 
They were built and maintained by mutual aid 
and sacrifice, and. in them, some of the great men 
of the State and Nation obtained that primary 
training which formed the foundation of their 
subsequent careers. (See Education.) 

SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western 
portion of the State, has an area of 414 square 
miles, and was named for Gen. Pliilip Schuyler. 
The first American .settlers arrived in 1823, and, 
among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, 
William H. Taylor and Orris JlcCartney. The 
county was organized from a portion of Pike 
County, in 182.5, the first Commissioners being 
Tliomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor- 
ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the 
<;ounty-soat, selected a site in the eastern part of 
the county about one mile west of the present 
village of Pleasant View, to which the name of 
Beardstown was given, and wliere the earliest 
court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presid- 
ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- 
Cartney, Slieriff. Tliis location, however, proving 
unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- 



HISTORICAL" ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



471 



pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected 
the present site of the city of Rushville, some 
five miles west of the point originally chosen. 
The new seat of justice was first called Riishton, 
in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name 
was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim 
Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The 
surface of the county is rolling, and the region 
contains e.\cellent farming laud, which is well 
watered by the Illinois River and numerous 
creek-s. Pop. (1900), 1(;,129; (1910), H,s.-y.>. 

SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was 
born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated 
from the United States Military Academy in 1871, 
and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 
Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, 
meantime studying law and medicine, being 
admitted to the bar in 187,5, and graduating in 
medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by 
reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- 
tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave 
of absence in 1878, and, with VVm. H. Gilder as 
second in command, sailed from New York in the 
"Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. 
The party returned, Sept. 23, 1880, having found 
and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's 
party, besides discovering relics which tended to 
clear up the mystery of their fate. During this 
period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. 
Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition 
up the Yukon River. After a brief return to 
army duty he tendered his resignation in 188,5, 
and the next year led a special expedition to 
Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York 
Times," later making a vojage of discovery 
among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- 
ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where 
he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- 
zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He 
received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the 
Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from 
the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also 
published several volumes relating to his re- 
searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's 
Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under 
Lieutenant Schwatka"; "Nimrod of the North"; 
and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, 
Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. 

SCOTT, JameH W., journalist, was born in 
Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son 
of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy 
he accompanied his father to Galena, where the 
latter established a newspaper, and where he 
learned the printer's trade. After graduating 
from tiie Galena high school, he entered Beloit 



College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. 
Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- 
culture, at the same time contributing short 
articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he 
was a compositor in Washington. His first news- 
paper venture was the publication of a weeklj' 
newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to 
Illinois, conjointly with his father he started 
"The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, 
removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The 
Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he 
withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in 
conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- 
cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately 
secured a controlling interest. His journalistic 
and executive capability .soon brought additional 
responsibilities. He was chosen President of the 
American Ne%v.spaper Publishers' As.sociation, of 
the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press 
— the latter being an organization for the collec- 
tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to 
journals throughout the United States and Can- 
ada. He was also conspicuously connected with 
the preliminary organization of the World's 
Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the 
Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening 
paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." 
Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," 
intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," 
but before the final consummation of his plans, 
he died suddenly, while on a business visit in 
New York, April 14, 1895. 

SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born 
in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his 
father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his 
mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- 
trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, 
and his early education was the best that the 
comparatively new countrj' afforded. He read 
law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 
1848, removed to McLean County, which con- 
tinued to be his home for nearly fifty j-ears. He 
served as County School Commissioner from 1849 
to 18,52, and. in the latter j-ear. waselected County 
Judge. In 18.50 he was an unsuccessful Repub- 
lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently 
speaking from the same platform with Abraham 
Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the 
Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to 
succeed David Davis on the elevation of the 
latter to the bench of the United States Supreme 
Court, and was re-elected in 1867, In 1870, a 
new judicial election being rendered nece,ssary 
by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge 
Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 



472 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



for a term of nine years; was re-elected in 1879, 
but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter 
years of his life were devoted to his private 
affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 31. 1898. 
Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a 
volume containing a History of the Illinois 
Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the 
early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and 
early lawyers of the State. 

SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist 
and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, 
Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College 
in 1846, then spent several years looking after his 
father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came 
to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- 
self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa 
in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he 
removed to Bloomington, where he organized the 
McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its 
head until his death; was also the founder of 
"The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at 
Bloomington, May 21, 1891. 

SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, 
was born in Jackson Township, Effingham 
County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, 
after receiving a thorough common-school edu- 
cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight 
years. Superintendent of Schools for his native 
county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to 
the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, 
to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- 
cation was "The Effingham Democrat." which he 
left to become proprietor and manager of "The 
Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher 
of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- 
cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled 
the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- 
ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of 
Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a 
Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District 
to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a 
candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his 
Republican opponent. Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- 
ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor 
of "The Bloomington Leader." 

SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of 
the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an 
area of 252 square miles. The region was origi- 
nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who 
ceded it to the Government by the treaty of 
Edwardsville, Juh' 30, 1819. Six months later 
(in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled 
near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their 
names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, 
Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and 



Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the 
county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller 
the third. About the same time came Stephen 
M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white 
woman in the county. Other pioneers were 
Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- 
more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The 
country was rough and the conveniences of civi- 
lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn 
to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton 
for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, 
and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized 
from the best citizens, who meted out a rough 
and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally 
shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott 
County was cut off from ilorgan and organized 
in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of 
it being originally timbered, and it is well 
watered by the Illinois River and numeroiis 
small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. 
Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 
10,304; (1900). 10,455; (liUdi, l(l,0(i7. 

SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near 
Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to 
Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at 
McKendree College; studied law and came to 
Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, 
but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in 
"The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- 
lished during the previous year. In 1852 he 
withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- 
tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- 
ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- 
cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The 
Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The 
Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one 
of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he 
was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the 
city of Chicago, .serving until 1865, when, having 
sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in 
the banking business as a member of the firm of 
Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, 
soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 
21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn. . whither he had 
gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a 
finished and able writer who did much to elevate 
the standard of Chicago journalism. 

SCROGGS, George, journalist, was born at 
Wilmington. Chnton, County. Oliio, Oct. 7, 1842 
— the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to 
Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, 
took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette. " In 
186()-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the 
location of the State University at Champaign, 
afterwards serving as a member of the first Board 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



473 



of Trvistees of that institution. The son, at the 
age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's 
printing olKce, continuing until 1863, when he 
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
Twenty-tiftli Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being 
promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major 
and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on 
the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James 
D. Morgan, but decUning a commission as Adju- 
tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He particijjated in 
the battles of Perrj-ville, Chickamauga, Slission 
Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea. in 
the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, 
N. C. He remained in the service until July, 
1865. when he resigned ; then entered the Uni- 
versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- 
while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and 
Union," of which he finally became sole propri- 
etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp 
on the staff of Governor Cullom, and, the follow- 
ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General 
Assembly, but, before the close of the session 
(1879). received the appointment of United States 
Consul to Hamburg. Germany. He was com- 
pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on 
account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, 
Oct. 15, 1880, 

SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township, 
Bureau County. Pop. (1900), 909; (1910), 1,370. 

SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is 
a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from 
its admission into the Union down to the present 
time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
term of each incumbent : Elias Kent Kane, 
1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1823-33; David 
Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 
1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by 
the Senate) ; George Forquer, 1835-28; Alexander 
Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 
(served three months — resigned to take a seat on 
the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; 
Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 
1846-.50; David L. Gregg, 1850-.53; Alexander 
Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch, 18.j7-65; Sharon 
Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; 
George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. 

Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . 

Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only 
Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial 
period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816. and 
the latter from 1810 to 1818. Under the first Con- 
stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of 
State was filled by appointment by the Governor, 
by and with the advice and consent of the 



Senate, but without limitation as to term of 
office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by 
that of 1870, that officer was made elective by 
the people at the same time as the Governor, for 
a term of four years. 

SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early 
in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at 
various points in the Northwest, organizations of 
persons disaffected toward the National Govern- 
ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- 
ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first 
they were known by such titles as "Circles of 
Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. 
But they had kindred aims and their members 
were soon united in one organization, styled 
"Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets 
having been partially disclosed, this body ceased 
to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, 
changed its name — being soon succeeded (1868) 
by an organization of similar character, called 
the "American Knights." These societies, as 
first formed, were rather political than military. 
The "American Knights" had more forcible 
aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the 
order was re organized under the name of "Sons 
of Liberty." The last named order started in 
Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- 
zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, 
acquiring much more strength and influence than 
its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- 
ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme 
Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- 
mander, " "secretary of state, "and "treasurer." 
Each State represented formed a division, under a 
' 'deputy grand commander. '" States were divided 
into military districts, under "major-generals." 
County lodges were termed "temples." The 
order was virtually an officered army, and its 
aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- 
chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three 
degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy 
taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding 
force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath 
taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of 
slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive 
policy by the Government in dealing with seces- 
sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its 
methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- 
ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect 
deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; 
to aid the Confederates in destroying Government 
projierty. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- 
riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, 
claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 
000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 



474 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



acts were committed, but the organization, hav- 
ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- 
banded in 186.5. (See Camp Douglas Consj^iraeij. ) 
SELBY, PanI, editor, was born in Picliaway 
County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his 
parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, 
at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where 
he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison 
County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory 
department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
but left the institution during his junior year to 
assume the editorship of 'The Morgan Journal," 
at Jacksonville, with which he remained until 
tlie fall of 18.58, covering the period of the 
organization of the Republican party, in which 
"The Journal" took an active part. He was a 
member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known 
as Republican) State Convention, which met at 
Springfield, in October, 18.54 (the fir.stever held in 
tlie State), and, on Feb. 22, 18.:'6, attended and 
presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska 
editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a 
line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- 
lican party. (See Anti-Xebraska Editorial 
Convention.) This body appointed the first 
Republican State Central Committee and desig- 
nated the date of the Bloomingtou Convention 
of Slay 29, following, whicli put in nomination 
the first Republican State ticket ever named in 
Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following 
November (See Bloomingtou Convention.) In 
18.59 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of 
the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, whicli was 
widely circulated. (See Canal Sa-i}} Fraud.) 
Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged 
in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the 
last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the 
fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his 
Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and 
falsely charged with having been connected with 
the "underground railroad," in letters from 
secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- 
sonal and political enmity he liad incurred while 
conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some 
of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator 
Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders 
as vouchers for their characters. He at once 
invited an investigation by tlie Board of Trus- 
tees of the institution, of whicli he was the 
Principal, when that body — although composed, 
for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis 
of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- 
sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions 
declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- 
tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into 



his hands. Returning North with his family in 
July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- 
missary and transportation branches of the ser- 
vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1802, 
he became associate editor of "The Illinois State 
Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- 
ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as 
Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House 
at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 
1866, he soon after became identified with the 
Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The 
Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- 
lican." In May, 1868. he assumed the editorship 
of "The Quinc}' Whig," ultimately becoming 
part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 
1874, resumed his old place on "Tlie State Jour- 
nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- 
etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President 
Hayes Postmaster of .Springfield, was reappointed 
by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- 
while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," 
but the following year organized a new company 
for its purchase, when he resumed his former 
position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his 
holding in "The Journal," finally removing to 
Chicago, where he has been employed in literary 
work. In all he has been engaged in editorial 
work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen 
were .spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 
Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater 
with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been 
twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- 
field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two 
daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- 
cock, of Quincy, bj- whom he liad two children, 
both of wliora died in infancy. 

SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was 
born in Green County, Ky. , Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch 
descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied 
law and emigrated to Illinois in 181S, removing 
to Missouri four years later, wliere lie was ad- 
mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, 
he began practice at Edwardsville. but later 
became a citizen of Alton. During the Black 
Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He 
was thrice elected to the lower house of the 
Legislature (1832, "34 and '36), an;i was Speaker 
during the last two terms. In 1833 he was 
elected Attorney General by the Legislature, but 
served only until the following j-ear. and, in 
1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South 
America. In 1813 he was appointed, and after- 
wards elected. United States Senator to fill the 
unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the 
expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



475 



life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey 
County, just south of wliich he owned a large 
estate on the Jlississippi bluffs, where he died, 
Dec. 20, 18G6. 

SENECA (formerly Crotty). a village of La 
Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the 
Illinois & Micliigan Canal and the Chicago, Rook 
Island i Pacific and the "Big Four'' Raihvay.s, 18 
miles east of Ottawa; has a bank, some manufac- 
tures, coal mines, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 
1,0.36: (1910), 1,005. 

SESSER, a ^-illage (incorp. 1906) in coal mining 
district in Franklin County. Pop. (1910), 1,292. 

SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, 
was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, 
Oct. 31, 1841; was brought to America at 8 years 
of age. his parents settling at Washington. AVis. 
He received a grammar school education at Fond 
du Lac, and, in 1804, began the study of medi- 
cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College 
in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as 
resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, 
he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed 
to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending 
physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 18TT he 
visited Europe, graduated the following year from 
the University of Munich, and, on his return, 
became Professor of the Principles of Surgery 
and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College 
in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- 
tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. 
Senn has achieved great success and won an 
international reputation in the treatment of 
difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the 
author of a number of volumes on different 
branches of surgery which are recognized as 
standard authorities. A few j-ears ago he pur- 
chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- 
iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University 
of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- 
berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was 
appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois 
National Guard, and has also been President of 
the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
National Guard of the United States, besides 
being identified with various other medical 
bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Si)anish- 
American War, he was appointed, by President 
McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank 
of Colonel, and rendered most efficient servico in the 
military' branch at Camp Chickamauga and in the 
Santiago campaign. Died Jan. 2, 190S. 

SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- 
Chief of Grand Army of the Repulilic, was born 
in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 



18G1, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a 
private soldier under the first call for troops 
issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his 
term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to 
recruit a company which afterwards was attached 
to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he 
was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the 
rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to 
the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain 
of Companj- D, which he had recruited. As com- 
mander of liis regiment, then constituting a part 
of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated 
in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring 
Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- 
ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin 
he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a 
piece of shell which broke liis leg. His regiment 
took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, 
and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and 
men, it returned with onlj- 332, all told, although 
it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known 
as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old 
when he received liis first commission, and 21 
when, after participating in the Mobile cam- 
paign, he was mustered out with the rank of 
Lieutenant-Colonel. A fter the clo.se of the war 
he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing 
a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 
1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a 
member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., 
stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 
1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector 
on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, 
and, in 1889, wasappointed, by President Harrison, 
Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over 
five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department 
Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic 
for the State of Illinois, and. ten years later, to 
the position of Comm.ander-in-Claief of the order, 
which he held at the time of his death. He had 
also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- 
tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, 
and, during most of the time. President of the 
Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he 
was appointed by President McKinley a member 
of the Commission to investigate the conduct of 
the .Spanish-American War. but, before the Com- 
mission had concluded its labors, was taken with 
"the grip," which developed into pneumonia, 
from which he died in Washington, Feb. ft, 1899. 
SEYMOrU, (Jporge Franklin, Protestant Epis- 
copal Bishop, was born in New York Citj', Jan. >5, 
1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, 
and from the General Theological Seminary 
(New York) in 1854. He received both minor 



476 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, 
being made deacon in 185-t and ordained priest in 
1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- 
sionary work. During this period he was promi- 
nently identified with the founding of St. 
Stephen's College. After serving as rector in 
various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor 
of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- 
nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of 
the institution, still retaining his professorship. 
Racine College conferred upon him the degree of 
S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 
1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, 
but failed of confirmation in tlie House of Depu- 
ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of 
Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- 
crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 
1878. He was a prominent member of the Third 
Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has 
done much to foster the growth and extend the 
influence of liis church in his diocese. 

SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, 35 miles west of Aurora. 
Pop. (1900), 587; (1910), 591. 

SHABONA (or Shabbona). an Ottawa Chief, 
was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 
1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to 
the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he 
accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell 
(see Saugtmash) to the homes of the Pottawato- 
mies and other tribes within the present limits of 
Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- 
ation in driving the white settlers out of the 
country. At tlie battle of the Thames, he was by 
the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he 
and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, 
soon after submitted to the United States tlirough 
General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed 
to Black Hawk in 1833. and did much to thwart 
the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- 
ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, 
who had a village on the Illinois River east of 
the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for 
some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to 
Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he 
remained till 1837, when he removed to Western 
Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a 
reservation near by, hostilities began between 
them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona 
were killed. He finally returned to his old home 
in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who 
drove him from the grove that bore his name. 
Some friends then bouglit for him twenty acres 
of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he 



died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble 
specimen of his race. A life of him has been 
published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). 

SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles 
southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade 
center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- 
lation (1900), 678; (1910), 633. 

SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in 
Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at 
the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was 
admitted to tlie bar at Goshen in that State. In 
1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He 
has held various important public offices. He 
was a member of the first Internal Improvement 
Convention of the State; was chosen State's 
Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he 
served two terms ; served four years as Judge of 
the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to 
the Thirt)^ fifth Congress in 1856, and to the 
Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. 

SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- 
land. May 3, 1832, brought to this countrj' in in- 
fancy and gi-ew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; 
graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after 
admission to the bar, began practice at Mount 
Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower 
house of the General Assembly, being re-elected 
in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the 
House during the session of 1877, and one of the 
Republican leaders on tlie floor during tlie suc- 
ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- 
dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the 
Circuit bench from tlie Thirteenth Circuit, 
and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth 
Circuit. 

SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat 
of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles 
from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- 
neetowu Divisions of the Baltimore & OhioSouth- 
western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; 
is one of the oldest towns in the State, having 
been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number 
of prominent men who resided there at an early 
day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, 
and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping 
points for lumber, coal and farm products 
between Cairo and LouisviUe, navigation being 
open the year round. Some manufacturing is 
done here; the city has several mills, a foundry 
and machine sliop, two or three banks, several 
churches, good schools and two weekly papers. 
Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898. Shaw- 
neetovm has reconstructed its levee system on a, 
substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



477 



ample protection against the recurrence of similar 
disaster. Pop. (1900), l.GtlS: (lOlO), 1.803. 

SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was born in 
Baltimore. Mil., spent his early life, after reaching 
manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional 
Reporter, and, in 1847. reported the proceedings 
of the Illinois State Con-stitutional Convetition at 
Springfield. Through tlie influence of Senator 
Douglas he was induced, in is.")4, to accept the 
editorship of '"The Young America" new.spaper 
at Chicago, which was soon after changed to 
"The Chicago Times." Here he remained until 
the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been 
sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a 
Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a 
new paper called "The Morning Post." This lie 
made representative of the views of the "War 
Democrats" as against "The Times," which was 
opposed to the war. In Slay, 1865, he sold the 
plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago 
Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few 
months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as 
chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago 
Tribune," which he retained until his death, 
June 17, 1883. 

SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau 
County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valu- 
able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. 
Pop. (1900), 1,26.5; (1910), 1,009. 

SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of 
the State, and contains an area of 760 square 
miles. The tide of immigration to this county 
-was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North 
Carolina, although later it began to set in from 
the Northern States. The first cabin in the 
county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is 
now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold 
Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in 
what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, 
which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, 
the pioneer merchant of the county, and father 
of the first white child born within its limits. 
Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi 
Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early 
settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, 
with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was 
regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed 
buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. 
The count}' was formed in 1827, and Shelbj'ville 
made the county-seat. Both county and town 
are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- 
tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the 
first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and 
Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the 



first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, 
and limestone and sandstone are also found. The 
surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. 
The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow 
through the central and southeastern portions. 
The county lies in the very he&rt of the great 
corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- 
tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of 
railway. Population (1880). 30,270; (1890), 31,- 
191; (1900). 32,126; (1910), 31.693. 

SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an ineor- 
porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia 
River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast 
of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- 
sively, and there is considerable coal mining in 
the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- 
ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one 
National and one State bank, one daily and three 
weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an 
Orphans' Home, ten churches, two gradeii schools, 
and a public library. Population (1890), 3,162; 
(1900), 3,546; (1910), 3,590. 

SHELDON, a \-illage of Iroquois County, at the 
intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
& St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & \\'cstern Rail- 
ways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and 
a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. 
(1890), 910; (1900), 1,103; (1910), 1,143. 

SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in 
Mas.sachusetts in 1813, gi-aduated from Williams 
College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law 
School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. 
Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at 
Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to 
Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was 
elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which 
afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the 
Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when 
he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, 
presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- 
elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- 
ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 
13, 1897. 

SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was 
born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated 
at Rochester Theological Seminary in 18ii9; dur- 
ing the Civil War was special correspondent of 
"The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- 
nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- 
German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also 
served as special American correspondent of 
"The London Times," and was a contributor to 
"Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 
he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- 
ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 



478 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



four years later, accepted a similar position in 
Allegheny College; also spent four years in 
Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great 
Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the 
"Athenaeum'" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of 
which he was President until his death, early in 
1888. "The Dickens Reader." "Character Head- 
ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George 
Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him 
between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, 
Jan. 24, 1888. 

SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, 
was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining 
there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and 
began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- 
eral years later he opened the first stone quarries 
at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years 
in the service of Chicago as a public official. 
From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company 
of militia; for two years served as Chief of the 
Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 
1842, serving again in 1840. In 1844, he was 
chosen Mayor, his administration being marked 
by the first extensive public improvements made 
in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did 
much to secure a better water supply for the 
city. He was especially interested in promoting 
common school education, being for several years 
a member of the City School Board. He was 
Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of 
Nortliwestern University. Retired from active 
pursuits, Mr. Sherman spent his last >'ears at Wau- 
kegan, 111., dying Aug. 22, 1903. — Oren (Sherman) 
brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- 
chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. 
After spending several years in a mercantile 
house in Montpelier, Vt. , at the age of twenty he 
came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich. , and, in 
1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there 
the next spring. With various jxirtners Mr. 
Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- 
ness until 18r)3, at the same time being exten.sively 
engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire 
transactions in pork in the city passing through 
Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone 
quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively 
interested in the marble business, continuing in 
this until a few years after the panic of 1873, 
when he retired in consequence of a shock of 
paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. 

SHERMAN, Elijah IJ., lawyer, was born at 
Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being 
distantly related to Roger Slierman, a signer of 
the Declaration of Independence, and the late 
Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the 



common schools and at Middlebury College, 
where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but 
soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the 
Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and 
served until captured on the eve of the battle at 
Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp 
Douglas. Chicago, awaiting exchange. During 
this jjeriod he commenced reading law and, hav 
ing resigned his commission, graduated from the 
law department of Chicago University in 1864 
In 1876 he was elected Representative in the 
General Assembly from Cook County, and re- 
elected in 1878, and the following year appointed 
Master in Chancery of the United States District 
Court., a position which he la.st occupied. Ho had 
re]5eatedly been called upon to deliver addresses 
on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of 
these being before the alumni of his alma mater, 
in 1884, when he was comijliniented with the degree 
of LL.D. Died May 1, 1910. 

SHIELDS, James), soldier and United States 
Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated 
to the United States at the age of sixteen and 
began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. 
He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and 
State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a 
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 
1845, was made Commissioner of the General 
Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned 
Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining 
the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, 
where he was severely wounded. He was again 
wounded at Chapultepec. and mustered out in 
1848. The same year he was appointed Governor 
of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in 
the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and 
he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he 
removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen 
United States Senator from that State, his term 
expiring in 1859, when he established a residence 
in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War 
(1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, 
but at once hastened to Washington to tender his 
services to the Governmnet. He was commis- 
sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- 
tinction imtil March. 1863, when the effect of 
numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- 
sequently removed to Jlissouri, practicing law at 
Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that 
State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was 
elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- 
pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in 
office — serving only six weeks, but being the only 
man in the history ot the country who filled the 
office of United States Senator from three differ 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



47'J 



ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 
1879. 

SHERII).iX, a \-illage of La Salle County, on 
C, B. & Q. R. R., Peoria Branch. Pop. (1910)" 506. 

SHERRARD, a village of Mercer County, a coal 
mining district. Pop. (1910), 906. 

SHIPMAX, George E., M.D., physician and 
philanthropist, born in New York City, Slarch 4, 
1820; graduated at the University of New York 
in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at 
Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, wiiere 
he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic 
Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the 
first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 be 
established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at 
his own expense, giving to it the latter years of 
his Ufe. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. 

SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and pliilan- 
thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington 
County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- 
lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth 
College, graduating from the latter in 1831 ; 
taught two years in Wasliington City, meanwhile 
reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane 
Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to tlie bar 
in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at 
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. 
In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- 
cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. 
Mr. Shorey was prominent in tlie establishment 
of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of 
the first Library Board; was also a prominent 
member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a 
Director in the new University of Chicago and 
deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 4, 1899. 

SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and 
educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to 
Morgan County, 111. , in childhood, and lived upon 
a farm txntil 20 years of age, when he entered 
McKendree College, spending his senior year, 
however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 
where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile 
accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- 
nary at Jackson, 5Io. ; where he remained three 
years, when he returned to Illinois, serving 
churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a 
part of the time lieing Presiding Elder of the 
Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected 
President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- 
ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when 
he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois 
State Institution for the Blind at the same place, 
but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received 



the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio 
Wesleyan University Died Aug. 29, 1909. 

SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, 
was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1830; came 
to Illinois in 18.52. his father locating on a stock- 
farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- 
rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile 
business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- 
pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of 
First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third 
Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate 
to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. 
Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- 
cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and 
then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- 
torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed 
Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was 
chosen the first Governor of the State, in October 
of the same year being elected to the United 
States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second 
term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one 
of the few Western Senators who remained faith- 
ful to the regular Republican organization, diu-ing 
the political campaign of 1896. 

SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in 
Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some 
years in Scott County in that State, and was 
educated in the local schools, at Maysville and 
Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- 
lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He 
returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, 
in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the 
employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, 
with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 
he became a member of the firm of Abbott, 
Oliver & Sliowalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), 
where he remained until his appointment as 
United States Circuit Judge, in Marcli, 1895. 
Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. 

SHU MAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- 
Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, 
Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he 
was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he 
became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- 
caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- 
companied his employer to Auburn. N.Y. .working 
for two j'ears on "The Daily Advertiser" of that 
city, then known as Governor Seward's "home 
organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published 
and distributed — during his leisure liours — a 
small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At 
the conclusion of liis apprenticeship he was em- 
ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- 
jujr "The Ca^-uga Chief," a temperance journal. 



480 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before 
the completion of his junior year, consented, at 
the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, 
to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse 
Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi- 
cago, to accept an editorial position on "The 
Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming 
editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- 
pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive 
appointment and afterward by popular election) 
he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- 
tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years 
before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he 
was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- 
lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he 
abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, 
dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during 
the latter years of his life was at Evanston. 
Governor Shuman was author of a romance 
entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous 
addresses before literary, commercial and scien- 
tific associations. 

SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was 
born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., 
Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot 
ancestry; came to Zanosville, Ohio, in 1837, and 
to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a 
daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident 
of HiUsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian 
County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- 
ing at Taylorville, but retired in 18.58, thereafter 
giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 
1846 he was chosen Representative in the General 
Assemblj-, served in the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of 
Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram 
P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was 
born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843; 
spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County 
and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an 
academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- 
tile business ; was Representative in the Twenty- 
eighth General Assembly and Senator in the 
Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards 
removing to Springfield, where he engaged in 
the stone business. Died April 30, 1903. 

SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution 
located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- 
lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated 
as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special 
charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- 
rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- 
nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- 
leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock 
Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, 



by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock 
Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was 
united with an academy at Upper Alton. This 
was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- 
leflf") College. As far as its denominational 
control is concerned, it has always been domi- 
nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original 
idea was to found a school for teaching theologj- 
and Biblical literature, but this project was at 
first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis 
and John Russell were among the first instruc- 
tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the 
college §10,000, and the institution was named in 
his honor. College classes were not organized 
until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class 
graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over 
§126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and 
personal property. About 355 students were in 
attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate 
departments, the college also maintains a theo- 
logical school. It has a faculty of twenty 
instructors and is co-educational. 

SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born 
at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of 
a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- 
chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law 
at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the 
bar, came west, finally settling at Xauvoo, Han- 
cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude 
during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offen.se 
to a section of the community. In 1847 he was 
an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, 
but was elected in 18.50, and re-elected in 1853. 
In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was 
elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench 
of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 
1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, 
where he died, June 18, 1897. 

SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the 
Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- 
ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric 
light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 741. 

SIDNEY, a \illage of Champaign County, on the 
main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junction 
of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-northeast 
of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a bank 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 564; (1910), 481. 

SII.VIS, a \illage of Rock Island County, three 
miles east of the city of Rock Island and north of 
Rock River; incorporated 1906; adjacent to a rich 
coal producing district, and a manufacturing point. 
Pop. (1910), 1,163. 

SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was 
born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



481 



America in early manhood, and was the first phy- 
sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, 
which lie represented in the Fourth and Fifth 
General Assemblies (1824 and "28). He married 
a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making 
the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for 
that purpose on horseback. He had a familj- of 
five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising 
to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, 
being President of a Medical College at Memphis, 
Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 
1868. 

SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist 
preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but 
removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence 
to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- 
mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the 
first Representative from that county in the 
Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- 
sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who 
voted against the Convention resolution designed 
to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave 
State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard 
County, but finally removed to Morgan. 

SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in 
Schnectady. N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago 
in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of 
repairs upon the Canal until IS.'iS. While thus 
employed he became one of the proprietors of 
the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the 
firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when 
they became the property of the Western Stone 
Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
Republican during the Civil War, and served as a 
member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly 
(1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- 
missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the 
Republican County Central Committee in 1880. 
He was also a.ssociated with several financial 
institutions, being a director of the First National 
Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- 
cago, and a member of the Union League and 
Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 
28, 1896. 

SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born 
at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at 
the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to 
Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, 
Brown County, and, some twenty years later, 
near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, 
and was i)rouiinent in political and commercial 
affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- 
able attention to stock-raising. He was elected 
Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, 



being identified to some extent with the "5Ior- 
mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in 
the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- 
cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 
1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- 
crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of 
his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of 
the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous 
leaders of the "peace party." He constructed 
the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) 
and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, 
being President of both companies. His death 
occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4. 1892. 

SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- 
ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, 
taken by his parents to Missouri ; enli.sted in the 
War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to 
Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now 
Christian County, locating on land constituting 
a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 
he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 
13, 1872. 

SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- 
ter, Vt., Sept. 13. 1813; graduated from Middle- 
bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, 
came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 
1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master 
in Chancery for Cook Countj', and finally United 
States District Attorney under President Tyler. 
As member of the House Finance Committee in 
the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he 
aided influentially in securing the adoption of 
measures for refunding and paying the State 
debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court 
of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook 
County, but declined a reelection in 18.53. Origi- 
nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent 
opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a 
liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- 
ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United 
States Sanitary Commission and was identified 
with all the leading charities of the city. 
Among the great business enterprises with which 
lie was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- 
cago Union and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
Railways (in each of which he was a Director), 
the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, 
the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. 
Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- 
viving son was killed in the trenches before 
Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. 

SKINNER, Otis Ainswortli, clergyman and 
author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 



482 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



taught for some time, became a Universalist 
minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston 
and New York between 1831 and 1807; then 
came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- 
bard University at Galesburg, but the following 
year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at 
Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- 
umes on religious topics, and, at different times, 
edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- 
hill, Mass., and Boston. 

SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 
1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria 
County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 
he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, 
and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. 
Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, 
and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, 
removing to Quinoy in 1844. During the "Mor- 
mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor 
Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house 
of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a 
short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for 
the district including Adams and Brown Coun- 
ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then) 
Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- 
ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, 
resigning this position in April, 1858, two months 
before the expiration of his term. He was a 
large land owner and had extensive agricultural 
interests. He built, and was the first President 
of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part 
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He 
was a prominent member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the 
Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. 

SLADE, Charles, early Congressman ; his early 
history, including date and place of birth, are 
unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative 
from Washington County in the Second General 
Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the 
same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 
he was elected one of the three Congressmen 
from Illinois, representing the First District. 
After attending the first session of the Twenty- 
third Congress, while on his way home, he was 
attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, 
Ind., July 11, 1834. 

SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany 
County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- 
hood with his parents on a farm, except while 
absent at school; in 18.56 removed to Belleville, 
111., where he soon became connected with the 
public schools, serving for a number of years as 



Principal of the Belleville High School. While 
connected with the Belleville schools, he was 
elected County Superintendent, remaining in 
office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira 
College at Greenville, Bond County, served six 
years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. 
Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- 
ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the 
Republican party. On retirement from the 
office of State Superintendent, he resumed his 
place at the head of Almira College, but, in his last 
few years, served as Superintendent of Schools at 
East St. Louis. Died Apr. 18, 1908. 

SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See 
Slavery and Slave Lairs.) 

SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves 
were first brought into the Illinois country by a 
Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 
1733. At that time the present State formed a 
part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was 
regulated by French roj'al edicts. When Great 
Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the 
French and Indian War, the former subjects of 
France were guaranteed security for their per- 
sons "and effects," and no interference with 
slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of 
Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), 
the French very generally professed allegiance to 
that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession 
to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated 
for the protection of the "rights and liberties'' 
of the French citizens. This was construed as 
recognizing the right of property in negro 
slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- 
hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- 
served to the settlers (reference being especially 
made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- 
kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, 
their laws and customs, now (then) in force, 
relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- 
erty. " A conservative construction of tliis clause 
was, that while it prohibited the extension of 
slavery and the importation of slaves, the status 
of those who were at that time in involuntary 
servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- 
changed. There were those, however, who denied 
the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, 
on the ground that Congress had exceeded its 
powers in its passage. There was also a party 
which claimed that all children of slaves, born 
after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- 
vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call 
from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- 
gress was adopted, praying for the re])eal — or. at 
least a modification — of the sixth clause of the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



483 



Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- 
mittee, to which this petition was referred, 
reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- 
tee recommended the suspension of the operation 
of the clause in question for ten years. But no 
action was takeu bj' the National Legislature, 
and, in 1807, a coimter petition, extensively 
signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress 
left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note 
that some of the most earnest opponents of the 
measure were Representatives from Southern 
Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being 
one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State 
then prepared what is popularly known as the 
"Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts 
adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, 
and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- 
lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating 
to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into 
this Territory," and gave permission to bring 
slaves above 15 j'ears of age into the State, when 
they might be registered and kept in servitude 
within certain limitations. Slaves under that 
age might also be brought in, registered, and held 
in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if 
males, and 30, if females. Tlie issue of registered 
slaves were to serve their mother's master until 
the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect 
of this legislation was rapidly to increase the 
number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- 
hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — 
that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the 
slave-holding party, with their supporters, began 
to agitate the question of so amending the 
organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To 
effect such a change the calling of a convention 
was necessaiy, and, for eighteen months, the 
struggle between "conventionists" and their 
opponents was bitter and fierce. The question 
was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 
1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes 
for such convention and G,640 again.st. This 
decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- 
ing in Illinois for all future time, though the 
existence of slaverj' in the State continued to be 
recognized by the National Census until 1840. 
The number, according to the census of 1810. was 
1G8; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then 
the number began to diminish, being reduced in 
1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the la.st census which 
shows any portion of the population held in 
bondage), it was 331. 

Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- 
where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," 
and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the 



scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in 
an article in the first number of "The Genius of 
Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- 
test, says there were, at its beginning, only three 
papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- 
dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The 
Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of 
these, at the outset, favored the Convention 
scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The 
management of the campaign on the part of the 
pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. 
West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, 
and a paper was established by the name of "The 
Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. 
Among the active opponents of the measure were 
George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. 
Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- 
nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James 
Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- 
tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris 

Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of 

Jackson Coujity, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; 
William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards 
editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- 
jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell 
and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still 
others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United 
States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- 
liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), 
John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- 
quer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge 
David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. 
Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest 
as coming from one who probably had more to do 
with defeating the scheme, with the exception of 
Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- 
ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and 
detailed accounts of this particular period are to 
be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late 
E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi; 
nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- 
dress before the Chicago Historical Society 
(1864), by Hon. WiUiam H. Brown, of Chicago. 
(See also. Coles, Edward; Warren .Hooper ; Brovm, 
William H.; Chiirehill, George; Lippincott, 
Tliomas; and Neicspaj^ers, Early, elsewhere in this 
volume. ) 

SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was 
born in Dorche.ster County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. 
At the age of 17, having received a fair academic 
education, he accompanieil his parents to Phila- 
delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a 
wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned 
to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the 
same time studying law, and being admitted to 



484 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, 
going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- 
kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which 
continued to be his home the remainder of his 
life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, 
and re-elected in 1850, '53, and '.56, serving three 
times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. 
He was one of the members of the first State 
Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 
1857, and took a prominent part in the founding 
and organization of the State educational insti- 
tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of 
the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 
1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. 
Died, Jan. 15, 1887, 

SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, 
Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an 
old New England family, whose ancestors came 
to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- 
cated in the public schools and at Middlebury 
College, Vt. , graduating from the latter in 1866. 
After graduation he spent a year as a teaclier in 
Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to 
Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of 
law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next 
twenty-five years were spent in the practice of 
his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- 
ing as the attorney of several important corpo- 
rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected 
in 1897, his term of service continuing until 
1903. 

SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Oilman, physician, was 
born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1838, received his 
early education at Plullips Academy, in his native 
place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- 
sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study 
of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but 
completed his course at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as 
attending physician of the Alms House in Soutli 
Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where 
he soon acquired an extensive practice. During 
the Civil War he was one of six physicians 
employed by the Government for the treatment 
of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. 
In 1868 lie visited Europe for tlie purpose of 
observing the management of liospitals in Ger- 
many, France and England, on his return being 
invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College 
in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- 
sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, 
as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position 
which he continued to occupy for the remainder 
of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- 



ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, 
Jan. 10, 1894. 

SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near 
Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his 
father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 
went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., 
where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and 
began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left 
him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 
1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- 
pated, giving bond that they should not become 
a charge to tlie State. In 1839 he removed to 
Jacksonville, where he practiced law until liis 
deatli. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at 
tlie time of his death on the battle-field of Buena 
Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous 
patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- 
tury, but never held any political office. As a 
lawyer lie was conscientious and faithful to the 
interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- 
lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- 
ally to the support of the Government dur- 
ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, 
Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to 
accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William 
(Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at 
Courtland, Ala., Sept. 37, 1833; died at Clear- 
water, Minn., Oct. 39, 1865. He graduated at 
Illinois College in 1853, studied law and served 
as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, 
until, broken in health, lie returned home to 
die. 

SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was 
born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in 
boyhood came to the United States, and, since 
1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell 
Coimty. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- 
nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, 
and, while so serving, wsts severely wounded at 
Sliiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- 
dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was 
mustered out of service as Captain of Companj- C 
of that regiment. His business is that of banker 
and manufacturer^ besides which he has had con- 
siderable experience in the construction and 
management of railroads. He was a member of 
the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was 
elected Representative in Congress from what 
was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- 
lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- 
wards Vice-President. In 1883, his county (Taze- 
well) having been attached to the district for 
many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he 
was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- 
election. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



485 



SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and 
early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention 
to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- 
lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit 
the institution at the end of two years, because 
of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, 
and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where lie resided 
until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- 
land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- 
cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a 
considerable portion of the present site of Mil- 
waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the 
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, 
whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was 
reallj- the owner of the company, although Alex- 
ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. 
Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue 
§1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely 
as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first 
private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- 
ested in a storage and commission business in 
Chicago, with a Mr. W^ebster as partner. He 
was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago 
Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & 
Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of 
construction, by loans of money; was also a 
charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, 
organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- 
sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- 
consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates 
above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- 
pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two 
Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- 
powered him to issue §3,000,0(10 in currency. The 
notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into 
circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George 
Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. 
Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, 
meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, 
but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- 
ments in railroad and otlier American securities, 
which netted him large profits. The amount of 
capital which he is reputed to have taken with 
him to his native land has been estimated at 
$10,000,000, though he retained considerable 
tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about 
Chicago. Among those who were associated 
with him in business, either as employes or 
otherwise, and who have since been prominently 
identified with Chicago business affairs, were 
Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- 
wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. 
Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. 
Smith made several visits, during the last forty 



years, to the United States, but divided his time 
chiefly between Scotland (where he was the 
owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. 

SMITH, (ieorge W., soldier, lawyer and State 
Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 
8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- 
legiate education, but his fatlier's business 
embarrassments having compelled the abandon- 
ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went 
to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 
1856 he returned to Albany and began the study 
of law, gi-aduating from the law school in 1858. 
In October of that year he removed to Cliicago, 
where he remained continuously in practice, with 
the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was 
serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he 
filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- 
tered into service, August '27, 1862, as a Captain in 
the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second 
Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he 
was seriously wounded and captured. After 
four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro 
to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, 
but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- 
tated for service. On his return to duty he 
joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- 
paign, and was officially complimented for his 
bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he 
was again severely wounded, and was once more 
personally complimented in the official report. 
At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. 
Smith commanded the regiment after the killing 
of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- 
moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelc}' for braveiy on 
the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and 
was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- 
mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 
1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in 
June following, was mustered out. Returning 
to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- 
fession, and gained a prominent position at the 
bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, 
after the expiration of his term, in January, 
1869, held no public office. General Smith was, 
for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- 
ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. 
Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. 

SMITH, (ieorge W., lawyer and Congressman, 
was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 
1846. When he was four years old, his father 
removed to Wayiio County, 111., settling on a 
farm. He attended the common schools and 
graduated from the literary department of Mc- 
Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his 
youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 



486 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



later determined to study law. After reading for 
a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law 
Department of tlie Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- 
sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he 
was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and continued 
practice at Murphysboro. In ISSO he was a Repub- 
lican Presidential Elector, and, in 18S8, was elected 
a Republican Representative to Congress from the 
Twentieth Illinois District, and was continuously 
re-elected up to 1906. Died Nov. 30, 1907, during 
his tenth term, being then Representative from the 
Twentj'-second District. 

SMITH, tiiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson 
County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- 
goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 
111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the 
latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth 
Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry 
and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted 
Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1863; led his 
regiment on the iirst attack on Vicksburg, and 
was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- 
moted Brigadier-General in August. 1863, for 
gallant and meritorious conduct ; led a brigade 
of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and 
Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- 
paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in 
the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of 
Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army 
Corps, became Major-General in 186.5, and 
resigned in 1866, having declined a commission 
as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was 
appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant 
Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of 
failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, 
Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the 
founders of the Society of the Army of the 
Tennessee. 

SMITH, Gnstarus Adolphns, soldier, was born 
in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two 
brothers who had located at Springfield, Oliio, 
where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. 
In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., 
but soon after located at Springfield, where he 
resided some six years. Then, returning to 
Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage 
manufac-tm-e, doing a large business with the 
South, but losing heiivily as the result of the 
war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat 
on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early 
took ground in favor of the Union after the firing 
on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the 
colonelcy of the Tliirty-fifth Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor 



Yates in the selection of C^mp Butler as a camp 
of recruiting and instruction. Having been 
assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 
1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- 
mont at Cartilage in that State, and made a 
forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking 
part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the 
battle of Pea Ridge, wliere he had a horse shot 
under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, 
fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. 
Being compelled to return home, he received 
authority to raise an independent brigade, but 
was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- 
tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- 
General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious 
conduct," but was unable to enter into active 
service on account of his wound. Later, he was 
assigned to the command of a convalescent camp 
at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. 
Thomas. In 1864 lie took part in securing the 
second election of President Lincoln, and, in the 
early part of 1865. was commissioned by Gov- 
ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the 
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on 
account of his wounds, was assigned to court- 
martial duty, remaining in the service until 
January, 1866, when he was mustered out with 
the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During 
the second year of his service he was presented 
with a magnificent sword b}- the rank and file of 
liis regiment (the Tliirty-fifth), for brave and gal- 
lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from 
tlie army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- 
bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed 
Alabama for General Grant for President, but 
declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- 
gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General 
Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing 
Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he 
continued to reside. 

SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- 
Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in 
Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he 
was apprenticed to a car])enter and builder. In 
18.54 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, 
for a time, but .soon removed to Galena, where he 
fiuall3- engaged in business as a contractor. In 
1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth 
Illinois Volunteers, but. Iiaving received author- 
ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of 
wliich he was chosen Captain, and which was 
incorporated in the Ninety-sixtli Illinois Infan- 
tiy. Of this regiment lie wa.s soon elected Major. 
After a sliort service about Cincinnati, Oliio, 
and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



487 



sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among 
other battles) in the second engagement at Foi-t 
Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, 
Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff 
duty imder Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- 
ing through the TuUahoma campaign, and par- 
ticipating in the battles of Chickaniauga, Lookout 
Mountain and Missionary Kidge. Being promoted 
to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- 
ment, and was given command of a brigade. In 
the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- 
ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody 
engagements, and being severely wounded at 
Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was 
hrevetted Colonel, and, in June, 186.5, Brigadier- 
General. Soon after his return to Galena he was 
appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, 
but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 
he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. 
In 1874-70 he was a member (and Secretary) of 
the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- 
tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he 
was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, 
and held the office for several years. In 1872 and 
'76 he was a delegate to the National Republican 
Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was 
elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1883. 
In 1881 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- 
ing until 1SS9. He was a prominent Mason, Knight 
Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- 
guished member of the Order of Nobles of the 
Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected 
with the erection of the " Masonic Temple Build- 
ing" in Chicago. Died Dec. 31, 1910. 

SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in 
Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer 
who had served under Napoleon, and after the 
downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadeliihia. 
The subject of this sketch received an academic; 
education and became a jeweler; in 1861 entered 
the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth 
Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of 
Forts Henrj- and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh 
and siege of Corinth ; was jiromoted a Brigadier- 
General in November, 18()2, and placed in com- 
mand of a division in the Si.xteenth Army Corps; 
led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army 
Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being 
transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in 
the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta 
and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received 
the brevet rank of Major-Geueral of Volunteers 
in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the 
volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- 
seventh United States Infantry, being transferred. 



in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his serviceB 
at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- 
nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- 
adier and Major-General in the regular army. 
In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing 
in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. 

SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon 
sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 
1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and 
still later to Manchester. He early showed a 
dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to 
locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. 
In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his 
pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. 
His story of the revelation of the golden plates 
by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instruc- 
tions to him, is well known. With the aid of 
Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared 
the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had 
deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, 
through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This 
was published in 1830. In later years Smith 
claimed to have received supplementary reve- 
lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- 
lowers that some of them apostatized. He also 
claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, 
etc. He soon gained followers in considerable 
numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part 
settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in 
Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five 
years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to 
their friends in Missouri, whence they were 
finally expelled after many conflicts with the 
authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled 
to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of 
Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here 
was begun, in the following j'ear, the erection of a 
great temple, but again he aroused the hostility 
of the authorities, although soon wielding con- 
siderable political power. After various unsuc- 
cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and 
a number of his followers were induced to sur- 
render themselves under the promise of protection 
from violence and a fair trial. Having been 
taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were dis- 
charged under recognizance to ajjpear at court 
except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were 
held under the new charge of "treason, " and were 
l)laced in jail. So intense had been the feeling 
against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called 
out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is 
evident that the feeling among the latter was in 
sympathy with that of the populace. Most of 
the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, 
one company being left on duty at Carthage, 



488 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



from whom only eight men were detailed to 
guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob 
of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, 
appeared before the jail on the evening of June 
27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a 
feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother 
Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who 
had remained with them, was wounded. The fate 
of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him 
the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse 
to the Mormon faith. (See 3Iorynons; A'auvoo. ) 

SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman 
and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Deo. 
29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and 
Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- 
ating from the latter in 1843; served a year as 
Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, 
Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, 
when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- 
tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he 
remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to 
Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- 
tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which 
he was associated for the remainder of his life. 
Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist 
churches in Chicago, serving two of them as 
pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- 
tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the 
Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and 
one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- 
sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist 
Theological Seminary; was also the author of 
several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, 
near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. 

SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was 
born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 
18, 1828 ; entered Hamilton College at the age of 
14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began 
reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- 
ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, 
Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a 
Judge, served later in both branches of the 
Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President 
of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, 
retaining the same position in the reorganized 
corporation when it became the Chicago & 
Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- 
cago and resided there till his death, on Palm 
Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway 
circles and in the councils of the Democratic 
party, being the recognized representative of Mr. 
Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- 
paign of 1876. 

SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, 
was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; 



was educated and admitted to the bar in his 
native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and 
engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to 
the General Assemblj- from Madison County, 
and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to 
the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, 
serving three successive terms. During the Civil 
War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the 
rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. 
He was largely interested in the construction of 
water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in 
railroad enterprises in IlUnois. He was a promi- 
nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, 
at Alton. Dec. 20. 1867. 

SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in 
Philadelpliia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a 
wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational 
advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law 
School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- 
ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look 
after some landed interests of his father's in the 
vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next 
two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again 
coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, 
for a time, occupied an office with the well-known 
law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was 
elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig 
meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of 
the principal speakers, establishing a reputation 
as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in 
the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was 
active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and 
was also a prominent speaker at the River and 
Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a 
keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- 
ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- 
larity, both at the bar and on the lecture 
platform, and had the promise of future success, 
which was unfortunately marred by his con%'ivial 
habits. Died of cholera, in Cliicago, July 30, 1854. 
Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of 
Philadelphia, an eminent clergj-nian of the 
Episcopal Church. 

SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- 
ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, 
in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1850 and entered 
into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- 
iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards 
elected to places on the bench — the first in the 
Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 
1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior 
Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when 
he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of 
Trade. He was the Republican candidate for 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



489 



Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 
18S5, and is believed by many to have been 
honestly elected, though defeated on the face of 
the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, 
but so much delay was incurred and so many 
obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order 
into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- 
test in disgust, although making material gains 
as far as it had gone. During his professional 
career he was connected, as counsel, with some of 
the most important trials before the Chicago 
courts ; was aLso one of the Directors of the Chi- 
cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. 
Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6. 1898. 

SMITH, Theophilus Washiiig'toii, Judge and 
politician, was born in New York Cit)', Sept. 28, 
1784, served for a time in the United States navy, 
was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, 
was admitted to the bar in his native State in 
1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at 
Edwards%-ille, where he soon became a prominent 
figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an 
unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for 
the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by 
Samuel D. Loekwood, but was elected to the 
State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 
he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" 
party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution 
which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during 
this period being the editor of the leading organ 
of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected 
one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was im- 
peached in 1832 on cliarges alleging oppressive 
conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- 
ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a 
two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. 
The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- 
tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, 
four being excused from voting. During tlie 
Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- 
General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he 
was charged by his political opponents with 
being unable to divest himself of his partisan 
bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in 
political causes, of defects in the record, which 
they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was 
also a member of the first Board of Commission- 
ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 
1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1S46. 

SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ- 
ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia 
County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age 
was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he 
enjoyed the best educational advantages that 



State at the time afforded. After completing his 
school course he began teaching, and, for a time, 
served as tutor in a Western college, but soon 
turned his attention to journalism, at first as 
assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- 
nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, 
city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with 
which he was connected in a more responsible 
position at the beginning of the war, incidentally 
doing work upon "The Literary Review." His 
connection with a leading paper enabled him to 
exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- 
ment. This lie used most faithfully in assisting 
to raise troops in tlie first years of the war, and, 
in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the 
election of John Brough as a Union candidate for 
Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- 
gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was 
nominated and elected Secretary of State, being 
re-elected two years later. After retiring from 
office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as 
editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which 
he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- 
ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first 
at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success 
in this line was demonstrated by the final union 
of the New York and Western Associated Press 
organizations under his management, continuing 
until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a 
strong personal friend of President Hayes, by 
whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of 
Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties 
he found time to do considerable Literary work, 
having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair 
Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles 
Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. 
After retiring from the management of the 
Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- 
tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well 
advanced at the time of his death, which took 
place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 
1896. 

SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder 
and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., 
May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's 
family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where 
they settled. A few years later he bouglit forty 
acres of government land, finally increasing his 
holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of 
fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural 
pursuits the business of a mercliant. Having 
early identified himself with the Republican 
party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- 
ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 



490 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, 
devoted his time and means liberally to the re- 
cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- 
ice in the field, and procming supplies for the 
sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the 
lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected 
in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as 
Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor 
CuUom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse 
Commission, of which body he served as President 
until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial 
temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- 
larity. Died, March 25, 1886. 

SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- 
neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, 
Ohio, July 23, 1830; graduated at Ohio University 
in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- 
emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the 
latter, Generals McPherson, ScholieUl and Sheri- 
dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he 
first found employment as an engineer on the 
Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- 
ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer 
service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of 
a select school in Buffalo; in 1857 made the first 
surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara 
Falls, then went into the service of extensive 
locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J. . 
in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also 
superintending the construction of a bridge 
across the Savannah River. The war intervening, 
he returned Nortli and was appointed Lieutenant- 
Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- 
tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in 
June, 1863, was commissioned Colonel of the 
Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the 
West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shilohand 
Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted 
Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding 
divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall 
of 1863, when he joined Grant and took part in 
tlie Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the 
First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. 
Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry 
Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and 
Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on 
account of impaired health. During the war 
General Smitii rendered valuable service to the 
Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- 
edge of engineering. On retiring to private life 
he resu^ned his profession at Chicago, and since 
has been employed by the Government on some 
of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and 
has also planned several of the most important 
railroad bridges across the Missouri and other 



streams. He has been much consulted in refer- 
ence to municipal engineering, and his name is 
connected with a number of the gigantic edifices 
in Chicago. 

SOMOXAUK, a v-illage of DeKalb County on the 
C, B. & Q. R. R. ; in farming district; has some fac- 
tories, a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 591. 

SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, bom in Livings- 
ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1833, came to Illinois 
with his father when 11 years old, and, having 
read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 
1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty 
years before entering public life. In 1868 he was 
elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in 
that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- 
second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) 
Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, 
who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. 

SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born 
in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was 
reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for 
five years, while yet in his minority becoming a 
resident of Illinois. For several years he was a 
school teacher, meanwhile studying law and 
being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he 
enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the 
rank of Captain. His term of service having 
expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with 
the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close 
of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago 
High School, and later served in the General 
Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- 
ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- 
crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in 
Congress, but was defeated by his Republican 
opponent in 1892. 

SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of 
Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804: 
at the age of eight years was brought to New 
York, where he learned the printer's trade, 
and worked for some time in the same office 
with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to 
Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to 
the United States, began the study of law ; was 
also emploj'ed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, 
came to Chicago, and was soon after associated 
with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- 
nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. 
As early as 1840 he became prominent :vs a leader 
in tlie Democratic party, and, in 1846, received 
from President Polk an appointment as first Col- 
lector of Customs for Chicago (h'aving previously 
served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



491 



attached to tlie District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was 
re-appointeif to the Collectorship by President 
Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon 
War" (1S44) he organized and equipped, at his 
own exjjense, the Montgomery Guards, and was 
commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were 
brought to an end before tlie oriler to march. 
From 185G he devoted his attention chiefly to his 
practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats 
of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- 
tain the Government by stimulating enlistments; 
was also a member of the Convention which 
nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. 
Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. 

SJfYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and 
early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, 
Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the 
occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, 
attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- 
grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled 
in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being 
offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling 
mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He 
formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, 
and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, 
studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- 
tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he 
was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, 
and re-elected for two successive terms. He 
served through the Black Hawk War as private. 
Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to 
Belleville, and, in 183-t, was defeated for Congress 
by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated 
in 1836. Two years later Re.vuolds again defeated 
him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was 
elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- 
cratic nominee for Governor. The election was 
held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he 
died at his home in Belleville. His place on the 
ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was 
elected.— William H. (.Snyder), son of the pre- 
ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 
12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied 
law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was 
admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a 
time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, 
during the Mexican War. as First-Lieutenant and 
Adjutant of tlie Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 
18.50 to "54 he represented his county in the Legis- 
lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Slat- 
teson, State's Attorney, which position he filled 
for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, 
in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- 
fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- 



cuit in "73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, 
at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. 

SOLDIERS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State 
charitable institution, founded by act of the 
Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, 
Adams County. The object of its establish- 
ment was to provide a comfortable home for 
such disabled or dependent veterans of the 
United States land or naval forces as had 
honorably served during the Civil War. It 
was opened for the reception of veterans on 
March 3, 1887, the first cast of site and build- 
ings having been about §3.50,000. The total num- 
ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 
2,813; the number in attendance during the two 
previous years 988, and the whole number present 
on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at 
that time was $393,636.08. Considerable appro- 
priations have been made for additions to the 
buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- 
ture. The General Government pays to the State 
SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the 
Home. 

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an 
institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- 
tenance and education of children of deceased 
soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, 
one mile north of Normal, was selected as the 
site, and the first principal building was com- 
pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- 
aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000, 
the site having been donated. Repairs and the 
construction of new buildings, from time to 
time, have considerably increased this sum. In 
1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, 
by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- 
diers who had died after the close of the war. 
The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 
572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. 

SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was 
made for the establishment of this institution by 
the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, 
approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating $20,000 for 
the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings 
and furnishing the same. It is designed for the 
reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows 
and daughters of such honorably discharged 
soldiers or .sailors, in the United States service, as 
may have died, or may be physically or men- 
tally unable to provide for the families natu- 
rally dependent on them, provided that such 
persons have been residents of the State for 
at least one year previous to admission, and 
are without means or ability for self-support. 



492 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



The affairs of the Home are managed by a 
boaid of five trustees, of whom two are men and 
three women, the former to be members of the 
Grand Army of the Republic and of different 
political parties, and the latter members of the 
Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- 
tion was located at Wibiiington, occupying a 
site of seventeen acres, where it was formally 
opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 
1896, with twenty-six applications for admit- 
tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- 
ment by the erection of additional cottages. 

SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the 
intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and 
the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways. 14 
miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a 
newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and 
mining. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,018. 

SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of 
French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 1.5, 1T98; 
resided there until 1821, when, having married 
the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he 
received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near 
the present city of St. Paul, then under command 
of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- 
law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- 
ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 
1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years 
later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an 
engineer, he was engaged for several years in 
surveying. In 1837 he removed with bis family 
to Galena, for the next six years bad charge of a 
store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men 
of that locality. Towards the close of this period 
he received the appointment of County Recorder, 
also holding the position of County Surveyor and 
Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His 
later years were devoted to farming and horti- 
culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. 
Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage 
in freighting between Galena and Chicago. 
"The Galena Advertiser"' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes 
mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to 
Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the 
paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that 
has ever passed from the Mississippi River to 
Chicago." Great results were predicted from 
the exchange of commodities between the lake 
and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. 
Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born 
at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. 
Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the 
Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army 
until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- 
ants have maintained their connection with the 



army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery 
officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard 
was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and sur\'ived 
her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, 
August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena, 
nearly seventy years, and at the date of her 
death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that 
city's oldest resident. 

SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago <fc Western Indiana 
Railroad.) 

SOUTH CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a \n!Iage of 
Cook County, incorporated 1906; has various indus- 
trial enterprises. Pop. (1910), 552. 

SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
Louisinlle <t Xashinlle Railroad ) 

SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, 
near the city of Elgin. Pop. (1910), 580. 

SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 
located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated 
in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 21ft 
pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. 
Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and 
fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- 
paratory studies and business education. Its 
propertv is valued at ?16,.500. 

SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
located at Anna, Union County, founded by act 
of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- 
prised 290 acres and cost a little more than 
$22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- 
zens of the county. The construction of build- 
ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until 
March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- 
pleted) was ready for occupancy. Otlier portions 
were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- 
chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first 
cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000. 
In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- 
stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the 
patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary 
wooden barracks. The total value of lands and^ 
buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, 
was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all' 
sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were 
later converted into a {)ermanent ward, additions 
made to the main buildings, a detached building: 
for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, 
numerous outbuildings put uj) and general im- 
provements made. A second fire on the night of 
Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of tlie main 
building, inflicting a loss upon the State of 
§175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding hy 
the Legislature of that year. The institution has 
capacity for about 750 patients. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



493 



SOUTHERX ILLINOIS NORMAL UXIVER- 
SITY, established in 18G9, and located, after 
competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered 
lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the 
value of §229,000, but which later depreciated, 
through shrinkage, to §73,000. Construction was 
<;onimenced in May, l.STO, and the first or main 
building ■was completed and appropriate!}- dedi- 
cated in July, 1874. Its cost was ?2G5,000, but it 
•was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- 
ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost 
•of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction 
are given — classical and scientific — each extend- 
ing over a period of four years. The conditions 
of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 
years of age, and shall possess the qualifications 
•enabling him to p;iss examination for a second- 
grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so 
may enter a preparatory department for six 
months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach 
in the public schools, not less than half the time 
of their attendance at tlie University, receive 
free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, 
■while others pay a tuition fee. The number of 
students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 
720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in 
the •'outheru half of tlie State, with represent- 
atives from eight other States. The teaching 
faculty for the same year consisted, besides the 
President, of sixteen instructors in the various 
departments, five ladies and eleven gentlemen. 

SOUTHERJf PEMTEMIARY, THE, located 
near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- 
tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding 
of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern 
Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- 
lishment required the Commissioners to select a 
site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and 
timber, and having a high elevation, ivith a never 
failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were 
purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- 
ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 
$200,000, and §300,000 was added in 1879. By 
March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and 
their labor was utilizeil in the completion of the 
buildings, which are constructed upon approved 
modern principles. Tlie prison receives convicts 
sent from the southern portion of the State, and 
has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In 
connection with tliis penitentiary is an asylum 
for insane convicts, the erection of which waa 
provided for by the Legislature in 1889. 

SOUTH WILMINGTON, a village in Grundy 
County, on the Elgin. Joliet & Eastern R. R., a 
mining section. Pop. (1900), 711; (1910), 2,403. 



SPALDINGj Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of 
Customs and Street Railway President, was born 
at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; 
early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, 
and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 
1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after Viought 
the property of the New York Lumber Company 
at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- 
sin, where, with different partners, and finally 
jjractically alone, he carried on the business of 
lumber manufacture on a large scale some 40 
j-ears. In 18.81 he was appointed, by President 
Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 
1889, received from President Harrison an" 
appointment as one of the Government Directors 
of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was 
a zealous supporter of the Government during 
the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable 
aid in the construction and equipment of Camp 
Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the 
returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants 
in payment, when no funds in the State treasury 
were available for the purpose. He was associ- 
ated with William B. Ogden and others in the 
project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon 
Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 
1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded 
to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving 
until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the 
General Government. He had also been identified 
with many other public enterprises intimately 
connected ■with the development and prosperity 
of Chicago, and, in July, 1S99, became President 
of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having 
control of the North and West Chicago Street 
Railway Systems. Died March 17, 1904. 

SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, 
was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated 
in the United States and in Europe, ordained a 
priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- 
upon attached to the cathedral at Loui.sville, as 
assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation 
of colored people, and built for their use the 
Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned 
to that parish as pastor. Soon aftervvards he was 
appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made 
Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- 
ferred from Louisville to New York, where he 
was attached to the missionary parish of St. 
Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little 
fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When 
the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the 
choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, 
and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that 
year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 



494 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



administration has been characterized by both 
energy and success. He has devoted much atten- 
tion to tlie subject of emigration, and has brouglit 
about tlie founding of many new settlements in 
the far West. He was also largely instrumental 
in bringing about the founding of the Catholic 
University at Washington. Ho is a frequent 
contributor to the reviews, and the author of a 
number of religious works. 

SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the 
month of June, 1771), soon after the declaration 
of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- 
dition was organized in Canada, to attack the 
Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- 
ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- 
cola against New Orleans, then commanded by 
a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de 
Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to 
British Commandants, all through the Western 
country, to co operate with both expeditions. De 
Galvez, having learned of the scheme through 
intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack 
by becoming the assailant. At the head of a 
force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton 
Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- 
out opposition. The British in Canada, being 
ignorant of what had been going on in the South, 
in February following dispatched a force from 
Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- 
cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American 
rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia 
were contemplated points of attack, as well as 
tlie Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. 
This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick 
Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain 
Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, 
which numbered some 750 men, including a force 
of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The 
British arrived before St. Louis, early on the 
morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards 
by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers 
Clark, having been apprised of the project, 
arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, 
twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his 
presence and readiness to co-operate with the 
Spanish, no doubt, contributing- to the defeat of 
the expedition. The accounts of what followed 
are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. 
Louis shore being variously estimated from seven 
or eight to sixty-eight — the last being the esti- 
mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. AH 
agree, however, that the invading party was 
forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- 
gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, 
with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, 



pursued the retreating invaders as far as the 
Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on 
the way. This movement on the part of the 
British served as a pretext for an attempted re- 
prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid 
of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting 
early in Januarj', this latter expedition crossed 
Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. 
Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had 
been captured from the English by Thomas Brady 
and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- 
manded by Don Eugenio Pourre. and supported 
by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort 
was easily taken and the British flag replaced by 
the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as 
of but little moment, at the time, the post being 
evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards 
returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious 
international complications, and the "conquest" 
was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as 
giving that country a right to the territory trav- 
ersed. This claim was supported bj' France 
before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but 
was defeated, through the combined efforts of 
Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American 
Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- 
ations with England. 

SPARKS, (Capt.) Darid R., manufacturer and 
legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 
1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- 
coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the 
Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, 
New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip 
to California, returning the next year by the 
Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the 
milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, 
but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains 
in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was 
erected near where Central City. Colo., now is, 
and which was the second steam-engine in that 
region. He returned home in time to vote for 
Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, 
but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks 
later, when the advocates of secession began to 
develop their policy after tlie election of Lincoln. 
In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for .500,000 vol- 
unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and 
was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois 
Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a 
half years, during which time he took part in 
several hard-fought battles, and being present at 
the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service 
he became associated with his former partner in 
the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, 
but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



495 



ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- 
pal owner in 18Sl, and which has since been 
greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one 
of the most extensive establishments of its kind 
in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the 
House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State 
Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and 
'97; was also strongly supported as a candidate 
for the Republican nomination for Congress in 
1896. Died \ov. 10, 1907. 

SPARKS, AVilliam A. J., ex-Congressman, was 
born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 
years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- 
nois, and shortly afterwards left an orjihan. 
Thrown on his own resources, he found work 
upon a farm, his attendance at the district 
schools being limiteil to the winter months. 
Later, he passed through JIcKendree College, 
supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, 
graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge 
Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 
1851. His first public office was that of Receiver 
of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he 
was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- 
maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- 
dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The 
same year he was elected to the lower house of 
the General Assembly, and, in 1803-64, served in 
the State Senate for the unexpired term of James 
M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the 
National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a 
Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 
to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President 
Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land 
Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 
18S7. Died May 7, 1904. 

SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. 
(See Ccntralia & Chester Railroad.) 

SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate 
friend of Abraliam Lincoln ; was educated in the 
local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- 
town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a 
wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. 
About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he 
engaged in the mercantile business, later lieeora- 
ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham 
Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of 
sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln 
removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. 
Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1843, but the 
friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a 
most devoted character, continued until the 
death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson 
County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- 
lature in 1848, but was never again willing to 



accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 
1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired 
a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. 
On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1801, he 
heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, 
during the war, was entrusted with many deli- 
cate and important duties in the interest of the 
Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently 
visited in Washington. His death occurred at 
Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an 
older brother of the preceding, was a prominent 
Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a 
leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- 
gate to the National Republican Conventions of 
1872 and 1876. In 1804 he was appointed Attor- 
ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1806, 
when he resigned on account of disagreement 
with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the 
age of 75 years. 

SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows 
southward through Stark County into Peoria, 
thence southwest through Knox, and to the south 
and southeast, through Fulton County, entering 
the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 
1.50 miles long. 

SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator 
and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin Coimty, 
Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an 
early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 
1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., 
where he preached and taught school; in 1847 
became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 
1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- 
nois State University, now known as Concordia 
Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- 
intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, 
but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the 
Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- 
cessive resignations and apjiointments, held the 
positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- 
try (1863-64) and Po.st Chaplain at Fort Smith, 
Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 
1867, when he was commissioned Chajilain of the 
United States Army. This position he resigned 
while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23, 
1867. During a considerable part of his incum- 
bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as 
Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, 
performing important service in caring for non- 
combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes 
of war. After the war he served, for a time, .is 
Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery 
County, HI. ; was in.struinental in the founding 
of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 



496 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



its Board of Control at the time of his death. He 
was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of 
Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth 
General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the 
Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of 
Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-"92). 
He was also member of the Stephenson Post, 
No. 30, G. A. R. , at Springfield, and served as its 
Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which 
occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1893. 

SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- 
man, Justice of United States Court, was born in 
Sullivan County, Ind., May 30, 1836. In 1848 he 
removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., 
was fitted for college in the public high school at 
Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. 
Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining 
three j'ears, when he removed to the Indiana 
State University, graduating tliere in 1858. The 
following year he was admitted to the bar and 
commenced practice in Logan County, but soon 
after removed to Springfield. He entered public 
life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention 
of 1863. In 1871-73 he represented Sangamon 
County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was 
elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois 
District as a Democrat. From that time until 
the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he 
served in Congress continuously, and was recog- 
nized as one of the leaders of his party on the 
floor, being at the head of many important com- 
mittees when that party was in the ascendancy, 
and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- 
nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the 
candidate of his part}- for Congress for the 
eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- 
lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 
he was appointed by President Cleveland U. S. Dis- 
trict Judge for Indian Territorj'. Died Dec. 4, 1903. 

SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the 
county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five 
miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles 
southwest of Chicago; is an important railway 
center. The first settlement on the site of tlie 
present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. 
On April 10, 1831, it was selected, by the first 
Board of Countj' Commissioners, as the temporary 
county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- 
zation of which had been authorized by act of 
the Legislature in January previous, and the 
name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the 
selection was made permanent. The latter year 
the first sale of lands took place, the original site 
being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and 
Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the 



same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to 
a section in the northwest quarter of the present 
city — this being the "hey-day" of the South 
Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but 
the change was not popularly accepted, and the 
new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- 
rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 
6, 1840; and re-incorporated, mider the general, 
law in 1882. It was made the State capital by 
act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 
1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the 
Legislature ficst convened there in December of 
the latter year. The general surface is flat, 
though tliere is rolling ground to the west. The 
city has excellent water-works, a paid fire depart- 
ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and 
electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine 
churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- 
ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the 
best paved and handsomest cities in the State. 
The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four 
square miles, but has since been enlarged by tlie 
annexation of the following suburbs: North 
Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 
4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of 
Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to 
the present cit}- an area of 5.84 square miles. 
The population of the original city, according to 
the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,963, 
while that of the annexed submbs, at the last 
census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,073. The 
latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- 
lation of 33,375— population by census (1900), 
34,159. Besides the State House, the citj' has a 
handsome United States Government Building 
for United States Court and post-ofl5ce purposes, 
a county coiu1,house (the former State capitol). 
a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. 
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. 
His former residence has been donated to the 
State, and his tomb and monument are in the 
beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the 
city. Springfield is an important coal-mining 
center, and has many important industries, 
notably a watcli factory, rolling mills, and exten- 
sive manufactories of agricultural implements 
and fm'niture. It is also the permanent location 
of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings 
have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of 
the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- 
ing and one evening — published here, besides 
various other publications. Pop. (1910), .')l,f)7S. 

SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH. 
EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis. Indian- 
apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



497 



SPRINGFIELD i ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- 
ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltivwre & Ohio 
Soutliwestcfn linilroad. ) 

SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis 
Bailroad of Illinois.) 

SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in 
Bureau County, at intersection of tlie Chicago & 
Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the 
Toluci, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 
miles soutliwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- 
mining region and has important manufacturing 
interests as well. It has two banks, electric 
street and intenirban railways, and one weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 6,21-i; (1910), 7,035. 

ST. DAVID, a village in Fulton County on the C, 
B. & Q. R.R.; coal mining district. Pop. (1910), 915. 

ST. ELMO, a city in Fa3-ette County on C. & E. I. 
and Vandalia R.Rs.; has a bank, a paper mill 
and one weeklj' newspaper. Pop. (1910), 1,227. 

ST. FRANCIS VILLE, a city in LawTence County 
on the Wabash River and "Big Four'' Railroad; 
has a bank and one weekly paper. Pop.(1910), 1,391. 

ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young 
men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 
1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church; 
in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with 
fortj'-five pupils, and jiroperty valued at §61,100, 
of which .554,000 was real estate. Instruction is 
given in the classical and scientific branches, 
besides music and preparatory studies. 

ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, 
at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The 
town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 1,000; (1910), 1,005. 

ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both 
sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago 
& Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western 
Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles 
south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent 
water-power, which is being utilized by a number 
of important manufacturing enterprises. The 
city is connected with Chicago and many towns 
in the Fox River valley by interurban electric 
trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home for 
Boy.s. Pop. (1900), 2,075; (1910), 4,010. 

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the 
Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry 
at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 
ITS? as an ensign, having purchased his commis- 
sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, 
Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at 



Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, 
where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- 
came prominent in public affairs. He served with 
distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising 
to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding 
General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, 
later, was censured by Washington for his hasty 
evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated 
by a militai-y court. His Revolutionary record, 
however, was generally good, and even distin- 
guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the 
Continental Congress, and presided over that 
body in 1787. He served as Governor of the 
Northwest Territory (including the present State 
of Illinois) from 1789 to 1803. As an executive 
he was not successful, being unpopular because 
of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he 
suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the 
valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In 
this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, 
and had to be carried on a litter; he was again 
vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His 
first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 
1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which 
was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- 
ferson removed him from the governorship of 
Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be 
the Governor after its separation from Indiana 
and Illinois. The remainder of his life was 
spent in comparative penury. Sliortly before his 
decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- 
sylvania Legislatui'e and by Congress. Died, at 
Green.sburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. 

ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- 
ized within the territory comprised in the pres- 
ent State of Illinois — the whole region west 
of the Ohio River having been first placed under 
civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois 
County," by an act of the Virginia House of 
Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months 
after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George 
Rogers Clark. (See Illinois: also Clark, George 
Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set oft 
by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- 
sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," 
in April, 1790 — more than two j'ears after his 
assumption of the duties of Governor of the 
Nortliwest Territory, which then comprehended 
the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole 
region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's 
order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines 
the boundaries of the new county — which took 
his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the 
mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 



498 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



running thence southerly in a direct line to the 
mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon 
the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its 
junction with the Mississippi ; thence up. the 
Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up 
the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with 
all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and 
Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack," 
the initial point mentioned in this description — 
also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- 
naw," the latter being the name by wliicli the 
stream is now known — empties into the Illinois 
River on the south side a few miles below 
Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries 
of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, 
indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- 
raphy of the "Illinois Country" e.xisting in 
that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth 
of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the 
Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed 
the longitude of the present citj' of Springfield, 
striking the Mississippi about the northwestern 
corner of Jackson County, twenty -five miles west 
of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- 
ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include 
the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the 
new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, 
the eastern border of the count}- would have fol- 
lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, 
along the eastern border of Marion, JelTerson, 
Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, 
reaching the Ohio River about the present site of 
Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing 
about one-half of the area of the present State of 
Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced 
all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- 
tion in which the white settlements were located. 
(See St. Clair, Artlinr; also Illinois Country.) 
The early records of St. Clair County are in the 
French language ; its first settlers and its early 
civilization were French, and tlie fir.st church to 
inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the 
Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court 
under the common law were had in 1796. The 
first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, 
and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- 
post and pillory played an important part in the 
code of penalties, these punishments being im- 
partially meted out as late as the time of Judge 
(afterwards Governor) Rej-nolds. to "the lame, the 
halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- 
ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three 
places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- 
kia — were named as county -seats by Governor St. 
Clair; but Randolph County having been set off 



in 1795, Cahokia became the county-seat of the 
older county, so remaining until 1813, when 
Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At 
that time it was a mere cornfield owned by 
George Blair, altliough settlements had previously 
been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. 
Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a 
log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 
1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- 
lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, 
and, in 1817, additional improvements were 
inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from 
Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells 
and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- 
ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- 
ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1835 Governor 
Edwards bought the large landed interests of 
Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, 
ordered a new survey of the town and infused f resli 
life into its development. Settlers began to arrive 
in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought 
with them their slaves, the right to hold which 
was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial 
source of strife. Emigrants from Germany 
began to arrive at an early day, and now a large 
proportion of the population of Belleville and St. 
Clair Count}' is made up of that nationality. The 
county, as at j^resent organized, lies on the west- 
ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- 
ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 
square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid 
by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and 
about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- 
siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns 
are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- 
coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; 
(1890), 66,.571; (1900), 86,68.5; (1910), 119,870. 

ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry 
County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile 
north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- 
factured here. Population about 500. 

ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, 
on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter- 
urban railroad i-onncetion. Po]i. (1910), 681. 

ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded 
in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- 
stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was reliuilt in the 
following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- 
larged and made thorou.ghly modern in its appoint- 
ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. 
The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the 
domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff 
comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among 
whom are some of the most eminent in Chicaga 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



499 



ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 

(See i'hiciigo & Altun Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRIJiOFIELI) RAIL- 
ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE 
RAILOAD, a corporation formerlj' operating an 
extensive system of railroads in Illinois. TheTerre 
Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original 
corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, 
work begun in 1853, and the main line from 
Terre Haute to Alton (173.5 miles) completed, 
March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown 
branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was 
cliartered in 1853, and completed between the 
points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. 
This corporation secured authority to construct 
an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. 
Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 
1856, giving the first railroad connection between 
Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with tliis, 
these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and 
the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated 
under a single charter b}' special act of the Legis- 
lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line 
taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. 
Louis Railroad. Subseijuently the road became 
financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure 
and reorganized, in 1863, under the name of the 
St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 
1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. 
Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the 
Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an 
Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other 
lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by 
the insolvency of the lessee and some of the 
guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went 
into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold 
under foreclosure, in Jul)' of the same year, its 
interest being absorbed bj' the Cleveland, Cin- 
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which 
the main line is now opeiated. The properties 
officially reported as remaining in the hands of 
the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 
June 30, 18!)5, beside the Belleville Brancli (14.40 
miles), included the following leased and .subsidi- 
ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo 
Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, 
(50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 
miles); St. Louis So\ithern and branches (47.27 
miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- 
way (53.50 miles). All these have been Ie;>sed. 
since the close of the fiscal year 181)5, to the Illi- 
nois Central. (For sketches of these several 
roads see headings of each. ) 



ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL. 
ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- 
field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 
102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to 
Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in 
Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard 
gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- 
tory.) The road was originally incorporated 
under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & 
Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton 
in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & 
Pacific Railway Com])any ; was surrendered by the 
receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under 
the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was 
transferred to a corporation known as the St. 
Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In 
June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield 
Railroad Company was organized, witii power to 
build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and 
from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In 
October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed 
by a reorganization under the present name (St. 
Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made 
on the interest and, in June following, it was 
again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom 
it was operated until 1898. The total earnings 
and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were 
§318,815, operating expenses, $373,270; total 
capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 
was in the form of stock and $1,235 000 in income 
bonds. 

ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS k EASTERN 
RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, 
extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 
111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. 
It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly 
with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- 
ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, 
Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It was 
built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, 
Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, 
which went into the hands of a I'eceiver in 1878. 
The road was comjdeted by the receiver in 1880, 
and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- 
pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a 
short time it was operated in connection with 
the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was 
reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & lUinoi.s 
Sovithern Railroad, and the gauge changed to 
standard in 1887. Having made default in the 
jiayment of interest, it was .sohl under foreclosure 
in 1S90 and iiurcha.sed in the interest of tlie bond- 
holders, by whom it was conveyeil to the St. 
Louis. Iiuliana])olis & Eastern Railroad (-'()mpan_v, 
in whose name the line is operated. Its business 



500 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings 
in 1898 were SS."!, 083 and the expenditures §69,112. 
Its capital stock was §740,900; bonded debt. 
S978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total 
capital investment to §1,816,736. 

ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago d- Alton Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD 
RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <& St. Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- 
BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville 
<& St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- 
ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and 
unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, 
the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South 
Railways, and to extend the same due north 
from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence 
to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- 
sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to 
Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities 
over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad 
and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) 
to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been 
made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The 
initial section of the line was constructed under 
the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of 
Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from 
Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed 
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890. as the St. 
Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- 
ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen 
Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the 
following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria 
line, and, in 1895, constructed tlie link (8 miles) 
between AUiambra and Marine. (3) The North 
& South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized 
in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago 
Railway Company, proceeded in the construction 
of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- 
field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- 
cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the 
management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
Louis Railway. The latter corporation having 
defaulted, the property passed into the hands of 
a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- 
ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary 
Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. 
The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the 
line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of 
the new organization under the name of the St. 
Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North 



& South Railroad going out of existence. In 
Ulay, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was 
sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad 
Companj', to be operated as a sliort line between 
Peoria & St. Louis. 

ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO 
RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <fc Quincy 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line 
running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Muiphys- 
boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the 
lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetowu Rail- 
road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 
miles — total, 50.5 miles. Tlie track is of standard 
gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. 
The company was organized in August, 1886, to 
succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- 
road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central 
Railway ; and was leased for 980 j'ears from Dec. 
1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to 
thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- 
mum guarantee of .?32,000, which is sufficient 
to pa)' the interest on the first mortgage bonds. 
During the year 1896 this line passed under lease 
from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
road Company, into the hands of the IlUuois 
Central Railroad Company. 

ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & VINCENNES 
RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized 
in July. 1899, to take over the property of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the 
State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi 
and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern 
Railways — the former extending from Vin- 
cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter 
from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- 
erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, 
July 10, 1899. and transferred, for purposes of 
reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- 
poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the 
several lines see Baltimore &' Ohio So^ithu^stem 
Railway.) 

ST. LOUIS, YANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE 
RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. 
Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana 
State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre 
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the 
lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, 
and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- 
tal stock, in 1898. was §3,934,058, the bonded debt, 
$4,496,000, and the floating debt, ?218.480.— (His- 
tory ) Tlie St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute 
Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 
and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



501 



Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinuati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. 

ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends 
from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.0 miles, with 
a branch from Slillstadt Junction to High Prairie, 
!) miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid 
mainly with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- 
nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis 
Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road 
opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed 
into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of 
by a new company under its present name, Feb. 
1, 1883. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the 
Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty-five 
years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division 
of that line, giving it a connection with St. 
Louis. (See Mobile <£• Ohio Haihrai/. ) 

ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- 
BOAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul 
Railroad.) 

ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of 
Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern 
Raihray.) 

ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See 
St. Louis, Peoria & Xorthern Railuxiy.) 

ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See 
St. Loiii.i. Peoria <£• Northern Railway.) 

ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago. 
It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in 
their initial statement, substantiall}" declaring 
their object to be the establishment of a free hos- 
pital imder the control of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church, which should be open to the 
afflicted poor, without distinction of race or 
creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, 
but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor- 
poration was effected under the general law. In 
1885 a new building was erected on land donated 
for that purpose, at a cost exceeding §150,000, 
exclusive of S20,000 for furnishing. While its 
primary object has been to afford accommoda- 
tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, 
to the needy poor, the institution also provides a 
considerable number of comfortable, well-fur- 
nished private rooms for patients who are able 
and willing to pay for the same. It contains an 
amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, 
and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur- 
ing the past few years important additions 
have been made, the number of beds increased, 
and provision made for a training school for 
nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of 
thirteen physicians and surgeons and two 
pathologists. 



ST. MART'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi- 
nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal 
Church, at Knoxville, Knox Countj', 111. ; was 
incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four- 
teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. 
The branches taught include the classics, the 
sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. 
The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes, 
and owns property valued at 5130,500, of which 
$100,000 is real estate. 

STAGER, Alison, soldier and Telegraph Super- 
intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y., 
April 30, 1825; at 10 years of age entered the serv- 
ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards 
became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and 
with whom he became associated in various enter- 
prises of this character. Having introduced 
several improvements in the construction of bat- 
teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in 
1852, made General Superintendent of the princi- 
pal lines in the West, and, on the organization of 
the Western LTnion Company, was retained in 
this po.sition. Early in the Civil War he was 
entrusted with the management of telegraph 
lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia 
border, and, in October following, was appointed 
General Superintendent of Government tele- 
graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- 
ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his 
promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of 
Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to 
Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General 
Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a 
number of enterprises connected with the manu- 
factui'e of electrical appliances and other 
branches of the business. One of these was the 
consolidation of the telephone companies, of 
which he became President, as also of the West- 
ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being 
a Director in several other corporations. Died, 
in Chicago, March 30, 1885. 

STANDISH, John Van Ness, a lineal descendant 
of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was 
born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early 
years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- 
edge and books became his ruling passion, and he 
devoted sevei'al years to study, in the "Liberal 
Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, 
with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University 
in the class of 1847. Later, he received the 
degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma 
Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, 
in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence University 
in 1893, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish 
chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 



502 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



over fifty years in its pursuit in connection -nith 
private and public schools and the College, of 
which more than fortj' years were as Professor and 
President of Ijombard University at Galesburg. 
He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' 
Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was 
elected President of the State Teachers' Associ- 
ation. He made three visits to the Old "World — 
in 1879, "82-83, and '91-93— and, during his second 
trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly 
every country of Europe, including the "Land of 
the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa 
from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, 
Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover 
of art, he has visited nearly all the principal 
museums and picture galleries of the world. In 
politics he is a Republican, and, in oj^position to 
many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine 
of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist. 

STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born 
in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the 
age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to 
Kaskaskia, 111. , where she settled ; before he was 
20 years old, was emploj-ed as a clerk in the office 
of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of 
that ofRcer, was appointed his successor, being 
twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv- 
ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor- 
ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank 
at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen 
years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey- 
nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served 
as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- 
ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor 
appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the L^nited 
States Land OflSce at Vandalia, which office he 
held during the Fillmore administration, resign- 
ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to 
Decatur, where he continued to reside until his 
death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, 
erected by him in that city, bears his name. 

STARK COl'NTY, an interior county in the 
northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- 
nois River; has an area of 290 square miles. It 
has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by nimier- 
ous small streams. The principal industries are 
agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief 
towns are Toulon and Wyoming. Tlie county 
was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and 
named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- 
ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. 
Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, 
and gave his name to a township. Of other pio- 
neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and 



Eastmans came from New England ; the Thom- 
ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers 
from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the 
Perrys and Parkers from Virginia ; the McClana- 
hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten- 
nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ; 
the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and 
Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was 
the Congregational at Toulon. Pop. (1880), 11,207; 
(1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,180; (1910), 10,098. 

STARVED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on 
the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle 
County, upon whicli the French explorer. La 
Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 
1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was 
one mile north of the supposed location of the 
Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so 
to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of 
tlie arrival of the first French explorers. The 
population of this village, in 1680, according to 
Father Membre, was some seven or eiglit thou- 
sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were 
repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The IlUnois 
were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but 
the French, for the time being, successfully 
defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was 
abandoned as a militarj' post, but continued to 
be used as a French trading-post until 1718. 
when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois 
were not again molested until 1722, when the 
Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. 
The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved 
to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the 
Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an 
easy prej' to the foes by whom they were sur- 
rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the 
north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder 
of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed, 
they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort 
St. Louis had formerlj- stood. Here they were 
besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food 
or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. 
According to a tradition handed down among the 
Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in 
an attempt to escape by night, except one half- 
breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers. 
This bjinguinary catastrophe has given the rock 
its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History 
of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of 
the ^-ictims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- 
fusion after the settlement by the whites, and 
are still found mingled plentifully with tlie soil." 
I n 1 9 1 1 , the Starved Rock t ract (290 acres) was bought 
by the State forSllG, 000; willbecomeahistoricpark. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



503 



STARXE, Alexander, Secretary of State and 
State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
Nov. 21, 1813; in the spring of 1836 removed to 
Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, 
where he opened a general store. From 1839 to 
'42 he served as Commissioner of Pike County, 
and, in the latter year, was elected to the lowSr 
house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 
1841. Having, in the ineanwhile. disposed of his 
store at Uriggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he 
was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the 
Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for 
four years, when it was made elective. In 18.')2 
he was elected Secretary of State, when he 
removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville 
at the expiration of his term in 1857, to assmue 
the Presidency of 'tlie old Hannibal and Naples 
Railroad (no«- a part of the Wabash system). 
He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the 
Constitutional Convention of 1862, and the same 
year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon 
again removed to Springfield, where he resided 
until his death, being, with his sons, extensively 
engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in 
1873, he was elected State Senator from San- 
gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 
31, 1886. 

ST.\TE B.VXK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- 
lation, having for its object the establishment of 
a bank within the territory which now consti- 
tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by 
the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act 
incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- 
town, with branches at Edwardsviile and Kas- 
kaskia. "' In the Second General Assembly of 
the State (1820) an act was passed, over the 
Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse 
judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- 
ing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at 
Shawneetovvn, Edwardsviile, and Brownsville in 
Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- 
ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- 
viile. So far as the former is concerned, it seems 
to have been well managed; but the official 
conduct of the ofiicers of the latter, on the ba.sis 
of charges made by Governor Edwai-ds in 1826, 
was made the subject of a legislative investiga- 
tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) 
seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of 
the losses finally sustained in winding up its 
affairs — that of the General Government amount- 
ing to §.'54,000. Grave charges were made in this 
connection against men who were then, or 
afterwartls became, prominent in State affairs, 
including one Justice of the Supreme Court ami 
one (still later) a United States Senator. The 



experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later 
(1N31), it was found necessary for the State to 
incur a debt of $100,000 to redeem the outstand- 
ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the 
popular demand for an increase in the "circu- 
lating medium," the State continued its experi- 
ment of becoming a stockholder in banks 
managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find 
it, in 183.1, legislating in the same direction for 
the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" 
at Springfield, with branches at other points as 
might be reijuired, not to exceed six in number. 
One of these branches was e.stablished at Van- 
dalia and anotiier at Chicago, furnishing the first 
banking institution of the latter city. Two 
years later, when the State was entering upon 
its sclieme of internal improvement, laws were 
enacted increasing the capital stock of these 
banks to .?4, 000,000 in the aggregate. Following 
the example of similar institutions elsewhere, 
the}" suspended specie payments a few months 
later, but were protected bj' "stay laws" and 
other devices until 1843, when the internal 
iaipi-ovoment scheme having been finally aban- 
doned, they fell in general collapse. The State 
ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks 
were put in course of liquidation, though it 
required several years to complete the work. 

STATE CAPITALS. The fir.st State capital of 
Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial 
Lsgislature convened, Nov. 35, 1812. At that 
time there were but five counties in the State — 
St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, 
and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the 
latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a 
State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided 
that the .seat of government should remain at 
Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- 
ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- 
gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, 
to petition Congress for a grant of not more than 
four sections of land, on which should be erected 
a town, which should remain the seat of govern- 
ment for twenty years. The jietition was duly 
presented and granted; and. in accordance with 
the power granted bj- the Constitution, a Board 
of five Commissioners selected the site of the 
present city of Vandalia, then a point in the 
wilderness twenty miles north of any settle- 
ment. But so great was the faith of speculators 
in the future of the proposed city, that town lots 
were soon selling at SloO to §780 each. The Com- 
missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain 
two-story frame building — scarcely more than a 
commodious shanty — to which the State offices 
were removed in December, 1830. This building 



504 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure 
erected in its place. Later, when tlie question of 
a second removal of the capital began to be agi- 
tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk 
of erecting a new, brick State House, costing 
§16,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed 
by the Governor from the contingent fund, and 
the balance (§10,000) was appropriated in 1837, 
when the seat of government was removed to 
Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- 
bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- 
ing the principal vote at the time of the removal 
to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, 
Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- 
ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law 
removing the capital appropriated §.50,000 from 
the State Treasury, provided that a like amount 
should be raised by private subscription and 
guaranteed by bond, and tliat at least two acres 
of land should be donated as a site. Two State 
Houses liave been erected at Springfield, the first 
cost of the present one (including furnishing) 
having been a little in excess of §4,000,000. 
Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the 
Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, 
was an influential factor in securing the removal 
of the capital to Springfield. 

STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved 
so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois 
for a generation, and, for a part of that period, 
seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct 
outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme 
entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement 
Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- 
taken the aggregate debt of the State was less 
tlian 8400,000 — accumulated within the preceding 
six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased 
to over §6,500,000, while the total valuation of 
real and personal property, for the purposes of 
taxation, was less than §60,000,000, and the aggre- 
gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same 
year, amounted to less than §150.000. At the 
same time, the disbursements, for tlie support of 
the State Government alone, liad grown to more 
than twice the receipts. This disparity continued 
until the declining credit of the State forced upon 
the managers of public affairs an involuntary 
economy, when the means could no longer be 
secured for more lavish expenditures. The first 
bonds issued at the inception of the internal 
improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per 
cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked 
in the markets of New York and London at a dis- 
count, in some cases falling into tlie hands of 
brokers who failed before completing their con- 



tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If 
the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, 
the time chosen to carry it into effect was most 
unfortunate, as it came simultaneously witli the 
panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more 
complete. Of the various works undertaken by 
the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
brought a return, all the others resulting in more 
or less complete loss. The internal improvement 
scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until 
State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been 
issued. For two years longer the State struggled 
with its embarrassments, increased by tlie failure 
of the State Bank in February, 1842, and. by that 
of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few 
months later, with the proceeds of more than two 
and a lialf millions of the State's bonds in their 
possession. Thus left without credit, or means 
even of paying the accruing interest, there were 
those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- 
rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only 
means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- 
ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a 
basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries 
and general expenditures, with restrictions upon 
the Legislature in reference to incurring in- 
debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" 
gave assurance to its creditors that its debts 
would be paid. While the growth of tlie State, 
in wealth and population, had previously been 
checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now 
entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite 
of its burdens— its increase in population, be- 
tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per 
cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 
— when the internal improvement scheme was 
abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- 
est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, §15,- 
637,9.50: 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848, 
§16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 185.3— 
the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- 
tion — when it was oflScially reported at §16,724,- 
177. At this time the %rork of extinguishment 
began, and was prosecuted under successive 
administrations, except during the war, when 
the vast expense incurred in sending troops to 
the field caused an increase. During Governor 
Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted 
to over .§3,000,000; during Oglesby's. to over five 
and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter 
million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had 
been reduced to §281,059.11, and, before the close 
of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except 
a balance of §18,.500 in bonds, which, having been 
called in years previously and never pre.<:enteii foi 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



505 



payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See 
Maealister and Stebbi)ts Bonds.) 
STATE (iUARDIAXS FOR (JIRLS, a bureau 

organized for the care of female juvenile delin- 
quents, bj' act of June 2, lSS);i. Tlie Board consists 
of .seven members, nominated by the Executive 
and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- 
tute a bod}- politic and corporate. Not more than 
two of the members may reside in the same Con- 
gressional District and, of the seven members, 
four must be women. (See also Home for Female 
Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six 
years. 

STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its 
construction was begun under an act passed by 
the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed 
in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, 
donated to the State by the citizens of Sjiring- 
fleld. A provision of the State Constitution of 
1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in 
excess of §3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing 
of the building, without previous approval of such 
additional expenditure by the people. This 
amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at 
its session of 188.5, passed an act making an addi- 
tional appropriation of ■5~i31,713, which having 
been approved by popular vote at the general 
election of 1886, the expenditure was made and 
the capitol completed during the following year, 
thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- 
nishing to a little in excess of §4,000,000. The 
building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and 
classic in its style of architecture; its extreme 
dimensions (including porticoes), from north '.to 
south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 
feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, 
while the porticoes, which are spacious and 
lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished 
columns of gray granite. Tlie three stories of 
the building are surmounted by a Man.sard roof, 
with two turrets and a central dome of stately 
dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of 
the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern 
springing from the dome, is 361 feet. 

STATE XORMAL IMVERSITY, an institu 
tion for the education of teachers, organized 
under an act of the General Assembly, passed 
Feb. 18, 18.57. This act placed the work of 
organization in the hands of a board of fifteen 
persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- 
tion of the State of Illinois," and was con.stituted 
as follows : C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County ; 
Simeon Wright of Lee; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- 
Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; (Jeorge P. Rex 
of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John 



Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair; 
Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of 
Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel 
Moseley and William Wells of Cook; Albert R. 
Shannon of Wliite; and the Superintendent oV 
Public Instrm^tion, ex-officio. Tlie object of the 
University, as defined in the organizing law, is 
to qualify teachers for the public schools of the 
State, and the course of instruction to be given 
embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches 
which pertain to a common-school education ; in 
the elements of the natural sciences, including 
agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable 
physiology; in the fundamental laws of the 
United States and of the State of Illinois in 
regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and 
such other studies as the Board of Education may, 
from time to time, prescribe." Various cities 
competed for the location of the institution, 
Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- 
cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as 
equivalent to §141,72.5. The corner-stone was 
laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building 
was readj' for permanent occupancy in Septem- 
ber, 1800. Previously, however, it had been 
sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, 
and the first commencement exercises were held 
on June 29 of the latter year. Three years 
earlier, the academic department had been organ- 
ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The 
first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far 
from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to 
two pupils from each county, antl to three from 
each Senatorial District. The de]3artments are: 
Grammar school, high school, normal department 
and model school, all of which are overcrowded. 
The whole number of students in attendance on 
the institution during the school year, 1897-98, 
was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal 
department and 306 in the practice st-hool depart- 
ment, including representatives from 86 coun- 
ties of the State, with a few pupils from other 
States on the payment of tuition. The teaching 
faculty (including tlie President and Librarian) 
for the same year, was made up of twenty-six 
nieuibers — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. 
The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated 
§47,62(i.92. against §66.. 528. 69 for 1896-97. Nearly 
.§22,000 of tlie amount expended during the latter 
year was on account of the construction of a 
gymnasium liuilding. 

STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- 
sus of 1890 ga\o the value of real and personal 
property belonging to the State as follows: Pub- 
lic lands, §328,000; buildings, §22,164,000; mis- 



506 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ceUaneous property, .$2, 650, 000— total, S25,U2,000. 
Tlie laud may be subdivided thus; Camp-grounds 
of the lUiuois National Guard near Springfield 
(donated), $40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
§168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois 
(donated by the General Government), $41,000. in 
Minnesota (similarly donated), $79,000. The 
buildings comprise those connected with the 
charitable, penal and educational institutions of 
the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- 
ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at 
Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, 
the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams 
erected at Henrj- and Copperas Creek. Of the 
miscellaneous property, $120,000 represents the 
equipment of the Illinois National Guard; $1,9.j9,- 
000 the value of the movable property of public 
buildings; ■$.5.50,000 the endowment fund of the 
University of Illinois; and $21,000 the movable 
property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The 
figures given relative to the value of the public 
buildings include only the first appropriations 
for their erection. Considerable sums have 
since been expended upon some of them in repairs, 
enlargements and improvements. 

STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer 
of Illinois during the Territorial period was John 
Thomas, who served from 1813 to 1818, and 
became the first incumbent under the State 
Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 
the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote 
of the two Houses of the General Assemblj' ; b}' 
the Constitution of 1848, tliis officer was made 
elective by the people for the same period, witli- 
out limitations as to number of terms; under the 
Con.stitution of 1870. the manner of election and 
duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- 
bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years 
from expiration of the term for which he may 
have been chosen. The following is a list of the 
State Treasurers from 1818 to 1911, with term of 
each in office; John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K. 
McLaughlin, 1819-23: Abner Field, 1823-27; James 
Hall, 1827-31; .John Dement, 1831-36; Charles 
Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Wiiteside, 1837-41; 
Milton Carpenter, 1841-48, John Moore,- 1848-57; 
James Miller, 1857-.59; William Butler, lS.59-63; 
Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 
1865-67; George W Smith, 1867-69; Erastus N. 
Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; Thomas S. 
Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz, 1877-79, John C. 
Smith, 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-83; John C. 
Smith, 188.3-85; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; John R. 
Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward 
S. Wilson, 1891-93; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95; 



Henry WulfT, 189.5-97; Henry L. Hertz. 1S97-99; 
Floyd K. Whittcmore, 1899-1901; Moses O. William- 
son, 1901-03; Fred A. Busse, 1903-05; Len Small, 
190.5-07; John F. Smulski, 1907-09; Andrew Russel, 
1909-11; E. E. Mitchell, 1911—. 

STAUXTON, a village in Macoujjin County, on 
the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis anil Wabash Rail- 
ways,36 miles northeast of St. Louis; an agricultural 
and mining region; has two Ijanks, churches and a 
weekly paper. Pop. (1900). 2,786; (1910), 5.048. 

SIEGER, a \-illage in Cook and Will Counties, 
on the C. & E. I. R. R.; has some local industries 
and one weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 2,161. 

STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture 
of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second 
State in the Union in the amount of its output, 
and, during the period between 1880 and 1890. 
the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 
1880 there were but six steel works in the State ; 
in 1890 these had increased to fourteen ; and the 
production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 
pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. 
Of the 3,837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or 
direct castings, produced in the United States in 
1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, 
nearly all the steel produced in the State being 
made by that process. From the tonnage of 
ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 
pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of 
the aggregate for the entire country. This fact 
is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in 
the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 
1880, has been so great that manj- rail mills have 
converted their steel into forms other than rails, 
experience having proved their production to 
any considerable extent, during the past few 
years, improfitable excei)t in works favorably 
located for obtaining cheap raw material, or 
operated under the latest and most approved 
methods of manufactiu-e. Open-hearth steel is 
no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture 
of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- 
put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. 
For purposes requiring special grades of steel the 
product of the crucible process will be always 
in demand, but the high cost of mauufactiu-e 
prevents it, in a majority of instances, from 
successfullj' competing in price with the other 
processes mentioned. 

STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early- 
politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 
1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of 
Randolph County by Governor Edwards under 
the Territorial Government; afterwards served 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



507 



as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 
1812; represented Illinois Territorj- as Delegate 
in Congress. 1814 IG, and, on his retirement from 
Congress, became Register of the Land Office at 
Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col. 
James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, 
was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- 
wards became a prominent politician in the north- 
western part of the State, served as Register of 
the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received 
the Democratic nomination for Governor, but 
withdrew before the election. 

STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, 
physician and soldier, was born in Wayne 
County, 111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his 
parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the 
family settled. His early educational advantages 
were meager, and he did not study his profession 
(medicine) until after reaching his majority, 
graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
in 18.jC. He began practice at Petersburg, but, 
in April, 18G2, was mustered into the volunteer 
army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois 
Infantrj'. After a little over two years service he 
was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up 
his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was 
engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 he 
resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- 
ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, 
and always willing to give his own services and 
orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- 
tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders 
in the organization of the Grand Army of the 
Republic (whicli see), in connection with which 
he is most widely known ; but his services in its 
cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the 
recognition which they deserved, nor did the 
organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. 
He finally returned with his family to Peters- 
burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111., 
August 30. 1871. 

STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern 
county, with an area of 573 s(iuare miles. The 
soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- 
culture and stock-raising are among the chief 
industries. Not imtil 1827 did the aborigines quit 
the locality, and the county was organized, ten 
years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin 
Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had 
been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a 
lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the 
first cabin witliin the present limits of wliat was 
called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an 
Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short 
time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver 



W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a 
more i)retentious dwelling and became the first 
permanent settler. Later came William Wad- 
dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, 
the Goddards, and others wliose names are linked 
with the county's early history. The first house 
in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- 
zation was effected in 1837, the total poll being 
eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- 
son Martin, who is said to have taught a school 
of some twelve jiupils, in a house which stood on 
the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- 
tion (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,9;i3: (1910), 30, 821. 

STERLING, a flourishing city on the njrth 
bank of Rock River, in Wiiiteside County, 109 
miles west of Chicago. 29 miles east of Clinton, 
Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. 
It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, tlie Sterling & 
Peoria, and tlie Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera 
house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library. 
Government postoffice building, three banks, 
electric street and interurban car lines, electric 
and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and 
sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper 
offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine 
water-power, and is an important manufacturing 
center, its works turning out agricultural imple- 
ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- 
ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It 
also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries 
and machine shops. The river here flows through 
charming scenerj-. Pop. (1900), 6,309; (1910), 7,467. 

STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was 
born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., 
Jan. 8, 1813. After attending schools in New 
Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- 
mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. 
During the six years following, he devoted him- 
self to teaching, at Hopkinsville. Ky., and New 
York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau 
County, 111., where he became a merchant and 
farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board 
of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con- 
gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth 
District. 

STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of 
the United States, was born in Christian County, 
Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his 
parents to Bloomington, McLean County. 111., 
where the family settled; was educated at the 
Illinois Wesleyan Universitj' and at Centre Col- 
lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 18.58 and 
began practice at Metamora, Woodfjrd Comity, 



508 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



where he was Master in Chancer}-, 1861-65, and 
State's Attorney, l«65-69. In 1864 he was candi- 
date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic 
ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, 
where he has since resided. In 1874, and again 
in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his 
party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- 
back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 
and 1883. In 1877 he was appointed by President 
Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to 
West Point. During the first administration of 
President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- 
ant Postmaster General; was a member of the 
National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 
1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation 
the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's 
nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was 
elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since 
retiring from office he has resumed liis residence 
at Bloomington. 

STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former 
Congressman, was born in Waj'ne County, Pa., 
Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school 
education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his 
parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- 
wards resided, being engaged in farming and the 
manufacture of agricultural implements at 
Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 
1876 lie was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- 
ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated 
by Shelby M. CuUom. In 1890 the Democrats of 
the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- 
gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was 
defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. 
Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and. 
In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted 
against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at 
his home at Piano, August 26, 1896. 

STEWARDSOX, a town of Shelby County, at 
the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- 
sas Cit}' Railway with the Altamont branch of 
tlie Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville; 
is in a grain and lumber region; has a bank and 
a weekly paper. Pop. (1900). 077; (1910), 720. 

STICKNET, William H,, pioneer lawyer, was 
born in Baltimore, Md. , Nov. 9, 1809, studied law 
and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 
18;J1, and. in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a 
resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's 
Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- 
cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the 
southern and southeastern part of the State; for 
a time also, about 183.5-36, officiated as editor of 
"The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois 
Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. In 1846 



Sir. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of 
the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, 
twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- 
cago in 1848 — to the .same body from Cook 
County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- 
ninth Assemblj-. He also held the office of 
Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 
onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in 
Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the 
oldest surt'iving member of the Chicago bar. 

STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, 
born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- 
mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, 
became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the 
Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- 
mont campaign of 18.56; enlisted as a private sol- 
dier at the beginning of the war, went to the 
field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, 
and, after six weeks' confinement in Libbj- 
prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was 
promoted JIajor, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, 
and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious 
service. After the war he practiced his profes- 
sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. 
Died, Jan. 18, 1895. 

STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from 
Sangamon County. 111. , was a native of Massachu- 
setts who came, with his widowed mother, to 
Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near 
Williamsville, where he became the first Post- 
master in the first postoffice in the State north of 
the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was 
elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon 
County, serving four years, and, at his first session, 
being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery 
Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- 
where between 1835 and 1840. 

STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, 
on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle 
Black Hawk War; has graded schools, creameries, 
a bank and a newspaper. Pop. about 400. 

STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near 
Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 
1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which 
subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- 
ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended 
from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- 
land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at 
Hempstead, L. I., in 1717, at the age of 122 years. 
The family removed to New Jersey in the latter 
part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a 
cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to 
settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and 
various members of the family were prominent in 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



509 



the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early 
as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794. 
Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, 
and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both 
soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- 
lutionary War — with the last named of whonv 
he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) 
been intimately associated in the purchase and 
settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he 
removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to 
Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his 
son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair 
County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he 
removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton 
County. He left a large family, several members 
of which became prominent pioneers in the 
movements toward ilinnesota and Kansas. 

STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, 
was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 
18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native 
land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- 
Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon 
after, and. in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion 
of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief 
of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When 
the latter became commander of the Fifteenth 
Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the 
head of the artillery brigade; in February, 1865, 
was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out 
in January, 1866. After the war he went South, 
and was Secretarj' of the South Carolina Consti- 
tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he 
was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. 
He was an inventor and patented various im- 
provements in steam engines and boilers; was 
also Superintendent of Public Buildings at 
Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. 
Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. 

STONE, Daniel, early lawj-er and legislator, 
was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- 
bury College; became a member of the Spring- 
field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected 
to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- 
brated "'Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and 
joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against 
a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been 
adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit 
Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- 
western part of the State, removed to Galena, 
but was legislated out of oflBce, when he left the 
State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, 
N. J. 

STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in 
Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 



1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, 
and later acted as overseer of laborers on the 
Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in 
Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the 
Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under 
Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came 
to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- 
lation in real estate in that early day, a few 
months later entered upon the grocery and pro- 
vision trade, which he afterwards extended to 
grain; finally giving his chief attention to real 
estate, in which he was remarkably successful, 
leaving a large fortune at his death, which 
occurred in Chicago, June 30, 1877. 

STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, 
was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester 
County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- 
hood on a farm. After acquiring a common 
school education, he prepared for college at Lei- 
cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown 
University, graduating in the class of 1839. He 
then spent three years at the Theological Insti- 
tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the 
ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the 
next year, entered upon evangelical work in 
Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigli- 
boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First 
Baptist Cluirch at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. 
Stone came to Chicago and established "The 
Watchman of the Prairies,"' which survives to- 
day under the name of "The Standard," and has 
become the leading Baptist organ in the West. 
After six years of editorial work, he took up 
evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor 
and criminal classes. During the Civil War he 
conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, 
Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was 
associated in the conduct and promotion of many 
educational and charitable institutions. He did 
much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, 
and, during the latter years of his life, was 
attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church, 
which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 
1890. 

STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker, Man- 
ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., 
August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he 
graduated from the local high school in 1867, 
and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of 
a foundry and machine shop. Finding him.self 
without resources after the great fire of 1871, he 
embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- 
cessive grades of reporter, city «»ditor, assistant 
editor and Washington corresi)ondent. to the 
position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 



510 



UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



He was connected with various Cliicago dailies 
between 1871 and 1875, and, on Christmas Day 
of the latter year, issued the first number of "The 
Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of 
his interest in this journal, entirely set-ering 
his connection therewith in 1888. Since that 
date he has been engaged in banking in the city 
of Chicago, and is also General Manager of the 
Associated Press. 

STONE, Samnel, philanthropist, was born at 
Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan 
at seven years of age, after a sliort terra in Lei- 
cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale 
store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to 
Rocliester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in 
the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's 
estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of '.Detroit and 
interested in some of the early railroad enter- 
prises centering there, but the latter year re- 
moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with 
Ezra Cornell in telegrai)h construction. In 1859 
he became a citizen of Cliicago, where he was 
one of the founders of tlie Chicago Historical 
Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises 
of a pubUc and benevolent character. Died, May 
4, 1876. 

STOCKTON, a village of Jo Daviess County, on 

the Chicago Great Western R.R. Pop. (1910), 1,096. 

STOMXfciTON, a village of Christian County; 

on the Wabash Railroad in a farming and coal 

mining district. Pop. (1910), 1,118. 

STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- 
paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 
19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade 
at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a 
Democratic paper called "The Herald," published 
at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- 
trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., 
and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 
1861, he became the principal owner of "The 
Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic 
organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be 
regarded as the organ of the anti-war party 
throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 18G3, 
was suppressed by a military order issued by 
General Burnside, which was subsequently 
revoked by President Lincoln. The net result 
was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and 
circulation. Other charges, of an etjually grave 
nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- 
acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeatedly 
made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf 
ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 
ISTi. appeared as the editor of "The Times," 
then destitute of political ties About 1876 his 



health began to decline. Medical aid failed ta 
afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- 
judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was 
placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 
•27th of the following October (1884), he died at 
his home in Chicago. 

STORKS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born 
at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Count}-, N. Y., August 
12, 183.5; began the study of law with his father, 
later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 
1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years 
(1857-59) in New York City, the latter year re- 
moving to Chicago, where he attained great 
prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as 
an orator on other occasions. Politically a 
Republican, he took an active part in Presidential 
campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois 
to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, 
'72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- 
dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a master of 
epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are 
quoted with relish and appreciation by those who 
were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. 
Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- 
preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. 

STRATVN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- 
dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 
1800; removed to Licking Coimty, Ohio, in 1817, 
and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- 
west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to 
demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- 
stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere 
show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- 
gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred 
August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in 
value at about §1,000,000, acquired by industry 
and business enterprise. He was a zealous 
Unionist during the war, at one time contributing 
•SIO.OOO to the Christian Commission. 

STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- 
porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle 
County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago; situated 
on the Vermilion River and a central jtoint for 
five railroads. It is surrounded by a ricli agri- 
cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams 
(two of which are worked) and by shale and 
various claj' products of value, adapted to the 
manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain- 
pipe, etc. The cit}' is thoroughly modern, having 
gas, electric lighting, street railways, water- 
works, a good fire-department, and a large, im- 
proved public park. Churches and schools are 
numerous, as are also fine public and private 
buildings. One of tlie chief industries is the 
manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



511 



window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware ami glass 
bottles. Other successful industries are foundries 
and machine shops, Hour mills, and clay working 
establishments. There are several lianks, and 
three daily and weekly papers are published here. 
The estimated property valuation, in 1SS4, was 
§12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome 
public buildings, especially the Government post- 
office and the Carnegie public libiary building, 
both of which have been erected witliin the past 
few years. Pop. (1S90), 11,414; (1910), 14,2.53. 

STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- 
cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming 
fiom Kentucky, though believed to have been a 
native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a 
Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have 
been prominent in the affairs of that section of 
the Stat«. His correspondence with Governor 
Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been 
a man of far more than onlinary education, with 
a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He 
was a most persistent applicant for office, making 
urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay 
and other ptiliticians in Kentuckj-, Virginia and 
Washington, on the ground of his poverty and 
large familj". In 1827 he received the offer of 
the clerkship of the new count}' of Peoria, but, 
on visiting that region, was disgusted with the 
prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a 
farm in Sangamon County, but, before the clo.se 
of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at 
Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- 
ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he 
made voluminous reports to the Secretary of 
War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. 
Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was 
prominent in the early history of Indiana and its 
last Territorial Governor. (See Posey. (Gen.) 
Tliomas.) 

STREETER, Alsoii J., farmer and politician, 
was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; 
at the age of two j'ears accompanied his father to 
Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee Countj-, 
He attended Knox College for three years, and, 
in 1849, went to California, where he spent two 
years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he 
purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, 
Mercer County, to which he has .since added sev- 
eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to 
the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- 
self with the Greenback party, whose candidate 
for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 
1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more 
than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. 



In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- 
tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the 
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as 
an independent during his term. Died Nov. 24, 1901. 

STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born 
at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age, 
spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and 
was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The 
same year he enlisted under the first call for 
troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- 
pany, in the fiist battle of Bull Run; was 
afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as 
Inspector-General in the West, participated in 
the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being 
finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. After some fifteen months spent in the 
position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen"s 
Bureau (186.5-60), he located in Chicago, and 
became connected with sevei'al important busi- 
ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on 
the staff of Governor CuUom, in the organization 
of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected 
on the first Board of Directors of the World's 
Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour 
of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, 
at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. 

STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- 
man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 — 
the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister 
and Professor of Languages in Transylvania 
LTniversity, and related, on the maternal side, to 
the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln 
was a member. He giaduated at Centre College, 
Danville, in 1826, and, after studj'ing law, re- 
moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began 
practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative 
in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, 
in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- 
gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years 
later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. 
In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been 
studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and 
instruction, became hi.s partner, the relation- 
ship continuing until 1841. He served in the 
State Senate, 1849-.53, was the Bell-Everett 
candidate for Governor in 1860, and was 
elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third 
time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by 
Shelby M. CuUom, his former pupil. During the 
latter years of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the 
law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at 
Springfiehl. Nov. 28. 1,885. 

STI'R(«ES, Solomon, merchant and banker, 
was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early 
manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 



512 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother 
was captain, from New York to Georgetown, 
D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At 
Georgetown he was induced to accept a position 
as clerk with a Jtr. Williams, where he was 
associated with two otlier youths, as fellow-em- 
ployes, who became eminent bankers and 
capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the 
well-known banker of Washington, and George 
W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career 
in England, and won a name as one of the most 
liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. 
During tlie War of 1812 young Sturges joined a 
volunteer iufantrj' companj-, where he had, for 
comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, 
tlie latter author of the popular national song, 
"The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. 
Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his 
brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- 
nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later 
becoming a partner in the concern, where he 
developed that business capacity which laid the 
foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- 
ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with 
produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- 
ing overland. During one of his visits to that 
city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- 
ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, 
as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walkin- 
the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive 
from Buffalo — the occasion of his visit to Detroit 
being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off 
the United States troops. About 1849 he was 
associated with the construction of the Wabash 
& Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, 
Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the 
work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 
1854 he came to Cliicago, and, in partnership 
with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- 
ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in 
that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central 
Railroad Company, following it, two years later, 
by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- 
stantially aU the grain coming into Chicago, by 
railroad, passed into these elevators. In 18,57 he 
established the private banking house of Solomon 
Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, 
under the management of his son, George Stur- 
ges, became tlie Northwestern National Bank of 
Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the 
breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used 
of his means freely in support of the Govern- 
ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- 
ent company, at a cost of §20,000. He was also a 



subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- 
ment, during this period, taking ?ilOO,000 in 
Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- 
ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and 
contributed freely to Christian and benevolent 
enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at 
Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large 
fortune acquired by legitimate trade. 

STURTEYAST, Julian Munson, D.D., LL.D., 
clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, 
Litclifield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his 
youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- 
paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College 
as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright, 
graduating in 1826. After two j'ears as Princi- 
I)al of an academy at Canaan. Conn., he entered 
Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; 
then came west, and, after spending a year in 
superintending the erection of buildings, in De- 
cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to t, 
class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- 
lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the 
following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- 
dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- 
matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 
wliich he retained until 1844, when, by the 
retirement of Dr. Beecher, lie succeeded to the 
offices of President and Professor of Intellectual 
and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- 
santly and unselfishh', as a teacher during term 
time, and, as financial agent during vacations, 
in the interest of the institution of which he had 
been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, 
when he resigned the Presidency, giving his 
attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of 
Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- 
ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. 
In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, 
having given to its service fifty-six years of his 
life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in 
the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- 
tive addresses at a nimiber of points in England. 
He was a frequent contributor to the weekly 
religious and periodical press, and was the author 
of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) 
— a text-book on political economy, and "Keys 
of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" 
(1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits 
of local and distant churches — having been early 
ordained a Congregational minister. He received 
the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- 
souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. 
Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M. 
(Sturtevant), Jr., .son of the preceding, was born 
at Jacksonville, 111.. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



513 



lege in the preparatory department of Illinois 
College and graduated from the college (proper) 
in 1854. After leaving college he served as 
teacher in the Jacksonville public scliools one 
year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege, when he began the study of theology at 
Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there 
in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties 
of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 
1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- 
gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, 
remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He 
has since been engaged in pastoral work in New 
York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73) ; Den- 
ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); 
Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., 
(1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving 
the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- 
vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- 
cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- 
tionalisf of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different 
periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, 
Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an 
honored member of the Knox College Board. 
He received the degree of D.D from Illinois 
College, in 1879. 

STKOXGHURST, a \-illage of Henderson County 
on the A., T. & S. F. R. R.; in rich agricultural dis- 
trict; has a bank and weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 762. 

SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege 
ef voting. The qualifications of electors (or 
Voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, 
are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), 
except as to school officers, which are prescribed 
by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- 
cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who 
were electors at the time of the adoption of the 
Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- 
ralized male citizens of the United States, of the 
age of 31 j'ears or over, who have been residents 
of the State one year, of the county ninety days, 
and of the district (or precinct) in which they 
offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 
1891, women, of 31 years of age and upwards, are 
entitled to vote for school officers, and are also 
eligible to such offices under the .same conditions, 
as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See 
Elections; Australian Ballot.) 

SULLIVAN, a city and county -seat of Moultrie 
County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 
miles northwest of Mattoon; is on three lines of 
railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- 
ing region; contains two State banks, flour and jikvi- 
ing mills and three weekly newspapers. Poj). 
(1890), 1,408; (1900), 2,:J99; (1910), 2,621. 



SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born 
at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843; educated t,i 
the Waterford Model School and in Dublin; came 
to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching 
for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the 
One Hvmdred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in 
teaching and on a visit to his native land, he 
began work as a reporter on New York papers, 
later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" 
and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at 
different times, holding the position of city edi- 
tor, managing editor and correspondent. He 
was also a Representative from Cook County in 
the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three 
years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
cation, and appointed United States Consul to the 
Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning ia 
1893. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. 

SULLIVANT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, 
was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, 
Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio 
University and Centre College, Ky., and— after 
being engaged in the improvement of an immense 
tract of land inherited from his father near his 
birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, 
to the raising of improved stock— in 1854 sold his 
Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in 
Champaign and Piatt ' Counties, 111., where he 
began farming on a larger scale than before. The 
enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was 
finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of 
his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad 
Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, 
John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at 
Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 
29, 1879. 

SUMMIT, a village m Cook County on the 
Chicago & Alton Railroad, 11 miles southwest of 
Cliicago, in a farming and popular residence dis- 
trict. Pop. (1910), 949. 

SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the 
Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles 
west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, 
four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- 
pliones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
1,037; (1900), 1,208; (1910), l.ll.'l. 

SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRDC 
TION. The office of State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction was created by act of the 
Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its 
duties previous to that time, from 1845, having 
been discharged by the Secretary of State as 
Superintendent, ex-officio. The following Is a list 
of the incumbents from the date of the formal 



61-i 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



creation of the office down to the present time 
(1911), \\-ith the date and duration of term of 
each Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of 
the Governor), 1854-57; 'William H. Powell (bj- 
election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; 
John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman, 
1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. 
Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard 
Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel 
M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 
1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of tlie 
Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. 
Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred 
Bayliss, 1899-1907; Francis G. Bluir, 1907—. 

Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was 
two years, but, by the Constilution adopted that 
year, it was extended to four years, the elections 
occurring on the even years between those for 
Governor and other State officers except State 
Treasurer. 

SUPREME COURT, JUDOES OF THE. The 
following is a list of Justices of the Supreme 
Court of Illinois who have held office since the 
organization of the State Government, with the 
period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph 
Phillips 1818-23 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 
1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- 
stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to 
July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-35; 
Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1823-35; Wil- 
liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired 
on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D 
Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of 
new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-43 
(resigned) ; Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- 
gust 1, 1843 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 
1841, to Dec. 19, 1843 (resigned )^also (by re-elec- 
tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Soates, 
1841-47 (resigned)— also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 
(resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); 
Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-43 (resigned); John D. 
Caton (vice Ford) August, 1843, to March, 1843— 
also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- 
tions). May, 1843 to January, 1804 (resigned) ; 
James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to 
April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice 
Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson 
(vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died 
in office); Jesse B. Tliomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 
1843-45 (resigned) — also (vice Young), 1847-48; 
James Shields (vice Semple), 1S43-45 (resigned) ; 
Norman II. Purple (vice Tliomas), 1843-48 (retired 
under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner 
(vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution) ; 
William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- 



tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 
(resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 18.55-58 
(resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 
1858-85 (deceased); Corj'don Beckwith (by ap- 
pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 
1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; 
Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. 
Scott (two terms), 1870-88; Benjamin R. Sheldon 
(two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 
1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- 
ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice 
McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (ap- 
pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 
1879— also, 1888-97: Jolm H. Mulkey, 1879-88; 
Damon G. Tunuicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), 
Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 
188.5-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office), 
Alfred M. Craig, 1873-1900; Jesse J. Phillips (vice 
Scholfield), 1893-1901 (deceased); .Joseph N. Carter, 
1894-1903; James B. Ricks (vice-Phillips), 1901-06; 
Carroll C. Boggs, 1897-1900; Benjamin M. Magruder, 
1885-1906; Jacob W. Wilkin, 1888-1907 (decea.sed); 
Guy C. Scott, 1903-09 (deceased). The following 
are the present incumbents (1911) arranged in order 
of Districts, with period for which each has been 
elected: .\lonzo K. Vickers; William H. Farmer, 
1906-15; Frank H. Dunn (vice Wilkin), 1907-15; 
George .\ Cooke (vice Scott), 1909-12; John P. 
Hand, 1900-18; James H. Cartwright (-v-ice Bailey), 
1895-15; Orrin N. Carter, 1906-15. Under the 
Constitution of 1818, Justices of the Supreme 
Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legis- 
lature, but under the Constitutions of 184S and 
1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years 
each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of 
individual members of the Supreme Court under 
their proper names ) 

SURTEYS, EARLY GOA'ERXMENT. The first 
United States law passed on the subject of Gov- 
ernment surveys was dated, Maj' 30, 1785. After 
reserving certain lands to be allotted b}- way of 
pensions and to be donated for school purposes, 
it provided for the division of the remaining pub- 
lic lands among the original thirteen States. 
This, liowever, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- 
nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- 
gular system of surveys which, with but little 
modification, has remained in force ever since. 
Briefly outlined, the sj'stem is as follows: Town- 
ships, si-x miles square, are laiil oct from principal 
bases, each township containing thirty-si.x sec- 
tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, 
the numeration to commence at the upper right 
hand corner of the township. The first principal 
meridian (84° 51' west of Greenwich), coincided 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



515 



with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. Tlie 
second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation 
to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89° 10' 
30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90' 29' 
56" west) governed tlie remainder of Illinois sur- 
veys The first Public Surveyor was Thomas 
Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." 
(See Hutchins, Thomas.) 

SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was 
born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 
24, 1832; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- 
gan, Wis , studied law, was elected to the State 
Senate in 1859, and, in 18G1, enlisted in the Sixth 
Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major 
in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, 
assisted in the organization of the Twentj'-first 
and Twentj'-second regiments, being elected 
Colonel of the former; and with it taking part in 
the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- 
see In 1863 he was assigned to command at 
Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, 
in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release 
the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- 
acy.) The service which he rendered in the 
defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy 
evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of 
inestimable value to tlie country. After the 
war. General Sweet located at Lombard, near 
Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- 
cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal 
Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis- 
sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, 
in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. 
(Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient 
Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet "s 
daughter. 

SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Department 
Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, 
Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 
1857; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War 
in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the 
Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom 
Church, Va , in June, 1864, was shot through 
both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of 
them. After the war he held several offices of 
trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- 
ington and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue 
for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected 
Department Commander of the Grand Army of 
the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, 
March 23. 1896. 

SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near 
Turner, Maine, August 11, 1825, was educated at 
Waterville College (now Colby University), but 
left before graduation , read law in Portland, and, 



wliile seeking a location in the West, enlisted in 
an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being 
attacked by climatic fever, was discliarged before 
completing his term of enlistment. He soon 
after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became 
the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and 
David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for 
a number of years He early became active in 
State politics, was a member of the Republican . 
State Convention of 1856, was elected to the 
lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, 
and, in 1860, was a zealous supjjoiter of Mr. Lin- 
coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- 
large. In 1802 he received the Reimblican 
nomination for Congress in his District, but was 
defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he 
gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- 
cially in the management of criminal cases. In 
1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for 
President, but later returned to the Republican 
part}-, and, in the National Republican Conven- 
tion of 1888, presented tlie name of Judge 
Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. 
Died, June 8, 1889. 

SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- 
lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, 
Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents 
to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- 
hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. 
In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- 
kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 
18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 
400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- 
ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 
years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- 
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 
1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who 
ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet. at 
Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- 
tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in 
the capture of 7,000 prisoners At the battle of 
Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, 
in May, 1862, he had his right arm torn from its 
socket by a si.x-pound cannon-ball, compelling his 
retirement from the army. Returning home, 
after many weeks spent in hospital at JelTorson 
Barracks and Quincy, 111 , he received his final 
discharge, Dec. 21, 1862, spent a year in school, 
also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
mercial College in Chicago, and having learned 
to write with his left hand, taught for a time in 
Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- 
cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of 
Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 
69) as a student in the Soldiers' foUoge at Fulton, 



516 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



111. The latter year lie entered upon the duties 
of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by 
successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- 
signed to take tlie position of State Auditor, to 
which he was elected a second time in 188-t. In 
all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- 
self an upright, capable and higli-minded public 
official. During his later years his residence was in 
Chicago, where he died June .30, 1903. 

SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit 
orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, August 23, 1886. After 1837 (his 
father dying about this time), the family resided 
for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm 
near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the 
same State. In 18.52, having graduated from the 
Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the 
study of theology, but, in 1854, accejited the 
position of Professor of Languages in his Alma 
Mater, wliich he continued to fill for thirteen 
years. His first i)astorate was in connection witli 
the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- 
cago, wliich he assumed in 1866. His church 
edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, 
but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was 
popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, 
before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- 
nation, on charges of lieresy. He was acquitted 
by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by 
the prosecution could be heard, he personally 
withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. 
Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- 
pendent religious organization known as the 
"Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's 
Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, 
Chicago. He was a fluent and pojjular speaker 
on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor 
to numerous magazines, as well as the author of 
several volumes. Among his best known books 
are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and 
"Club Essays." Died, in Cliicago, Oct. 3, 1894. 

SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb 
County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- 
cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- 
western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- 
roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, 
dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- 
tains several factories, the principal products 
being agricultural implements, flour, insulated 
wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and 
carriages and wagons. There are also works for 
canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- 
ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has 
high-pressure water-works. There are several 
churches, graded public schools, two wcel:ly 



papers and a young ladies' seminarj-. Population 
(1900), 3,653; (1910), 3,926. 

TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, 
Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early 
age evinced a predilection for sculpture and 
began modeling; graduated at the University of 
Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied 
sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts 
until 1885. The following year lie settled in Chi 
cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- 
cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on 
art in the Chicago Universitj-. Mr. Taft fur- 
nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- 
ing on tlie World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. 

TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born 
in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 13, 1817; attended the com- 
mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set 
out for tlie AVest, traveling on foot from Detroit 
to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he 
worked at farming until 1850. Then, liaving 
followed the occupation of a miner for some time, 
in California, with some success, he united with 
Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of 
Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- 
ing most of his life. He served as a member of 
the Chicago Citj' Council, on the Board of County 
Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, 
and was one of the founders of the First National 
Bank, and President, for several years, of the 
Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- 
spirited, he contributed freely to works of 
charity. Died, June 5, 1878. 

TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the 
War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, 
Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida 
County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; 
served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County 
militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed 
at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. 
Wiufield Scott. In 1835, in company with his 
eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- 
tended tour through the West, finally selecting a 
location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River 
and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton 
now stands — there being only two white families, 
at that time, within the present limits of Winne- 
bago County. Two years later (1837), he brouglit 
his family to this point, with his s(ins took up a 
considerable body of Government land and 
erected two mills, to which customers came 
from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott 
took part in the organization of the first Congi'e- 
gatioiial Church in that section of the State. A 
zealous anti-slavery ncin, he supported James G. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



517 



Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 
IS-W, continuing to act with that party until the 
organization of the Republican party in 1856; 
was deeply interested in the War for the Union, 
but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. — 
Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- 
ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 
1806; was taken to Rome, >f. Y., by his father in 
infancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged 
in mercantile business with his brother in Che- 
mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in 
a tour through the West, finally locating at 
Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On 
the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, 
he was elected one of the first County Commis- 
sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving 
four years. He also held various local offices. 
Died, Sept. 80, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second 
son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- 
bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, 
N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, 
when he engaged in business at Booneville and, 
still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois 
and joined his fatiier at Rockton, finally 
becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his 
later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- 
facturing, having become, in 1854, with his 
brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. 
Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny 
reaper and mower. He was an original anti- 
slaverj' man and, at one time.a Free-Soil candidate 
for Congress, but became a zealous Republican 
and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
employed as an attorney in the famous suit of 
McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for 
infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected 
to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, 
Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal 
Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. 
Lincoln in 1863, and continuing in office some 
five j'ears. Though too old for active service in 
the field, during the Civil W^ar, he voluntarily 
hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott 
was one of the original incorporators and Trus- 
tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford 
Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each 
for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — SylTCster 
(Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at 
Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged 
in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 
1837 removed, with other members of tiie family, 
to Winnebago County, 111. , where he joined his 
father in the entry of Government lands and the 
erection of mills, as already detailed. He became 
one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- 



bago County, also served as Supervisor for a 
immber of years and, although a farmer, became 
interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, 
in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. 
He also followed the example of his brother, 
just named, in furnishing a substitute for the 
War of the Rebellion, though too old for service 
himself Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter 
(Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was 
born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with 
his father to Winnebago Coimty, 111., in 1835, and 
was connected with his father and brothers in busi- 
ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwight Lewis (Tal- 
cott), oldest son of Henry AValter Talcott, born 
in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years 
enlisted at Belviilere, in January, 1804, as a soldier 
in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; served 
as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- 
ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many 
of the important battles of that year in Missis- 
sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at 
Campbellsville, Tenn. , he was taken to Anderson- 
ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of 
that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when 
he was released, arriving at home a helpless 
skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's as.sas- 
sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in 
Muscatine County, Iowa. 

TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard 
Countj', on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- 
cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of 
Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- 
mining, and stock-growing region ; has a local 
bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 639; (1910), 742. 

TAMAROA,a village in Perry County, situated 
at the junction of the Illinois Central with the 
Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles 
north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of 
Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a 
large public school, five churches and two flour- 
ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in 
large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853; (1910), 910. 

TAMAROA k 3I0UNT VERNON RAILROAD. 
(See Wahuiih, Clicstcr A Western Railroad.) 

TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- 
cator, was born of New England ancestry, at 
Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837— being the first child 
who could claim nativity there; was educated 
in the local schools and at Illinois College, 
graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four 
j-ears teaching in his native place and at Jack- 
sonville; then accepted the Professorship of 
Latin in Pacific Universitj- at Portland. Oregon, 
remaining four years, when he returned to his 
Alma Mater (1865), assiuning there the chair of 



518 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed 
financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 
1882, its President. While in Oregon he had 
been ordained a minister of the Congregational 
Church, and, for a considerable period during 
his connection with Illinois College, officiated as 
Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane 
at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and 
other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the 
benefit of the institution under his charge, and, 
during his incunibencj', added materially to its 
endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- 
ville, Feb. 8, 1893. 

TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in 
Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought 
to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew 
up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
enjoying only such educational advantages as 
were afforded by the common school ; in 1863, at 
the age of 19, enlisted in tlie Ninety-eighth Illi- 
nois Volunteers, serving until June, 186.5, when 
he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally 
mustered out in September following. All the 
male members of Governor Tanner's family were 
soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a 
rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- 
thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- 
ville, Teun., and another brother dying in hospital 
at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic 
famih', besides Governor Tanner, still survives — 
Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the 
service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- 
teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the 
war, Mr. Tanner established him.self in business 
as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- 
cessfully in the milling and lumber business as 
the partner of his brother. The public positions 
held by him, since the war, include those of 
Sheriff of Clay County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- 
cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). 
During the latter 3'ear he received the appoint- 
ment of United States Marshal for the Southern 
District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- 
sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1886, he 
was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer 
and was elected by an unusually large majority ; 
in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a 
member of the Riiilroad and Warehouse Commis- 
sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of 
Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, 
continuing in the latter office until December, 
1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member 
of the Republican State Central Committee, re- 
turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen 
Chairman and conducted the campaign which 



resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- 
cesses of that year. In 1896 he received the 
nomination of his party for Governor, and was 
elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, liis Demo- 
cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000. 
Died after expiration of his term, May 23, 1901. 

TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in 
Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson 
Comity, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a 
position as teacher and Superintendent of Public 
Schools. Later, he was connected with "The 
Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- 
non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of 
California, meeting with reasonable success as a 
miner. Returning in a year or two, he was 
elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in 
the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study 
of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering 
into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. 
Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in 
the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- 
strumental in securing the appropriation for the 
erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount 
Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of that year; was 
elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was 
assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at 
the expiration of his term, declined a re-election 
and resumed the practice of his profession at 
Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. 

T.\XATION, in its legal sense, the mode of 
raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes 
are the support of the State and local govern- 
ments, the promotion of the public good by 
fostering education and works of public improve- 
ment, the protection of society bj' the preser- 
vation of order and the punishment of crime, and 
the support of the helpless and destitute. In 
practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, 
the raising of revenue is required to be done "by 
levj-ing a tax by valuation, so that every person 
and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to 
the value of his, her or its property — such value 
to be ascertained b)' some person or persons, to be 
elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- 
eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." 
(State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) 
The person selected under the law to make this 
valuation is the Assessor of the county or the 
township (in counties under township organiza- 
tion), and he is required to make a return to the 
County Board at its July meeting each year — the 
latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- 
payers and adjust inequalities when found to 
exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



519 



inclutle in his return, as real-estate, all lands and 
the buildings or other improvements erected 
thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- 
ert}% all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, 
bonds or stocks, shares of stock of coinj)anies or 
corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, 
royalties, etc. Property used for school, church 
or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings 
and other propertj' belonging to the State and 
General Government, municipalities, public 
charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- 
tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, 
all property subject to taxation is required to be 
assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the 
valuation, of late j-ears, has been on a basis of 
twentj'-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- 
mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, 
the valuation is often much lower than this, 
while very large amounts escape assessment 
altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the 
special session of the Fortieth General Assembly 
(1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of 
all property subject to taxation in his district, at 
its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review 
fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of 
such cash valuation. An abstract of the property 
assessment of each county goes before the State 
Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in 
August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- 
izing valuations between counties, but the Board 
has no power to modify the assessments of indi- 
vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- 
zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix 
the valuation for purposes of taxation of the 
capital stock or franchises of companies (except 
certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- 
corporated under the State laws, together with the 
"railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, 
and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph 
lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter 
between counties in which they lie. — The Consti- 
tution of 1S48 empowered the Legislature to 
impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty 
cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free 
white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- 
frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the 
Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, 
though it authorizes the extension of the "objects 
and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the 
principle contained in the first section of the 
Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, 
for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., 
being local and in the form of benefits, cannot 
be said to come under the liead of general tax- 
ation. The same is to be said of revenue derivd 



from fines and penalties, which are forms of 
punishment for specific offenses, and go to the 
benefit of certain specified funds. 

TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, was a native 
of Maine, and a resitlcnt of Chicago. He had been 
in active business all his life as contractor, builder 
and merchant, and, for some time, a member of 
the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & 
Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- 
fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the 
National Republican Convention of 1884. and 
represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- 
first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. 
He was one of the contractors for the erection of 
the new State Capitol of Texas. Died April 1.3, 1903. 

TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet 
and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y , July 
19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 
1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- 
matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal" 
Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- 
tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in 
demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His 
letters from the field during the Rebellion, as 
war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," 
won for him even a greater popularity, and were 
complimented by translation into more than one 
European language. After the war, he gave his 
attention more unreservedlj' to literature, his 
principal works appearing after that date. His 
publications in book form, including both prose 
and poetry, comprise the following "Attractions 
of Language" (1845); "January and June" 
(1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); 
"The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- 
tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of 
Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned 
from Rural Nooks" (1879) ; "Between the Gates" 
— pictures of California life — (1881) ; "Dulce 
Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- 
philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings," 
a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the 
publisliers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among 
his most popular poems are ' 'The Isle of the Long 
Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of 
the River." "The London Times" complimented 
Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- 
smith of America." 

TAY'LOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader 
and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va., 
Oct. 18, 1803 — the son of a commissary in the 
army of the Revolution, under General Greene, 
and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary 
Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at 
an early day, came to Springfield. 111., where he 



520 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; 
was elected from Sangamon County to the lower 
branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) 
and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a 
competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State 
Senate and, at the next session of the Legislature, 
was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who 
secured the removal of the State Capital to 
Springfield. He resigned before the close of liis 
term to accept, from President Jackson, tlie ap- 
pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- 
cago. Here he became one of the promoters of 
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), 
serving as one of the Commissioners to secure 
subscriptions of stock, and was also active in 
advocating the construction of the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by 
which he was known during most of Ins life, was 
acquired by service, witli tliat rank, on the staff 
of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk 
War of 1833. After coming to Chicago, Colonel 
Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago 
branch of the State Bank, and was later identified 
with various banking enterprises, as also a some- 
what extensive operator in real estate. An active 
Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- 
nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of 
his party to take ground against the Kansas- Neb 
raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of 
General Bissell to the governorship in 18.i6. In 
1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- 
port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and 
was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- 
ment still later, as shown by his participation in 
the celebrated "Peace Con\ention" at Spring- 
field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his 
life he became extensivelj' interested in coal 
lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, 
for a considerable time, served as President of the 
Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his 
home, during a part of this period, being at 
Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891. 

TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of 
Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- 
mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its 
point of intersection with the Springfield Division 
of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is 
about 37 miles southeast of Springfield, and 
28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several 
banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and 
gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage 
and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming 
implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine 
churches and five graded and township high 



schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. 
Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248; (1910), .5,446. 

TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on 
the Illinois River; was first settled in 1823 and 
organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles 
— was nanie<l for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. 
It is drained by the Illinois and ilackinaw Rivers 
and traversed by several lines of railway. The 
surface is generalh' level, the soil alluvial and 
rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the 
river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are 
found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an 
agricultural county. The cereals are extensively 
cultivated ; wool is also clipped, and there are 
dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is 
extensively conducted at Pekin, the county seat, 
which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- 
tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the 
county (lN!ll)),-J9,.").-)r>: (1900), 33,221; (lOKIV 34,027 

TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago 
physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in 
medicine at Middlebury College, Vt. , in 1830, and, 
in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he had 
a contract for carrying the United States mail 
from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, 
and the following year undertook a similar con- 
tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold 
these out three years later, he devoted his atten- 
tion to the iiractice of his profession, though 
interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- 
struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. 
Temple was instrumental in erecting the first 
house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary 
station at Wolf Point), for public religious 
worship in Chicago, and, although himself a 
Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant 
denominations. He was a member of the first 
Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, 
though he later became a convert to homeopathy, 
and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in 
founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, 
dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. 

TEM'RE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) 

TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS 
RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre 
Haute Riiilroiid.) 

TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See 
St. Lonin. Alton &• Terre Haute Railroad.) 

TERRE HAUTE k INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- 
ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own 
within the State, but the lessee and operator of 
the following lines (which see): St. Louis, 
Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre 
Haute & Peoria, 145.13 miles; East St. Louis 
& Carondelet, 12.74 miles — total length of leased 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



521 



lines in Illinois. 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute 
& ludiauapolis Railroad was incorporated in 
Indiana in 1847. as the Terre Haute & Rich- 
mond, completed a line between the points 
named in the title, in 1S.")0, and took its present 
name in 18GC. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock 
in 1893. 

TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, 
(Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from 
Terre Haute. Ind., to Peoria, 111., 14,1.12 miles, 
with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 
miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated 
by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- 
pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are 
steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, 
successor to the Illinois Jlidland Railroad. The 
latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 
1874) of three lines; (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & 
Decatur Railroad, chartered in 18G9 and opened in 
1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered 
in 1861 and opened in December, 1872; and (3) the 
Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 
and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines 
assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- 
road. In 1886 the llUnois Midland was sold under 
foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized 
as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 
it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre 
Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is 
operated as a part of the "Vandalia System."' 
The capital stock (1898) was §3,764,200; funded 
debt, S2,280,000,total capital invested, ?6.227,481. 
TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, 
on the \ audalia Railroad line, four miles east of 
Effingham, is a strictly agricultural region and 
was originally settled by a colony of Germans 
from Cincinnati. Population (1900), 498; (1910), 
592. 

THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, 
was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at 
Middlebury College, and, after admission to the 
bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced 
practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he 
enUsted and was commissioned xVssistant Adju- 
tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the 
close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- 
nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff 
of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to 
Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected 
a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and 
re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the 
House during his latter term. In 1888 he was 
elected State Senator from the Sixth District, 
serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth 



and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 
1897, General Thomas was api>ointed United 
States Appraiser in connection with the Custom 
House in Chicago. Died March 17, 1004. 

THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United 
States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., 
claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. 
Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood 
and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, 
in 1803; in 180.5 was Speaker of the Territorial 
Legislature and, later, represented the Territory 
as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of 
Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he 
removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the 
first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, 
as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over 
the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on 
the admission of the State, became one of the 
first United States Senators — Governor Edwards 
being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- 
cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence 
as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to 
the Senate in 1823, serving imtil 1829. He sub- 
sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where 
he died by suicide. May 4, 1853. — Jesse Burgess 
(Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- 
tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania 
University, and, being admitted to the bar, 
located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared 
in connection with public affairs as Secretary of 
the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1833; 
in 1834 was elected Representative in the General 
Assembly from Madison County, but, in Febru- 
ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, 
serving only one year. He afterwards held tlie 
position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being 
then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- 
ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment 
of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- 
las, and was afterwards elected to the same 
ortice by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. 
During a part of his professional career he was 
the partner of David Prickett and William L. 
May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of 
the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, 
where he died, Feb. 21, 18.50.— Jesse B. (Thomas) 
third, clergyman and son of the last named; born 
at Edwardsville, 111., July 29, 1832; educated at 
Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) 
Theological Seminary; practiced law for a time 
in Chicago, but finally entered the Bapti.st minis- 
try, serving churches at Waukegan, III., Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 



532 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- 
tist Church, in Cliicago, remaining until 1874, 
wlien he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he 
became Professor of Biblical History in the 
Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he 
has since resided. He is the author of several 
volmnes, and, in 1866, received the degree of D.D. 
from the old University of Chicago. 

THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the 
Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, 
Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- 
panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where 
the family located in what was then called the 
Alexander settlement, near the present site of 
Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm 
(althougli lie had not enough money to buy a 
horse) and married. Six years later he-bought 
and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, 
raindly accumulated real property, until he 
became one of the most extensive owners of farm- 
ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he 
was fond of military exercise, holding various 
offices in local organizations and serving as a 
Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was 
one of the leaders of the party opposed to the 
amendment of the State Constitution to sanction 
slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- 
Nebraska bill in 18.54, and a firm supporter of the 
Republican party from the date of its formation. 
He was elected to the lower house of the General 
Assembly in 1838. '62, "64, "72 and '74; and to the 
State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the 
latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in 
the 95th year of his age. 

THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born 
at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served 
in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- 
lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After 
his return home he studied law, and was adnut- 
ted to the bar in 1869. From 1873 to 1876 he was 
State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- 
sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. 
Thomas was appointed by President McKinley 
an additional United States District Judge for 
Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, 
in that Territory. 

THOMAS, Hiltiam, pioneer lawyer and legis- 
lator, was born in what is now Allen County, 
Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentarj- edu- 
cation, and served as deputy of his father (who 
was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; 
studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; 
in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he 
taught school, served as a. private in the Winne- 
bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, 



reported the proceedings of the General Assem- 
bly for "The Vandalia Intelligencer"; was State's 
Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan 
County ; served as Quartermaster and Commis- 
sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under 
Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under 
General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit 
Judge, but legislated out of office two j-ears later. 
It was as a member of the Legislature, however, 
that he gained the greatest prominence, first as 
State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 
1846-48 and 18.50-52, when he was especiallj- influ- 
ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- 
lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb 
and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane 
(the first in the State) at Jacksonville — serving, 
for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees 
of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- 
tion with many enterprises of a local character, 
including the establishment of the Illinois Female 
College, to which, although without children of 
his own, he was a liberal contributor. During 
the first year of the war he was a member of the 
Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- 
ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 23, 
1889. 

THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in 
Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being 
descended from a Virginia family. After tlie 
usual primary instruction in the common schools, 
he spent two years in a high scliool at Gallatin, 
Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- 
ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at 
Miami Universitj', Ohio, where he graduated in 
1834. Having studied law with an uncle at 
Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, 
when he left his native State with a view to set- 
tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. 
William F. Thornton, at Shell )yville. 111., was 
induced to establish himself in practice there. 
He served as a member of the State Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- 
ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly 
(1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was 
elected to the Thirty-ninth Congre.ss, and, in 
1870, to the Illinois Supreiue Court, but .served 
only mitil 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 
Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, HI., but 
subsequentlj' returned to Shelbyville, where 
lie cIrmI Sept. 10, 19U4. 

THORNTON, WiUiaiu Fltzhugh, Conmiissioner 
of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in 
Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went 
to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug 
business for a time, also acting as associate 



niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



523 



editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- 
quently removing to Washington City, he con- 
ducted a paper there in the interest of John 
Quincy Adam.s for the Presidency. During the 
War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, 
and, for a time, as staff-officer of General Winder. 
On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to 
America (1824-2.5) he accompanied the distin- 
guished Frencliinan from Baltimore to Rich- 
mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, 
in 1833, to Shelby vi He, 111., where he soon after 
engaged in mercantile busine.ss, to which he 
added a banking and Ijrokerage business in 18.59, 
with which he was actively associated until his 
death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor 
Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois 
& Michigan Canal, serving as President of the 
Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to 
London, as financial agent of the State, in the 
interest of tlie Canal, and succeeded in making a 
sale of bonds to the amount of §1.000.000 on what 
were then considered favorable terms. General 
Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- 
zation of the Republican party, when he became 
a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 
1873. 

TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, 
Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, 
locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where 
he became a prominent and enterprising operator 
in real estate, doing a large business for eastern 
parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro 
Academy and an influential and liberal friend of 
Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter 
from its establishment until his death ; was sup- 
ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- 
urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at 
Peoria, May 11, 18.53.— Christiana Holmes (Till- 
son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, 
Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 
1823, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; 
was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and 
deeply interested in benevolent enterjirises. 
Died, in New York City. May 29, 1872.— Charles 
Holmes (TilLson), son of John and Christiana 
Holmes TilLson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 
15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and 
Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- 
vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. 
Louis and practiced there some years — also served 
several terms in the City Council, and was a 
member of the National Guard of Missouri in the 
War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— 
John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at 



Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 12. 1825; educated at Hills- 
boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not 
graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- 
sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was 
admitted to the bar at Quincy. 111., the same 
year; practiced two years at Galena, when he 
returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the 
Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its 
Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. 
Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to 
the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered 
out with the rank of brevet. Brigadier-General ; 
for two years later hehl a commission as Captain 
in tlie regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 
he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 
was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth 
General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, 
who had died in office, and, during the same year, 
was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for 
the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, 
August 6, 1892. 

TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- 
fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- 
nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, 
as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John 
Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1836 he engaged in the 
mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in 
St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., 
where he opened the first general store in that 
city; also served as Postmaster for some ten 
years During this period he built the first two- 
story frame building erected in Quincy, up to 
that date. Retiring from the mercantile business 
in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately 
becoming the proprietor of considerable property 
of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- 
nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government 
during the war. Soon after the war he erected 
one of the handsomest business blocks existing 
in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 
27, 1893. 

TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- 
tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- 
ion County, Ind., in 1839, and left an orphan at 
17; attended school in Coles County, 111 , and 
was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 
1843-53. He then became a member of the firm 
of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- 
ing a bank, which became the First National 
Bank of Danville. In 1804 Mr. Tincher was 
elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
General A.ssembly and, two years later, to the 
Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a 
member of the State Constitutional Convention 
of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17. 1871, 



524 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



while in attendance on the adjourneJ session of 
that year. 

TIPTON, Thomas F., lawj-er and jurist, was 
born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; 
and was a resident of McLean County, 111., from 
the age of 10 years, his last home being in 
Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 
18.57, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, 
was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial 
Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the 
same circuit, and under the new Constitution, 
was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. 
From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) 
Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 
1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the 
Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected 
to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington 
Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration 
of Ills term in 1S97. Died Feb. 7, 1904. 

TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles 
southwest of Princeton; has creameries and 
cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- 
works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1910), 857. 

TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- 
gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the 
battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- 
tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a 
lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed 
to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating 
near Lexington. He was one of the first two 
Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia 
House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied 
Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition 
against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- 
ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois 
County, embracing the region northwest of the 
Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again 
a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he 
procured grants of land for public schools and 
introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He 
■was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue 
Licks, Ky., August 19, 1783. 

TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- 
ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- 
est graduates of Transylvania University, also 
graduating at the Medical University of Pliila- 
delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- 
tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at 
tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- 
ington after his release, he practiced there and 
at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 
1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had 
been appointed Register of the Land Office by 



President John Quincy Adams, but was removed 
by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside 
at Springfield \intil his death, which occurred, 
Jan. 9, 18G5. He was a grandson of John Todd, 
who was apijointed Commandant of Illinois 
County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an 
uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Dlair 
Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at 
Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his 
father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United 
States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- 
wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on 
the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader 
in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his 
.seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, 
then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- 
teers, 1861-G2; was again Delegate in Congress 
in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature 
in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. 
Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1873. 

TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of 
Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded 
school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, 
and two weekly newspapers. There are no consider- 
able manufactories, the leading intlustry in the 
surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1900), 
818; (1910), 900. 

TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Cit} 
Railroad.) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. 
(See Toledo, Peoria ct Western Raihray.) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. 
(See Toledo. Peoria <$• Western Railway.) 

TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, 
a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- 
nois, extending from Eflner, at the Indiana State 
line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. 
The length of the whole line is 330.7 miles, owned 
entirely by the company. It is made up of a 
division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — 
which is practically an air-line throughout nearly 
its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw 
Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La 
Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a 
mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at 
Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for 
this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of 
the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main 
line was completed in 1868. and the La Harjie & 
Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was 
made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 
1880, and reorganized as the Toledo. Peoria & 
Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



525 



years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway 
Company. The latter defaulted in July. lS8-i, 
and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage 
bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in 
October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present 
company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria 
& Western Railway Company, was organized for 
the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 
the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a 
controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an 
agreement, for joint ownership and management, 
was entered into between that corporation and 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- 
pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 
$9,712,433, of which .$4,076,900 was in stock and 
$4,895,000 in bonds. 

TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast 
direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near 
the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern 
terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 
miles, of which 179Vi miles are operated in Illi- 
nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the 
line grew out of the union of charters granted to 
the Tuscola. Charleston & Vincennes and the 
Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- 
panies, wliich were con.solidated in 1881 with 
certain Indiana lines under the name of the 
Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 
1883 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from 
Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. 
Louis (173 miles). In 1885 this was sold under 
foreclosiu'e and, in June. 1886, consolidated with 
the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. 
Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line 
was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and 
otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, 
went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- 
organization have been under consideration, but 
the receivers were still in control in 1898. 

TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 

TOLONO, a village in Champaign County, situ- 
ated at the intersection of the Waliasli and the 
Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- 
paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It 
is the bu.*iness center of a prosperous agricultural 
region. The town has several churches, a graded 
school, a bank, some manufactories and a weekly 
newspaper; much grain is shipi)ed here. Pop. 
(1890), 902; (1900), 845; (1910), 700. 

TOLUCA, a city of Marsliall County, on the 
Atchison, Topoka & Santa Fe and the Toluca, 
Marquette & Northern R. Rs., 10 miles southwest 



of Wenona: has two coal mines and. two weekly 
papers. Pop. (1910), 2.407. 

TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- 
dier, born at Gaeta. Italy, about 1650 What is 
now known as the Tontine system of insurance 
vmtloubtedly originated with his father. The 
yovmger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a 
youtli, took part in numerous land and naval 
encounters. In the course of his experience he 
lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or 
copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle 
in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at 
Niagara. He advanced into the country of the 
Illinois and established friendly relations with 
them, only to witness the defeat of his putative 
savage allies by the Iroquois. After various 
encounters (chiefly under the direction of La 
Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned 
to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La 
Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. 
Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in 
La Salle County. In 1683 he descended the Mis- 
sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was 
ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 
1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully 
repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 
1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search 
of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his 
commander and the loss of his early comrades, 
he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. 
Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, 
as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, 
in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most efl5- 
cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, 
did more than any other of the early French 
explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized 
world. 

TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- 
ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at 
Cairo be adopted as tlie maximum depression, and 
the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- 
tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- 
tude of this table land above the sea-level varies 
from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being 
about 600 feet. The State has no moimtain 
chains, and its few hills are probably the result 
of unequal deiuidation during the drift epoch. 
In some localities, particularly in the valley of 
tlie upper Mississippi, the streams have cut 
channels from 300 to 300 feet deep through the 
nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- 
cipitous scarps, but. for the most part, the 
fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer 
of di'trital material. In the northwest there is a 
broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 



526 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tion of the Stale is almost wliolly flat prairie, 
and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are 
many deep valleys, eroded by the action of 
streams. The surface generallj' slopes toward 
the south and southwest, but the uniformity is 
broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one 
in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses 
the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois 
at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 
850 feet above sea-level, though the altitude of 
Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. 
That in the .south consists of a range of hills in 
the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from 
Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are 
also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. 
The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess 
County, just south of the Wisconsin State line 
(near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 
1,257 feet above sealevel, while the highest in 
the south is in the northeast corner of Pope 
County — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- 
tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- 
tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. 
Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on 
observations made under the auspices of the Illi- 
nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The 
lowest gauge, of the Ohio river, at its mouth 
(above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean 
level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. 
The altitudes of a few prominent points are as 
follows: Highest point in Jack.son County, 695 
feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- 
est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La 
Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston 
(Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike 
(Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in 
Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 
1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; 
in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985. 
The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 
465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- 
burg, 7.55; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- 
ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of 
the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, 
little timber is found in the northern and central 
portions of the State, and such growth as there 
is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- 
ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a 
belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, 
and, while they generally include few coniferous 
trees, they aboimd in various species of oak, 
black and white walnut, white and j-ellow pop- 
lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, 
Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- 
mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) 



the cypress. From a commercial point of view, 
Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber 
over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago 
is an accessible market for the product of the 
forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of 
lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- 
ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, 
with its abundance of organic matter (see Oeo- 
logical Formations), more than comjjensates for 
the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted 
to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire 
boundary of the State consists of navigable 
waters. These, with their tributary streams, 
ensure sufficient drainage. 

TORRENS LAXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system 
for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances 
upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended 
to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the 
cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and 
transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- 
cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- 
land and British Columbia for many years, and 
it is also in force in some States in the American 
Union. An act providing for its introduction 
into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- 
ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 
1895. The final legislation in reference thereto 
was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and 
was approved. May 1, 1897. It is far more elalx>- 
rate in its consideration of details, and is believed 
to be, in many respects, much better adapted to 
accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- 
nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to 
counties of the first and second class, and can be 
adopted in no county except by a vote of a 
majority of the qualified voters of the same — the 
vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the 
November or April elections, or at an election 
for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only 
county to adopt the system has been Cook, and 
there it encountered strong opposition on the 
part of certain parties of influence and wealth. 
After its adoption, a test ca.se was brought, rais- 
ing the question of the constitutionality of the 
act. The i.ssue was taken to the Supreme Court, 
which tribunal finally upheld the law. — The 
Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- 
tration and of transfer for the more elaborate 
deeds and mortgages in use for cent\iries. Under 
it there can be no actual transfer of a title until 
the same is entered upon the public land legis- 
ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which 
case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power 
of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, 
upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



527 



or of the registration of a United States bond, 
the actual transfer and public notice thereof 
being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- 
visions of the Illinois statute is given below; 
Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and 
required to give bonds of either §50,000 or $200,- 
000, according to the poj)ulation of the county. 
Any person or corporation, having an interest in 
land, may make application to any court having 
chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto 
registered. Such application must be in writ- 
ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- 
form, in matters of specification and detail, with 
the requirements of the act. The court may refer 
the application to one of the standing examiners 
appointed bj' the Registrar, who are required to 
be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- 
amine into the title, as well as the truth of the 
applicant's statements. Immediately upon the 
filing of the application, notice thereof is given 
by the clerk, through publication and the issuance 
of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- 
ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned 
in the petition as having or claiming any inter- 
est in the property described. Any person inter- 
e.sted, whether named as a defendant or not, may 
enter an appearance within the time allowed. A 
failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a 
confession by default. The court, in passing 
upon the application, is in no case bound by the 
examiner's report, but may require other and 
further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes 
upon all questions of title and incmubrance, 
directing the Registrar to register the title in the 
part)- in whom it is to be vested, and making 
provision as to the manner and order in which 
incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the 
certificate to be issued. An appeal maj' be 
allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the 
time of entering the decree, upon like terms as 
in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error 
may be sued out from that tribunal within two 
years after the entry of the order or decree. 
The period last mentioned may be said to be the 
statutory period of limitation, after which the 
decree of the court must be regarded as final, 
although safeguards are provided for those who 
may have been defrauded, and for a few other 
classes of persons Upon the filing of the order 
or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the 
Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form 
of which is prescribed by the act, making such 
notations at the end as shall show and preserve 
the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- 
brances and changes to which the owner's title is 



subject. For the jiurpose of preserving evidence 
of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the 
certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is 
required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- 
trar's oiTice. In case any registered owner 
should desire to transfer the whole or any part of 
his estate, or any interest therein, he is required 
to execute a conveyance to the transferee, whicli, 
together with the certificate of title last issued, 
must be surrendered to the Registrar. That 
official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- 
ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered 
certificate, as well as upon the corresponding 
entry in his books of record. When land is first 
brought within the operation of the act, the 
receiver of the certificate of title is required to 
pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of 
the value of the land, the aggregate so received 
to be deposited with and invested l>y the County 
Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund 
for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any 
loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- 
sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The 
advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, 
chieflj', that titles registered thereunder can be 
dealt with more .safely, quickly and inexpensively 
than under the old system ; it being possible to 
close the entire transaction within an hour or 
two, without the need of an abstract of title, 
while (as the law is administered in Cook County) 
the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that 
a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost 
as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as 
shares of stock or registered bonds. 

TOULONv the county-seat of Stark Couijty, on 
the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- 
northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of 
Galva. Besides the county court-house, the town 
has five churches and a high school, an academy, 
steam granite works, two banks, and one weekly 
paper. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 
1,0,57; (1910), 1,208. 

TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads, 7 
miles east of Pana; has liank, elevators, coal mines 
and one wecklv paper. Pop. (1010), 1,010. 

TOWNSHEiVD, Richard W., lawyer and Con- 
gressman, was born in Prince George's County, 
Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 
and 18 he attended public and private schools 
at Washington, D. C. In ISSS lie came to 
Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same 
time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- 
Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 



528 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in 1862, and %vhere he began practice. From 1863 
to 1868 lie was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, 
and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for 
the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed 
to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of 
the Gallatin National Bank. From 1164 to 1875 
he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, and a delegate to the National 
Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. 
For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented 
his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, 
but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the 
beginning of his seventh term. 

TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois 
about 1842; served in an Illinois regiment during 
the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 
1866-76 ; established himself as a portrait painter 
in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as 
a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- 
ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. 
Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. 

TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) 

TREAT, Samuel Hnhbel, lawyer and jurist, 
was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N, Y., 
June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and 
studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted 
to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , 
traveling most of the way on foot. Here he 
formed a partnership with George Forquer, who 
had held the offices of Secretary of State and 
Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a 
Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the 
Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the 
Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the 
time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. 
Having been elected to the Supreme bench vmder 
the new Constitution, he remained in office until 
March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- 
tion of Judge of the United States District Court 
for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he 
had been appointed by President Pierce. This 
position he continued to occupy until his death, 
which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. 
Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- 
est in the history of the State, covering a period 
of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were 
spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirtj'-two 
in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- 
trict Court. 

TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian 
Treaties. ) 

TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- 
gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 
29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War 
of the Revolution. He rece.ived a superior clas- 



sical and professional education, and was admit- 
ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. 
Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- 
sional career has been chiefly connected with 
that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of 
the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the 
Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, 
when he resigned. The three following years he 
spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 
1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was 
the Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his 
Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- 
date of his party for United States Senator, but 
was defeated b}' John A. Logan, by one vote. In 
1884 he \\ as a member of the National Democratic 
Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- 
land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland 
appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring 
the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. 
On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and 
returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by 
President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- 
national Monetary- Conference at Washington. 
The year before he had attended (although not as 
a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- 
sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, 
where he exerted all his influence on the side of 
humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him 
the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its 
commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most 
earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, 
after the Spanish-American War, a zealous advo- 
cate of the policy of retaining the territory 
ac(|uired from Spain. Died October 9, 1910. 

TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the 
Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of 
Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, 
and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 782. 

TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles 
east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has 
creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six 
churches, a public school and one newspaper. Pop. 
(1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1910), 1,694. 

TROY, a city of Madison County, on the Terre 
Haute & Indiana|3olis Railroad, 21 miles northeast 
of St. Louis; has coal mines, a bank and a news- 
paper. Pop. (1900), l.OSO; (1910), 1,447. 

TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, 
a native of Trimljle Comity, Ky., was born Feb. 
12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father 
having settled near CarrolUon that year; was 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



539 



educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; 
enlisted in tlie One Hundred and Seventeenth 
Illinois Volunteers in lSb2, and was promoted 
from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he 
studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the 
Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the 
Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a 
Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. 
Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- 
cessful candidate for the Republican nomination 
for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, 
where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- 
sion. Died July 26, 1900. 

TRUMBl'LL, Lyman, statesman, was born at 
Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from 
a historical family, being a grand-nephew of 
Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from 
whom the name "Brother Jonathan'" was derived 
as an appellation for Americans. Having received 
an academic education in his native town, at the 
age of 16 he began teaching a district school near 
his home, went South four years later, and en- 
gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he 
studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- 
wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he 
came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, 
Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremontand 
La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a 
village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At 
Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice 
from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- 
gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, 
which continued to be his home for twenty years. 
His entrance into public life began with his elec- 
tion as Representative in the General Assembly 
in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, 
by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- 
tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. 
Douglas, who, after holding the position only two 
months, had resigned to accept a seat on the 
Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, 
when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 
4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a 
Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 
1852, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired 
health. A year later (1854) he was elected to 
Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- 
Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, 
was promoted to the United States Senate, as the 
successor of General Shields in the memorable con- 
test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- 
ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of 
eighteen years in the United States Senate (being 
re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most 



memorable in the history of that body, covering, 
as it does, the whole history of the vrar for the 
Union, and the period of reconstruction which 
followed it. During this period, as Chairman of 
the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more 
to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- 
struction measures than any other single member 
of that body. While he disagreed with a large 
majority of his Republican associates on the ques- 
tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was 
always found in sympathy with them on the vital 
questions affecting the war and restoration of the 
Union. Tlie Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's 
Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 
he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement 
and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic 
party, being their candidate for Governor in 
1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, 
where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- 
tinued in the practice of his profession until his 
death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. 
TVQ MILLS. These were a sort of primitive 
machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and 
early State days. The mechanism consisted of an 
upright shaft, into the upper end of which were 
fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of 
a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars 
was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip 
of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was 
stretched around these pins and wrapped twice 
around a circular piece of wood called a trundle 
head, through which passed a perpendicular flat 
bar of iron, which turned the millstone, usually 
about eighteen inches in diameter. From the 
upright shaft projected a beam, to which were 
hitched one or two horses, which furnished the 
motive power. Oxen were sometimes emplojed 
as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- 
mentary contrivances were capable of grinding 
about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. 

TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English 
extraction and descended from the early settlers 
of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven 
years later, his mother, having married Col. 
Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent 
lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to 
that city. Young Tuley began reading law with 
his step-father and completed his studies at the 
Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year 
being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the 
same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- 
teers for service in the Mexican War, and was 
commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having 
ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 



530 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



practiced law, also served as Attorney-General 
and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to 
Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, 
successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary 
and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm 
of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he 
was Corporation Counsel, and during this time 
framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, 
under which the City of Chicago was reincor- 
porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench 
of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- 
elected every six years thereafter, his last election 
being in 1S97. He died Dec. 25, 1905, during his 
finirth term, some ten years of his incumbency 
having been spent as Chief Justice. 

TUN JiICLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 
1829; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- 
tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a 
time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
subsequently studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself 
at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built 
up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he 
was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- 
lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, 
by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a 
seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice 
Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one 
of his professional preceptors. Died Dec. 20, 1901. 
TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- 
chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born 
in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the 
artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and 
was commissioned ensign; participated in the 
Hungarian campaign of 1849,. and, in 1852, was 
assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; 
served through the Crimean War, rising to the 
rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff 
officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to 
this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five 
years, was in the service of the Illinois Central 
Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 
1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- 
teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his 
regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, 
was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- 
Generalship, being attached to the Army of the 
Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After 
the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents 
at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. 
In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, 
in Washington County, in this State, and settled 
as a farmer. He was an occasional contributor to 
the press, writing usually on military or scientific 



subjects; was the author of the "Campaign and 
Battle of Chickaraauga." Died June IS, 1901. 

TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and 
manufac4:uring center in AVinfield Township, Du 
Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the 
junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town 
has a rolling-mill, manufactories of wagons and 
pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five 
churches, a graded school and two newspapers. 
Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. 

TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- 
estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, . 
August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- 
cation in the college there. During the Civil 
War he served as First Lieutenant in the One 
Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and 
later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, 
taking part in the operations about Richmond, 
the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of 
Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- 
cago after the close of the war, he became con- 
nected with the business office of "The Advance," 
but later was employed in the banking house of 
Jay Cooke & Co. , in Philadelphia. On the failure 
of that concern, in 1873, he returned to Chicago 
and bought "The Advance," which he conducted 
some two 5'ears, when he sold out and engaged in 
the real estate business, with which he has since 
been identified — being President of the Chicago 
Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been 
President of the Western Publishing Company 
and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner 
is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National 
Guard and, on the declaration of war between the 
United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly 
resumed his connection with the First Regiment 
of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de 
Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment 
being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- 
ice in the field during the progress of the war. 
Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- 
mand and the entire nation by the manner in 
which he discharged his duty. The regiment 
was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when 
he retired to private life. 

TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was 
born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 
14, 1799; after a brief business career in his 
native State, he became identified with the con- 
struction and operation of railroads. Among the 
works with which he was thus connected, were 
the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie 
and tlie Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



531 



came to Chicago, having previously purchased a 
large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he 
joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- 
tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, 
which had been incorporated in 1836. He became 
President of the Company in 1850. and assisted in 
constructing various sections of road in Northern 
Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become 
portions of the Chicago & Northwestern sj'stem. 
He was also one of the original Directors of the 
North Side Street Railway Company, organized 
in 1859. Died, Feb. 2(j, 1871. 

TURXER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and 
agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 
7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching 
his majority, began teaching in a counti'j' school. 
After spending a short time in an academy at 
Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- 
ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, 
by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. 
In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- 
ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same 
year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege at Jacksonville, 111, which had been opened, 
three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- 
vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- 
struction in nearly every branch embraced in the 
college curriculum, though holding, during most 
of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English 
Literature. In 1847 he retired from college 
duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, 
in which he had always manifested a deep inter- 
est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange 
as a hedge-plant now occupied his attention for 
many years, and its successful introduction in 
Illinois and other Western States — where the 
absence of timber rendered some substitute a 
necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due 
to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep 
interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- 
cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, 
began formulating that system of industrial edu- 
cation which, after twelve years of labor and 
agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing 
recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and 
approved by President Lincoln, in July, 18C3, 
making liberal donations of puljlic lands for the 
establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the 
several States, out of which grew the University 
of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- 
ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois 
and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other 
single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for 
this magnificent achievement. (See Education, 
and University of Illinois.) He was also one of 



the chief factors in founding and building up 
the Illinois State Teachers" Association, and the 
State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. 
His address on "The Millennium of Labor," 
delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at 
Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- 
ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A 
zealous champion of free thought, in both political 
and religious att'airs, he long bore the reproach 
which attached to the radical AbuUtionist, only 
to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally 
accorded to those who had the courage and 
independence to avow their honest convictions. 
Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate 
for Congress — once as a Republican and once as 
an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, 
religious and educational topics. The evening of 
an honored and useful life was spent among 
friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for 
more than sixty years, his death taking place in 
that city, Jan. 10, 1899. at the advanced age of 
93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- 
ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- 
sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. 

TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- 
man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 
1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent 
tliree years in Indiana and in the mining dis- 
tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, 
locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, wliere he 
was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected 
Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- 
ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, 
in which capacity he secured the conviction and 
punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- 
port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress £is a 
Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The 
Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport 
Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the 
county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he 
was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year 
becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a 
member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in 
May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor 
Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- 
teers, but resigned in 1863. He served as a mem- 
ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- 
ture, where he received the Democratic caucus 
nomination for United States Senator against 
General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, 
and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the 
office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he 
went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, 
and died there, April 3 following. 



532 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of 
Douglas County, located at the intersection of the 
Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- 
way, 23 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles 
east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it 
has five churches, a graded school, a national 
bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- 
ments for the manufacture of carriages and 
wagons; in a farming district. Pop. (1890), 1,897; 
(1900), 2,.569; (1910), 2,4.53. 

TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & YINCENNES 
RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis &• Kansas 
Ciiy Railroad.) 

TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born 
at Vergennes, Jackson Coimty, III., Nov. 10, 1841. 
After passing through the common schools of his 
native county, he took a preparatory course in a 
high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, 
Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- 
lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately 
thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- 
burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- 
pany of scouts attached to General Logan's 
command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the 
First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he 
served until the close of the war, meanwhile 
being twice promoted. During this time he was 
with General Sherman in the march to Jleridian, 
and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with 
General Thomas in the operations against the 
rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the 
battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- 
mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of 
law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- 
nity while in the armj', and was admitted to the 
bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for 
a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville 
circuit. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, two 
years later was elected City Attorney and re- 
elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican 
National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was 
appointed United States District Attorney for 
the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 
1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of 
Cook County to fill tlie vacancy caused by the 
death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full 
term in 1891, and again in 1897. 

TYJi'DALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in 
Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 
came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a 
time in mercantile business, later being emplo3'ed 
in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- 
ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, 
he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he 
engaged in mercantile business with his father; 



then came to Illinois, a second time, in 184.'5, spend- 
ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 
1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a 
course of mathematical studj', with a view to 
fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession 
of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in 
engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he 
was employed for a time on the Suubury & Erie 
Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. 
In 1857 he was elected County Survej-or of St. 
Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of 
President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city 
of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, 
when he received the Republican nomination for 
Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in 
oiKce four years. He was an earnest advocate, 
and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- 
tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session 
of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he 
continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- 
ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, 
Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- 
field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early 
hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while 
going from his home to the railroad station at 
Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was 
assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- 
posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body 
being found a few hom's later at the scene of the 
tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. 
Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a 
high reputation by his services during the war. 
His second wife, who survived him, was a 
daughter of Shadraoh Penn, an editor of con- 
siderable reputation who was the contemporary 
and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for 
some years. 

"UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A 
history of Illinois would be incomplete without 
reference to the unique system which existed 
there, as in other Northern States, from forty to 
seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- 
terious title of "The Underground Railroad." 
The origin of the term has been traced (probably 
in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of 
a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- 
tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised 
by his sudden dis;ippearance, as soon as he had 
reached the opposite shore, that he was led to 
remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an 
underground road." From "underground road" 
to "underground i-ailroad," the transition would 
appear to have been easy, especially in view of 
the increased facility with which the work was 
performed when railroads came into use. For 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



533 



readers of the present generation, it nuij- be well 
to explain what "The Underground Railroad" 
really was. It may be defined as the figurative 
appellation for a spontaneous movement in the 
free States — extending, sometimes, into the 
slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their 
efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The 
movement dates back to a period close to the 
Revolutionary War, long before it received a 
definite name. Assistance given to fugitives 
from one State by citizens of another, became a 
cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- 
ment was organized. In fact, the first President 
himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- 
mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was 
so strong against his return, that the patriotic 
and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose 
to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite 
a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the 
minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- 
ter was already one of concern in the minds of 
slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision 
was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- 
ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from 
labor, as well as from justice, from one State to 
another. 

In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave 
Law, which was signed by President Washing- 
ton. This law provided that the owner, his 
agent or attorney, might follow the slave into 
any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- 
davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled 
to a warrant for his return. Any person who 
should liinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who 
should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him 
to be such, was subject to a fine of ^.JOO for each 
offense. — In 18.50, fifty-seven years later, the first 
act having proved inefficacious, or conditions 
having changed, a second and more stringent 
law was enacted. This is the one usually referred 
to in discussions of the subject. It provided for 
an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im- 
prisonment not exceeding six months, with 
liability for civil damages to the party injured. 
No proof of ownership was required beyond the 
statement of a claimant, and the accused was not 
permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the 
United States Commissioner, before whom the 
case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for 
the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed 
to many an indirect form of bribery; clearly, it 
made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to 
decide in favor of the claimant. The law made 
it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, 
and carry into slavery, any free negro who could 



not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that 
he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. 

Instead of discouraging the disposition, on 
the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- 
tives in their efforts to reach a region where 
they would be secure in their freedom, the effect 
of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1793 
had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- 
site of that intended by its authors — unless, 
indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The 
provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so 
unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit 
and refused to be made parties to its enforce- 
ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- 
ment of the North, and stimulated the active 
friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in 
their behalf. New efforts on the part of the 
slaveholders were met by a determination to 
evade, hinder and nullify the law. 

And here a strange anomaly is presented. Tlie 
slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, 
was acting within his constitutional and legal 
rights. The slave was his proiiertj' in law. He 
had purchased or inherited his bondman on the 
same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart 
from the right to hold a human being in bond- 
age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good 
as tlie other. From a legal standpoint his posi- 
tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- 
senting so much of money value, and whoever 
was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, 
both theoretically and technii'ally, a partner in 
robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- 
ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- 
tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its 
operation. On the otiier hand, men who were, 
in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- 
iously devout and pillars of the church — became 
bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation 
to this sort of property. They set at nought a 
plain provision of the Constitution and the act of 
Congress for its enforcement. AVithout hope of 
personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and 
imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- 
cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the 
fugitive and helped him forward on every 
occasion. And why? Because they saw in him 
a man, with the same inherent right to "life, 
liberty and tlie pursuit of happiness" that they 
themselves possessed. To them this was a higher 
law than any Legislature, State or National, could 
enact. Tliey denied that there could be truly 
such a thing as property in man. Believing that 
the law violated Iniman rights, they justified 
themselves in rendering it null and void. 



534 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



For the most ^lart, the "Uuderground Rail- 
road" operators and cromoters were plain, 
obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for 
notoriety. Yet there were some whose names 
are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell 
Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and 
Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith 
and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. 
Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. 
These had their followers and sympathizers in 
all the Northern States, and even in some por- 
tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that 
some of the most active spirits connected with 
the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the 
South, or had resided there long enougli to 
become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- 
tution." Levi CofSn, who had the reputation of 
being the "President of the Underground Rail- 
road" — at least so far as the region west of the 
Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on 
the line in North Carolina before his removal 
from that State to Indiana in 1820. Indeed, as a 
system, it is claimed to have had its origin at 
Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 
1819, though the evidence of this may not be 
conclusive. 

Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, 
no official reports were made, no lists of officers, 
conductors, station agents or operators preserved, 
and few records kept wliich are now accessible. 
Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the 
personal recollection of individual operators for 
a history of their transactions. Each station on 
the road was the house of a "friend" and it is 
significant, in this connection, that in every 
settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was 
sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For 
this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most 
frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- 
ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- 
vania, and then on towards New York or directly 
to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to 
Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it 
offered the shortest route through free soil to 
Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any 
other State, although Indiana was pretty 
thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. 
In all, however, the routes were irregular, often 
zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- 
ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from 
one station to another The "train" was some- 
times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for 
market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- 
quently a closed carriage, and it is related tliat 
once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying 



a large party, were made to represent a funeral 
procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, 
for convenience of side-tracking into the woods 
or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- 
motive. 

Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers 
who, in case the operator, conductor or station 
agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or 
reward, to defend either him or his human 
freight in the courts. These included such 
names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, 
Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. 
Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, 
and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole 
country over, their "name was legion." And 
there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas 
Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money 
by thousands to their assistance. Although 
technically acting in violation of law — or, as 
claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher 
law" — the time has alreadj' come when tliere is a 
disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain 
sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging 
to the field of romance. 

The most comprehensive collection of material 
relating to the history of this movement has 
been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The 
Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- 
dom," by I'rof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State 
University ; and, while it is not wholly free from 
errors, both as to individual names and facts, it 
will probably remain as the best compilation of 
historj- bearing on this subject — especially as the 
principal actors are fast passing away. One of 
the interesting features of Prof. Sieberfs book is 
a map purporting to give the principal routes 
and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, 
yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- 
ness of personal names given, has been questioned 
by some best informed on the subject. As 
might be expected from its geographical position 
between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- 
souri — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a 
highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally 
to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- 
ive field, both for the fugitive and his .sympa- 
thizer. 

The period of greatest activity of the system in 
this State was between 1840 and 1801 — the latter 
being the year when the pro-slavery party in the 
South, bj- their attempt forcibly to dissolve the 
Union, took the business out of the hands of the 
secret agents of the "Underground Railroad." 
and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands 
of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



535 



ham Lincoln — then a conservativr opponent of 
the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a 
judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- 
well County, in favor of the holder of a note 
given for the service of the indentured slave- 
girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the 
Supreme Court of IlUnois upholding the doctrine 
that tlie girl was free under the Ordinance of 
1787 and the State Constitution, and that the 
note, given to the person who claimed to be her 
owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious 
coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as 
President of the United States, in the second 
year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the 
Proclamation of Emancipation which finally 
resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs 
of every slave in the Union. 

In the practical operation of aiding fugitives 
in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along 
tlie border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 
should have served as a sort of entrepots, or 
initial stations, for the reception of this class of 
freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- 
slavery community. Tliis was the case at Ches- 
ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, wliere 
a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was 
located, and whence a route extended, by way of 
Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction 
of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to 
Bond County, where there was a community of 
anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- 
tives could be forwarded northward by way of 
JerseyviUe, Waverly and Jacksonville, about 
each of which there was a strong anti-slavery 
sentiment. Quincv, in spite of an intense hos- 
tility among the mass of the community to any- 
thing savoring of abolitionism, became the 
theater of grea-t activity on the part of the 
opponents of the institution, especially after the 
advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- 
ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves 
obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending 
aid to fugitives. The former was a practical 
abolitionist who, Iiaving freed his slaves in his 
native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and 
attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles 
from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. 
Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission 
Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- 
seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating 
young men for missionary work. The "Insti- 
tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- 
souri, while tliree young men wlio had been 
connected with it, having been caught in Mis- 
souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- 



ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on 
the testimony of a negro, altliougli a negro was 
not then a legal witness in the courts against a 
white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before 
Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit 
Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, 
and the judgment against him was finally con- 
firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 
1853, ten years after the original indictment. 

A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the 
routes and principal stations of the "Undergound 
Railroad," makes mention of the following places 
in Illinois, in addition to those already referred 
to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson 
and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- 
well ; Metamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- 
nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home 
of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; 
and many more. Ottawa appears to have been 
the meeting jjoint of a number of lines, as well 
as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- 
litionists. Cairo also became an important 
transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, 
after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road, especially as it offered the speediest way of 
reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the 
lines converged. It was here that the fugitives 
could be most safely disposed of by placing them 
upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- 
mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian 
soil. 

As to methods, these differed according to cir- 
cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or 
the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- 
ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, 
near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, 
Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a 
farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. 
The passengers were snugly placed below, and 
grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, 
were laid over, so that the whole presented the 
appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its 
way to market. The same was true as to stations 
and routes. One, who was an operator, says: 
"Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- 
tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the 
time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery 
man to the east or the north. As a general rule, 
the agent preferred not to know anything beyond 
the operation of his own immediate section of the 
road. If he knew nothing about the operations 
of another, and the other knew nothing of his, 
they could not be witnes.ses in court. 

We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. 
Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 



536 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the 
Lakes, there being several steamers available for 
that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were 
put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United 
States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, 
secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the 
places of colored stevedores carrying wood 
aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a 
nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in 
this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- 
ber" in this instance — for the masters. 

Among the notable trials for assisting runaways 
in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- 
tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, 
were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and 
Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom 
were defended by Judge Jas. H. Collins of Chi- 
cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of 
Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors 
and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for 
assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- 
cality. A strong arraj' of attorneys, afterwards 
widely known through tlie northern part of tlie 
State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac 
N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- 
tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larned. Joseph 
T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, 
taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but 
acquitted on trial. 

Anotlier noteworthy case was that of Dr. 
Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, 
Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the 
escape o-f a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when 
the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. 
"The National Corporation Reporter," a few 
years ago, gave an account of this affair, together 
with a letter from Dr. Willard, in wliich he states 
that, after protracted litigation, during which 
the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was 
ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel 
D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and 
costs— the latter amounting to twenty dollars. 
The Doctor franklj' adds: "My father, as well 
as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." 
It did not always happen, however, that offenders 
escaped so easily. 

Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, 
and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the 
Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once, 
when the trial of a fugitive was going on before 
Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor 
of a twostory frame building on Clark Street in 
the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance 
filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining 
sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed 



in with the audience, and passed down over the 
heads of those on the stairs, where the officers 
were unable to follow. 

In another case, tried before United States 
Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was 
made to liinge upon a point in tlie indictment to 
the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." 
The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- 
clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large 
copper cent, that he might make comparison. 
The decision was, that the prisoner was "off 
color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the 
room before the officers could re arrest him, as 
they had been instructed to do. 

Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor 
Sieberfs book, published in "The Dial" of Chi 
cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- 
iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies 
at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and 
Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present 
village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), 
Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders 
of Randolpli Count}', Joseph Gerrish of Jersey 
and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- 
tors in other parts of the State. Other active 
agents or promoters, in the same field, included 
such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- 
ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- 
man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young 
Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and otliers of 
Cliicago, whose names liave already been men- 
tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. 
Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and 
Adams County ; President Rufus Blanchard of 
Knox College, Galesburg; John Leeper of Bond; 
the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Eliliu Wolcott of 
Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his foiu- 
sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr.. and Mark 
— of Woodford County; Rev. William Sloane of 
Randolph; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a 
host who were willing to aid their fellow men in 
their aspirations to freedom, witiiout advertising 
their own exjjloits. 

Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- 
road" in Illinois is one whicli had some importance 
politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene 
in Congre.ss, but of which, so far as known, no 
full account has ever been written. About 1855, 
Epliraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a 
New Englander by birth, purchased a large body 
of prairie land in the nortlieastern jiart of Stark 
County, and, taking up his residence temporarily 
in the village of Bradford, began its improve- 
ment. He had brought witli liim from Mississippi 
a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



537 



of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as lie 
was called, soon came to be well known and a 
favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly 
stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; 
that, by virtue of the Ured Scott decision (then 
of recent date), he had a constitutional right to 
take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that 
"Old 5Io.se" was just as much his property in 
Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became eviiient 
to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois 
was an experiment to test the law and the feel- 
ings of the Northern people. This being the case, 
a shrewd play would have been to let him have 
his way till other slaves should have been 
brought to stock the new plantation But this 
was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to 
whom the holding of a slave in the free State of 
Illinois ai^peared an unbearable outrage. It was 
feared that be might take the old negro back to 
Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was 
reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; 
that he was given only the coarsest food in a 
back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead 
of being permitted to eat at table with the family. 
The prairie citizen of that time was very par- 
ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired 
man or woman, debarred from the table of his or 
her employer, would not liave remained a day. 
A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed 
the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom 
joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and 
another equally daring, met him by the light of 
the stars and, before morning, he was placed in 
the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty 
miles away. From there he was speedily 
"franked" b}- the member of Congre.ss to friends 
in Canada. 

There was a great commotion in Bradford over 
the "stealing " of "Old Mose. " Lombard and his 
friends denounced the act in terms bitter and 
profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- 
petrators. The conductors were known only to a 
few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's 
part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. 
Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he 
related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the 
Repre.sentative in Congiess from his district. 
During the next session of Congress, Singleton 
took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a 
"nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose." 
Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and 
dramatic style, making a speech which ensured 
his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to 
call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive 
slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- 



ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the 
village, and he aids every slave that comes to his 
door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of 
Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble 
threshold and forbid me to give bread to the 
hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you 
defiance, in the name of my God I" 

With another incident of an amusing charac- 
ter this article may be closed: Uon. J. Young 
Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving 
at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, 
was asked by the court what he would do if sum- 
moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a 
fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons," 
he replied, "but — I should probably stub my toe 
and fall down before I reached him." 

Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the 
" Underpround Railroad " in Illinois further, are referred 
to the work of Dr. Siehert, already mentioned, and to the 
various County Histories which have been issued and may 
be foimd in the iJublic libraries; also for interesting inci- 
dents, to "Keminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's 
" From Dixie to Canada." I'etifs Sketches, ".Still, Under- 
ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by 
James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. 

UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator 
and jurist, %vas born at Schoharie Court House, 
N. Y., Feb. 31, 1818, and, after admission to the 
bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began 
practice in 18i0. The following year he was 
elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. 
In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower 
house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, 
sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this 
period he declined a nomination to Congress, 
although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he 
was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1800. 
He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to 
the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, 
Sept. 23, 1875. 

UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties 
into which Illinois was divided at the time of its 
admission as a State — having been organized, 
under the Territorial Government, in Januar}', 
1818. It is situated in the southern divi.sion of 
the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
River, and has an area of 400 .square miles. The 
.eastern and interior portions are drained by the 
Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part 
of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom 
lands lying along the Mi.ssi.ssippi. but is subject 
to freciueut overflow, while the eastern portion is 
liilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- 
bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. 
Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 



638 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



potter's clay are found in considerable abun- 
dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- 
tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or 
tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- 
culture, although manufacturing is carried on to 
a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. 
Jonesboro is the county -seat, and Cobden and 
Anna important shipping stations. The latter is 
the location of the Southern Hospital for the 
Insane. The poijulation of the county, in 1890, 
was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph 
and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties 
in the State, many prominent men found their 
first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- 
boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong 
influence in public affairs. Pop. (1910), 21,S.>6. 

UjVION league of AMERICA, a secret poUt- 
ical and patriotic order which had its origin 
early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- 
pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and 
counteracting the machinations of the secret 
organizations designed to promote the success of 
the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the 
order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, 
June 25, 18R3, consisting of eleven members, as 
follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, 
Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom 
(father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, 
Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- 
ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. 
Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- 
rett. One of the number was a Union refugee 
from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from 
meniorj', as administered to members of a some- 
what similar order which had been organized 
among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- 
emnly pledged the taker. (1) to preserve invio- 
late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to 
"support, maintain, protect and defend the civU 
liberties of the Union of these United States 
against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, 
at all times and under all circumstances, " even 
"if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid 
in electing only true Union men to oflSces of 
trust in the town, county. State and General 
Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend 
any member of the order who might be in peril 
from his connection with the order, and (5) to 
obey all laws, rules or regulations of anj' Coimcil 
to which the taker of the oath miglit be attached. 
The oath was taken upon the Bilile, the Decla- 
ration of Independence and Constitution of the 
United States, the taker pledging his sacred 
honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the 
organization existed in the activity, about this 



time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a 
disloyal organization which had been introduced 
from the South, and which afterwards took the 
name, in the North, of "American Knights " and 
"Sons of Libert}'. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- 
eties.) Three months later, the organization had 
extended to a number of other counties of the 
State and, on the 25th of September following, 
the first State Council met at Bloomington — 
twelve counties being represented — and a State 
organization was effected. At this meeting the 
following general officers were chosen: Grand 
President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall 
County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President 
— Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- 
tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand 
Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- 
shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald— 
A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. 
Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee 
was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill 
of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- 
land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; 
Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, 
Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and 
John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this 
Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, 
the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly 
revised and a new ritual adopted, wliich materi- 
ally changed the phraseology and removed some 
of the crudities of the original obligation, as well 
as increased the beauty and impressiveness of 
the initiator}- ceremonies. New signs, grips and 
pass-words were also adopted, which were finally 
accepted by the various organizations of the 
order throughout the Union, which, by this time, 
included many soldiers in the army, as well as 
civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council 
was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with 
only seven counties represented. The limited 
representation was discouraging, but the mem- 
bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- 
ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the 
order who waited upon him. At a special ses- 
sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, 
six days later, a vigorous campaign was 
mapped out, under which agents were sent 
into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- 
tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- 
nois was estimated at three to five thousand; 
a few months later, the number of enrolled 
members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid 
had been the growth of the order. On March 
25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 
404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



539 



a number from Oliio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- 
sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a 
Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of 
organization for a National Grand Council, which 
was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th 
of May following — the constitution, ritual and 
signs of the Illinois organization being adopted 
with slight modifications. The icvised obligation 
— taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence and the Constitution of the United 
States— bound members of tlie League to "sup- 
port, protect and defend the Government of the 
United States and the flag thereof, against all 
enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" bear true 
faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend 
the State against invasion or iusurrection" ; to 
support only "true and reliable men" for offices 
of trust and profit; to protect and defend 
worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the 
secrets of the order. The address to new mem- 
bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful 
appeal to their patriotism. The organization 
extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- 
west, but in the South also, especiaUy in the 
army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Ilhnois 
was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 
175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- 
bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. 
The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- 
ive, operations of the organization, was shown, 
not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and 
support of the war policy of the Government, 
but in the raising of supphes for the sick and 
wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few 
weeks before the fall of Vicksbm-g, over §25,000 in 
cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent 
to Col. Jolm Williams (then in charge of the 
Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct 
result of appeals made through circulars sent out 
by the officers of the "League." Large contri- 
butions of money and supplies also reached the 
sick and wounded in hospital through the medium 
of the Sanitary Commission in Cliicago. Zealous 
efforts were made by the opposition to get at the 
secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete 
copy of the ritual was published by one of their 
organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of 
what was anticipated, that this line of attack was 
not continued. During the stormy session of the 
Legislature in 1803, the League is said to have 
rendered effective service in protecting Gov- 
ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It 
continued its silent but effective operations until 
the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it 
ceased to exist as a political organization. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- 
ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, 
from the date of the admission of the State into 
the Union until 1899, with the date and duration 
of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; 
Jesse B. Thomas, Sr,, 1818-29; John McLean, 
1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; 
David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; 
John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 
1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- 
Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James 
Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; 
James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 185.5-73; 
Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- 
ardson, 1863-05; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. 
Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 
1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. CuUom, 
first elected in 1883, and re-elected four times, his 
fifth term expiring in 1912; Charles B. Farwell, 
1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1S91-97; William 
E. Mason, 1897-1903; Albert J. Hopkms, 1903-09; 
William Lorimer, 1909 — . 

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One 
of the leading educational institutions of the 
country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth 
of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- 
tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). 
to supply the place which the original institution 
of the same name had been designed to fill. (See 
Unireiviti/ of Chicago — TVic Old.) The following 
year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- 
dered a contribution of §600,000 toward the endow- 
ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing 
additional pledges to Jie amount of §400,000 by 
June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the 
sum promptl}' raised. In addition, a site, covering 
four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was 
secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired 
by purchase for §282,500, and one and one-half 
(valued at §125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall 
Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- 
tion effected. Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of 
the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. 
Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the 
University has been the recipient of other gener- 
ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, 
until the aggregate donations (189S) e.xceed $10,- 
000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been 
contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has 
pledged himself to make additional contributions 
of §3,000.000, conditioned upon the raising of a 
like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The 
buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1890, 
include a chemical laboratory costing §182,000; ,a 
lecture hall, §150,000; a physical laboratory 



540 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



§150,000; a museum, 5100,000; an academy dor- 
mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for women, 
$150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to 
which several important additions were made 
during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 
150 instructors, selected with reference to their 
fitness for their respective departments from 
among the most eminent scholars in America and 
Europe. Women are admitted as students and 
graduated upon an equality with men. The work 
of practical instruction began in October, 1892, 
with 589 registered students, coming from nearly 
every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- 
ates from other in.stitutions, to which acces.sion3 
were made, during the year, raising the aggregate 
to over 900. The second year the number ex- 
ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1.750, and the 
fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- 
sentatives from every State of the Union, besides 
many from foreign countries. Special features 
of the institution include the admission of gradu- 
ates from other institutions to a post-graduate 
course, and the University Extension Division, 
which is conducted largelj' by means of lecture 
courses, in otlier cities, or through lecture centers 
in the vicinity of tlie University, non-resident 
students having tlie privilege of written exami- 
nations. Tlie various libraries embrace over 
300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong 
to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," 
besides a large and valuable collection of maps 
and pamphlets. 

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an 
educational institution at Chicago, under the 
care of the Baptist denomination, for some years 
known as the Douglas University. Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten 
acres of land, in what was then near the southern 
border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an 
institution of learning, provided buildings co.st- 
ing $100,000, be erected thereon witliin a stipu- 
lated time. The corner-stone of the main building 
was laid. July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of 
that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- 
las extended the time, and finally deeded the 
land to the trustees without reserve. For eigliteen 
years tlie institution led a precarious existence, 
struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- 
gages to the amount of §320,000 having accumu- 
lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and 
acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- 
closure proceedings. The original plan of the 
institution contemplated preparatory and col- 
legiate departments, together with a college of 
law and a theological school. 



UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- 
cational institution under control of the State, 
located at Urbana and adjoining the city of 
Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 
accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under 
Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an 
appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 
acres for each Senator and each Representative in 
Congress — establishing colleges for teacliing agri- 
culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the 
exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- 
scrip umler this grant was issued and placed in 
the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of 
Trustees appointed imder tlie State law was organ- 
ized in March, 1867, the institution being located 
the same year. Departments and courses of study 
were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of 
Michigan, was chosen Regent (Piesident). — The 
landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early 
day for wliat it wonld bring in open market, 
except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- 
braska and Minnesota. Tliis has recently been 
sold, realizing a larger sum than was received 
for all tlie scrij) otherwise disposed of. The entire 
sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- 
gregates 8613,026. The University revenues were 
further increased by donations from Congress to 
eacli institution organized under the Act of 1862, 
of 815,000 per annum for the maintenance of an 
Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of 
a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be 
increased 81,000 annually until it sliould reacli 
$25,000.— A mechanical building was erected in 
1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of 
its kind in America intended for strictly educa- 
tional purposes. What was called "the main 
buiUling" was formally opened in December, 
1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," 
opened in 1892; anew "Engineering Hall," 1894; 
a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- 
cipal structures and a number of smaller ones 
have been erected as conditions required. The 
value of property aggregates nearly $2, 500, 000, and 
appropriations from the State, for all purposes, 
previous to 1904, foot up 85,123,517.90.— Since 
1871 the institution has been open to women. 
Tlie courses of study embrace agriculture, cliem- 
istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and 
general sciences, languages and literature, eco- 
nomics, liousehold science, trade and commerce. 
The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1898 
the Chicago College of Pliarmacy was connected 
with the University: a College of Law and a 
Library School were opened in 1S97. and the same 
year the Chicago College of Physicians and ^Sur- 




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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 



541 



geons vvas affiliated as the College of Medicine — a 
School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 
1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural 
History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an 
Agricultural E.xperiment Station entablished in 
1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers 
throughout the State who may desire them. — Tlie 
first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- 
trial University," but, iu 188.5, this was changed 
to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees 
(of whom there are nine) were made elective by 
popular vote — three being elected every tv.-o 
years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, 
having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was 
succeeded by Dr. Selira H. Peabody, who had 
been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- 
ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. Tlie duties 
of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas 
J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew 
Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of 
Public Instruction of the State of New York, was 
installed as President, serving until 1904. — The 
corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- 
fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 
200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special 
lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- 
ber of students has increased rapidly in recent 
years, as shown by the following totals for suc- 
cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 
519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 8.53; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824; 
2,234; 2,505; 2,932: 3,289; 3.589. Of the last num- 
ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 
1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 
2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- 
demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments 
in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- 
lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, 
and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- 
sity Library contains 03,700 volumes and 14,500 
pamphlets, not including 5,3.50 volumes and 
15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- 
ural History. — The University occupies a con- 
spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres 
adjacent to the line between Uibana and Cham- 
paign, and near the residence portion of the two 
cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which 
stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed 
with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, 
otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with 
fine landscape effects. 

UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to 
the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, 
acts were passed by the (leneral Assembly, 
at different times, providing for tlie organiza- 
tion of a number of others, a few of which 



were subsequently organized under diflferent 
names, but the majority of which were never 
organized at all — the proposition for such or- 
ganization being rejected by vote of the people 
within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to 
lapse by non-action. These imorganized coun- 
ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing 
them, .nd the territory which they were in- 
tended to include, were as follows: Allen 
County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- 
mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon 
(Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- 
gomery, Fa3'ette and Shelby; Benton Comity 
(1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; 
Coffee County (1837) — with substantially the 
same territory now comprised within the bound- 
aries of Stark County, authorized two years 
later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to 
Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — 
from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- 
prising territory since partially incorpoi'ated 
in Ford County; Holmes County (18.57) — from 
Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County 
(1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- 
ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act 
was accepted, with Columbus as the coimty- 
seat, but organization finally vacated); Michi- 
gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton 
County (1843)— from the south part of Vermil- 
ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- 
tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized 
under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from 
parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- 
ties, and covering substantially the same terri- 
tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen 
Count}' ten years earlier. The last act of this 
character was passed in 1867, when an attempt 
was made to organize Lincoln County out ol" 
parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but which 
failed for want of an affirmative vote. 

UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, 
situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 
IJ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It 
has several churches, and is the seat of Sliurtleff 
College and the Western Military Academy, the 
former founded about 1831, and controlled by the 
Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are 
found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery 
manufacture. Pop. (1900), 2,373; (1910), 2,918. 

U PTON, Georiare Putnam, journalist, was born 
at Roxburj', Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from 
Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago 
in 1855, and began newsjiaper work on "The 
Native American," tlie following year taking 
the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 



542 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



nal." In 1863, Mr. Upton became musical critic 
on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time 
also as its war correspondent in tlie field, later 
(about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- 
torial staff, which he still retams. He is regarded 
as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. 
Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- 
eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- 
une" Company. Besides numerous contributions 
to magazines, his works include: "Letters of 
Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of 
German Love," translated from the German of 
Max Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); 
"Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); 
besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, 
cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). 

URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat 
of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the 
Illinois Central and the AVabash Railways: 130 
miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- 
ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. 
The mechanical industries include extensive rail- 
road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and 
lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' 
Home and Orphanage is located here. The city 
has water-works, gas and electric light plants, 
electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior 
schools, nine churches, three banks and three 
newspapers. Urbana is the .seat of the University 
of Illinois. Pop. (1900), .5,728; (1910), 8,24.5. 

DSREY, William J., editor and soldier, was 
born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 
16, 1837; was educated at Natchez, and, before 
reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., 
vi^here he engaged in teaching until 1846, when 
he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth 
Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 
18.5.5, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- 
lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- 
icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, 
conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted 
in the Thii'ty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was 
appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- 
cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest 
opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of 
his paper in opposition to the Kan.sas-Nebraska 
Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers 
of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- 
Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree 
upon a line of policy in opposition to the further 
extension of slavery, and, when that bodj' met at 
Decatur, on Feb. 33, 18.56, he served as its Secre- 
tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial 
steps which resulted in the organization of the 
Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska 



Editorial Convention.) After returning from 
the war he resumed his place as editor of "The 
Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper 
work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the 
city of Decatur, first previous to 18.50, and again 
under the administration of President Grant; 
served also as a member of the City Council and 
was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R., 
and Secretary of the Macon County Association 
of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, 
Jan. 30, 1894. 

UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of 
La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan 
Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the 
Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also 
believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia 
village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, 
when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is 
produced here; it also has several factories or 
mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150; (1910), 976. 

VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was 
born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- 
ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to 
live with a farmer, but ran away in his boj'hood; 
later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning 
practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed 
to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of 
Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- 
nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, 
being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- 
ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1863 he assisted in 
organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned 
its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on 
account of illness. After spending some time in 
California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 
1865. His later years were spent in California, 
dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. 

VANDALIA, the principal city and county -seat 
of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- 
kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 
miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles 
east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting 
point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, 
Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the 
capital of the State from 1830 to 1839, the seat of 
government being removed to Springfield, the 
latter year, in accordance with act of the General 
Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- 
tains a court house (old State Capitol building), 
six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



543 



graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, 
stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon 
and brick works. Pop. (1000), 2,665; (1910), 2,974. 

VANDEVEEK, Huratio M., pioneer lawyer, 
was born in Washington County. Ind., March 1, 
1816 ; came with his faiuilj' to Illinois at an early 
age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Chi-istian 
County; taught school and studied law, using 
books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart 
of Springfield ; was elected fii'st County Recorder 
of Christian County and, soon after, appointed 
Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. 
He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 
to 18.57 ; was twice chosen Representative in the 
General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the 
State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was 
chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican 
War, but, having been rejected on account of the 
quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- 
master, in this capacity serving on the staff of 
General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. 
Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were 
those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in 
Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention of 18()3, and 
Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 
Judge Vandeveer established the private banking 
firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, 
which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued 
successfully during the remainder of his life. 
Died, March 13, 1894. 

VAN HORNE, WiUiam C, Railway Manager 
and President, was born in Will County, 111., 
February, 1843; began his career as a telegraph 
operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, 
was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- 
cago & Alton Railroads (1858-73). later being 
General Manager or General Superintendent of 
various other lines (1873-79). He next served as 
General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- 
kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General 
Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he 
assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast ; was 
elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its 
President in 1888. His services have been recog- 
nized by conferring upon him the order of 
knighthood by the British Government. 

VASSEUR, >'oel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was 
born of French parentage in Canada, Deo. 35, 
1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading 
party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by wa}' of 
the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route i)ursued 
by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- 
ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of 
the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the 



region now embraced in Iroquois County, where 
he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- 
ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, 
believed to have been the site of the present town 
of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station 
from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des 
Plaiues Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending 
the latter and the Irocjuois. Here Vasseur re- 
mained in trade until the removal of the Indians 
west of the Mississippi, in which he served as 
agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois 
region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous 
Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of 
Watseka was named, and who had previously 
been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His 
later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in 
Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879. 

VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the 
Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles 
north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk 
lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to 
the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- 
house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, 
electric lights, water-works, some manufactures 
and a newspaper. Pop. (1000), 2,4.50; (1910), 3,718. 

VENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See 
Louisville, Evaniwille & St. Louis (Consolidated) 
Railroad.) 

VERMILIOIV COUNTY, an eastern county, 
bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained 
by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, 
from which it takes its name. It was originally 
organized in 1826, when it extended north to 
Lake Micliigan. Its present area is 882 square 
miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, 
aided in attracting immigration to this region, 
but the manufacture of salt was abandoned 
many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour 
Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey 
Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. 
Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan 
were the first County Commissioners. Many 
interesting fossil remains have been found, 
among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). 
Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two 
coal seams cross the county. The surface is level 
and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural 
product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potiitoes 
are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and 
wool-growing are important industries. There 
are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- 
ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining 
is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- 
ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 
49,905; (1900), 65,635; (1010), 77,996. 



544 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



TERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the lUr- 
nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of 
McLean Count}', and, running northwestward 
through Livingston and the southern part of 
La Salle Counties, enters tlie Illinois River 
nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length 
of about 80 miles. 

VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- 
bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle 
and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and 
come together near Danv-.lle in this State. It 
flows southeastward, and enters the "Wabash in 
Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is 
about 28 miles long. Tlie South Fork, liowever, 
which rises in Champaign County and runs east- 
ward, has a length of nearlj' 75 miles. The 
Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 
7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- 
times called the Big Vermilion, by way of 
distinction. 

VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at 
junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 34 
miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- 
factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, 
electric light plant, besides two banks, four 
churches, two graded schools, and one weekly 
newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here 
to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop (1910), 1,118. 

VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on 
the Waliash Railway, 48 miles east of Quinoy; is 
in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank 
and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1910), 5.57. 

VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, 
situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of 
the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It 
has a court house, several churches, a graded 
school, banks and two weekly newspapers. 
Pop. (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217; (1910), 1,124. 

VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- 
trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western 
Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at 
Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When 
he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, 
then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper 
Louisiana, where he became a pai-tner of Com- 
mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged 
in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio 
and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of 
Kaskaskia bj- Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. 
he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- 
ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute .soldiers. 
and accepting Virginia Continental money, at 
par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of 



§20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy 
of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, 
wliere Vigo had considerable property, reduced 
him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says 
that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his 
little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty 
but cheerful to the last He was never recom- 
pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf 
of the American cause, though a tardj- restitution 
was attempted, after his death, by the United 
States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. 
He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., 
March 22, 1835. 

VILLA GROVE, a village of Douglas County on 
the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, eight miles 
northeast of Tuscola. Pop. (1910), 1,828. 

VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian 
explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- 
tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely 
connected with Louis Joliet — probably his 
brother-in law, although some historians saj- that 
he was the latter's nephew. He entered the 
Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long 
and varied experience as an Indian fighter. 
About 1725 he took up his residence on what is 
now the site of the present city of Vincennes, 
Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he 
erected an earth fort and established a trading- 
post. In 1726. under orders, he co-operated with 
D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- 
nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. 
The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes 
and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned 
at the stake, togetlier with Father Senat (a 
Jesuit priest) and others of the command. 
(See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of 
Illinois. ) 

VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the 
Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroads. 21 miles south by west from 
Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- 
sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two 
newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, 
grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal 
mines. Pop. (1900), 2,280; (1910), 4,000. 

VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- 
seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of 
the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- 
field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
western Railroad. 15 miles north of Jacksonville, 
and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It 
lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. 
There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- 
factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two 
National and one State bank, five churches, a 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



545 



high school, and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 
1,602; (1900), 1,600; (1910), 1,501. 

VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- 
den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a 
Government Secretary in the Prussian service. 
Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- 
grated to America in 1S5G, and, after a short 
stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he 
found employment as a paper-carrier for "The 
Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention 
to the study of law. Later, he became associated 
with a real-estate firm; on the commencement 
of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a 
three months" regiment, and, finally, in the 
Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- 
ment), in which lie rose to the rank of Captain. 
Returning from the army, he was employed as 
city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 
1865, became Clerk of tlie Chicago Police Court, 
serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been 
admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from 
office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected 
Representative in the Twenty-seventh General 
Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in 
framing "the burnt record act" made necessary 
by the fire of 1871. He was still later engaged 
Lq the practice of his profession, having been, 
for a number of years, attorney for the German 
Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several 
years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. 
Vocke was a man of high literary tastes, as shown 
by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems 
translated from the German, which has been 
highly commended, besides a legal work on 
"The Administration of Justice in the United 
States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure 
in our Federal and State Comts and All Federal 
and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest 
to Aliens," which lias been published in the Ger- 
man Language, and is highly valued by German 
lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a 
member of the Republican National Convention 
of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General 
Grant for the Presidency in 1872. Died May 3, 1907. 

TOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished IlUnois 
sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), 
N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was 
a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., 
and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his 
shop. In 1848 lie came west and began model- 
ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only 
self-taught. He married a cousin of Steplien A. 
Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in 
the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two 
years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he 



modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the 
city, having for his subject his first patron — the 
"Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a 
life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he 
made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which 
passed into the possession of the Chicago His- 
torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire 
of 1871. In 1808-69, and again in 1871-72, he 
revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he 
was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, 
and was its President for eight years. He was 
genial, companionable and charitable, and always 
ready to assist his j'ounger and less fortunate pro- 
fessional brethren. His best known works are the 
Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' 
monuments in different parts of the country, 
the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at 
Watertown, N. Y. , life-size statues of Lincoln 
and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, 
and numerous portrait busts of men eminent 
in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. 
Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. 

VOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, 
born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the 
United States and was admitted to the bar in 
Chicago, in 18-18, the same year becoming editor 
of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City 
Attorney in 18.52, and again in 1853; in 1861 
became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but 
afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth 
Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
•still later serving with his command in Vir- 
ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of 
the capture of that place in September, 1862, but 
succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, 
through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- 
vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- 
ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, 
but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served 
as Master in Chancery and was elected to the 
lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, 
but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- 
cago, March 23, 1888. 

WABASH, CHESTER & WESTEEN RAIL- 
ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount 
Vernon, 111. , 63. 33 miles, with a branch extend- 
ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total 
mileage, 6-i.83. It is of standard gauge, and 
almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — 
(History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as 
successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- 
ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the 
Company purchased the Tamaroa & Jloiint Ver- 
non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 



546 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 
250,000; bonded indebtedness, §690,000; total 
capitalization, §3,028,573. 

WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast 
corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The 
county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, 
and the first court house built at Centerville, in 
May, 182G. Later, Mount Carmel was made the 
county-seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash 
River drains the county on the east; other 
streams are the Bon Pas, Coifee and Crawfish 
Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair 
growth of timber. The chief industries are the 
raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- 
als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The 
county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & 
3t. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division 
of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; fl890), 
11,806; (1900), 12,.5S.3; (1010), 14,913. 

WABASH RAILROAH, an extensive raib-oad 
system connecting the cities of Detroit and 
Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council 
Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. 
Louis, Quincj' and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk 
and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) 
is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- 
nois — all of the latter being the property of the 
company, besides 176.7 miles of yard -tracks, sid- 
ings and spurs. The company has trackage 
privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (G.5 
miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and 
over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 
miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- 
tory.) A considerable portion of this road in 
Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the 
Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the 
"internal improvement"' scheme adopted in 1837, 
and embraces the only section of road completed 
imder that scheme — that between the Ilhnois 
River and Springfield. (1) The construction of 
this section was begun by the State, May 11, 
1837, the first rail laid. May 9, 1838, the road 
completed to Jack.sonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to 
Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a 
time by "mule power." but the income was in- 
sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was 
finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for 
§21,100 toX. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of 
Springfield, and by them transferred to New 
York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & 
Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the 
road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for 
business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations 
were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. 



under the name of the Toledo & IlUnois Railroad 
and the Lake Erie, "Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, 
which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash 
& Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 
these lines were sold separately tinder foreclo- 
sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- 
ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the 
name of the Great Western Railroad Company. 
(3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending 
from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite 
Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, 
with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- 
ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with 
the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the 
new organization taking the name of the main 
line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The 
Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from 
Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, 
opened for business in 1870 and leased to the 
Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted 
on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands 
of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a 
new company under the name of the Wabash 
Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, 
as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- 
struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- 
ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. 
Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- 
tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River 
Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was 
acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to 
Detroit xmder the name of the Detroit, Butler & 
St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection 
from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, 
the Wabasli, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- 
pany was organized, took the property- and con- 
solidated it with certain lines west of the 
Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, 
Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- 
jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, 
but, not having been constructed in 1881, the 
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was 
known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 
imiting with the main line at Bement, and (by 
way of the Decat\ir and St. Louis Division) giv- 
ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. 
At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific wal 
operating the following additional leased lines: 
Pekiu, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal 
& Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- 
cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette 
Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection 
between Chicago on the west and Toledo and 
Detroit on the east was established over the 
Grand Tnmk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



547 



pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to 
Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease 
to Chicago (17.0 miles), giving an independent 
line between Chicago and Detroit by what is 
known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago 
Division. 

The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & 
Pacific system, in 1884. amounted to over 3,600 
miles; but, in May of that j'ear, default having 
been made in the pa3iuent of interest, the work 
of di.sintegration began. The main line east of 
the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- 
rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash 
Western." The Eastern Division was placed in 
the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 
1889, when the two divisions, having been 
bought in by a purchasing committee, were 
consolidated under the present name. The total 
earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for 
the fiscal year 1898, were §4,403,621, and the 
expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested 
(1898) was §139,889,643, including capital stock 
of §53,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §81,- 
534,000. 

WABASH KIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, 
passes into Indiana, and runs northwe.st to Hun- 
tington. It then flows nearlj- due west to Logans- 
port, thence southwest to Covington, finally 
turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles 
below which it strikes the western boundary of 
Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois 
and Indiana (taking into account its numerous 
windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes 
it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and 
enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of 
Indiana, near latitude 37" 49' north. Its length 
is estimated at 557 miles. 

WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
(See Illinois Central Railrouil.) 

WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- 
ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 

WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See 
Wabash Railroad.) 

WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original 
suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was 
born in Portland, Maine, JIarch 5, 1789, and edu- 
cated in the public schools of his native place. 
In his youth he entered a Iwok-publishing house 
in which his father was a partner, and was for a 
time associated with the publication of a tveekly 
paper. Later the business was conducted at 
Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, 
and Southern States, the subject of this sketch 
making extensive tours in the interest of the 
firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, 



reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following 
year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made 
his first entry of land from the Government. 
Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- 
tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 

1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 

1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond 
County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the 
next ten j'ears in the employment of the pubUsh- 
ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 
1835 he located permanently near Greenville, 
Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- 
ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest 
apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 
1845 he presided as chairman over the National 
Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 
1848, was nominated as the candidate of the 
National Reform Association for Vice-President 
on the tic ket with Gerrit Smith of Ne«- York, 
but declined. He was also prominent in County 
and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has 
been credited with being one of the first (if not 
the very first) to suggest the construction of the 
Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early 
as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the 
construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- 
road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much 
time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many 
years, and was one of the original incorporators 
of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. 
Died, July 17, 1805. 

WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in 
Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken 
while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came 
to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer 
to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide 
reputation as a successful advocate, especially in 
criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the 
courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, 
Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late 
Pinkney H. W^alker of the Supreme Court, who 
studied law with him. He was Whig candidate 
for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
1840. 

WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born 
in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth 
served as errand-boy in a country store near 
Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing 
office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai 
M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- 
ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited 
various religious papers, including "The Watch- 
man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of 
Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery 
of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 



548 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- 
gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological 
Seminary. He was author of several volumes, 
one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of 
Salvation," published anonymously under the 
editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran 
through several editions and was translated into 
five different languages, including Hindustanee. 
Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. 

WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer 
and Railway President, was born at Claremont, 
N. H., Feb. 14, 1830. At fifteen he removed with 
his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated 
at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- 
gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and 
student, was admitted to the bar the next year, 
and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of 
Washtenaw Count)' ; was also local attorney for 
the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after 
his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- 
eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- 
wick & Walker, which had been organized in 
Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his 
death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- 
pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel 
or President, filling the latter position from 1870 
to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago 
and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President 
of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington 
Coal Company, down to the time of his death, 
which occurred on Jan. 32, 1881, as a result of 
heart disease. 

WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal 
missionary, was born in Rockingham County, 
Va. , June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, 
became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 
1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- 
ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards 
Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair 
County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near 
Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, 
he transferred liis labors to Northern Illinois; 
was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and 
devoted much time to missionary work among 
the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among 
them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and 
there is evidence that he was a prominent resident 
there for several years, occupying a log house, 
which he used as a church and living-room, on 
"Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and 
South Branches of the Chicago River. While 
acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- 
sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- 



field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, 
Oct. 5, 1835. 

WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. 
His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and 
as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- 
nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a 
store for four years. In 1838 he removed to 
Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- 
emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus 
Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb 
until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 
1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial 
Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. 
This position he resigned in 1858, having been 
appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy 
on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by 
the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months 
later he was elected to the same position, and 
re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief 
Justice from January, 1864, to June, "67, and 
again from June, 1874, to Jime, '75. Before the 
expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. 

WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and 
Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 
1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, 
and received his preparatory education at McKen. 
dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- 
versity of Michigan m 1858, and from the 
Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began 
practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and, from 
1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the 
Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the 
State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 
1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- 
date for Congress, although running ahead of his 
ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of 
the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and 
'91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty 
upon the Appellate bench. His home is at 
Duquoin. 

WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman 
and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., 
April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown 
County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 
15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a 
carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, 
where he became a contractor and builder, fol- 
lowing this occupation for a number of years. He 
was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, 
some years later, having decided to enter the 
ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference 
as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



549 



placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two 
years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, 
in the next few years, held pastorates at various 
places in the central and eastern parts of the 
State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder 
of the Blattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six 
years, held the position of President of the Board 
of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from 
which he received the degree of D.D, in 1881. 
In the second year of the Civil War he raised a 
company in Sangamon County, was chosen 
its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third 
Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' 
regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 
1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his 
commission. While pastor of the church at Say- 
brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- 
master of that place, which he decided to accept, 
and was allowed to retire from the active minis- 
try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he 
removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed 
by Governor Fifer the first Cliaplain of the Sol- 
diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired 
some four years afterward, when he returned to 
Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and 
effective preacher and continued to preacli, at 
intervals, until within a short time of his decease, 
which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 
84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently 
spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. 
Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on 
the organization of that party, and took pride in 
the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for 
Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- 
lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- 
President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, 
and, at his death. Chaplain of America Post, No. 
708, G. A. R. 

WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and 
soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; 
brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling 
near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, 
Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the 
Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 
1845; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- 
nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), 
for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- 
tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista 
(where his commander was killed), and in other 
engagements. Returning to his profession at 
Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), 
then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. 
T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. 
In April, 18G1, he was one of the first to answer 
the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- 



nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' 
men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. 
As commander of a brigade he participated in 
the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- 
ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- 
General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing 
(Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's 
Division, devolving on him on account of the 
illness of his superior officer, he showed great 
courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at 
Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career 
promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly 
deplored.— Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of 
the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 
29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his 
father's family and was educated in the local 
schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law 
at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he 
assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- 
nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- 
Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with tlie 
rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue 
(1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting 
Attorney (1884); and, for many years was one of 
the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. 
Died March 6, 1902. 

WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the 
Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of 
Mendota ; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- 
trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- 
lation (1900), 791; (1910), 763. 

WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war 
by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, 
and most of the other tribes of Indians in the 
Territoj-y of Illinois, strongly sympathized with 
the British. The savages had been hostile and 
restless for some time previous, and blockhouses 
and family forts had been erected at a number 
of points, especially in the settlements most 
exposed to the incvirsions of the savages. Gov- 
ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an- 
outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles 
from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, 
he made this his headquarters, and collected a 
force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later 
reinforced by two companies of rangers, under 
Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. 
An independent company of twenty -one spies, of 
wliich John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — 
was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. 
Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little 
army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 



550 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as 
second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- 
bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope 
and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, 
Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for 
Peoria, where it was expected that their force 
would meet that of General Hopkins, who had 
been sent from Kentuckj- with a force of 2,000 
men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were 
burned, and a number of Indians imnecessarily 
slain by Edwards" party. Hopkins had orders to 
di.sperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash 
Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- 
mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of 
the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor 
Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, 
failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. 
About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led 
a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to 
Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been 
fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- 
bored and protected by the French citizens of 
Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, 
and capturing the population, carried them down 
the river, putting them on shore, in the early part 
of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory 
expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 
1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, 
remote settlements were continually harassed 
by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- 
tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary 
Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock 
Island, where he found a large force of Indians, 
supported by British regulars with artillery. 
Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- 
ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river. 
On the site of the present town of Warsaw he 
threw up fortifications, which he named Fort 
Edwards, from which point he was subsequently 
compelled to retreat. The same year the British, 
with their Indian alUes, descended from Macki- 
nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts 
Madison and Johnston, after which they retired 
to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed 
Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal 
treaties were made with the tribes until the year 
following. 

WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak 
of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, 
was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- 
ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's 
first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor 
issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- 
ture together in special session and, the same 
day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," 



the quota assigned to the State under call of the 
President. Public excitement was at fever heat, 
and dormant patriotism in both sexes was 
aroused as never before. Party lines were 
broken down and, with comparatively few excep- 
tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a 
common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, 
Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary 
of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important 
strategic point. At that time, the State militia 
organizations were few in number and poorly 
equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- 
panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted 
with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven 
companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by 
Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route 
to Cairo. The first volunteer comp-in}- to tender 
its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- 
lamation, on April 16, was tlie Zouave Grays of 
Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- 
dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 
18th, the number had been increased to fifty. 
Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago 
bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 
5500,000, and those of Springfield, $100,000. The 
Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- 
creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and 
provided for the creation of a war fund of §3,- 
000,000. Besides the six regiments already called 
for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- 
ments and one battery of light artillery was 
authorized. The last of the six regiments, 
apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential 
caU, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The 
six regiments were numbered the Seventh to 
Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers, First to 
Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments wliich 
had served in the war with Slexico. The regi- 
ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels 
Jolin Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, 
James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and 
John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade 
of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival 
at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General 
Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- 
ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service 
within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered 
immediately. Many more volunteered than could 
be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- 
souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that 
State. During June and Jul}- the Secretary of 
War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- 
two additionivl regiments (seventeen infantry and 
five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



551 



July 23, the day following the defeat of the Union 
army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 
500.000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- 
mediate!}' responded with an offer to the War 
Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen 
of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion 
of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as 
her right, to do her full share toward the preser- 
vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- 
ity, received from the Secretary of AVar in 
August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- 
fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- 
cember, 18G1, the State had 43,000 volunteers in 
the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. 
Other calls were made in July and August, 18113, 
each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both 
calls, was over 53,000 men, no regard being paid 
to the fact that the State had already furnished 
16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- 
ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was 
raised by September 1, a draft would be ordeved. 
The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would 
fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- 
ing population, the idle and the extremely poor 
having already followed the army's march, either 
as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting 
was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal 
bounties in many of the counties, in less than a 
fortnight the 53,000 new troops were secured, the 
volunteers coming largely from the substantial 
classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan ami 
professional. By tlie end of December, fift}' nine 
regiments and four batteries had been dispatched 
to the front, besides a considerable number to fill 
up regiments already in the field, which had suf- 
fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. 
At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 
135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of 
President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of 
emancipation, in September, 1863, was met by a 
storm of hostile criticism from his political 
opponents, who — aided by the absence of so 
large a proportion of the loyal population of tlie 
State in the field — were able to carry the elec- 
tions of that year. Consequently, when the 
Twenty-third General Assembly convened in 
regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a 
large majority of that body was not only opposeil 
to both the National and State administrations, 
but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution 
of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- 
islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued 
by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and 
July 1, 1864, 10,000 veterans re-enlisted and 
87,000 new volunteers were enrolled ; and, by the 



date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the 
Union army 344.4% men, being 14,596 in ex- 
cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen 
per cent of the entire poi)ulation. These were 
comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of 
cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, 
besides twelve independent batteries. The total 
losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, 
has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were 
killed in battle, 4,030 died from wounds, 22,786 
from disease and 3,154 from other causes — being 
a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of 
the State in the service. The part wliich Illinois 
played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- 
ism, promptness in response to every call, and 
the bravery and eflScienoy of its troops in the 
field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his- 
tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while 
staying at home, furnished moral and material 
support to the men at the front — less worthy of 
praise than those who volunteered. B3' uphold- 
ing tlie Government — National and State^and 
by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending 
forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, 
medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, 
they contributed much to the success of the 
Union arms. (See also Caviji Douglas; Camp 
Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- 
eties. ) 

WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- 
nois Regiments). Tlie following is a list of the 
various military organizations mustered into the 
service during the Civil War (1801-65), with the 
terms of service and a summary of the mora 
important events in the history of each, while 
in the field : 

Seventh Infantry. IllinoLs having sent six 
regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the 
numbering of the regiments which took part in 
the war for the Union began with number 
Seven. A number of regiments which responded 
to the first call of the President, claimed the right 
to be recognized as the first regiment in the 
field, but the honor was finally accorded to that 
organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and 
hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It 
was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861. and 
remained at Mound City during the three months' 
service, the period of its first enlistment. It was 
subsequently reorganized and mustered for the 
three years' .service, July 35, 1801, and was 
engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
Corinth, Cherokee, AUatoona Pass, Salkahatchie 
Swamp, Bentonville and Columljia. The regi- 
ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 



552 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Loviisville, 
July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
Springfield, July 11. 

Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, 
and mustered in for three months" service, April 
26, 1801, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being 
appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during 
its term of ser%-ice. wlien it was mustered out. 
July 2.5, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in 
for three years' service. It participated iu the 
battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, 
Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- 
burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted 
as veterans, March 24, 1864; was mustered out at 
Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- 
charged. May 13, having served five years. 

Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service 
at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of 
three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It 
was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three 
years, being composed of companies from St. 
Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander 
and Mercer Counties; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek 
Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, 
Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, 
March 15, 1863, and so continued during the 
remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- 
ville, July 9, 1865. 

Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered 
into the service for three months, on April 29, 
1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered 
into the service for three years, with Col. James 
D. Jlorgan in command. It was engaged at 
Sykeston, New Madrid. Corinth, Missionary 
Eidge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, 
Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- 
enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered 
out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and 
received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, 
at Chicago. 

Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, 
for three months. July 30, the regiment was 
mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' 
service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- 
pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and 
Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards 
Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. wa-s its 
first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton 
Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at 
Springfield. 

TSvelfth Infantry. Mustered into service 
for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at 



Columbiis, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's 
Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, 
Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra 
Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On 
Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- 
ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being 
promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered 
out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, 
and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- 
field, July 18. 

Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments 
organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- 
ment Bill"' ; was mustered into service on May 24, 
1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. 
Wyman as Colonel ; was engaged at Chickasaw 
Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. 
Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- 
ing served three years and two montlia. 

Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments 
raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which 
anticipated the requirements of the General 
Government by organizing, equipping and dril- 
ling a regiment.in each Congressional District in 
the State for thirty days, unless sooner required 
for service by the United States. It was mustered 
in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861, 
under command of John M. Palmer as its first 
Colonel ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- 
mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and 
Meridian ; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- 
try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- 
ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In 
October, 1864. the major part of the battalion 
was captured by General Hood and sent to 
Andersonville. The remainder participated in 
the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- 
paign in the CaroUuas. In the spring of 1865 the 
battalion organization was discontinued, both 
regiments having been filled up by recruits. The 
regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- 
worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at 
Springfield, 111. , Sept. 22, 1865, where it received 
final payment and discharge. The aggregate 
number of men who belonged to this organization 
was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at 
Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years 
and four months of service, the regiment 
marched 4.490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, 
and, by river, 4,490 miles — making an aggregate 
of 11,670 miles. 

Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten 
Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional 
District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



553 



tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged 
at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, 
Vicksburg, Fort Beaui-egard, Champion Hill, 
Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 18G4, the 
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 

1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- 
try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and 
Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was 
captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the 
Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the 
Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 

1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- 
worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out 
at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield 
for final payment and discharge — having served 
four years and four months. Miles marched, 
4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 
4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 
1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. 

Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- 
tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- 
ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was 
engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, 
Buzzards" Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, 
Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, 
Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 
1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was 
mustered out at Louisville. Ky.. July 8, 1805, 
after a term of service of four j-ears and three 
months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- 
field, where it received its final pay and discharge 
papers. 

Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the 
service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was 
engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield 
(Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. 
In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having 
expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield 
for pay and discharge. Those men and oflScers 
who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not 
expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- 
try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. 

Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the 
provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, 
and mustered into the .service on May 28, 1861, 
the term of enlistment being for three years. 
The regiment participated in the capture of Fort 
McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered 
out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, 
thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- 
ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments 
in the regiment, from its organization to date of 
discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. 



Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered, into the 
United States service for three years, June 17, 
1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies 
which had been accepted under the call for three 
months' men; participated in the battle of 
Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- 
nooga campaigns: was also engaged at Davis' 
Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and 
Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 
9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of 
nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of 
recruits received during the war, its strength at 
the final muster-out was less than 350. 

Twentieth Infantry. Organized, May 14, 
1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered 
into the service for a term of three years. It 
participated in the following engagements, bat- 
tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- 
tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- 
burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. Afte.» 
marching through the Carolinas, the regiment 
was finallj' ordered to Louisville, where it was 
mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its fina.1 
discharge at Chicago, on July 24. 

Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under 
the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- 
enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and 
mustered into service for three years, June 28, 
1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was 
in command until August 7, when he was com- 
missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged 
at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- 
freesboro, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, 
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. 
From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on 
duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, 
Deo. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. 

Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at 
Belleville, and mustered into service, for three 
years, at Casey ville, III., June 25, 1861; was 
engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, 
Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, 
Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
Hojx) Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta 
campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was 
mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- 
erans and recruits, whose term of service had not 
expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second 
Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. 

Twenty-third Infantry. The organization 
of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- 
menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 



554 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the 
opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal 
muster of the regiment, under the command of 
Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, 
at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks 
known as Kane's brewery near the river on 
West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- 
ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at 
Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- 
dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces 
under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. 
From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed 
to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter 
it participated in engagements in the Virginias, 
as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- 
lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, 
Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- 
chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, 
Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and 
Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of 
Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present 
at the surrender at Appomattox. In January 
and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as 
veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 
1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then 
numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- 
panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third 
Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. " 
The regiment was thanked by Congress for its 
part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe 
Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, 
James A.) 

Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the 
First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, 
with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets 
and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' 
service, in June, 1861, and mu.stered in, July 8, 
1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, 
Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw 
Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta 
campaign. It was mustered out of service at 
Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- 
ment, which had been recruited in the field, and 
whose term of service had not expired at the date 
of muster-out, was organized into one company 
and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- 
sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out 
at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. 

Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from 
the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- 
ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and 
mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. 
It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone 
River, Chickamau,ga, Missionary Ridge, in the 
siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- 



tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- 
mislies; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 
1864. During its three years' service the regi- 
ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on 
foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. 

Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, 
August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the 
commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- 
ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10 ;" "Farming- 
ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth — 
3d and 4th, 1863;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra 
Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- 
ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," 
and " Benton ville." It was mustered out at 
Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and 
discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment 
having marched, during its four years of service, 
6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, 
besides innumerable skirmishes. 

Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, 
with only seven companies, at Springfield, 
August 10, 1861, and organization completed by 
the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, 
on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- 
mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles 
of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- 
mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top 
Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in 
the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from 
duty, August 25, 1864, wliile at the front, and 
mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its 
veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- 
ice had not expired, were consolidated with the 
Ninth Infantry. 

Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of 
companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, 
Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at 
Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into 
service for three years. It participated in the 
battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of 
Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, 
and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of 
Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From 
June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in 
Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in 
that State, March 15, 1866, having served four 
years and seven months. It was discharged, at 
Springfield, May 13, 1866. 

Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was 
engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



555 



companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, 
and were there captured by General Van Dorn, 
in December, 18()3, but were exclianged, six 
months later. In January, 1864, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1804, to 
November, 18C.5. was on duty in Texas. It was 
niu.stered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 
1865, and received final discharge on November 28. 

Thirtieth Inf.^ntry. Organized at Spring- 
field, August 28, 1801 ; was engaged at Belmont, 
Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan 
Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, 
Savannah. Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, 
Cheraw, and Fayetteville; mustered out, July 
17, 180.5, and received final payment and discharge 
at Springfield, July 27, 180.5. 

Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, 
and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 
1861; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- 
burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejo)' Station and 
Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to 
the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- 
mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and 
Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- 
enlisted as veterans in March, 180-1. It was 
mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 180.5, and 
finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. 

Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at 
Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 
1861. By special authority from the War Depart- 
ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of 
infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was 
engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges 
of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of 
La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- 
burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, 
Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and 
Bentonville. In January, 1804, the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1805, was 
ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out 
there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at 
Springfield. 

Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- 
tered into service at Springfield in September, 
1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port 
Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the 
assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, 
Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against 
Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, 
Jan. 1, 1804 ; was mustered out, at the same point, 
Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- 



field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1805. The aggregate enroll- 
ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 
2,000. 

Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, 
Corintli, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- 
saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March 
to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part 
in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender 
of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's 
Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the 
grand review. May 24, 1865; left AVashington, 
June 19, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, 
where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis- 
charged and paid at Chicago, Julj' 17, 1865. 

Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- 
catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to 
the President, being accepted by the Secretary of 
War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- 
ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and 
mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It 
was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of 
Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- 
ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Dallas and 
Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at 
Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having 
marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat 
transportation) 3,056 miles. 

Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into 
service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. 
The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 
officers and enlisted men, and had two companies 
of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and 
men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, 
Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege 
of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face 
Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- 
boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, 
Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 
27, having marched and been transported, during 
its term of service, more than 10.000 miles. 

Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known 
as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, 
and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- 
ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- 
cago Board of Trade. It participated in the 
battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and 
Chalk Bluffs, the .siege of Vicksburg, and in the 
battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In 
October, 1803, it was ordered to the defense of the 
frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 



556 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



veterans in February, 1864; took part in the 
siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- 
ture of Mobile; from July, ISfio, to May, 1866, 
was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out 
at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged 
at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 
17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were bj' 
marching. 

Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at 
Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment 
was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, 
Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River. Liberty Gap, 
Chickamauga, Pine Toj), Kenesaw Mountain, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; 
re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from 
June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- 
ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, 
Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge 
at Springfield. 

Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of 
this Regiment was commenced as soon as the 
news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- 
cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its 
contemplated field officers, and labored zealously 
to get it accepted under the first call for troops, 
but did not accomplish his object. The regiment 
had already assumed the name of the "Yates 
Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was 
accepted by the War Department on the day 
succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (Julj' 22, 
1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed 
Colonel. Under his direction the organization was 
completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, 
Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- 
ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern 
Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, 
Drury'a Bluff', and in numerous engagements 
before Petersburg and Richmond, including the 
capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's 
surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the 
regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, 
S. C. , in September, 1863. It was mustered out 
at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- 
charge at Chicago, December 16. 

Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- 
ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, 
Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered 
into' service for three years at Springfield, 
August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloli, in 
the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the 
siege of 'Vicksburg, at Slissionary Ridge, New 
Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- 
woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), 
and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at 



Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered 
out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final 
discharge at Springfield. 

Forty- FIRST Infantry. Organized at Decatur 
during July and August, 1861, and was mustered 
into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second 
battle of Corinth, the siege of 'Vicksburg and 
Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, 
Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- 
pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enli.sted, 
as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg. and 
was consolidated with tlie Fifty-third Infantry, 
Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. 

Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, 
the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, 
Columbia (Tenn. ), was besieged at Nashville, 
engaged at Stone River, in the TuUahoma cam- 
paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky 
Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope 
Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station, 
Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- 
enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed 
in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- 
tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 
1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 
12, 1866. 

Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field in September, 1861, and mustered into 
service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in 
the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the 
campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and 
Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock, 
Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for 
final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. 

Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- 
gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, 
Sept. 13, 1861; was engaged at Pea Ridge, 
Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- 
ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- 
saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie 
River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta. Jonesboro, 
Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
as veterans in Tennessee, in January. 1864. 
From June to September, 1865, it was stationed 
in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at 
Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final 
discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. 

Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called 
the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment": was 
organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



557 



into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was 
engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of 
Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against 
Vieksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- 
paign, the "'March to the Sea," and tlie advance 
through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- 
ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- 
ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived 
in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- 
charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 
miles. 

Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son, Shiloli, the siege of Corinth, battle of 
Metamora, siege of Vieksburg (where five com- 
panies of tlie regiment were captured), in the 
reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, 
and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in 
as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 

1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- 
ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 

1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- 
charged at Springfield. 

Forty-seventh Infantry'. Organized and 
mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 
16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- 
dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; 
also participated in the battles of Farmington, 
luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture 
of Jackson, the siege of Vieksburg, the Red 
River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, 
and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was 
ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- 
pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, 
took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and 
the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 
21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- 
field, where it received final pay and discharge. 
Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- 
li.st as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. 

FoRTY'-ElOHTH INFANTRY'. Organized at Spring- 
field, September, 1861, and participated in battles 
and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort 
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vieksburg 
(first e-vpedition against). Missionary Ridge, as 
well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March 
to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- 
tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., 
and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, 
arriving, Augu.st 21, 1865. The distance marched 
was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- 
road, 3,450~total, 11,4,50. 

FouTY-NiNTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort 



Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in 
the campaign against Meridian and in the Red 
River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant 
Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-fourths of the regiment 
re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, 
returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- 
veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The 
regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, 
and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, 
Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, 
for final payment and discharge. 

Fiftieth Infantry'. Organized at Quincy, in 
August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 
1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the 
siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, 
Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor 
engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 
17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans. Jan. 1, 1864, was 
mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and 
reached Springfield, the following day. for final 
pay and discharge. 

FiFTY'-FlRST Infantry'. Organized at Chi- 
cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New JIadrid, 
Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, 
Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionarj' Ridge, 
Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- 
boro. Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The 
regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 
1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty 
in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at 
Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., 
Oct. 15, 1865, for final pa3'ment and discharge. 

Fifty-second Infantry'. Organized at Ge- 
neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- 
ice. Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the 
following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, 
Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town 
Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, 
Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, 
Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro 
and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; 
was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, 
and received final payment and discharge at 
Springfield, Jul}' 12. 

Fifty'-third Infantry'. Organized at Ottawa 
in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, 
Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It 
took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged 
at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vieksburg, in the 
Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of 
Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of 
Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, 
inchuling the battle of Bentonville. The regi- 
ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 



558 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



July 23, 1865, ami received final discliarge, at 
Cliicago, July 28. It marched 2,85.j miles, and 
was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. 
Over 1.800 officers and men belonged to the regi- 
ment during its term of service. 

Fifty-fourth I.nfantey. Organize<l at Anna, 
in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky 
Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 
18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment 
can be given, owing to the loss of its oflBcial 
records. It served mainly in Kentucky. Tennes- 
see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- 
ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as 
veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were 
captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 
1864, and were exchanged, the following De- 
cember. The regiment was mustered out at 
Little Rock, Oct. 1.5, 186.5; arrived at Springfield, 
Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- 
zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 
71 commissioned officers. 

Fifty-fifth Infa.ntky. Organized at Chi- 
cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. 
The regiment originally formed a part of the 
"Douglas Brigade." being chieflj' recruited from 
the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, 
Grundy, La Salle. De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago 
Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh 
and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; 
in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas 
Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge; 
was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the 
battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In 
all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was 
128 (lays under fire. The total mileage traveled 
amounted to 11,965. of which 3,240 miles were 
actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while 
at Larkinsville, Tenn.,was mustered out at Little 
Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge 
at Chicago, the same month. 

Fifty-sixth Inf.\ntky. Organized with com- 
panies principally enlisted from the counties of 
Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, 
Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp 
Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- 
ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of 
Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of 
Vicksburg — being engaged at Cliampion Hills, 
and in numerous assaults; also took part in the 
battles of Missionary Ridge and Kesaca, and in 
the campaign in the Carolinas, including the 
battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the 
regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, 
March 31, 1805. It was mustered out in Arkan- 
sas, August 12, 1865. 



Fifty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the 
battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of 
Corinth, and the second battle at that point; was 
also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and 
AUatoona; participated in the investment and 
capture of Savannah, and the campaign through 
the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- 
ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 
1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, 
July 14. 

Fifty-eighth Inf.4.ntry. Recruited at Chi- 
cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of 
Fort Donelson and Sliiloh, a large number of the 
regiment being captured during the latter engage- 
ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part 
in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, 
after which detachments were sent to Springfield 
for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. 
Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged 
in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- 
paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many 
minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out 
at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered 
to Springfield for final payment and discharge. 

Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as 
the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly 
recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. 
Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to 
the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 13, 1802, by order of 
the War Department. It was engaged at Pea 
Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, 
took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap 
and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahooa campaign 
and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of 
Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, 
Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Jlountain, 
Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and 
Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the 
regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, 
where it was mustered out, December, 1865, 
receiving its final discharge at Springfield. 

Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., 
Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth 
and was besieged at Nashville. Th« regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans wliile at tlie front, in 
January, 1864; participated in tlie battles of 
Buzzard's Roost. Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, 
Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was 
mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 18C5. and 
received final discharge at Springfield. 

Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll- 
ton, 111., tliree full companies being mustered 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



559 



in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, 
being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- 
racks. JIo., where a sufficient number of recruits 
joined to make nine full ccimpanies. The regiment 
was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part 
in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- 
ans early in 186-1. Later, it took part in the battle 
of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and 
otlier engagements near that point ; was mustered 
out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 1865, and paid 
off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- 
ber 27. 

Sixty-second Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several 
skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of ITO 
men, who were captured and paroled at Holly 
Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, 
where the regimental records were destroyed. 
The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation 
of Little Rock: re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 
1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, JIarch 6, 
1866, and ordered to Sjiringfield for final payment 
and discharge. 

Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
in December. 1861, and mustered into service, 
April 10, 1862. It jiarticipated in the first invest- 
ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond 
Hill, La. , and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. 
On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. 
It took part in the capture of Savannah and in 
Sherman's march through the Carolinas. partici- 
pating in its important battles and skirmi.shes; 
was mu.stered out at Louisville. July 13. 186.5, 
reaching Springlield, July 16. The total distance 
traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,2.50 was on 
the march. 

Sixty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of 
Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was 
mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was 
engaged at New JIadrid, the siege of Corinth, 
Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, 
Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the 
siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and 
the battle of Bentonville; re-enlisted as veterans, 
in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, 
July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, 
July 18. 

SIXTY--FIFTH Infantry. Originally known as 
the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- 
cago, and mustered in. May 1, 1862. It was cap- 
tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered 
to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took 
part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- 
Jisted as veterans in March, 1864, and participated 



in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the 
Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia 
(Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later, near 
Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C, being mus- 
tei-ed out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- 
ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. 

Sixty'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton 
Barracks, near St. Louis, IMo., during September 
and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment 
of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- 
souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and 
Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was 
engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, 
Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second 
battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the 
"March to the Sea" and the campaign through 
the Carolinas. The regiment was variously 
known as the Fourteenth Jlissouri Volunteers, 
Dirge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- 
sixth I'linois Infantry. The latter (and final) 
name was conferred by the Secretary of W^ar, 
Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran 
service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at 
Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and 
discharged at Springfield, July 1.5. 

Sixty-seventh Infantry'. Organized at Chi- 
cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in 
response to an urgent call for the defense of 
Washington. The Sixty-seventh, bj' doing guard 
duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, 
relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. 

Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response 
to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- 
mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three 
months as State Militia, and was mustered in 
early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered 
into the United States service as Illinois Volun- 
teers, by petition of the men, and received 
marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at 
Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862— many of the men re- 
enlisting in other regiments. 

.SiXTY'-NlNTH Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for 
three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on 
duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and 
rebel prisoners. 

Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 
1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard 
duty. Its term of .service was three months. 

Seventy-first Inf.vntry'. Mustered into serv- 
ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. 
Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- 
nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- 
cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 



560 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board 
of Trade, and mustered into service for three 
years, August 23, 1863. It was engaged at Cliam- 
pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- 
ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mu.stered 
out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, I860, and 
discharged at Chicago. 

Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from 
the counties of Adams. Champaign, Christian, 
Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- 
mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into 
service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong. 
It participated in tlie battles of Stone River, 
Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and 
Lost Mountains, New Hope Cliurcli, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill. Frank- 
lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, 
June 12, 1865, and, a few daj's later, -vent to 
Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. 

Seventy-fourth Ixf.vntry'. Organized at 
Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into 
service September 4. It was recruited from Win- 
nebago, Ogle and Stei^henson Counties. This regi- 
ment was engaged at Perrj-ville, Murfreesboro 
and Nolansville, took jiart in the Tullahoma 
campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
Resaca, Adairsville. Dallas, Kenesaw Jlountain, 
Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of 
Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin 
and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, 
June 10. 186.'>, with 343 officers and men, the 
aggregate number enrolled having been 1.001. 

Seventy-fifth Inf.wjtry. Organized at 
Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. 
The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- 
ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, 
Dalton, Resaca, Marietta. Kenesaw. Franklin ami 
Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 
12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 
1, following. 

Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- 
kakee, 111. , in August, 1862, and mustered into the 
ser%-ice, August 22, 1862 ; took part in the siege of 
Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- 
paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo 
City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to 
Texas in June. 1865, and mustered out at Galves- 
ton, July 33, 1865, being paid off and disbanded 
at Cliicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 
10,000 miles. 

Seventy-sf.vf.nth Infantry. Organized and 
mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; 
was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 



Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including 
the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of 
Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- 
tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill : the 
reduction of Forts Gaines and Jlorgan, and the 
capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. 
It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 
10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- 
ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, 
having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. 

Seventy'-eighth iNF^iJNTRY. Organized at 
Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; 
participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and 
Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and 
sent to Chicago, wliere it was paid off and dis- 
charged, Jime 12, 1865. 

Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- 
toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, 
August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of 
Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- 
saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was 
mustered out. June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp 
Butler. June 15, and, on June 23, received final 
p.ay and discharge. 

Eightieth Infantry". Organized at Centralia, 
111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, 
August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, 
Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, 
surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After 
being exclianged, it participated in the battles of 
Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, 
Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
ville. The regiment traveled 6.000 miles and 
participated in more than twenty engagements. 
It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and 
proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and 
discharge. 

Eighty-first Infantry-. Recruited from the 
counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- 
son, LTnion, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered 
into service at Anna. August 26, 1862. It partici- 
pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, 
Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and 
in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, 
the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, 
Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides 
a.ssisting in the investment of Mobile. It was 
mustered out at Chicago, August 5. 186-1. 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



561 



Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called 
the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- 
onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for 
merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois 
Infantry — being chiefly composed of German 
members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- 
field, Sept. 26, 1862. and mustered into service, 
Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of 
Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, AVauhatchie, Or- 
chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, 
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was 
mustered out of service, June 9, 186.5, and 
returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, 
during its time of service, 2, .503 miles. 

Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- 
mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the 
rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous 
hard-fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was 
chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy 
guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- 
cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- 
ville, June 26, 186.5, and finally paid off and 
discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. 

Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered intoserv- 
ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The 
regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its 
battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, 
Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, 
Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's 
Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- 
tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered 
out, June 8, 1865. 

Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, 
about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It 
took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, 
Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face 
Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- 
tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered 
out at Washington, D. C. , June 5, 1865, and 
sent to Springfield, where the regiment was 
paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same 
month. 

Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it 
numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part 
in the battles of PerryviUe, Chickamauga. Mis- 
sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resiica, Rome, 
Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, 
Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out 
on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving 



on June 11, at Cliieago. where, ten days later, the 
men received their pay and final discharge. 

Eighty-seventh Inf.\ntky. Enlisted in Au- 
gust, 1862; was composed of companies from 
Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; 
was organized in the latter part of August, 1863, 
at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the 
muster to take effect from August 2. It took 
part in the siege and captui'e of Warrenton and 
Jackson, and in the entire campaign through 
Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating 
in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- 
ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered 
out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, 
where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off 
and disbanded at Camp Butler, on Julj- 2. 

Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, in September. 1862, and known as the 
"Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was 
mustered in, Sept. 4, 1863; was engaged at Perrj'- 
ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, 
New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin 
and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, 
at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and 
discharge, June 23, 1865. 

Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- 
road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad 
companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 
1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of 
that month. It fought at Stone River, Cliicka- 
mauga, Jlissionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, 
Rock}' Face Ridge, Pickett's Slills, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Frank- 
lin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 10, 
1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. : arrived 
at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- 
charged, June 24, after a service of two years, 
nine months and twenty -seven days. 

Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service 
at Chicago. Sept. 7, 1863 ; participated in the siege 
of Vicksburg and tlie campaign against Jackson, 
and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Re.saca, 
Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, 
Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After 
the review at Washington, the regiment was 
mustered out, June 6, and returned to Cliieago, 
June 9, 186.5, where it was finally discharged. 

Ninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp 
Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 



562 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the 
campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, 
and all along the soutlinestern frontier in 
Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture 
and capture of Jlobile. It was niustereil out at 
Mobile, July 12, I860, starting for liome the same 
day, and being finally paid off and discharged on 
July 38, following. • 

Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- 
ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, 
being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- 
roll Counties. During its term of service, the 
Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and 
skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, 
and the numerous engagements on the "March 
to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Jolinston 
through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at 
Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the 
service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. 

Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 
13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements 
against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged 
at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was 
engaged in the battles of Missionarj' Ridge, 
Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, 
following Sherman in his campaign though the 
Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 
1865, and, on the 2.5th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- 
ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the 
regiment liaving marched 2.554 miles, traveled 
by water, 2,296 miles, and, by raih-oad, 1,237 
miles— total, 6,087 miles. 

Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly 
in McLean County. After some warm experi 
ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took 
part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and 
was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in 
Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- 
ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After 
several months of garrison duty, the regiment was 
mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on Julj- 17, 
1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- 
ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 
miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by 
steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- 
tles, sieges and skirmishes. 

Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- 
ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It 
was recruited from the counties of McHenry and 
Boone — three companies from the latter ami 
seven from the former. It took part in the cam- 
paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- 
burg, in tlie Red River expedition, the campaigns 



against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against 
Slobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles 
in wliich tlie regiment was engaged were those 
of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, 
Champion Hills, Fort de Ru.s,sey, Old River, 
Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, 
Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw 
Mountain, Chattahoochie River. Atlanta, Ezra 
Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, 
while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was 
transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- 
try, August 25, 1863. 

Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during 
the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- 
tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. 
The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, 
Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, 
Shelbyville, Chickamauga, AVauhatchie, Lookout 
Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
Resaca. Kingston, New Hojie Cliurch, Dallas, 
Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna 
Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough 
and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy "s Station, Frank- 
lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- 
charge was June 30, 1865. 

Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in 
August and September, 1862, and mustered in on 
Sept. 16; participated in tlie battles of Chickasjiw 
Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion 
Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and 
Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out 
and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, 
August 10, after an absence of three years, less a 
few days. 

Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- 
tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3 ; 
took part in engagements at Cliickamauga, Mc- 
Minnville, Farmington and Selma. besides many 
others of less note. It was mustered out. June 
27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the 
Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment 
arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final 
payment and discliarge, July 7, 1865. 

Ninety-ninth Inf.vntry. Organized in Pike 
County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 
1862; participated in the following battles and 
skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville. Magnolia 
Hills. Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, 
Vicksburg. Jackson, Fort Espei-anza. Grand 
Coteau. Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: 
days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men 
killed in battle. 38; men died of wounds and 
disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; 
men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 3; 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



563 



officers died, 2; officers resigned, 2(3. Tlie regi- 
ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 3J, 
1865, and paid off and disciiarged, August 9, 
following. 

One Hundredth Inf.^xtry. Organized at 
Joliet, in August, 1803, and mustered in, August 
30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will 
County. It was engaged at Bardstown. Stone 
River, Lookout Jlountain, Missionary Ridge, and 
Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 
1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
June 15, where it received final payment and 
discharge. 

One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the 
month of Augu.st, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1802, 
was mustered in. It participated in the battles 
of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope 
Churcli, Kenesaw and Pine Jlountains, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboroand Bentonville. 
On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured 
at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to 
Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged 
in June, 1863. On the Tth of June, 1865, it was 
mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, 
on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. 

One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered 
in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, 
Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach 
Tree Creek and Averj'sboro; mustered out of 
service June 6, 1805. and started home, arriving 
at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received 
final payment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- 
cruited whollj- in Fulton County, and mustered 
into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in 
the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- 
son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of 
Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- 
las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville; was 
also in the campaign through the Carolinas. 
The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, 
June 21. and received final discharge at Chi- 
cago, July 9, 1805. The original strength of 
the regiment was 808, and 8-1 recruits were 
enlisted. 

One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed 
almost entirely of La Salle County men. Tlie 
regiment was engaged in the battles of Ilarts- 
ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- 
ary Ridge, Resjica, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy 
Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, l)esides many 
severe skirmishes; was mustered out at Washing- 



ton, D. C. , June 6, 1865, and, a few days later 
received final discharge at Chicago. 

One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Dixon, and 
participated in the Atlanta campaign, being 
engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and 
Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, 
also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the 
campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of 
Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and 
Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- 
ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- 
charged at Chicago, June 17. 

One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, 
eight of the ten companies having been recruited 
in Logan County, the other two being from San- 
gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the 
defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C"' 
was captured and paroled, being exchanged in 
the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of 
Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of 
Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- 
formed service at various points in Arkansas. It 
was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, 
Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, 
where it received final paj-ment and discharge 

One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; 
was composed of six companies from DeWitt and 
four companies from Piatt County. It was 
engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, 
Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 
Atlanta, Spring HiU, Franklin, Nashville and 
Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, 
at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for 
final payment and discharge, July 3, 1865. 

One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 
28, 1862 ; took part in the first expedition against 
Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post 
(Fort Hindmau), Port Gib.son and Champion 
Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of 
Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the 
capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- 
burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge 
at Chicago, August 1 1. 

One Hu.ndred and Ninth Infantry. Re- 
cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and 
mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1863. Owing 
to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- 
soli(late<l with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 
18t>3. (See Eleventh Infantry.) 

One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- 
ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 



564 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



engaged at Stone Rirer, WooUbuiy, and in 
numerous skirmishes iu Kentucky and Tennessee. 
In Ma3', 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its 
numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- 
quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- 
mauga and Missionary Ridge, tlie battles aroimd 
Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, 
being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- 
ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , 
June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at 
Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term 
of service had not expired at date of muster-out, 
were consolidated into four comjianies and trans- 
ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer 
Infantry. 

One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- 
cruiteil from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton 
and Wayne Counties, and miistered into the serv- 
ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided 
in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the 
Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, 
Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- 
pated in the "March to the Sea"' and the cam- 
paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles 
of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- 
tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, 
receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, 
having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was 
on the march. 

One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- 
tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 23, 
1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- 
nessee, under Burnside, and in that against 
Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in 
the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Na.shville, 
and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- 
ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, 
Jime 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, 
July 7, 1865. 

One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. 
Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, 
Nov. 6, 1802; was engaged in the Tallahatchie 
expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- 
saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- 
ei's and recruit. The regiment also took part in 
the siege and capture of Vieksburg, was mustered 
out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- 
cago, five da}-s later. 

One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. 
Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered 
in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from 
Cass. Menard and Sangamon Counties. .The regi- 
ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), 
the siege and capture of Vieksburg, and in the 
battles of Guntown and HarrisviUe, the pursuit 



of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- 
ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered 
out at Vieksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final 
payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 
1805. 

One Hundred .\nd Fifteenth Infantry. 
Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 
1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, 
Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all 
the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, 
and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of 
Hood; was mustered out of ser\-ice, June 11, 
1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 
23, 1865, at Springfield. 

One Hundred .\nd Sixteenth Infantry. 
Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, 
numbering 980 officers and men when it started 
from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It 
participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 
Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River 
Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big 
Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Slountain, 
Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and 
was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, 
D. C. 

One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. 
Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 
19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, 
the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- 
ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of 
Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, 
Nashville, Sisanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It 
was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, 
having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were 
marched. 

One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. 
Organized and mustered into the service at 
Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- 
saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- 
pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), 
Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. 
The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and 
dismounted. May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was 
mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. 
At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- 
bered 820 men and oflBcers, received 283 recruits, 
making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- 
bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total 
distance traveled, 5,700 miles. 

One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. 
Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and 
was mustered into the United States service, 
October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- 
paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow 
Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



565 



Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at 
Mobile, August 2G, 1865, and its discharge at 
Springfield. 

One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. 
Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- 
field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 186.5, and received 
final payment and discharge, September 10, at 
Springfield. 

One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- 
try. (The organization of this regiment was not 
completed.) 

One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- 
try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, 
and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 
enlisted men. It participated in the battles of 
Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of 
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered 
out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- 
charged at Springfield, August 4. 

One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- 
try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 
1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, 
Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took 
part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching 
as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it 
served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- 
see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the 
capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged 
at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose 
terms had not expired, being transferred to the 
Sixtj'-first Volunteer Infantry. 

One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- 
try. Mustered intotlie service, Sept. 10, 1862, at 
Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign 
and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and 
Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the 
capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, 
eleven days less than three years after the first 
company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- 
ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel 
Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, 
stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- 
teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of 
forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days 
and nights, respectively. 

One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- 
try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- 
ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- 
mauga. Missionary Ridge, Kenes;iw Mountain, 
Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in 
the "Ma'ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- 
paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- 
ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, 
June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. 



One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- 
try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 
1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. 
Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near 
Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in 
the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at 
Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. 

One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- 
try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 
1862; took part in the first campaign against 
Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, 
the siege of Vicksbmg under Grant, the capture 
of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary 
Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, 
and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
Slountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- 
panied Sherman in his march through Georgia 
and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of 
Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago June 
17, 1865. 

One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- 
try. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained 
in service less than five months, when, its num- 
ber of officers and men having been reduced from 
860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of 
officers were dismissed, and the few remaining 
officers and men were formed into a detachment, 
and transferred to another Illinois regiment. 

One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- 
try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and 
mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 
1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- 
son duty. It marched with Sherman in the 
Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the 
Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, 
Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach 
Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averj'sboro and Benton- 
ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- 
caf-o, June 10, 1865. 

One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. 
Organized at Springfield and mustered into 
service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- 
son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- 
burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River 
expedition. While on this expedition almost the 
entire regiment was captured at the battle of 
Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of 
the war. The remaining officers and men were 
consolidated with the Seventy -seventh Infantry 
in January, 1865, and participated in the capture 
of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- 
organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, 
was ordered. It was mustered out at New 
Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at 
Springfield, August 31. 



566 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



One Hundred axd Thirty-first Infan- 
try. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- 
tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, 
exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was 
consolidated with tlie Tweuty-ninth Infantry, 
and ceased to exist as a separate organization. 
Up to that time tlie regiment liad been in but a 
few conflicts and in no pitched battle. 

One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- 
try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 
100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- 
mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration 
of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and 
was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. 

One Hundred and TmRTY-TniRD Intan- 
TRY. Organized at Springfield, and mu.stered iji 
for one liundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged 
during its term of service in guarding prisoners 
of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 
4, 1804, at Camp Butler. 

One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- 
try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. 
May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to 
garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered 
out of service, Oct. 2'>, 1864, at Chicago. 

One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- 
try. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Slat- 
toon, June 6, 1804, having a strength of 852 men. 
It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, 
in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. 
It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. 

One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.\n- 
TRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 
100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., 
but was not mustered into service until June 1, 
following. Its principal service was garrison 
duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst 
guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the 
regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- 
tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- 
charged eight days later 

One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Inf.vn- 
TRY. Organized at Quincy, with ex-CJov John 
Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 
1864, for lUO days. Was on duty at Memphis, 
Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- 
field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. 

One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Inf.vn- 
TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, 
June 21, 1804, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- 
son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in 
Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- 
ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. 

One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- 
try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- 



ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in 
garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making 
reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of 
the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The 
latter service was rendered, at the President's 
request, after the term of enlistment had expired. 
It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- 
ing been in the service nearly five months. 

One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry'. 
Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, 
June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that 
date. The regiment was engaged in guarding 
railroads between Memphis and Hollj' Springs,and 
in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of 
enlistment bad expired and the regiment had 
been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of 
General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- 
charged at Cliicago, after serving about five 
inontlis 

One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- 
try. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- 
ment, at Elgin. June 16, 1864 — strength, 842 men; 
departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- 
tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. 

One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- 
try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of. 
eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where 
two companies were added and the regiment 
mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. 
It was ordered to Memj^his, Tenn., five days later, 
and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven 
miles from that city, where it was employed in 
guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. 
It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, 
the men having voluntarily served one month 
beyond their term of enlistment. 

One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- 
try. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, 
June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to 
garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, 
Sept. 26, 1864. 

One Hundred and Forty-fourth Infan- 
try. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year 
regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, 
its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered 
out, July 14, 1865. 

One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- 
try. Mustered intc service at Springfield, June 
9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It departed for the 
field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 
1864. 

One Hundred and Forty^-sixth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for 
one year. AVas assigned to the duty of guarding 
drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



567 



and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, 
July 5, 1S6.J. 

One Huxdked and Forty-seventh Infan- 
try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into 
service for one year, Feb. 18 ami li), 1865; was 
engaged chielly on guartl or garrison dutj-, in 
scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. 
Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 18G6, and 
received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. 

One IIl-NDRED AND FoRTY-EIGHTH INFAN- 
TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1863, for 
the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison 
and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1805, 
at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 
9, 1865. where it was paid off and discharged. 

One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- 
try". Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, 
and mustered in for one year; was engaged in 
garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 
1866, at Dalton, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, 
where it received final paj-ment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fiftieth Inf.vntry*. 
Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 1-1, 
1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and 
Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning 
towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at 
Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it 
received final paj'ment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry'. 
This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., 
and mustered into the United States service, 
Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies 
from various parts of the State, recruited, under 
the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in 
guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and 
was present at the surrender of General War- 
ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out 
at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 34, 1860, and ordered to 
Springfield, where it received final payment and 
discharge, Feb. 8, 1860. 

One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- 
try'. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, 
Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of 
service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and 
arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1805, where it 
received final payment and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- 
try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, 
Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in 
any battles. It was mu.stered out, Sept. 15, 1865, 
and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, 
received final pay and discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, 
for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was 



mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to 
Springfield for final payment and discharge, 
where it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oil and dis- 
charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. 

One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- 
try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in 
Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 
4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved 
to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and 
discharge. 

One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- 
try. Organized and mustered in during the 
months of February and March, 1865, from the 
northern counties of the State, for the term of 
one year. The officers of the regiment have left 
no written record of its histor5', but its service 
seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee 
in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and 
Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of 
the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear 
to have been greatly depleted by desertions and 
otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered 
out, Sept. 20, 1865. 

First Cavalry'. Organized — consisting of 
seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at 
Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United 
States service, July 3. After some service in 
Mis.souri, the regiment participated in the battle 
of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, 
with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1801. 
The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not 
to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- 
change having been effected in November, the 
non-commissioned officers and privates were 
ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 
1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton 
Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in 
guarding supply trains and supply depots at 
various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- 
racks, July 14, 1802. 

Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield 
and mustered into service, August 12, 1801, with 
Company M (which joined the regiment some 
months later), numbering 47 commissioned oflS- 
cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- 
creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its 
four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 
enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It 
was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- 
ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, 
Fort Donelson and Sliiloh. another portion at 
Merriweather's Ferry. Bolivar and Holly Springs, 
and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. 
In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment 
re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 



368 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Red River expedition and the investment of Fort 
Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, 
Tex., Nov. 33, 186.5, and finally paid and dis- 
charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 18G6. 

Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- 
panies, from various localities in the State, the 
grand total of company ofiicers and enlisted men, 
under the first organization, being 1,4.33. It was 
organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- 
pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Blufl", 
Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, 
Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. 
In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- 
enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- 
tered out, Sept. .5, 1864. The veterans participated 
in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the 
battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- 
Tille and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, 
engaged in service against the Indians in the 
Korthwest The regiment was mustered out at 
Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. 

Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, 
Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of 
Fort Henry, Fort DoneLson, and Shiloh: in the 
siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of 
less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield 
in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- 
ment, of June 18, 1805, the members of the 
regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- 
solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. 

Fifth Cavalry, Organized at Camp Butler, 
in November, 1861; took part in the Meridian 
raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., 
and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- 
ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and 
other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of 
the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final 
muster-out took place, Oct. 37, 186.5, and it re- 
ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. 
Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance 
upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- 
sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, 
the battles of Moscow (Teun), West Point (Miss.), 
Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, 
March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., 
Nov. 6, 1865, and received discharge, November 
20, at Springfield. 

Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It 
participated in the battles of Farmingtoii, luka, 
Corinth (second battle) ; in Grier.son's raid 
through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- 
gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- 
ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 



officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The 
non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the 
entire regiment took jjart in the battle of Frank- 
lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed 
in Alabama and Jlississippi, until the latter part 
of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, 
and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 
1865. 

Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 
111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, ISGl. The regi- 
ment was .ordered to Virginia, and participated 
in the general advance on Manassas in March, 
1863; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' 
Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- 
town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- 
burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan 
Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- 
burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap 
Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in 
many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered 
out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 
1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received 
final payment and discharge. 

Ninth C.walry Organized at Chicago, in 
the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 
30 ; was engaged at Cold water, Grenada, Wyatt, 
Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, 
Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- 
burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. 
The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 
1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., 
Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where 
the men received final payment and discharge. 

Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in 
the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered 
into service, Nov. 25, 1861; was engaged at Prairie 
Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the 
Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), 
Brownsville, Bayou 3Ietoe, Bayou La Fourche 
and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large 
portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
ans, the non-veterans accompanying General 
Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 
1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated 
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized 
vmder the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran 
Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at 
San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 82, 1865, and received 
final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. 

Ele%'^nth Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of 
Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, 
obtained permi.ssion to raise a regiment of 
cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 
1861. The regiment was recruited from the 
counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



569 



Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; 
was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 
1861, and was lirst under tire at Shiloh, It also 
took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and 
in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), 
luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- 
pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's 
Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in 
numerous less important raids and skirmishes. 
Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in 
December, 1863: the non- veterans being mus- 
tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The 
Teterans were mustered out at the same place, 
Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, 
October 20. 

Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
in February, 1862, and remained there guarding 
rebel prisoners until June 2.j, when it was 
mounted and sent to Martiusburg, Va. It was 
engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling 
Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 
26. 1863, the regiment was relieved from service 
and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. 
Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River 
expedition and in Davidson's expedition against 
Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry 
was consolidated into an eight-company organi- 
zation, and the Fom-th Cavalry, having previously 
been consolidated into a battalion of five com- 
panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The 
consolidated regiment was mustered out at 
Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, 
received final pay and discharge at Springfield. 

Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, 
in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from 
Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1863, and 
was engaged in the following battles and skir- 
mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's 
Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp 
Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van 
Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, 
White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near 
Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's 
Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little 
Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- 
phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du 
Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, 
Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello, 
The regiment was mustered out, August 31. 186.'), 
and received final pay and discharge at Spring- 
field, Sept. 13, 186."). 

Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service 
at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- 
ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the 
defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- 



street, in the engagements at Bean Station and 
Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry 
battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- 
eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth 
cut its way out. On their retreat the men were 
betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut 
up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by 
soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged 
at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and 
Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, 
July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, 
exclusive of duty done by detachments. 

Fifteenth Cavalry. Compo.sed of companies 
originally independent, attached to infantry regi- 
ments and acting as such; participated in the 
battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- 
ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and 
thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and 
post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, 
August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of 
service had not expired) being consolidated with 
the Tenth Cavalry. 

Sixteenth Cavalry'. Composed principally 
of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's 
Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the 
war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The 
former served as General Sherman's body-guard 
for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a 
Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the 
two companies named thenceforth being kuowr- 
as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, 
the War Department authorized the extension of 
the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of 
June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- 
pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- 
paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the 
defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- 
and Gap, and one battalion being captured by 
Longstreet. The regiment also participated in 
the battles of Rocky Face Ridge. Buzzard's 
Roost, Rescica, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, 
Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines 
Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, 
Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived 
in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment 
and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles 
and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- 
ous skirmishes. 

Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- 
ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the 
repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo. , and was 
engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine 
Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison 
duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 



570 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- 
worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had 
previously been a Captain and Major of tlie 
Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of tliis regi- 
ment. 

First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten 
batteries. Battery A was organized under the 
first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not 
mustered into the three years' service until July 
16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- 
paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and 
Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at 
Chicago. 

Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- 
gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the 
siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, 
Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the 
siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond 
(La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of 
Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- 
solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at 
Chicago, July 2, 1865. 

Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; 
was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, 
and mustered out, July 38, 1865, at Chicago. 

Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and 
mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861; was engaged 
at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- 
town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nasliville, and mus- 
tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. 

Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- 
tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1863. It took 
part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona 
expedition, and was consolidated with the other 
batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. 

Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- 
tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege 
and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered 
out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. 

Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, 
during January and February, 1863; participated 
in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and 
in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the 
Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. 

Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and 
mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at 
Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of 
Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of 
Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, 
March 17. 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 
1865. 

Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and 
mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- 



side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture 
of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered 
out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- 
manider at Chicago in July. 

Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and 
mustered into the service, August 12, 1863, for 
three years. It served through the Chickamauga 
campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also 
was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged 
at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- 
tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was 
mvistered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having 
traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. 

Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine 
batteiies. Battery A was organized at Peoria, 
and mustered into service. May 23, 1861 ; served 
in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work 
at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at 
Springfield, July 27, 1865. 

Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered 
into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at 
Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, 
Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at 
Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. 

Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo. , in 
August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 
20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- 
son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and 
the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with 
Battery A. 

Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, 
Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged 
at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of 
Corinth, and the Meridian campaign ; also 
at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was 
mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. 

Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- 
cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was 
engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of 
Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
mounted as cavalrj- the following summer, and 
mu.stered out at Springfield, July 29, 1805. 

Battery I was recruited in Will Count}-, and 
mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 
1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 
10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the 
battles of Perrj-ville, Chickamauga, Lookout 
Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. 
It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- 
man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannali and 
through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at 
Springfield. 

Battery K was organized at Springfield and 
niustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort 
Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



571 



siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 
14, 1865, at Chicago. 

Battery L was organized at Cliicago and mus- 
tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in tlie ad- 
vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the 
advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered 
out at Chicago, August 9, ISe.'J. 

Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- 
tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged 
at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and 
Rog_ersTiUe, being finally consolidated with 
other batteries of the regiment. 

Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- 
ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of 
Trade, which raised .?l.i,000 for its equipment, 
within forty -eight houi'S. It was mustered into 
service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- 
renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- 
mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, 
Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus 
(Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago. June 30, 
1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marclied 
5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The 
battery was in eleven of the hardest battles 
fought in the West, and in twenty -six minor 
battles, being in action forty-two times while on 
scouts, reconnoissances or outpost dutj". 

Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited 
and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- 
tile Association, an association of prominent and 
patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It 
was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at 
Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie 
and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon 
Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege 
of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, 
Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson 
(Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- 
pedition ; was mustered out at Chicago, and 
received final payment, July 10, 1865, having 
tiaveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 
miles. 

Springfield Light Artillery'. Recruited 
principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- 
ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at 
Springfield, for the term of three j-ears, August 
21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It 
participated in the capture of Little Rock and in 
the Red River e.xpedition, and was mustered out 
at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. 

Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. 
Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mu.stered in, Nov. 
11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third 
Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- 
ing the regiment. It participated in the 



advance on Corinth, the. siege of Vicksburg, the 
battle of Missionary Ridge, and the cai)ture of 
Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The 
regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 
14, 1865, having served three years and nine 
months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- 
pated in seven sieges and battles. 

Stcrges Rifles. An independent company, 
organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- 
sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic 
generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges; was mustered 
into .service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was 
ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- 
guard of General McClellan; was engaged at 
Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in 
the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A 
portion of the company was at Antietani, the 
remainder having been detached as foragers, 
scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, 
Nov. 25, 1863. 

WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The 
oppressions and misrule which had character- 
ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish 
Govei-nment and its agents for generations, in the 
Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in 
mutual declarations of war between Spain and 
the United States. The causes leading uji to this 
pesult wei"e the injurious effects upon American 
commerce and the interests of American citizens 
owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant 
expense imposed upon the Government of the 
United States in the maintenance of a large navy 
along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- 
bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest 
produced among the people of this country by the 
long continuance of disorders and abuses so near 
to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy 
and indignation of the entire civilized world. 
For three years a large proportion of the Cuban 
population had been in open rebellion against the 
Spanish Government, and, while the latter had 
imported a large army to the island and sub- 
jected the insurgents and their families and 
sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even 
excepting torture and starvation itself, their 
policy had failed to bring the insurgents into 
subjection or to restore order. In this condition 
of affairs the United States Government had 
endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- 
gation of the evils complained of. b)' a modifica- 
tion of the Spanish policy of government in the 
island; but all suggestions in this direction li.ad 
either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable 
interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, 
when made, had been as invariably broken. 



572 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



In the meantime an increasing sentiment had 
been growing up in the United States in favor of 
conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- 
gents, or the recognition of their independence, 
which found expression in measures proposed in 
Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by 
the United States having been rejected bj' Spain 
with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at 
last, to recognize its inability to subd\ie the insur- 
rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 
1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to 
the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty 
to the insurgents on laying down their arms. 
The long duration of the war and the outrages 
perpetrated upon the lielpless "reconcentrados," 
coupled with the increased confidence of the 
insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, 
rendered this movement — even if intended to be 
carried out to the letter — of no avail. The 
proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. 

In this condition of affairs and with a view to 
greater security for American interests, tlie 
American battleship Maine was ordered to 
Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana 
Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a 
point designated bj' the Spanish commander. On 
the night of February 15, following, it was blown 
up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after 
investigation, applied from without. Of a crew 
of 3.14 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 
266 were either killed outright by the explosion, 
or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- 
can people, but the entire civilized world, was 
shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible 
treachery had been perpetrated agamst an 
American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- 
sion in the liarbor of a professedly friendly na- 
tion. 

The successive steps leading to actual hostili- 
ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest 
and most significant of these was the passage, by 
a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on 
March 9, of an appropriation placing §50,000,000 
in the hands of tlie President as an emergency 
fund for purposes of national defense. This was 
followed, two days later, by an order for the 
mobilization of the army. The more important 
events following this step were: An order, under 
date of April 5. withdrawing American consuls 
from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9, 
of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; 
April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent 
resolutions declaring Cuba independent and 
directing the President to use the land and naval 
forces of the United States to put an end to 



Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the 
sending to the Spanisli Government, by the Presi- 
dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with chia 
act ; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, 
at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for 
the presentation of tlie ultimatum, with the 
departure of the Spanisli Minister from Washing- 
ton; April 23, tlie issue of a call by the President 
for 125,000 voluuters; April 24, the final declara- 
tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by 
Congress of a resolution declaring tliat waK had 
existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order 
to Adminil Dewey, in command of the Asiatic 
Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a 
view to investing that city and blockading 
Philippine ports. 

The chief events subsequent to the declaration 
of war embraced the following: May 1, the 
desti'uction bj' Admiral Dewey's squadron of the 
Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, 
the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet 
at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by 
the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the 
attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its 
destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender 
of Santiago to the forces under General Shatter; 
July 30, the statement by the President, through 
the French Ambassador at Washington, of the 
terms on which the United States would consent 
to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace 
terms bj- Spain, followed, three days later, by the 
signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the 
appointment by the President of Peace Commis- 
sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, 
the announcement of the Peace Commissioners 
selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the 
Peace Conference by the representatives of the 
two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on 
December 10, of the peace treaty, including the 
recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, 
with the transfer to the United States of Porto 
Rico and her other West India islands, together 
with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- 
sideration of $20,000,000. 

Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have 
such vast and far-reaching results been accom- 
plished within so short a period. The war, 
which practically began with the destruction of 
the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event 
which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole 
American people, and won the respect and 
admiration of other nations — was pi-actically 
ended by the surrender of Santiago and the 
declaration by the President of the conditions of 
peace just three months later. Succeeding 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



573 



events, up to the formal signing of tlie peace 
treaty, were merely the recognition of results 
previously determined. 

History op Illinois Regiments.— The part 
played by Illinois in connection with these events 
maj' be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- 
nois regiments and other organizations. Under 
the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- 
teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one 
of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which 
■was subsequently added, on ai^plication through 
Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- 
lery. The infantry regiments were made up 
of the Illinois National Guard, numbered 
consecutively from one to seven, and were 
practicallj' mobilized at their home stations 
within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the 
call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near 
Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, 
the day after the issue of the Governor's call. 
The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for 
the promptness of their response and the com- 
pleteness of their organization — in this respect 
being unsurpassed by those of any other State. 
Under the call of May 25 for an additional force 
of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was 
two regiments, which were promptly furnished, 
taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The 
first of these belonged to the Illinois National 
Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the 
first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a 
number of "Provisional Regiments" which had 
tendered their services to the Government. Some 
twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or 
less complete, stood read}' to perfect their organi- 
zations should there be occasion for their serv- 
ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- 
zations at date of muster out from the United 
States service was 12,280—11,789 men and 491 
officers. 

First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- 
inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at 
Chicago, and mustered into the United States 
service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the 
command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; 
left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) 
May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Tliird 
Division, of tlie First Army Corps; started for 
Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there 
was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to 
provost duty in place of the First United States 
Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment 
embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- 
bor at Key West until Jul}- 5, when the vessel 
sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay 



on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on 
the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the 
firing line on the 11th, spent several days and 
nights in the trenches before Santiago, and 
were present at the surrender of that city 
on the 17th. Two companies had previously 
been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty 
of service in the fever hospitals and in caring 
for their wounded comrades. The next month 
was spent on guard duty in the captured city, 
until August 25, when, depleted iu numbers and 
weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was 
transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on 
Blontauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- 
ment able to travel left Camjj Wikoflf, September 
8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they 
met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered 
out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a 
considerable number of recruits having joined the 
regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record 
of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it 
was the only Illinois regiment to see service in 
Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. 
Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the 
regiment were detailed for engineering duty in 
Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and 
were among the first to perform service there. 
The First suffered severely from yellow fever 
while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while iu tlie 
service, made a brilliant record, which was highly 
complimented in the oflficial reports of its com- 
manding officers. 

Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- 
ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at 
Springfield, April 27, 1898 — at that time number- 
ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of 
Col. George JI. Moulton; was mustered in 
between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started 
for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was 
changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the 
Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. 
Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of 
Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred 
to Savannali, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until 
December 8, when two battalions embarked for 
Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a 
few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- 
tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 
11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of 
Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 
the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- 
ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 
5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong 
(rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dun 



674 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not ki.se a 
man. A history of this regiment lias been 
written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. 

Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois 
Kational Guard from the counties of La Salle. 
Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, 
Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. 
Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 
men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered 
in May 7, 1898; transferred from Sin-ingfield to 
Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 
23 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico; on the 38th 
sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, 
arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon 
after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted 
in the capture of Guaj'ama, which was the 
beginning of General Brooke's advance across 
the island to San Juan, when intelligence was 
received of the signing of the peace protocol bj' 
Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Tliird 
continued in the i)erformance of guard duty in 
Porto Rico ; on October 33, 986 men and 39 offi- 
cers took transport for home by way of New York, 
arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several 
companies being mustered out at their respective 
home stations. Its strength at final muster-out 
was 1,373 men and officers. Tliis regiment had 
the distinction of being one of the first to see 
service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from 
fever and other diseases during the three months 
of its stay in the island. 

Fourth Illinois Volu.vteer Infantry, com- 
posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, 
Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, 
Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair 
counties; mustered into the service at Spring- 
field, May 30, under command of Col. Casimer 
Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but 
en route its destination was changed to Jackson- 
ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre 
as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of 
Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred 
to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward 
until about the fiist of January, when the I'egi- 
ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment 
was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 
1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was 
mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 
2, the companies returning to their respective 
home stations. During a part of its stay at 
Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- 
ment was employed on guard duty. While at 
Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended l>y 
court-martial, and finally tendered his re.signa- 



tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben 

Swift, of the Ninth. 

Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
F.\NTRY was the first regiment to report, and was 
mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under 
command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally 
composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- 
tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, 
Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton 
counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp 
Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to 
the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left 
Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the 
expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a 
previous order of July 36 to the same purport 
having been countermanded; at Newport News 
embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the 
order was rescinded, and, after remaining on 
board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- 
barked. The next move was made to Lexington 
Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of 
reaching "the front" — remained until Sept. 5, 
when it returned to Springfield for final muster- 
out. This regiment was composed of some of the 
best material in the State, and anxious for active 
service, but after a succession of disappoint- 
ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- 
tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival 
at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for 
thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, 
numbering 1,313 men and 47 officers. 

Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the 
counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee_ 
Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and 
Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under 
couunand of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left 
Sjjriugfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; Jul}' 5 the 
regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a 
part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole 
regiment was soon after united in General 
^files' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, 
landing at Guanico on July 35, and advancing 
into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. 
After several weeks' service in the interior, the 
regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 
took transport for the retiu-n home, arrived at 
Springfield a week later, and was mustered out 
November 35, the regiment at that time consist- 
ing of 1,339 men and 49 officers. 

Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry 
(known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two 
battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, 
field, April 37, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted 
men, being afterwards increased to the maxi 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



575 



mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- 
ice, under command of Col. Jfarcus Kavanagh, 
May 18, 1898; ou May 28 started for Camp Alger, 
Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare 
Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned 
to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, 
and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,2G0 
men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventli 
saw no actual service in the field. 

Eighth Illinois Volunteer Ixf.vntry (col- 
ored regiment), mustered into the service at 
Springfield under the second call of the Presi- 
dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of 
Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, 
with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the 
muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 70 officers. 
The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- 
cago, the other five being, respectively, from 
Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, 
Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The 
regiment having tendered their services to 
relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de 
Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of 
New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, 
a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- 
quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, 
Marshall was made militarj' governor. The 
major part of the regiment remained here until 
ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at 
Chicago, Slarch l.j, and was mustered out, April 
3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in 
service nine months and six days. 

Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was 
organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, 
and mustered in at Springfield under the second 
call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- 
mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at 
Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; 
two months later was transferred to Savannah, 
Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where 
it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to 
Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 
20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 
46 officers. From Augusta tlie several companies 
returned to their respective home stations. "The 
Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment'' from 
Illinois mustered into the service during the 
war, the other regiments all belonging to tlie 
National Guard. 

First Illinois C.walry was organized at Chi- 
cago immediately after the President's first call, 
seven companies being recruited from Cliicago, 
two from Bloomington, and one each from 
Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in 
at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of 



Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp 
Thomas, Ga., May ISO, remaining there until 
August 24, wlien it returned to Fort Slieridan, 
near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 
11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- 
sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although 
tlie regiment saw no active service in the field, it 
established an excellent record for itself in respect 
to discipline. 

First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 
men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, 
were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- 
ice in Porto Rico, accompanj-ing General Miles' 
expedition in the latter part of July, and being 
engaged for a time in the construction of bridges 
in aid of the intended advance across the island. 
On .September 8 they embarked for the return 
home, arrived at Chicago, September IT, and 
were mustered out November 20. 

Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was 
mustered in under a special order of tlie War 
Department, May 12, 1898, under command of 
Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; 
left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., Slay 19, 
and, two months later, joined in General Miles' 
Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on 
August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua 
yama on the 12th. News of peace having been 
received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where 
it remained until September 7, when it started 
on the return home by way of New York, arrived 
at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for 
sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The 
Battery was equijjped with modern breech-load- 
ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- 
lerists and prepared for effective service. 

Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps 
taken by the Government after it became ap- 
parent that hostilities could not be averted, was 
to begin preparation for strengthening the naval 
arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval 
Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in 
an exceptionally favorable position for making a 
prompt response to the call of the Government, as 
well as furnisliing a superior class of men for 
service — a fa(^t evidenced during the opei^ations 
in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as he;id 
of the local committee, was active in calling the 
attention of the Nav}' Dejiartment to the value of 
the service to be rendered bj' this organization, 
which resulted in its being enlisted practically as 
a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — 
all but eiglity-eight of the number passing the 
j)hj'sieal examination, the places of these being 
promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 



576 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under 
tlie command of Lieut. -Coin. John M. Hawley, 
followed soon after by the remainder of the First 
Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- 
cago 400, with 2G7, constituting the Second Bat- 
talion, from other towns of the State. The latter 
was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from 
Quincy, and 63 from Alton — making a total from 
tlie State of 607. This does not include others, 
not belonging to this organization, who enlisted 
for service in the navy during the war, which 
raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. 
The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a 
different relation to the Government from that 
of the "naval militia" of other States, which 
retained their State organizations, wliile those 
from Illinois were regularly mustered into the 
United States service. The recruits from Illinois 
were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New 
York, and distributed among fifty-two different 
vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging 
to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- 
ice in nearly every department from the position 
of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the 
turrets of the big battleships, the largest number 
(60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- 
gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the 
Harvard with 3.5; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; 
Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; 
Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- 
caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. 
Illinois sailors thus hail the pi-ivilege of partici- 
pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which 
resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off 
Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in 
the West Indies of less importance, without the 
loss of a man while in the service, although 
among the most exposed. They were mustered 
out at different times, as they could be spared 
from the service, or the vessels to which they 
were attached went out of commission, a portion 
serving out their full term of one year. The 
Reserves from Chicago retain their organization 
under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," 
with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- 
ing, Chicago. 

WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the 
Chicago public schools and at the University of 
Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. 
Three years later he graduated from the Union 
College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to 
the bar. Since then he has continued to practice 
his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was 
elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, 



and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential 
Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same 
year, was the successful candidate of his party 
for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- 
ing one term. 

WIXXEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da 
cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied 
a part of Northern IlUnois. The word Winne- 
bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- 
goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" 
taking the place of the consonant "w," which is 
wanting in the French alphabet. These were, 
in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin 
term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe 
applied to the Winnebagoes because they had 
come from the western ocean — the salt (or 
"fetid") water. In their advance towards the 
East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country 
of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- 
ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- 
bers rather than in bravery. The invaders 
settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and 
here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers 
in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- 
tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- 
garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they 
claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by 
the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien 
(August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village 
located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near 
the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a 
rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to 
live in amity with the whites, it was carried 
away by the eloquence and diplomacy of 
Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet." 
General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- 
ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' 
which he attributees in part, however, to a super- 
stitious faith in "The Prophet." In Jime or 
July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by 
the whites upon an unoffending and practically 
defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie 
du Cliien brought on what is known as the 
'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago Tl'ar.) 
The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, 
largely because of the great influence and shrewd 
tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties 
executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded 
to the United States all their lands lying east of 
the Mississippi. They were finally removed west 
of that river, and, after many sh if tings of loca- 
tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in 
Eastern Nebraska, where their indu-stry, thrift 
and peaceable disposition elicited high praise 
from Government officials. 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



577 



WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of 
Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 
23, 1843, and has lived all his life in his native 
county — his present residence being Clinton. 
After a short course in Lombard Universitj', 
while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- 
rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private 
soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Vokmteers, in 
June, 1861, serving until July, 18G6, when he was 
mustered out with the rank of Captain and 
brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at 
Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of 
the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, 
when he was ordered North on account of dis- 
abiUt}'. His last service was in fighting Indians 
on the plains. After the war he completed his 
law studies at Har%-ard University, graduating in 
1868, when he entered into a law partnership 
with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as 
Judge-Advocate General of the Illinois National 
Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, 
under the administrations of Governors Hamil- 
ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- 
nated and elected, as a Republican, to the 
Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, 
being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In 
the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- 
ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid 
Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on 
Revision of the Laws. 

WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at 
intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- 
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles 
west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by 
north of Galena. The surrounding region is 
agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead 
mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some 
extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, 
creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water 
supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas 
plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a 
high school, an academy and a public library. 
Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. 

WARREJf, Calvin A., lawj-er, was born in 
Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, 
worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office 
of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., 
side by side with Horace Greelej-, afterwards the 
founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he 
became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" 
at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to 
Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the 
study of law, completing his course at Transyl- 
vania Univer.sity, Ky., in 1834, and beginning 
practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of 



Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator 
from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby 
becoming the brother-in-law of the late Lsaac N. 
Mon-is, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren 
came to Quincy, Adams County, 111 , but sooa 
after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, 
where he resided until 1839, when he returned to 
Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either 
alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- 
eral of the leading attorneys of that city. 
Although he held no office except that of Master 
in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen 
}-ears, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of 
humor, with strong practical sense and decided 
abilitj' as a speaker, gave him great popularity 
at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a 
recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic 
party, of which he was a life-long member. He 
served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce 
ticket in 1853, and was the nominee of his party 
for the same position on one or two other occa- 
sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 33, 1881. 

WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was 
born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- 
er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 
1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, 
he emigrated to Kentucky, woiking for a time 
on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. 
Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- 
souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- 
lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber 
comi>any at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- 
tion of that place consisted of one family domi- 
ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, 
he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper 
in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois 
Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois 
Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given 
to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the 
contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery 
clause in the State Constitution soon brought it 
into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, 
Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- 
wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. 
Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill 
and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" 
made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, 
which ended in defeat of the measure V)y the 
rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition 
for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left 
the Edwardsville paper in 182.5, and was, for a 
time, associated with "The National Crisis," an 
anti-slavery jiaper at Cincinnati, but soon re- 
turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon 
Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the 



678 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, 
and, for tlie next three years, was connected 
with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- 
ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, 
he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next 
five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- 
cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex 
officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the 
publication of tlie third paper in Chicago — "The 
Commercial Advertiser"' (a weeklj-) — which was 
continued a little more than a year, wlien it was 
abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, 
Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- 
tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in 
the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at 
Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western 
Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- 
cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- 
jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free 
West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at 
Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. 
While returning home from a visit to Chicago, 
in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, 
dying there on the 22d of the month. 

WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- 
estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, 
graduated at Union College and was connected 
with the American Legation to Spain during the 
administration of President fierce: in 1859-60 
was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, 
in 1861-63, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to 
Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate 
business, he became known to the press as the 
author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of 
the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in 
Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. 
Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of 
travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and 
"Para" are most important. 

WARREN COUNTY. A western county, 
created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but 
not fully organized until 1830, having at that time 
about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square 
miles, and was named for (ien. Joseph Warren. 
It is drained by the Henderson River and its 
affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- 
lington & Quincy (two divisions), tlie Iowa 
Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- 
stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's 
early development was retarded in consequence 
of having become the "seat of war," during the 
Black Hawk War. The principal products are 
grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is 
oarried on to some extent. The county-seat and 



chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville 
is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. 
(1890), 21.281; (1900), 23,163; (1910), 23,313. 

WARREN, a ^^llage of Jo Daviess Countj' on 
the 111. Cent, and the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul Rys.; 
lead is extensively mined in vicinity; lias a large 
creamery and some factories. Pop. (1910), 1,331. 

WARSAW, a principal town in Hancock 
County, and admirably situated for trade. It 
stands on a bluff on the Jli.ssissippi River, some 
three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles 
above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the 
Toledo, Peoria & AVestern Railway, and lies 116 
miles west -south west of Peoria. Old Fort 
Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taj-lor, 
during the War of 1812, was located within the 
limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the 
mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron 
foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory 
and cooperage works are its principal manufac- 
turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- 
sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers 
up to this point. Warsaw has several churches, a 
system of common schools comjirising one high 
and three grammar schools, a national bank and 
one weekly newsi>aper. Population (1880), 3,105; 
(1890), 2.721; (1900), 2.335; (1910), 2.254. 

Washburn, a village of Woodford County, on 
a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles 
northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper; 
the district is agricultural. Population (1890), 
598; (1900), 703; (1910), 777. 

WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman 
and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, 
Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a 
printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School 
and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming 
west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership 
with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of 
law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as 
such, was elected to Congi-ess in 1852. He con- 
tinued to represent his District until 1869. taking 
a prominent position, as a Republican, on the 
organization of that party. On account of his 
long service he was known as the "Father of the 
House," administering the Speaker's oath three 
times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. 
Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by 
General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- 
folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- 
pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the 
only official representative of a foreign govern- 
ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of 
that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign 
of the "Commune." For his conduct he was 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



579 



honoreil by the Governments of France and Ger- 
many alike. On his return to the United States, 
he made his home in Cliicago, where he devoted 
his latter years chiertj- to literary labor, and 
where he died. Oct. 22. 1887. He was strongly 
favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. 
WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, 
situated at the intersection of the Chicago & 
Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the 
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 
miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. 
Carriages, plows and farming implements con- 
stitute the manufactured output. It is also an 
important shijiping point for farm products. It 
has electric light and water-works plants, eight 
churches, a graded school, two banks and two 
weekly [xipers. Pop. (1900), 1,459; (1910), 1,530. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of 
Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis; is drained by 
the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup 
and Muiltly Creeks; was organized in 1818, and 
has an area of 557 square miles. The surface is 
diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil 
is of variable fertilit}-. Corn, wheat and oats 
are the chief agricultural products. Manufactur- 
ing is carried on to some extent, among the products 
being agricultural implements, flour, carriages 
and wagons. The most important town is Nash- 
ville, which is also the county-seat. Popula- 
tion (1900), 19,.52fl; (1910), 18,759. Washing- 
ton was one of the fifteen counties into which 
Illinois was di\-ided at the organization of the 
State Government, being one of the last three 
created during the Territorial period — the other 
two being Franklin and Union. 

WATERTOWN, a village in Rock Island County, 
on the Mississippi, 5 miles cast of Moline. The 
Illinois Western Hospital for the Insane, located 
here on an elev.ation a quarter of a mile from the 
river, is reached by a switch from the C, B. & Q. 
Ry. Pop. of the village (1910), 525. 

WEST CHICAGO, in Du Page County, on the 
C, B. & Q. and C. & N. W. Rys., 30 miles west of 
Chicago; has railroad repair shops, various manu- 
factures and two weekly papers. Pop. (1910), 2,378. 

WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town 
of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the 
Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south 
from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, 
but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace 
two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- 
ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. 
The city has municipal water and electric light 
plants, four churches, a graded school and two 
newspapers. Pop- (1900), 2,114; (1910), 2,091. 



WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, 
was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., 
Feb. 3, 1830. After receiving an academic edu- 
cation and teaching for a time, he read law at 
Montpelier and, later, passed through the Allxvny 
Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the 
bar, removed to Joliet, HI., and opened an office. 
In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- 
dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the 
Army of the Cumberland for two years, and 
being mustered out in August, 1864, with the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the 
arm}-. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in 
Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh 
Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected 
to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 
1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the 
Appellate Court. 

WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, 
situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of 
Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- 
cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & 
Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 
miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of 
Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works 
and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a 
graded school and two weekly newspapers. Artesian 
well water is obtained bj- boring to the dejith 
of 100 to 100 feet, and some 200 flowing streams 
from these shafts are within the city limits. Pop. 
(1890), 2,017; (1900), 2, .505; (1910), 2,476. 

WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair 
County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- 
ington County in boyhood, and was elected County 
Clerk in 1847, '49 and "53, and State's Attorney 
for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; 
then became editor and proprietor of a news- 
paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 
1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in 
office until his death, at Nashville, 111 Pec. 6, 
1888. 

AVAUKEGAN, the county -seat and principal 
city of Lake County, situated on the shore of 
Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- 
western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west 
from Chicago, and .50 miles south of Milwaukee; 
is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet 
& Eastern Railroad and connected by electric 
lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan 
is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. 
Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort." 
from the remains of an old fort that stood on its 
site. The principal part of the city is built on a 
bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 



680 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a 
flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied 
by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- 
factories. Tlie manufactures include steel-wire, 
refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, 
brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, 
leather, beer, etc. ; the city lias paved streets, gas 
and electric light plants, three banks, eight or 
ten churches, graded and high schools and two 
daily and one weekly newspaper. A large trade in 
grain, lumber, coal and dairj' products is carried 
on. Pop. (1900), 9,426; (1910), 16,069. 

WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Easti'ni Bailway.) 

WATER LT, a city in Morgan Count3', 18 miles 
southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & 
St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- 
prising emigrants from New England, whose 
descendants constitute a large proportion of the 
population. It is the center of a ricli agricultural 
region, has a fine graded school, six or seven 
churches, two banks, one weekly newspaper; also 
lirick and tile works, flour mills and elevators. 
Pop. (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573; (1910), 1,538. 

WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in 
Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo- Irish 
descent, graduated as a Survej'or, and first prac- 
ticed liis profession in Nova Scotia. During the 
years immediately antecedent to the Revolution 
he was prominent in the colonial councils of his 
native State, to which he had returned in 1767, 
where he became a member of the "Committee of 
Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned 
Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania 
troops in the Continental army, and, during the 
War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his 
courage and ability as a leader. One of his most 
daring and successful acliievements was the cap- 
ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works 
having been carried and Wayne having received, 
what was supposed to be. his death-wound— he 
entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this 
service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- 
gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the 
investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 
1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 
lie was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. 
A few years later he settled in Georgia, which 
State he represented in Congress for seven 
months, when his seat was declared vacant after 
contest. In April, 1793, he was confirmed as 
General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on 
nomination of President Washington. His con- 
nection with Illinois history lie^n sliortly after 



St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio 
(1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, 
which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being 
to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he 
was eminently successful and, on August 3, 
1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the 
Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as 
it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a 
daring fighter, and although Washington called 
him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him 
the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of 
dress he was pimctilious, and, on this account, 
he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.'' He 
was one of the few white oflficers whom all the 
Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- 
spected. They named him "Black Snake" and 
"Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, 
Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his 
remains were removed by one of his sons, and 
interred in Radnor churchyard, in his native 
county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society 
erected a marble monument over his grave, and 
appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same 
year. 

WAYXE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of 
the State; has an area of 720 square miles; was 
organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony 
Wayne. The county is watered and drained by 
the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the 
Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the 
county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life 
was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers 
pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, 
a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. Tlie 
first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina 
pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. 
Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and 
the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished 
by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the 
Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. 
Corn, oats, tobacco, wlieat. hay and wool are the 
chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- 
ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- 
ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population 
(1890), 23,800; (1900), 27.()26; (1910), 25.697. 

WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of 
Indi.ans. The}' called themselves "We-wee- 
hahs, " and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- 
at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of 
the name were common among the British and 
American colonists. In 1718 they had a village 
at Chicago, hut abandoned it through fear of 
their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- 
watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave 
and warlike: but their numbers were reduced bv 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



581 



constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, 
debauchery enervated and demoralized them. 
They were removed west of the Mississippi and 
given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This 
they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership 
of Baptiste Peoria, united witli their few remain- 
ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant 
of the mini under the title of the "confederated 
tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also 
Mia m is; Pia nkrsli a wn. ) 

TV EBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, 
was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of 
Carmi, White County, III, about 1828 to 1830, 
and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- 
versity. He held the office of Prosecuting 
Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was 
elected to the lower branch of the General 
Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, 
until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. 
During his service in the House he was a col- 
league and political and personal friend of 
Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal 
improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many 
of the disasters which were actually realized a 
few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- 
dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and 
'48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for 
Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, 
two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate 
for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to 
Ju/lge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at 
Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in 
the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in 
the 56th year of his age. 

WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer 
(an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted 
New York journalist), was born at Claverack, 
N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the 
War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, 
and became one of the founders of the town of 
America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- 
sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General 
Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and 
Captain of volunteers and, afterwards. Colonel of 
regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went 
to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- 
tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- 
ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at 
Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. 

WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was 
born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- 
ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with 
his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at 
Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His 
father having been appointed Secretary of State 



in 1841, the son became his private secretary, 
was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing 
(Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the 
Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor 
of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year 
became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts 
Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle 
of Bull Run, Augast 30. 1862. 

WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and 
soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., 
August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- 
mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read 
law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- 
nation was for engineering, and, after serv- 
ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, 
at Washington, was made a United States civil 
engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the 
army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
Engineers. He served through the Mexican 
War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and 
promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- 
teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- 
cago, where he made his permanent home, and 
soon after was identified, for a time, with the 
proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He 
was President of the commission that perfected 
the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and 
executed the raising of the grade of a large por- 
tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole 
blocks of buildings being raised bj' jack screws, 
while new foundations were inserted. At the 
outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- 
ices to the Government and superintended the 
erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and 
Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- 
missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with tlie 
rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of 
the First Illinois Artillery. For several months 
he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- 
ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, 
and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief 
of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- 
ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi- 
nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, 
he was commissioned Brigadier-General of 
Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- 
phis and Superintendent of miUtary railroads. 
He was again chief of staff to General Grant 
during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 
until the close of the war, occupied the same 
relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted 
Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but,' 
resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, 
where he spent the remainder of his life. From 
1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 



I 



582 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



there, and, later. Assistant United States Treas- 
urer, and, in July, 1873, was appointed Collector 
of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, Marcli 
13, 1876. 

WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 33, 1828, 
educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, 
graduating from the academic department in 
1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he 
removed to CarUnville, Macoupin County, 111., 
which place lie made his permanent honie. In 
1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth 
Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 
he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate 
Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 
1888. 

WELUON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the 
United States Court of Claims, Washington, 
D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 
1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to 
Madison County, and was educated in the com- 
mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg 
College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law 
with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member 
of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 
1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a 
clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at 
Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- 
ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged 
in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative 
in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was 
also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, 
and assisted in the first election of Abraham 
Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he 
resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the 
position of United States District Attorney for 
the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by 
President Lincoln, but resigned the latter oflice 
in 1866 and, the following year, removed to 
Bloomington, where he continued the practice of 
his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, 
by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the 
United States Court of Claims at Washington — 
a position which he occupied until his death. 
Judge \\'eldon was among the last of those who 
rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- 
coln. From the time of coming to the State in 
1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most 
intimate traveling companions in the old 
Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon 
County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and 
of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the 
Supreme Court of the United States and United 
States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The 
Judge held in his memory many ploa.saut remi- 



niscences of that day, especially of the eastern 
portion of the District, where he was accustomed 
to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- 
Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as 
well as the historic men whom he met at the 
State capital. Died April 10, 1905. 

WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was 
born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and 
enjoyed only such educational and other advan- 
tages as belonged to the average New England 
boy of that period. During his boyhood his 
family removed to New Jersey, where he attended 
an academy, later, graduating from Columbia 
College and Law School in New York City, and 
began practice with .State Senator Robert Allen 
at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he 
enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part 
in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- 
sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 
1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- 
tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the 
House of Representatives from Adams County, 
as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. 
In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, 
by re-election in 1894, he served continuously 
until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His 
abilities and long service — covering the sessions 
of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- 
blies — jjlaced him at the head of the Democratic 
side of the Senate during the latter part of his 
legislative career. 

WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the 
Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, 
about 1770. Wlien a boy of 12, he was captured 
by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, 
adopted liim, giving him his daughter in mar- 
riage wlien he grew to manhood. He was highly 
esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and. in 1790, 
was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. 
Clair was defeated. He then realized that he 
was fighting against his own race, and informed 
his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself 
with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made 
his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- 
tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of 
Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort 
Wayne, where lie was joined by his Indian wife. 
Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the 
Peace. In 1813 he learned of the contemplated 
evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of 
thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- 
tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- 
combatants on their proposed march to Fort 
Wayne. On August 13. he marched out of the 
fort with fifteen of his duskv warriors behind 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



683 



him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before 
a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell 
into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- 
nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) 
The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was 
riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his 
heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, 
wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. 

WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born 
in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1813; lived on a farm 
until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, 
but made such progress that he became succes- 
sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at 
Andoverand Newburyport, and, finally. Principal 
of the .State Normal School at Westfield, Slass. 
In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- 
ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, 
serving till 18G-1, when he resigned. He was an 
organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' 
Association, one of the first editors of "The 
Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con- 
nected with various benevolent, educational and 
learned societies ; was also author of several text- 
books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's 
Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. 

WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- 
shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, lias 
zinc works, public and parochial schools, a 
weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A 
good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- 
lation (1S90), 1,0.53; (1900), 1,486; (1910), 1,442. 

WENTWOKTH, John, early journalist and 
Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., 
March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, 
where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
crat," which had been established by John Cal- 
houn three years previous. He soon after became 
proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- 
tinued to be the publisher until it was merged 
into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He 
also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois 
bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- 
crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 
1855. but left the Democratic party on the repeal 
of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected 
Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, 
during his incumbenc3' introducing a number of 
important municipal reforms; was a member of 
the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice 
served on the Board of Education. He again 
represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican 
from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of 
service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the 
Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- 



giance to the Republican party. In 187i >lr. Went- 
worth published an elaborate genealogical work 
in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- 
worth Family." A volmne of "Congressional 
Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- 
cago," published in connection with the Fergus 
Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- 
tion on early local and national history. On 
account of his extraordinary height he received 
the sobriquet of "Long John," by wliich he was 
familiarly known throughout the State. Died, 
in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. 

WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was 
born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his 
father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829 became a clerk 
in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also 
served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a 
position in the United States Land Office there. 
Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — 
meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, 
ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate 
to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, 
in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established 
a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- 
nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West 
officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the 
Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed 
much ability as a public speaker. 

WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- 
pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; 
graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught 
until 1873, when she was elected County Super- 
intendent of Schools, serving nine j'ears. She 
took an active and influential interest in educa- 
tional and reformatory movements, was for two 
years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- 
delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, 
besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- 
nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union — in which she held the 
position of President ; was also President, in the 
latter days of lier life, of the Illinois Woman's 
Press Association of Chicago, that city having 
become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West 
started on a tour of the world for the benefit of 
her healtli, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. 
WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in 
accordan(-e with an act of the General Assembly, 
apiiroved. May 22, 1895. Tlio Thirty -ninth Gen- 
eral Assembly made an appropriation of SIOD.OOO 
for the erection of (ire-proof buildings, wliile 
Ro(^k Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 



684 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of land valued at 840,000. The site selected by the 
Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking 
the Jlississippi River, eight miles above Rock 
Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and 
the buildings are of the most modern style of con- 
struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of 
railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and 
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the 
Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was 
begun in 1896, and they were opened for the 
reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- 
pacity for 800 patients. 

WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti 
tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, 
incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- 
bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with 
property valued at S70,000. The institution gives 
instruction in literary and scientific branches, 
besides preparatory and business courses. 

WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at 
Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 
1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve 
instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 
300 males and 200 females. 

WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook 
County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- 
cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
road, 15 miles west of the initial station. 
Pop. (1900), 662; (1910), 905. 

WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, 
located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 
through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, 
and was opened for students two years later. It 
has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- 
tecture — one including the school and lecture 
rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital 
and gj'mnasium are attached to the latter, and a 
school for boys is conducted on the first floor of 
the main building, which is known as Wheeler 
Hall. The institution is under the general super- 
vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- 
tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. 

WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., 
Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s.-e. of Charleston; 
seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five 
churches and one newspaper. Pop. (1910), 927. 

WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on 
the Peoria-Evans\-ille Div. III. Cent. R. R., 12 
miles northeast of Albion: lias a bank and a weekly 
paper. Pop. (1900), 700; (1010), 725. 

WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was 
born in Chicago, Ijpj?. 9, 1849; in her childhood 
attracted attention while singing with her father 
(a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in 



Cliicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 j-ears of 
age, went to New York to study, earning her way 
by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid 
and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; 
in New York was patronized by Henry Ward 
Beecher and others, and aided in securing the 
training of European masters. Compelled to sur- 
mount many obstacles from poverty and other 
causes, her after success in her profession was 
phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, 
at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott 
married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who 
died before lier. 

WH EATON, a city and the county-seat of Du 
Page County, situated on the Chicago &. North- 
western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- 
culture and stock-raising are the chief industries 
in the surrounding region. The city owns a new 
water-works plant (costing S60,000) and has a 
public library valued at §75,000. the gift of a 
resident. Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court 
house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage 
system, seven churches, three graded schools, 
two weekly newspapers and a State hank, ^^'heaton 
is the seat of Whcaton College (which see). Popu- 
lation (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345; 
(1910), 3,423. 

WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and 
under Congregational control. It was founded 
in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- 
tered under its present name in 1860. Its early 
existence was one of struggle, but of late years it 
has been established on a better foundation, in 
1898 having §54,000 invested in productive funds, 
and property aggregating §136.000. The faculty 
comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there 
were 331 students in attendance. It is co-edu- 
cational and instruction is given in business and 
preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, 
music and classical literature. 

WHEELER, David Hilton,D.D., LL.D., clergy- 
man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; 
graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount 
Morris, in 1851 ; edited "The Carroll County 
Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell 
College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- 
sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professorof 
English Literature in Northwestern University 
(1867-75); edited "The Methodi-st" in New York, 
seven years, and was President of Allegheny 
College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. 
from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. 
from the Northwestern University in 1881. He 
is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



58A 



(two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature"' 
(1883), besides some translations. 

WHEELEK, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, 
was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 18-18, but 
emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; 
remained on a farm imtil 19 years of age. his 
educational advantages being limited to three 
months' attendance upon a district school each 
year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at 
Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- 
tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- 
teenth District in the State Senate, where he 
served on manj' important committees, being 
Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. 
In 1893 he was elected Representative in Con- 
gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the 
Republican ticket. 

WESTVILLE, a village of Vermilion County, on 
the C. & E. I. and "Big Four" Rys., 8 miles north 
of Danvilli'; a coal mining region. Pop. (1910), 3,607. 

WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder 
of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- 
land, about 1756; served under Burgoyne in the 
Revolution, and was with the force surrendered 
by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the 
peace he returned to the United States, settled at 
Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States 
Army, serving at first in the ranks and being 
severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- 
paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a 
captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with 
his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, 
where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn 
within the limits of the present city of Chicago, 
remaining in command imtil 1811, when he was 
succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the 
brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed 
military store- keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- 
wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, 
where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William 
Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a 
time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 
1809, to Fort Waj'ne — was of the force included 
in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After 
his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to 
the rank of llajor in 182G and to a Lieutenant-Colo- 
nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. 
James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, 
but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson 
of the first Major Whistler. 

WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born 
in Mas.sachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the 
age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- 
seventh JIassachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- 
ing under General Grant in the campaign 



against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- 
ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a 
course in a commercial college at Worcester, 
Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- 
ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later 
began business on his own account, which he has 
successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected 
to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of 
the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years 
later, .serving in that body eight years. He 
declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but 
accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth 
District, as he was again in 1896, but was 
defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- 
crat. 

WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- 
brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated 
at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had 
removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city 
editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later 
becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 
1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- 
ime," during a part of the war acting as its 
Washington correspondent. He also served, in 
1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas 
National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of 
the Republican State Central Committee. In 
1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," 
a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but 
retired in October, 1874. After a protracted 
European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and 
E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase 
and reorganization of "The New York Evening 
Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. 

WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- 
ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois 
in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where 
he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 
1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, 
but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the 
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he 
commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- 
west Jlissouri. He afterwards served with Gen- 
eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the 
battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the 
rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently 
assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, 
but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., 
untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily 
serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- 
mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 
15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released 
under parole; was tried by a court of inquiry at 
his own request, and acquitted, the court finding 
that he had acted with courage and capability 



686 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



He resigned in 18G4, and, in March, 1865, was 
brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, 
at Evan.ston, May 12, 1890. 

WHITE COUNTV, situated in tlie southeastern 
quarter of tlie State, and bounded on the east by 
the Wabash River; was organized in 1816. being 
the tenth county organized during tlie Territorial 
period: area, .'iOO square miles. The county is 
crossed by three railroads and drained by the 
Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface 
consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, 
for the most part, highly productive. The princi- 
pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, 
potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and 
wool. The principal industrial establishments 
are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. 
Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- 
field, Grayville and Norris City. Population 
(ISOn), 25,00.5; (1900), 25,386; (1910), 23,052. 

WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles 
north of St. Louis and 2-t miles south-southwest 
of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has 
stonewai'e and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and 
machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, 
creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, 
electric light and power system, nurseries and 
fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing 
houses; also has five churches, a graded school, 
two banks and two newspapers — one issuing daily 
edition. Pop. (1900), 2,030; (1910), 2,8.54. 

WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis 
copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 
19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 
1821, and from the (New York) General Tlieolog- 
ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was 
rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and 
New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- 
ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase 
in 18.52. In 186T, by invitation of the Archbishop 
of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon 
before the Pan-AngUcan Conference held in 
England. During this visit he received the 
degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that 
of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a 
churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated 
in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward 
Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the 
Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant 
orator and a trenchant and imyielding controver- 
sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. 

WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern 
poi-tion of the State bordering on the Slississippi 
River ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 



1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a 
noted Indian fighter; area, 676 square miles. The 
surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- 
land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The 
count3'-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at 
Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present 
location. The Rock River crosses the county 
and furnishes abundant water power for numer- 
ous factories, turning out agricultural imple 
nients, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen 
goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also 
distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and 
planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural 
product, although all the leading cereals are 
extensively grown. The principal towns are 
Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- 
lation (1890), 30,854; (1900), 34,710; (1910), 34,.507. 
WHITESIDE, WUliani, pioneer and soldier of 
the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of 
North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, 
to the pre.sent limits of Monroe County, 111., 
erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 
which became widely known as "Whiteside 
Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, 
and was active in organizing the militia during 
the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 
1815. — John ^Whiteside), a brother of the preced- 
ing, and also a Revolutionarj- soldier, came to 
Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. 
and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- 
tively. All of them became famous as Indian 
fighters. The two latter served as Captains of 
companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, 
Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island 
in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success 
of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) 
he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. 
AVhiteside County was named in his honor. He 
made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge 
Prairie, a rich section of JIadison County, and 
represented that county in the First General 
Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- 
son County for a number of years. — John D. 
(Whiteside), another member of this historic 
family, became very prominent, serving in the 
lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and 
Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- 
ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a 
Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer 
(1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as 
he was known, was the second of James Shields 
in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) 
in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the 
former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duel.f.) 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



687 



WHITING, Lorenzo I)., legislator, was born 
in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to 
Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- 
nently until 1849, when he located iu Bureau 
Countj'. He was a Representative from that 
county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly 
(18C9), and a member of tlie Senate continuously 
from 18T1 to 1887, serving in the latter through 
eight General Assemblies. Died at his home 
near Tiskihva, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 
1889. 

WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was 
born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and 
received a common school education. In 1862 he 
was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer 
Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- 
ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- 
ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth 
Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- 
ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On 
retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed 
Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until 
March 4, 187.5, when he resigned to take his seat 
as Republican Representative in Congress from 
the Peoria District, to which he had been elected 
in November, 1874. After the expiration of his 
term he held no public office, but was a member 
of the Republican National Convention of 1884. 
Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York 
City, May 24, 1888. 

WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and 
early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord 
Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- 
lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some 
time at or near Edwardsville, then became a 
teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the 
first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. 
Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any 
practice. He acquired the title, by which he was 
popularly known for a quarter of a century, by 
his custom of visiting the State Capital, during 
the sessions of the General Assembly, when 
he would organize the lobbyists and visit- 
ors about the capital — of which there were an 
unusual number in those days — into what was 
called the "Third House." Having been regu- 
larly chosen to preside under the name of 
"Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- 
sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at 
members of the two houses and others, which 
would be received with cheers and laughter. 
The meetings of the "Third House," being held 
in the evening, were attended by many members 
and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- 
ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. 



was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at 
Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. 

WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is 
a native of New York, came at an early age, with 
his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- 
cated iu the high scliool there. He purposed 
becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the 
late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, 
accepted the position of clerk in tlie office. 
Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking 
house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the 
organization of the State National Bank, was 
chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the 
position some twenty years. After the appoint- 
ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of 
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- 
cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in 
that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- 
rure imder the administration of State Treasurer 
Henry Wulfl. In 1898 he was elected State 
Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over 
his Democratic opponent. Died March 4, 1907. 

WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and 
merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., 
Nov. 23, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, 
and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment 
Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through 
the Mexican War. On the return of peace he 
engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, 
until 18G1, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- 
ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- 
Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, 
when, his regiment having been consolidated 
with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After 
the war, he held the oflSce of Assessor of Internal 
Revenue for several years, after which he en- 
gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, 
August 8, 1898. 

WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, 
was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken 
to France at eight years of age, was educated for 
a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States 
in 1815, lie was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, 
during the same year, lie married into a French 
family of that place. He served in the House of 
Representatives from Randolph County, in the 
Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), 
and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-38). 
During his last term in the House, he was one of 
those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- 
vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- 
kaskia, in IH;!;(. 

WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was 
born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years 
of age removed with his parents to Quincj', 111., 



588 



HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated 
from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, lie 
began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of 
Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, 
but, before commencing practice, spent a year at 
Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. 
Immediately thereafter lie opened an office at 
Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. 
In politics he has alwaj's been a strong Democrat. 
He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) 
and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his 
District in Congi-ess, being re-elected in 1888 and, 
again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by 
President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary 
of the Treasury, which position he continued 
to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the 
practice of law at PittsfieW. Died Jan. 15, 1901 
WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was 
born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, 
March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began 
life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. 
In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a 
member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment 
Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New 
Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later 
he removed to Jonesboro, where Jie spent some 
time at the carpenter's trade, after which he 
became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to 
edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then 
became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, 
but later engaged in the hardware trade at 
Jonesboro, in which he continued for several 
years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate 
for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 
4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- 
didate for President, received only 825 in the 
same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate 
office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. 
Pliillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he 
was connected until 1860, when he removed to 
Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, 
he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri 
and Arkansas imder Generals Steele and Curtiss, 
being, a part of the time, in command of the First 
Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- 
burg, having command of the right wing of 
General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by 
rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered 
his resignation, and was immediately appointed 
Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- 
ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. 
In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer 
one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern 
Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as 



Secretary of the Board until the institution was 
opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was 
defeated as a candidate for Coimtj' Judge of 
Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- 
ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic 
District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate 
for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against 
William Hartzell, but was defeated by only 
twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten 
counties comprising the District. In the latter 
years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged quite 
extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- 
son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. 

WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born 
in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a 
partial course at Union College, after which he 
edited pajjers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, lU., 
and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, 
during a part of the Civil War, as the western 
war correspondent of "The New York Times." 
In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The 
Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, 
with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 
— a part of the time as its European correspond- 
ent. He was tlie author of a series of sketches 
over the nom de plume of "PoUuto," and of a 
volume of reminiscences under the title, 
"Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published 
shortly before his death, which took place, April 
12, 1892. 

WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme 
Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 
7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 
12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree 
College ; served three years in the War for the 
Union ; studied law with Judge Scholfield and 
was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was 
chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit 
Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year 
being assigned to the Appellate bench for the 
Fourth District, where he remained until his 
election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being 
re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home 
was at Danville. Died April 3, 1907. 

WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was 
born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his 
father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- 
cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of 
Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the 
profession of the law, and, after a course of study 
under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to 
practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- 
ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 
he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



689 



was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen 
to the same position in 1861. At the expiration 
of his second term he removed to Chicago. 
Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. 

WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was 
born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., 
emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled 
in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- 
cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal 
friend of Illinois College an<l Jacksonville Female 
Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee 
from their origin until his death, which occurred, 
during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 
1841. 

WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early 
legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; 
about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, 
in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician 
by profession, but having leased the saline lands 
on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- 
wards became the town of Brownsville, he 
engaged in the manufactm-e of salt, removing 
thither in 181.5, and becoming one of the founders 
of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat 
of Jackson Count}'. On the organization of 
Jackson Countj', in 1816, he became a member of 
the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 
1818, served as Delegate from that county in the 
Convention which framed the first State Consti- 
tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a 
member of tlie Legislature from 1818 to '34 — ^first 
as Senator in the First General Assembly, then 
as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth 
and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, 
Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being 
conspicuous for long service. He died in office, 
June 11, 1834. Dr. WiU was short of stature, 
fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing 
practical jokes upon his associates, but very 
popular, as shown by his successive elections to 
the Legislature. He has been called "The Father 
of Jackson County." Will County, organized by 
act of the Legislature two years after his death, 
was named in his honor. 

WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- 
bracing 8.50 square miles, named in honor of Dr. 
Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. 
Early explorations of the territory were made 
in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff 
west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied 
by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph 
Smith, the Mormon "ajxjstle, " expounded his 
peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- 
eral of the early settlers fled from the country 
during (or after) a raid by the Sao Indians. 



There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to 
the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build 
the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. 
Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will Count}-, 
originally a part of Cook, was separately erected 
in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. 
Agriculture, ([uarrying and manufacturing are 
the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- 
mington are the principal towns. Population 
(1890), 62.007; (1900), 74,704; (1010), 84,371. 

WILL.iRD, Frances Eli/abetli, teacheo- and 
reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y. , Sept. 
28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern 
Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 
1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural 
Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she 
was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan 
Seminary. The next two years she devoted to 
travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- 
ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she 
was Professor of ^-Esthetics in the Northwestern 
University and dean of the Woman's College. 
She was always an enthusiastic champion of 
temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- 
sion to identify herself with tlie Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union. For five years she was 
Corresponding Secretary of the national body, 
and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary 
she organized the Home Protective Association, 
and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, 
to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, 
asking for the granting to women of the right to 
vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- 
ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had 
died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, 
was elected as a member of the executive com- 
mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 
1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- 
ment for the protection of women, and succeeded 
in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- 
tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the 
World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 
1888, was chosen its President, as also President 
of the International Council of Women. The 
latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, 
much of the time as the guest and co-worker of 
Lady Henry Somer.set, of England, during which 
she devoted much attention to investigating the 
condition of women in tlie Orient. Jliss Willard 
was a prolific and highly valued contributor to 
the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) 
published several volumes, including "Nineteen 
Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister) : 
"Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 



690 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



"Woman in the Pulpit.'" Died, in New York, 
Feb. 18. 189S. 

WILLARl), Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- 
sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, 
Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. 
Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, 
Mass., and prominent in "King Piiilip's War," 
and of liis son. Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the 
Old South Clmrch, Boston, and seventh President 
of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch 
was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, 
to CarroUton, 111., where his father pursued the 
avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory 
course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 
he entered the freshman class in Illinois College 
at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, 
re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the 
class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- 
man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction and President of Knox College, and 
Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. 
The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- 
lege, when he began the study of medicine at 
Quinoy, graduating from the Medical Department 
of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the 
latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper 
("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The 
Western Temperance Magazine" at the same 
place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- 
fession at St. Louis, but tlie next year removed 
to Collinsville, III, remaining until IS'u, when he 
took charge of the Department of Languages in 
the newly organized State Normal University at 
Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) 
he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after 
commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, 
particijtating in the campaigns in Tennes.see and 
in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- 
abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, 
he was compelled to resign, when he had sufltici- 
ently recovered accepting a position in tlie office 
of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- 
field, where he remained until the close of the 
war. He then became Grand Secretary of the 
Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State 
of Illinois — a position which he had held from 
1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- 
ment from 1865 to '69. The next j'ear he served 
as Sui^erintendent of Schools at Springfield, 
meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield 
jjublic library, and serving as its first librarian. 
In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History 
in the West Side High School of Chicago, 
which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), 



he continued to occupy for more than twenty- 
five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime. 
Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, 
having been, for a considerable period, editor, or 
assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," acon- 
tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The 
Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a 
"Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- 
teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- 
tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 18T2 
and "82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical 
Chart,"' covering the period from B. C. 800 
to A. D. 1876 — of wliich he has had a second 
edition in course of preparation. Of late j'ears 
he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- 
ary of Names and Places," which will include 
some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the 
most important work of his life. Previous to the 
war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator 
on the "Underground Railroad," who made no 
concealment of liis opinions, and, on one or two 
occasions, was called to answer for them in 
prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." 
(See "Underground Railroad.") His friend 
and classmate, the late Dr. Batemau, says of 
him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear 
and forcible writer; of broad and accurate 
scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, 
and a most estimable gentleman." 

WILLIAMS, Ari'hibald, lawyer and j«rist, 
was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 
1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural 
fondness for study, he chose the profession of 
law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee 
in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following 
year. He was elected to the General Assembly 
three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and 
in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District 
Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by 
appointment of President Taylor, 1849-.53; wa.s 
twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for 
United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- 
dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District 
Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and 
high character were widely recognized. Died, 
in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an 
attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- 
cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abraham Lfn- 
colii, was twice elected Attorney-General of 
Kansas. 

WILLIAMS, Erastiis Smith, lawyer and ju- 
rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 
1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading 
law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 
he was appointed Master in Chancery, which 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



691 



ofiSce he filled until 1S63, wlien he was elected a 
Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, 
and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on 
the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a 
candidate for re-election as a Republican, but 
was defeated with the party ticket. After his 
retirement from the bencli he resumed private 
practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. 

WILLIAMS, James R., Congi-essman, was 
born in AVhite County, 111., Dec. 27, 1800, at the 
age of 35 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- 
versit}-, at Blootnington, and, in 1876, from the 
Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being 
an active and successful jiractitioner at Carmi. 
In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and 
served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was 
County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on 
the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. 
He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- 
nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a 
special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned 
by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected 
in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell 
(Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- 
ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was 
again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth 
Congress. 

WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was 
born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- 
tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store 
in his native State; then, joining his parents, 
who had settled on a tract of land in a part of 
Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found 
employment as clerk in tlie store of Slajor Elijah 
lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- 
ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- 
ruption until 1880, In 18.56 Mr. Williams was 
the Republican candidate for Congress in the 
Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed 
Commissary-Genei'al for the State, rendering 
valuable service in furnishing supplies for State 
troops, in camps of instruction and wliile proceed- 
ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was 
also chief officer of the Illinois .Sanitary Commis- 
sion for two years, and, as one of tlie intimate 
personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to 
accompany the remains of the martyred President, 
from Washington to Springfield, for burial. 
Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name 
was associated witli nearly every public enter- 
prise of importance in Springfield during his 
business career — being one of the founders, and, 
for eleven years President, of the First National 
Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of 



what is now tlie S|)ringfield Division of the Illi- 
nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and 
Peoria line; a Director of tlie Springfield Iron 
Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- 
structed the Springfield water-works, and an 
officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, 
from 18G.5 to his death. May 29, 1890. 

WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at 
Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on 
both the imternal and maternal sides, to some of 
the most prominent families of New England. 
He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, 
and graduated from the University of Vermont 
in the class of 1855. After taking a course in 
the Albany Law School and with a law firm in 
his native town, he was admitted to practice in 
both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- 
cago in 18.58, and, in 1860, became a member of 
the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later 
forming a partnershij) with Gen. John L. Thomp- 
son, which ended with the death of the latter in 
1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in 
the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- 
pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors; 
also assisted in organizing the Western Electric 
Company, and was promiiientl)' identified with 
the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western 
Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as 
the United States Commissioner to the Electrical 
Exposition at Paris. In conjunction vs'ith his 
brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in 
founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., 
which, in honor of his father, received the name 
of "The Norman Williams Public Library." 
With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J, Mc- 
Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the 
will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the 
Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the 
Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- 
dent; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- 
lic Library, and trustee of a number of large 
estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the 
late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter 
became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- 
ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- 
curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 
— his remains being interred in his native town 
of Woodstock, Vt. 

WILLIAMS, Robert Ehenezer, lawyer, born 
Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers 
on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary 
War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- 
ton in the same State, where in boyhood he 
worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, 
attending a common school in tiie w inter until 



&9'i 



niSTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 



he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered 
Washington College, remaining for more than a 
year. He then began teaching, and, in 184.5 
went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business 
of a teacher for four years. Then he entered 
Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same 
time prosecuting liis law studies, but left at the 
close of his junior year, when, having been 
licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, 
Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, 
the loan of a law library, which he afterwards 
purchased ; served for two years as State's Attor- 
ney, and, in 1856, came to Blooruington, 111., 
where he spent the remainder of his life in the 
practice of his profession. Much of his time was 
devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- 
cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and 
the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he 
acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- 
long Democrat and, in 18G8, was the unsuccessful 
candidate of his party for Attorney-General of 
the State. The last three years of his life he had 
been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 
15, 1899. 

WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born 
in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to 
Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842, 
removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- 
ous local offices, including that of County Judge, 
to which he was elected in 1861. During his 
later years lie had been President of the Watseka 
Citizens" Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. 

WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and 
jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. 
At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he 
began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In 
two years he had become a skillful operator, and. 
as such, was employed in various offices in New 
England and New York. In 1857 he oame to 
Chicago seeking employment and, through the 
fortunate correction of an error on the part of 
the receiver of a message, secured the position of 
operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook 
County. Here he read law during his leisure 
time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was 
admitted to the bar. The same year he was 
elected to the lower House of the General 
Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he 
was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of 
Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge 
of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- 
gust 10, 1889. 

WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part 
of the State, originally set off from Franklin and 
organized in 1839. The county is well watered. 



the principal streams being the Big Muddy and 
the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is 
undulating and the soil fertile. The region was 
originally well covered with forests. All the 
cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and 
rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and 
sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 
square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 
22,226; (1900), 27,796; (1910), 45,098. 

WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- 
ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north 
of Springfield; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a 
newspaper and coal-mines. Po]). (1910), 600. 

WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former 
Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was bom 
in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought 
to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at 
Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope 
County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, 
and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission 
business. He entered the service as Quarter- 
master of the Forty -eighth Illinois Volunteers in 
1861, but was compelled to resign on account of 
injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative ir> 
the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), 
appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, 
and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 
1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving 
until 1893. 

WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles 
north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railroad, a liandsome suburb of Chicago on the 
shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved 
and shaded with fine forest trees; has public 
library and good schools. Pop. (1910), 4,943. 

WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the 
Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- 
west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, 
two National banks, a graded school, churches 
and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location 
of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- 
lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420; (1910), 1,450. 

WILSON, Charles Lnsh, journalist, was bom 
in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- 
cated in the common schools and at an academy 
in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- 
cago, entering the employment of his older 
brothers, who were connected with the construc- 
tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. 
His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge 
of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor 
of "The Chicago American''), in|1844, Charles L. 
took a position in the office, ultimately securing 
a partnership, which continued until the death 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



593 



of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the 
ownership of the jjaper. Mr. Wilson was an 
ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln 
for the United States Senate in lSr>S, but, in 1860, 
favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for tlie 
Presidency, thougli earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- 
coln after his nomination. In 1861 lie was 
appointed Secretary of the American Legation at 
London, serving with the late Minister Cliarles 
Francis Adams, until 1864, wlien lie resigned and 
resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 
1875 his health began to fail, and three j'ears 
later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the 
hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- 
mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — 
Richard Lu.sh (Wilson), an older brother of the 
preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The 
Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of 
consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native 
of New York. Coming to Chicago with liis 
b'-other John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- 
lished themselves in business on the Illinois & 
Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. 
In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily 
Journal" for a publishing committee which had 
purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- 
can," but soon after became principal proprietor. 
In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of 
the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and 
was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- 
non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- 
dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, 
but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled 
to retire in favor of a successor appointed by 
Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. 
Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled 
"A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, 
a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- 
lings from aLong Yarn. " Died, December, 1856. 
— John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a 
native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was 
afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- 
ness, being for a time business manager of "The 
Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- 
iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 
1888. 

WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at 
Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated 
from Brown University in 1838, and the same 
year came to Chicago, whither his father's 
family had preceded him in 1835. After reading 
law for two 3-ears, he entered the senior class at 
Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 
1841. In August of that year he opened an 
oflBce at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- 



cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of 
tlie Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, 
and reelected for a full term in 1855, and again 
in "61. In November of the latter year he was 
commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- 
second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, 
a few weeks later, and re.sumed his place upon 
the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- 
self to private practice, which was largely in 
the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat 
upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- 
cuit), and was at once designated as one of the 
Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of 
which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. 
In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, 
about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 
1891. 

WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, 
was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1833, 
and, when onlj' a year old, was brought by his 
father, William Wilson, to America. The family 
settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James 
Grant was educated at College Hill and under 
private teachers. After finishing his studies he 
became his father's partner in business, but, in 
1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, 
removed to Chicago, where he founded the first 
literary paper established in the Northwest. At 
the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his 
journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, 
of which he was commissioned Major and after- 
wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 
1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General 
Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of 
the Fourth Regiment United States Colored 
Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to 
the staff of the Commander of the Department of 
the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. 
When General Banks was relieved. Colonel Wil- 
son was bre vetted Brigadier-General and placed 
in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 
1865, since which time his home has been in New 
York. He is best known as an author, having 
published numerous addresses, and being a fre- 
quent contributor to American and European 
magazines. Among larger works which he has 
written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of 
Illinois Ofllcers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of 
General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of 
Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of 
Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and 
"Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography." 

WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- 
tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., 
Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 



694 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and 
his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- 
ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black 
Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) 
• served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- 
teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the 
United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" 
prosecutions. James H. was educated in the 
common schools, at McKendree College, and 
the United States Military Academy at West 
Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and 
being assigned to the Topographical Engineer 
Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to 
a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- 
graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition 
until March, 1863; was afterwards attached to 
the Department of the South, being present at 
the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- 
camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- 
tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made 
Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 
1863; was Chief Topographical Engineer and 
Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee 
imtil October, 1863, being actively engaged in 
the operations around Vicksburg; was made 
Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- 
General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He 
also conducted operations preliminary to the 
battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and 
for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed 
in command of the Third Division of the cavalry 
corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from 
May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. 
Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- 
ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished 
himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made 
Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight 
days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- 
three stands of colors, 388 guns and 6,830 prison- 
ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He 
was mustered out of the volunteer service in 
January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was 
commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted 
Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 
1870, he retui'ned to civil life, and was afterwards 
largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- 
ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly 
after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) 
General Wilson was appointed, by the President, 
Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its 
close. He is the author of "China: Travels and 
Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of 
Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. 
U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. 



Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in 
New York. 

WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was 
born in Nevr Hampshire in 1802, graduated at 
Bowdoin College in 182-1 — the classmate of Frank- 
lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law 
in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, 
locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, 
where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, 
serving, at different periods, as attorney of the 
Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- 
gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became 
Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, 
serving until 1868. Died, Deo. 7, 1883. 

WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in W^hite- 
side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the 
common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, 
graduating from the latter in 1865; two years 
later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and 
speedily attained prominence in his profession. 
During the World's Fair period he was retained 
as comisel by the Committee on Grounds and 
Buildings, and was prominently connected, as 
counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- 
tion. 

WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was bom 
in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken 
to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- 
lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, 
removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; 
was elected Representative in 1836, and was one 
of the members from Sangamon County, known 
as the "Long Nine," who assisted in seciu-ing the 
removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. 
Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, 
in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and 
served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- 
ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as 
private in a battalion in Washington City under 
command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty 
until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- 
ment. He subsequently assisted in raising 
troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by 
Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, 
after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being 
mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- 
side County. 1880. 

WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was 
born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 
6, 1812; learned the printer's art. then studied 
law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny 
County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann 
Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge 



niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



593 



and State Senator ; in 1850 came to Chicago, was 
elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, 
and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and 
proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- 
rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. 

WILSON, William, early jiu-ist, was born in 
Loudoun Coimty, Va. , April 27, 1794; studied law 
with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, 
and minister to France in the earh- part of the 
century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after 
came to IlUnois, two years later locating in White 
County, near Carmi, which continued to be his 
home dui-ing the remainder of his life. In 1819 
he was appointed Associate Jvistice of the 
Supreme Court as successor to William P. 
Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as 
"a great rascal and no lawyer," aiid who held 
office onl}' about nine months. Judge Wilson 
was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- 
Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 
years old, and held office until the reorganization 
of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 
1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, 
with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- 
est term of service in the history of the court. 
He died at his home in White County, April 29, 
1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself 
with the Democratic party on the dissolution of 
the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- 
field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear 
and distinct; as a law3'er, his judgment was 
sound and discriminating." 

WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott 
County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy 
Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beard.stown 
and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While 
the surrounding region is agricultural and largely 
devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal 
mining. Winchester is an important shipping- 
point, having three grain elevators, two flouring 
mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. 
There are four Protestant and one Catholic 
church, a court hou.se, a high school, a graded 
school building, two banks and two weekly news- 
papers. Population (1880), 1,636; (1890), 1,543; 
(1900), 1,711; (1910), 1,639. 

WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the 
crossing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles 
northeast of Rhelbyvilk'; in agripultural district; has 
bank and one paper. Pop. (1900), 8G(>; (1910), 987. 
WINES, Frederick Howard, clergj-man and 
sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 
0, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College 



in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a 
short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- 
tinue his studies on account of a weakness of 
the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed 
him to preach in 1800, and, in 1802, he was com- 
missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. 
During 1802-64 he was stationed at Springfield, 
Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on 
Jan. 8, 1803, and being personally mentioned for 
braveiy on the field in the official report. Re- 
entering the seminary at Princeton in 1804, he 
graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to 
the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of 
Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. 
In 1809 he was appointed Secretary of the newly 
created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- 
ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued 
until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four 
years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in 
lecturing before universities on topics connected 
with social science, in aiding in the organization 
of charitable work, and in the conduct of a 
thorough investigation into the relations between 
liquor legislation and crime. At an early period 
he took a prominent part in organizing the 
various Boards of Public Charities of the United 
States into an organization known as the National 
Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at 
the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its 
President. At the International Penitentiary 
Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official 
delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result 
of his observations while abroad, he submitted 
to the Legislature a report stronglj' advocating 
the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for 
the In.sane, then about to be built, upon the 
"detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure 
from then existing methods, which marks an era 
in the treatment of insane in the United States. 
Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the 
condition and number of the defective, depend- 
ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- 
try, his report constituting a separate volume 
under the "Tenth Censu.s, " and rendered a simi- 
lar service in connection with the eleventh 
census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary 
of the National Prison Association, succeeding to 
the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb 
Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of 
Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former 
position of Secretary of the Board of Public 
Charities, remaining imtil 1899, when he again 
tendered his resignation, having received the 
appointment to the position of Assistant Director 



696 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



of the Twelfth Census, wbicb he held 2 years. He 
is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; 
of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- 
oun pamphlets and hrochures, among which may 
be mentioned "The County Jail System; An 
Argument for its Abolition*' (1878) , "The Kanka- 
kee Hospital" (1882); "Provision for the Insane 
in the United States" (1885); "Conditional 
Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), 
and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" 
(1888). Died Jan. 31, 1912. 

WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- 
ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 
10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- 
ton Academy, East Hampton, Mass., after which 
he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a 
classical course and graduating there. He after- 
wards became a student in the law department 
of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, 
being admitted to the bar the same year and 
commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 
he oame to Springfield, 111. , and was, for a time, 
identified with the bar of that city; was engaged 
some years in literary and journalistic work in 
Chicago; died at Minneapolis, Minn., July 31, 1901. 

WISKEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the 
"northern tier." bordering on the Wisconsin 
State line; was organized, under an act passed in 
1836, from La Salle and Jo Da\-iess Counties, and 
has an area of 540 square miles. The county is 
drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Elvers. 
The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. 
The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits 
being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff 
limestone, adapted for building purposes. All 
the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief 
product being corn. The Winnebago Indians 
(who gave name to the county) formerly lived 
on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- 
watomies on the east, but both tribes removed 
westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- 
ests, see Rockford.) Population (1880), 80,505; 
(1890), 39,9.38; (1900), 47,845; (1910), 63,1,53. 

WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an 
Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, 
during the administration of Gov. Niuian 
Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the 
conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated 
outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- 
ners" in all directions. In the northern portion 
of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort 
Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre 
militia force of the State was summoned and 
volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 
United States Regular Infantry, under command 



of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. 
Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal 
some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of 
the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- 
bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were 
(by treaty) under Government potection, several 
of the latter being killed. For participation in 
this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- 
marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- 
was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had 
arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the 
Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which 
had been occupied bj- white miners. Repeated 
acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper 
Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- 
ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden 
with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had 
anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a 
Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as 
a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and 
there is historical evidence that a half-dozen 
drunken squaws were can-ied off and shamefully 
maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled 
tc avenge the deception which had been practiced 
upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats 
on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly 
to be successfully assailed, but the second 
grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, 
attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's 
forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his 
demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, 
with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- 
rendered themselves as hostages to save their 
nation from extermination. A majority of these 
were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, 
unable to endure confinement, literally pined to 
death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is 
described as having been a savage of superior 
intelligence and noble character. A treaty of 
peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a 
council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months 
later, but the affair seems to have produced as 
much alarm among the Indians as it did among 
the whites. (For M'inraei)agroJnrfj'ans see page 576.) 

WIXNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the 
Chicago & Northwestern Railway, lO'/L' miles 
north of Chicago. It stands eiglity feet above 
the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools 
(being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- 
eral churches, and is a popular residence town. 
Pop. (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833; (1910), 3,168. 

WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was 
born in Liberty Coimty, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was 
brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left 
an orphan at 12, and attended the com.mon 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



597 



schools xmtil 18, wlien, returning to Georgia, lie 
engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally 
began the study of law with United States Sena- 
tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard 
Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office 
of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to 
the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he 
formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, 
afterwards being associated with Judge Henry 
W. Blodgett; served as general .solicitor of the 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, 
Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort 
Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the 
latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, 
by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but 
resigned the following year, and traveled exten- 
sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign 
countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the 
Democratic National Conventions of 1868. '76 and 
"84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey 
City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln 
Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln 
National Bank. Died Feb. 19, 1904. 

WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- 
sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 
1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, 
St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- 
sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. 
Paul & St. Croix Falls, tlie Wiscon.sin Central, the 
Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- 
roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee 
& Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- 
sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began 
to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, 
with the exception of the Wisconsin Central 
Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- 
nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- 
consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until 
Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the 
control of the W^isconsin Central Company. The 
Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- 
organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed 
Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the 
Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though 
differing in name, are a financial unit; tlie 
former holding most of the first mortgage bonds 
of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks 
and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as 
the protection of land titles), it is necessary that 
separate corporations be maintained. On April 
1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed 
a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this 
was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for 
nonpayment of rent, and was finally canceled. 
On the same day receivers were appointed to 



insure the protection of all interests. The total 
mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company 
owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A 
line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of 
side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within 
the State of Illinois, is operated by tlie Chicago & 
Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- 
trance into Chicago. 

WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in 
Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents 
to Ohio in cliildhood, attended the Western 
Reserve College, and, after the death of his 
father, taught school and worked as a printer, 
later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 
he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again 
engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was 
admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at 
Des Moines and served as private secretary of 
Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he 
became Supreme Court Reporter; served as 
Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated 
with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of 
local attorney, was made chief law officer of the 
Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, 
in 1890, was promoted to the position of General 
Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. 

WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian 
Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 
14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, 
and, after a course in medicine, was commis- 
sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United 
States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian 
Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- 
cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent — who 
had been appointed a United States Judge in 
Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- 
eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their 
tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was 
married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a 
daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- 
nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a 
Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which 
then included Cook County; was a Judge of 
Election in 1830. and one of the purcliasers of a 
block of ground in the heart of the present city 
of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 
1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. 
Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and 
honorable man, as well as far in advance of the 
mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- 
ligence. 

WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- 
CAUO. (See Northwestern University Woman's 
Medical School.) 



698 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) 

WOOD, BeDSOD, lawyer and Congressman, was 
born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- 
ceived a common school and academic education ; 
at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two 
years, taught school in Lee County. He then 
enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, 
attaining the rank of Captain of Infantrj-; after 
the war, graduated from the Law Department of 
the old Chicago University, and has since been 
engaged in the practice of his profession. He 
was elected a member of the Twenty -eighth Gen- 
eral Assembly (1873) and was a delegate to the 
Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 
1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- 
ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was 
elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the 
Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has 
uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, 
proved himself a most industrious and efficient 
member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate 
for re-election in 1896. 

WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor 
and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 
20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier 
who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the 
army. At the age of 31 years young Wood re- 
moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams" 
County, and building the first log-cabin on the site 
of the present city of Quincy. He was a member 
of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- 
eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- 
tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with 
Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired 
term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- 
sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard 
Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was 
appointed one of the five Commissioners from 
Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- 
ington, to consider methods for averting 
civil war. The following Jlay he was appointed 
Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor 
Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out 
the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was 
commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and 
Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) 
and mustered out of service the following Sep- 
tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 188(1. He 
was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His 
fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to 
his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, 
July 4, 1883. 

WOODFORD COrXTT, situated a little north 
of the center of the State, bounded on the west 
by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, 



556 square miles. The surface is generally level, 
except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile 
and well %vatered. The county lies in the north- 
ern section of the great coal field of the State. 
Eureka is the county seat. Other thriving cities 
and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Pa.so and 
Roanoke. Com, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley 
are the principal crops. The chief mechanical 
industries are flour manxifacture, carriage and 
wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. 
Pop. (1900), 21.S22; (1910), 20,506. 

WOODHULL, a village of Hrnr County, on 
Keithsliurg l)ranch C'liicago, Burlington & Quincy 
Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, 
electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, 
six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1910), 692. 

WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- 
man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 
1844; received his early education in the schools 
of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, 
following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, 
coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf 
Squadron of the United States. After the war, 
he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for 
some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- 
ated from the Law Department of the Chicago 
University in 1871. Some years later he was 
appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the 
lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the 
Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of 
the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he 
became the Republican candidate for Congress 
from the Fourth District and was elected, but 
failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in 
Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18. 1898. 

WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, 
Pa., April 17. 1840; came with his parents to Illi- 
nois in 1843. the family settling at Barrv, Pike 
County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, 
Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at 
Knox College in the latter place, which was his 
home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in 
Iowa and Missom'i until 1861, when he went to 
Springfield and began the study of law with 
Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law 
studies having been interrupted by the Civil 
War, after spending some time in the mustering 
and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- 
ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, 
from which he went to the field as Adjutant of 
the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the 
"Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, 
with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta 
campaign, he took part in the "JIarch to the 
Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ff93 



ing the siege of Savannali and the forcing of the 
Salkahatohie, where he distiuguislietl liiiiiself, as 
also in the taking of Columbia. Fayetteville, 
Cheraw, Raleigli and Bentonville. At the latter 
place he had a horse shot under him and won the 
brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, 
having previously been commissioned Captain of 
Company A of his regiment. He also served on 
the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith. Benjamin F. 
Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last 
mustering ofBcer in General Sherman's army. 
In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where 
he was in business for a number of years, serving 
as chief clerk of Custom House construction 
from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The 
Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted 
successfully for fifteen years. While connected 
with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of 
the Illinois Republican Press Association and in 
varioiis other positions. 

JIajor Woods was one of the founders of the 
Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place 
was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Re})vb- 
lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. 
Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- 
teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of 
founding such an order, he called to his assist- 
ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in 
writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the 
Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote 
the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the 
charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first 
oflBcial order bears his name as the first Adjutant- 
General of the Order, as follows : 

Headquartkrs Department of Illinois 
Grand Aicmv of the Republic. 

Springfield. III., April 1, 1866. 
Gkkkral Orderb '. 

No. 1. \ The following named oSlcers are hereby 

appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They 
will be obeyed and respected accordingly': 
Colonel Jules C. Webber, .\.D.C. and Chief of Staff. 
Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. 
Major Robert ISI. Woods. .\djutant-GeneraI. 
Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
Cap'ain John S. Phelps. Ald-de-Camp. 
By order of B. P. Stephenson, Department Commander. 

Robert M. Woods, 

Adjutant-General. 

Major Woods afterwards organized the various 
Departments in the West, and it has been con- 
ceded that he furnished tlie money necessary to 
carry on the work during the first six months of 
the existence of the Order. He has never 
accepted a nomination or run for any political 
office, but is now engaged in financial business in 
Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the 
former place. 



WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, 
was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 
1806; was educated in private schools and at 
Transylvania University, and read law with his 
father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- 
lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, 
settling at Carrollton. Greene County. In 1839 
he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a 
member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he 
was the Whig candidate for Congress in the 
Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. 
Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional 
Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was 
elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, 
remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. 

WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry 
County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago 
and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a 
court house, eight churches, four banks, three 
newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, 
planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and 
butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory 
is located here; the town is also the seat of the 
Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 
1,683; (1900), 2,502; (1010), 4,331. 

WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was 
born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated 
in the common schools of his native State and at 
Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, 
after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods 
store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a 
partner. He was also engaged in various other 
branches of business at different times, including 
the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- 
ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was 
appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving 
twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for 
six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- 
tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, 
from 1859, by successive reaijjwintments, for 
twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- 
crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. 
Palmer, resigned; was re-elected in 1860, and, at 
the session of 1865, wiis one of the five Demo- 
cratic members of th.at body who voted for the 
ratification of the Emancii)ation Amendment of 
the National Constitution. He was elected 
County Judge a second time, in 1868, and re- 
elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- 
cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more 
than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the 
Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 



600 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Railroad, serving from the organization of the 
corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 
19, 1891. 

WORDEJf, a village of Madison County, on the 
Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
Louis Railways, 33 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
Pop. (1S90), 522; (1900), 544; (1910), 1,082. 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An 
exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- 
ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between 
May 1 and Oct, 31, 1893. The project had its 
inception in November, 1885, in a resolution 
adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- 
State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the 
first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois 
Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six 
other leading clubs of that city in "securing the 
location of an international celebration at Chi- 
cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive 
step was taken in the appointment by Mayor 
Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of 
a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) 
citizens, who were charged with the duty of 
promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for 
the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. 
Louis were competing points, but the choice of 
Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establisli- 
ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by 
President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the 
requirements of the law, the President appointed 
eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- 
sioners and two alternates from each State and 
Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. 
George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- 
tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- 
Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was 
chosen President of the Commission and John T. 
Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- 
sion delegated much of its power to a Board of 
Reference and Control, who were instructed to 
act with a similar number appointed by the 
World's Columbian Exposition. The latter 
organization was an incorporation, with a direc- 
torate of forty-five members, elected annually by 
the .stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, 
was the first President of the corporation, and 
was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. 
Higinbotham. 

In addition to these bodies, certain powers were 
vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed 
of two members, with alternates, from each 
State and Territory, besides nine from the city 
of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen 
President of the latter. This Board was particu- 



larly charged with supervision of women's par- 
ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits 
of women's work. 

The supreme executive power was vested in 
the Joint Board of Control. The site selected 
was Jackson Park, in the Soutli Division of Chi- 
cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and 
Washington Parks, known as the "Midway 
Plaisance," which was surrendered to "conces- 
sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving 
exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- 
booths thereon. The total area of the site was 
C33 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- 
ing those erected bj' States other than Illinois, 
and by foreign governments — was about 200 
acres. When to this is added the acreage of the 
foreign and State buildings, the total space 
under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- 
ures do not include the buildings erected by 
private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which 
would add a small percentage to the grand total. 
Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- 
ations for the erection of their own buildings and 
other expenses connected with official represen- 
tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six 
nations. The United States Government erected 
its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to 
defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides 
§2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- 
tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments 
aggregated about §6,500,000, and those by the 
States ana Territories, §0,120,000 — that of Illinois 
being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's 
Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 
1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- 
tion, construction, operating and post -Exposition 
expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, 
exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, 
which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly 
§45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed 
§5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- 
tion Company, and the municipalitj", §5,000,000, 
which was raised b}' the sale of bonds. (See 
Tliirty-si.vth General Assembly.) 

The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- 
pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed 
by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional 
clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates 
of the great fair were opened to the public, the 
entire area had been transformed into a dream of 
beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and 
sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; 
artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, 
and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- 
er's art had been called into play to produce 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



601 



varied and striking elfeets. But the task had 
been a Herculean one. There were seventeen 
principal (or, as they may be called, depart- 
mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate 
design, and all of vast size. They were known 
as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the 
Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, 
Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- 
ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, 
Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairj- and 
Forestry buildings, and the JIusic Hall and Ca- 
sino. Several of these had large annexes. The 
JIanufacturers" Building was the largest. It was 
rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground 
area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 
44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 
feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and 
nave being sm-rounded by a gallery 50 feet wnde. 
It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum 
and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 
17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of 
steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used 
in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. 

It was originally intended to open the Exposi- 
tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- 
nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the 
'Western Hemisjihere, but the magnitude of the 
undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- 
sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held 
on that day, jireceded by a monster procession and 
followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at 
night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day 
— the machinery and fountains being put in oper- 
ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- 
dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. 
The total number of admissions from that date 
to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 — the large.st for any 
single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Daj) amount- 
ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources 
(including National and State ajipropriations, 
subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.75, 
of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick- 
ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The 
aggregate attendance fell short of that at the 
Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while 
the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- 
cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. 
Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a 
return of ten per cent on the same. 

The Illinois building was the first of the State 
buildings to be completed. It was also the 
largest and most costly, but was severely criti- 
cised from an architectural standpoint. The 
exhibits showed the internal resources of the 
State, as well as the development of its govern- 



mental system, and its progress in civilization 
from the days of the first pioneers. The entire 
Illinois exhibit in the State building was under 
charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like 
proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the 
work of Illinois women as scientists, autliors, 
artists, decorators, etc. Among special features 
of the Illinois exhibit were : State trophies and 
relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- 
play of grains and minerals, and an immense 
topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15,000), 
drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- 
ing the character and resources of the State, and 
correcting many serious cartographical errors 
previously undiscovered. 

WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State 
Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 
1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, 
removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- 
ing, surveying and mercantile business were his 
pursuits until 1843, when he returned to the 
East, spending two years in Boston, but return- 
ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections 
were toward the natural sciences, and, after 
coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time 
to the collection and study of specimens of 
mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the 
organization of the geological survey of Illinois 
in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. 
Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- 
ceeded to the ofl:ce, having meanwhile spent 
three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa 
survey. As State Geologist he published seven 
volumes of reports, and was engaged uix)u the 
eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. 
These reports, which are as comprehensive as 
they are voluminous, have been reviewed and 
warmly commended by the leading scientific 
periodicals of this country and Europe In 1877 
field work was discontinued, and the State His- 
torical Library and Natural History Museum were 
established. Professor Worthen being placed in 
charge as curator. He was the author of various 
valuable scientific papers and member of numer- 
ous scientific societies in this country and in 
Europe. 

WORTHIXGTON, Mcholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- 
gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., 
March 30, 1836, and completed his education at 
Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan- 
town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. 
He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a 
lawyer: was County Superintendent of Schools 
of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 



002 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 
1872. In 1883 he was elected to Congress, as a 
Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, 
and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a 
candidate, but was defeated by his ReiJublican 
opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected 
Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 
1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served 
upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- 
land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year 
at Chicago. 

WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was 
born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to 
Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a 
store in that city; in 1837, at liis own expense, 
built tlie first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 
established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- 
ducted for many 3"ears in the interest of popular 
education and progressive agriculture. In 18.53 
he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- 
raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- 
moters of the Galena & Cliicago Union and the 
Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume 
entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," 
published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. 

WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born 
in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to 
Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as 
a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he 
was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and 
re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican 
nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the 
November election of that year, the unprece- 
dented plurality of 133,427 votes over liis Demo- 
cratic opjioncnt. Died Dec. 27, 1907. 

WTAXET, a town of Bureau County, at the 
intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
and the Cliicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 
7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1900), 
902; (1010), 872. 

WYLIE, (Rev.) Samnel, domestic missionary, 
born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; 
was educated at the University of Pennsylvania 
and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed 
Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. 
Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- 
sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a churcli 
at Sparta, 111., where he remained until liis death, 
March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 53 years. 
During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen 
colonies to form new church organizations else- 
where. He is described as able, eloquent and 
scholarly. 

WTMAX, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in 
Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the 



schools of that State until 14 years of age, when 
he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native 
town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with 
mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and 
again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he 
was employed successively as a clerk in the car 
and machine shops at Springfield, Mass. , then as 
Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- 
ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad , 
finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the 
Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered 
the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
pany, assisting in the survey and construction of 
the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- 
neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- 
tendent of the Northern Division. He was one 
of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, 
in Lee County, and its first Maj'or, also serving 
a second term. Having a fondness for military 
affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- 
tary organization — while in Cincinnati being 
attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. 
Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards 
Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After 
coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- 
cago Light Guards. Having lef*^^ the employ of 
the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business 
at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 
1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- 
ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable 
service in the earlj' weeks of the war in securing 
arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- 
zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, 
having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantry — the first organized in the State 
for the three years' service — lie was commis- 
sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered 
upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in 
Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- 
ing year his regiment was attached to General 
Sherman's command in the first campaign 
against Vicksburg. On the second day of the 
Battle of Chickasaw Baj-ou, he fell mortally 
wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- 
nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished 
and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to 
the field from Illinois, of whom so many were 
former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- 
road. 

WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles 
north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of 
the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the 
Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, 
two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



603 



shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined 
here. Population (1000). 1,277; (1910), 1,506. 

XENIA, a villase of Clay County, on the Balti- 
more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles 
east of St. Louis. Pop. (1900), 800; (1910), 6.34. 

YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the 
junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville 
branch, 2.3 miles southeast of Galesburg. The 
town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, 
school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
687; (1900), 650; (1910), 586. 

YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline 
Countj-, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew 
of Chief Justice John Marshall; removed to Fa- 
yette County. Ky.. where he located and laid out 
the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became 
the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he 
removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, 
settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, 
which he laid out the following year, also laying 
out the town of New Berlin, a few j'ears later, on 
the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father 
of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— 
Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835; engaged in merchan- 
dising at New Berlin; in 1862, raised a company 
of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth 
Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- 
dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, 
and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from 
which he never fully recovered. Died, August 
3, 1871. 

YATES, Richard, former Governor and United 
States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 
18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- 
panied his father to Illinois, the family settling 
first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon 
County. He soon after entered Illinois College, 
from whicli he graduated in 1835, and subse- 
quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at 
Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. 
In 1842 he was elected Repre.sentative in the Gen- 
eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was 
re-elected in 1.844, and again in 1848. In 18.50 he 
was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh 
District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, 
the previous incumbent, being the only Whig 
Representative in the Thirtj'-second Congress 
from Illinois. Two years later he was re-electeil 
over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, 
by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the 



most vigorous opponents of the Kansas- Nebraska 
Bill in the Thirty third Congiess, and an early 
participant in the movement for the organization 
of tlie Republican party to resist the further 
extension of slaverj', being a prominent speaker, 
on the same platform with Lincoln, before the 
first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- 
ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the 
Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was 
elected to the executive chair on the ticket 
headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, 
and. by his energetic support of the National 
administration in its measures for the suppression 
of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- 
nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected 
United States Senator, serving until 1871. He 
died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while 
returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, 
as a United States Commissioner, by appointment 
of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy 
railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- 
ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- 
netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. 
His faults were those of a nature generous, 
impulsive and warm-hearted. 

YORKYILLE, tlie county-seat of Kendall 
County, on Fox River and Streator Division of 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; 
has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches 
and weekly pai)er. Pop. (1900), 413; (lOlOj, 431. 

YOUNG, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born 
at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the 
Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- 
ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kii'tland, Ohio, and, 
in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- 
siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., 
but was driven out with them in 1837, settling 
for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- 
ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- 
ders. On the assassination of Srnith, in 1844, he 
became the successor of the latter, as head of the 
Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed 
the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in 
the Mormon .settlement in Utah. His subseciuent 
career there, where he was appointed Governor 
by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- 
fully defieil national authority, is a matter of 
national rather than State history. He remained 
at the head of the Mormon Church until his 
death at .Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. 

YOUXti, Kifbard Montcfomery, United States 
Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied 
law and removed to Jone.sboro, 111., where he was 
admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 



604 



HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



Gteneral Assembly (1820-22) as Representative 
from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; 
Presidential Elector in 1828; Circuit Judge again, 
1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as 
successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, 
when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- 
preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become 
Commissioner of the General Land Office at 
"Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he 
served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- 
sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- 
ington, in 1853. 

YOUJiU MEX'S CHRISTIAIV ASSOCIATION, 
first permanentl}' organized at Chicago, in 1858, 
although desvdtory movements of a kindred char- 
acter had previously been started at Peoria, 
Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early 
as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations 
were formed at different points throughout the 
State, which were entirely independent of each 
other. The first effort looking to union and 
mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert 
Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- 
mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- 
ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been 
held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps 
were taken looking to the appointment of a 
State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton 
assumed tlie office. Much evangelistic work was 
done, and new associations formed, tlie total 
number reported at the Champaign Convention, 
in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work 
Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office 
remaining vacant for three years. The question 
of the appointment of a successor was discussed 
at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 
1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and 
has occupied the position to the present time 
(1899). At the date of his appointment the 
official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- 
nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- 
erty valued at §126,500, including building funds, 
the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning 
buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, 
none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the 
work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant 
State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a 
plan for arranging the State work under depart- 
mental administration was devised, but not put 
in operation until 1890. The present six depart- 
ments of supervision are : General Supervision, 
in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- 
ants; railroad and city work; counties and 
towns; work among students; corresponding 
membership dejiartment, and office work. The 



two last named are under one executive head, 
but each of the others in charge of an Assistant 
Secretary, who is responsible for its development 
The entire work is under the supervision of a 
State Executive Committee of twenty-seven 
members, one-third of whom are elected annually. 
WilUs H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- 
man for several years. This body is appointed 
by a State convention composed of delegates 
from the local Associations. Of these there were, 
in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 
15,888. The value of the property owned was 
§2,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- 
ings, of which five are for railroad men and one 
for students. Weekly gatherings for young men 
numbered 248, and there are now representatives 
or correspondents in 665 communities where no 
organization has been effected. Scientific phys- 
ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, 
and educational work has been largely developed. 
The enrollment in evening classes, diu'ing 1898-99, 
was 978. The building of the Chicago branch 
(erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the 
world. Recently a successful association has 
been formed among coal miners, and another 
among the first grade boys of the Illinois State 
Reformatory, while an extensive work has been 
conducted at the camps of the Illinois National 
Guard. 

ZA\E, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born 
in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of 
English and New England stock. At the age of 
19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a 
time working on a farm and at brick-making. 
From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College, 
but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, 
engaged in teaching, at the same time reading 
law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and 
commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- 
ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had 
for partners, at different times, William H. 
Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) 
and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was 
elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth 
Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 
1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- 
tice of Utah, where he lias since resided, though 
superseded by the appointment of a succes.sor by 
President Cleveland. At the first State elec- 
tion in Utah, held in November, 1895. he was 
chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court 
of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated 
for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 
1898. 



SUPPLEMENT. 



The following matter, recelred too late for insertion In the body of tills worli. Is added In the form of a suppleraont. 



COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bnllock, naval 
officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 
15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a 
time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 18G0 he 
was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. 
Fonke — then a Representative iu Congress from 
the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at 
Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- 
moted through the successive grades of Ensign, 
Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and 
Commander, and serving upon various vessels 
until Nov. 18, 1898, when he was commissioned 
Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command 
of the battlesliip Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. 
He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's 
squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- 
can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part 
in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which 
resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet 
Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent 
events in the Philippines was in the highest 
degree creditable to himself and the country. 
His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral 
Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by 
way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he 
and Ms crew receiving an immense ovation on 
their arrival in New York harbor. 

CEAJfE, (Rev.) James Lyons, clergyman, 
army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne 
County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 
1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 
1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three 
years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, 
and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- 
wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- 
boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the 
last two points being stationed two or more 
times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the 
Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The 
importance of the stations which he filled during 
his itinerant career served as evidence of his 
recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. 



In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the 
Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as 
Colonel, and, although he remained with the 
regiment only a few months, the friendship then 
established between him and the future com- 
mander of the armies of the Union lasted through 
their lives. This was shown by his appointment 
by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of 
Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came 
to him as a personal compliment, being re- 
appointed four years afterwards and continuing 
in office eight years. After retiring from the 
Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at 
Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring 
at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of 
an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. 
Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth 
Mayo, daughter of CoL J. Mayo — a prominent 
citizen of Edgar Coimty, at an early day — his 
wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. 
Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors 
of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and 
Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. 

DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of tha 
Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 
1865; graduated from Marietta College. in 1884, 
and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; 
worked at civil engineering during his vacations, 
finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & 
Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he waa 
engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., 
but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- 
ness in various cities, including Evanston, IlL, 
which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- 
ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- 
can State Convention at Springfield in favor of 
the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- 
dency, and diuring the succeeding campaign 
served as a member of the National Republican 
Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after 
the accession of President McKinley, he was 
appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 



605 



606 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



which he now liolJs. Mr. Dawes is the son of 
R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, 
anJ the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who 
was an influential factor in the early history of 
the Northwest Territory, and has been credited 
with exerting a strong influence in shaping and 
securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 17H7. 

DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- 
ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic for the State of Illinois, was born at 
Cincinnati, Oliio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of 
English descent, while his maternal grandfather 
was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army 
flf the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his 
leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. 
The father of the subject of this sketch settled at 
Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood 
and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the 
Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice 
rejected previously on account of physical ail- 
ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for 
provost-marshal duty, but later took part with 
his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He 
served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, 
under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently 
detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, 
and participated in the battles of Resaca and 
Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, 
he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville 
(Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at 
Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in 
effecting his escape, but was recaptured and 
returned to that famous prison-pen. Having 
escaped a second time b}' assuming the name of 
a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again 
captured and imprisoned at various points in Jlis- 
sissippi until exchanged about the time of the 
assassination of President Lincoln. He was then 
so weakened by his long confinement and scanty 
fare that he had to be carried on board the 
steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly 
escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, 
which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 
soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost 
their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- 
port, Iowa, June 28, 1865, he was employed for a 
time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a 
messenger and route agent of the United States 
Express Company. In 1872 he established him- 
self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he 
proved very successful. Here he became prom- 
inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, 
was unanimously elected Commander of the 
Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had 
been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and 



served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of 
Colonel, on the stall of Governors Hamilton, 
Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was 
appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- 
eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which 
(1899) he still holds. 

DCMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at 
Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 18U8, was educated in 
Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 
1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- 
bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted 
to the bar. Then, having spent some two j-ears 
in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, 
settling first in Springfield, where he remained six 
years, being for a part of the time a partner of 
John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first 
partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- 
mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, 
who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a 
time in Jacksonville. In 1833 he removed to 
Beardstown, Cass County, wliich continued to be 
his home for more than a quarter of a century. 
During his residence there he served as Alder- 
man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for 
Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the 
Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, 
was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second 
General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. 
Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served 
that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to 
the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which 
nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a 
second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- 
ville, and for the next year was the law partner 
of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter 
in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer 
went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but 
died there August 12 of that year. 

ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the 
Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at 
Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in 
the common schools and the high school of his 
native town, graduated from the Law School at 
Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year 
began jjractice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- 
tinued in active practice luitil 1893. when he was 
appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of 
the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he 
resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- 
mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels 
manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- 
charge of his duties as Comptroller that he 
received the notable complinjent of being 
retained in ofRce by a Republican administration 
more than a year after the retirement of Presi- 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



607 



dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at 
the head of one of the leading banking institu- 
tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition 
of his abilities as a linancier. He was a Delegate 
from the Eleventh District to the National 
Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and 
repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- 
cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and 
assisted in framing the platform there adopted — 
which indicated his views on the financial ques- 
tions involved in that campaign. Died Apr. 14, 1008. 

FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in 
Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 179U, and 
settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, djing there in 
1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged 
in merchandising, and became a large land- 
holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive 
shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi 
markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of 
Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of 
children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff» 
while another, John, was County Judge of Pope 
County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. 
Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a 
soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- 
ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- 
ington. 

FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, 
was born within the present limits of the State of 
Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the 
War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, 
Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the 
daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the 
Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to 
Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town 
of Golconda, which became the county -seat. He 
served as a Representative from Pope County in 
the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was 
the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the 
wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of 
Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who 
was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois 
Volunteers during the Me.\ican War. Mr. Field 
was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, 
mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died 
of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. 

GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- 
Beller and a railway promoter, was born at 
Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age 
became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ; 
came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards 
opened the first book and stationery establish- 
ment in that city, which, in after years, gained 
an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. 



Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having 
become head of the Chicago Fire Dei)artment, 
retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 
lie was associated with W m. B. Ogileu and John 
B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive 
the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a 
part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in 
conjunction with these gentlemen, became 
responsible for the means to purchase the charter 
and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- 
holders. Later, he engaged in tlie constiuction 
of the branch road from Turner Junc'iion to 
Aurora, became President of the line smd ex- 
tended it to Jlendota to connect with the Illinois 
Central at that Point. These roads afterwards 
became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale 
returned to his old home in New Hampshire, 
where he has since resided. 

HAT, John, early settler, came to the region of 
Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a 
prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was 
selected as a member of the First Legislative 
Council of Indiana Territorj' for St. Clair County 
in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the 
Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and 
was continued in office after the organization of 
the State Government, serving until his death at 
Belleville in 1845. 

HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- 
ritory, was a native of New York, who came to 
Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and 
lived tliere the remainder of his life. His early 
life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- 
nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about 
the sources of the Mississippi. During the War 
of 1812 he was able to furnisli Governor Edwards 
valuable information in reference to the Indians 
in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- 
master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was 
Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. 

MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and 
building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., 
March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and 
was educated In the schools of that city. By pro- 
fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of 
which he is a member having been connected 
with the construction of a number of large build- 
ings, including some extensive grain elevators. 
Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second 
Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884, 
being elected to the office of Major, which he 
retained until January, 1893, when he was 
appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staflf 
of General Wheeler. A year later he was con» 



608 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position 
which he occupied at the time of the call by the 
President for troops to serve in the Spanish- 
American War in April, 1898. He promptly 
answered the call, and was sworn into the United 
States service at the head of his regiment early 
in May. The regiment was almost immediately 
ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there 
and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, 
when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here 
he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for 
the city of Havana, remaining in office until the 
middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his 
regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near 
the city of Havaua. In the latter part of March 
he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., 
where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one 
year from the date of Its arrival at Springfield. 
After leaving the service Colonel Moulton 
resumed his business as a contractor. 

SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and 
Speaker of the Forty -first General Assembly, was 
born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 
years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling 
at Industry, McDonough County. "When he had 
reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper 
County, where he gre%v to manhood, received his 
education ia the common schools and in the law 



department of McKendree College, graduating 
from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, 
McDonough County. Here he began his career 
by driving a team upon the street in order to 
accumulate means enabling him to devote his 
entire attention to his chosen profession of law. 
He soon took an active interest in iwlitics, was 
elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- 
tion of his term, formed a partnership with 
George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tannic) iff e, 
ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was 
a candidate for the Republican nomination for 
Representative in the General Assembly, but 
withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was 
nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 
1898, and, at the succeeding session of the 
Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated 
by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, 
as he was again of the Forty -second in 1901. 

VINYARD, Philip, early legislator, was bom 
in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an 
early day, and settled in Pope Coimty, which he 
represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth 
and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married 
Jliss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent 
Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope 
County for a number of years. Died, at Gfol- 
conda, in 1862, 



SUPPLEMENT NO. II. 



BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode 
known in history under the name of "The Black 
Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict 
between the whites and Indians, as well as the 
most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- 
curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its 
name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, 
Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- 
kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who 
was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a 
principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk 
had been an ally of the British during the War 
of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- 
ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, 
after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- 
lations with his "British father." The outbreak 



in Illinois had its origin in the construction 
put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William 
Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians 
on behalf of the United States Government, Xo- 
vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- 
ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres 
of land comprising the region lying between the 
Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- 
nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi 
on the west, for which the Government agreed to 
pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in 
goods and the insignificant sum of §1,000 per an- 
num in perpetuity. While the validity of the 
treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the 
ground that it had originally been entered into by 
their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



609 



under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, 
during wliicli tliey had been kept in a state of con- 
stant intoxiratioii. it liad been repeatedly reaf- 
firmed by parts t>r all of the tribe, especially iu 
ISl."), iu 1816, in 1802 and in 1823, and finally recog- 
nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of 
the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause 
of the disagreement was that which stipulated 
that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained 
the property of the United States (that is, should 
not be transferred to private owners), "the Indians 
belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- 
ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- 
though these lands had not been put upon the 
market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- 
plied in this region little respect was paid to the 
treatj' rights of the Indians, particularly with 
reference to those localities where, by reason of 
fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- 
tage, the Indians had established something like 
permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude 
cultivation. This was especially the case with 
reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on 
the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, 
where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, 
had lived for over a century, had cultivated 
fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their 
dead. In the earlj- part of the last century, it is 
estimated that some five hundred families had 
been accustomed to congregate here, making it 
the largest Indian village in the West. As early 
as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the 
rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty 
of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession 
of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their 
women and children whipped and driven away 
during the absence of the men on their annual 
liunts. The dangers resulting from these con- 
flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to 
demand of the General Government the expul- 
sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted 
in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for 
their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- 
cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of 
much influence with the Indians, the time was 
extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding 
year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport 
and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- 
ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied 
by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has 
been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. 
This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who 
was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered 
to take other lands from the Government in ex- 
change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to 



which President Jackson would not consent. On 

their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians 
found whites in possession of their village. Pre- 
vented from cultivating their fields, and their 
annual hunt proving unsuccessful the following 
winter proved for them one of great hardship. 
Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British 
father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, 
claimed to have received words of sympathy and 
encouragement, which induced him to determine 
to regain possession of their fields. In this he 
was encouraged by Neapope, his second iu com- 
mand, and by assurance of support from White 
Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known 
also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet "s 
Town) was some forty miles from the mouth 
of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk 
chaimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, 
ammunition and provisions from the British. 
The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the 
vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, 
produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. 
Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, 
who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- 
cember previous, appealing for protection against 
the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 
volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " 
at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- 
though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, 
commanding the military district, thought the 
regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- 
tion, the Governor's proclamation was respondea 
to by more than twice the number called for 
The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at 
Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in 
the call, and having been organized into two regi- 
ments under command of Col. James D. Henr) and 
Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. 
Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, 
after effecting a junction with General Gaines' 
regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on 
the 35th of June. In the meantime General 
Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, 
Winnebagos and Kickajjoos had promised to join 
the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of 
the battalion of mounted mt n previously offered 
by Governor Reynolds. Tlie combined armies 
amounteil to 2.. 500 men, while the fighting force 
of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- 
whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew 
under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- 
sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines 
notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue 
and atta(!k his band, which had the effect to 
biiug the fugitive chief to the General's head- 



610 



HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was 
entered into by which he bound himself and his 
people to remain west of the Mississippi imless 
permitted to return by the United States. This 
ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned 
to their homes, although the affair had produced 
an intense excitement along the whole frontier, 
and involved a heavy expense. 

The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and 
his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the 
present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- 
iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- 
gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 
1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- 
ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- 
low Banks about the site of the present city of 
Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the 
intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at 
his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town 
and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he 
was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances 
of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still 
further strengthened by promises from the Brit- 
ish Agent received through a visit bj' Nea|)ope to 
Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of tliis 
invasion was the effective warning given to the 
white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa 
chief, which probably had the effect to prevent 
a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of 
Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois 
north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some 
thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few 
cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- 
dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, 
and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, 
commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong 
(Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of 
Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- 
sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- 
nolds of the situation with a requisition for an 
adequate force of militia to cooperate with the 
regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- 
ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of 
militia " to meet by April 22. Beardstown again 
being named as a place of rendezvous. The call 
resulted in the assembling of a force whicli was 
organized into four regiments under command of 
Cols. John D6\Vitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and 
Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spj' bat- 
talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- 
talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot 
battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were 
subsequently added two independent battalions 
of mounted men, under command of Slajois 
Isaiah Stillmau and David Bailey, which were 



finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment undei 
command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza 
tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown 
was completed by April 27, and the force under 
command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but 
accompanied bj' Governor Reynolds, wlio was 
allowed pay as Major General by the GeneraV 
Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, 
arriving there May "and being mustered into the 
United States service. Among others accompany- 
ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards 
became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital 
Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- 
nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, 
and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of 
volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth 
Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander 
of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- 
strong about the same time with reinforcements 
from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford, The 
total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and 
of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is 
told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- 
teers b.v Colonel Taylor about this time. After 
reminding them of their duty to obey an order 
promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War 
added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- 
dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- 
diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be 
Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do 
your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- 
mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact 
that, while Taylor himself afterwards became 
President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer 
who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- 
tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same 
position during the most dramatic period in the 
nation's history. 

Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, 
the advance up Rock River began, the main force 
of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- 
eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 
400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- 
ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, 
provisions and bulk of t)ie baggage. Whiteside, 
advancing by the east bank of the river, was the 
first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, 
finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry 
(now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he 
found the independent battalions of Stillman and 
Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which 
Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions 
under command of Major Stillman, having been 
sent forward by AVhiteside as a scouting party, 
left Dixon on the I.Sth and. on the afternoon of 



IIISTOIIICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



611 



the nest day, went into civmp in a strong position 
near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- 
covered, Blai'k Hawk was in camp at tlie same 
time, as he afterwards claimed, with about fort)' 
of his braves, on Sj'camore Creek, three miles 
distant, while the greater part of his band were en- 
camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- 
tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the 
Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk 
in his autobiography, having been disap])oiutecl in 
his expectation of forming an alliance with the 
AVinnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, ho had at 
tliis juncture determined to return to the west 
side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of 
Stillman's command in the vicinit}-, and taking 
it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- 
son's command, he sent out three of his young 
men with a white flag, to arrange a parle}' and 
convey to Atkinson his otfer to meet the latter in 
council. These were captured by some of Still- 
man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while 
a party of five other braves who followed to ob- 
serve the treatment received by the flagliearers, 
were attacked and two of their number killed, the 
the other tliree escaping to their camp. Black 
Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was 
aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the 
fiag to pieces with which he had intended to go 
into council with the whites, and appealing to his 
followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, 
he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- 
bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been 
estimated at less than forty. As the rangers 
caught sight of tlie Indians, they I'ushed forward 
in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe 
of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As 
the rangers approached. Black Hawk ami his 
party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time 
opening fire on their assailants. The further 
historj' of the affair was as inucli of a disgrace to 
Stillman's command as had been their desecra- 
tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by 
their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the 
rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began 
the retreat, dashing through their own camp and 
abandoning everything, which fell into the hands 
of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or 
two officers and a few of their men to check the 
retreat, but witliout success, the bulk of the fu- 
gitives continuing their mad rush for safety 
through the night until they reached Dixon, 
twenty-five miles distant, while many never 
stopped until they reached their homes, forty 
or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the 
rangers amounted to eleven killed and two 



wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two 
spies anil one of the flag-bearers, treacherously 
killed near Stillman's camp, ihis ill-starred af- 
fair, whicli has passed into history as "Stillman's 
defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- 
tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the 
strength of the Indian force, while it led Black 
Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage ct 
the white troops at the same time that it led to 
an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own 
little band — thus becoming an important factor 
in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres 
which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 
1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat 
the next day and buried the dead, while on the 
19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- 
ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of 
Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- 
plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the 
demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- 
serted their post for their homes, conii^elling At- 
kinson to return for the protection of his base of 
supplies, while "Whiteside was ordered to follow 
the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the 
Kisliwaukee for tlie swamps about Lake Kosh- 
konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the 
present State of Wisconsin. 

At this point the really active stage of the 
campaign liegan. Black Hawk, leaving the 
women and children of his band in the fastnesses 
of the sw.amps, divided his followers into two 
bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- 
mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty, 
led a band of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. 
Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he 
gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies 
and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and 
massacre among the frontier settlers began. One 
of the most notable of these was the Indian 
Creek Jlassacre in LaSalle County, about twelve 
miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen 
persons were killed at the Home of William 
Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel 
Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and l.T years — were 
carried awa}' captives. The girls were subse- 
quently released, having been ran.somed for $2,000 
in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago 
Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry 
Gratiot Great as was the emergency at this 
juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- 
dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they 
had served out their term of enlistment, refused 
to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis 
cousin. As the result of a council of war, the 
volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 



612 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. 
Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort 
Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had 
issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 
2.000 men to serve during the war. Gen. 
Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East 
with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera 
breaking out among the troops, they did not 
arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The 
rank and file of volunteers responding under the 
new call was 3.148, with recruits and regulars 
then in Illinois making an army of 4.000. Pend- 
ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, 
and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men 
were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a 
period of twenty days, and organized into a 
regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, 
with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and 
John Thomas as Major. Among those wlio en- 
listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- 
Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A 
regiment of five companies, numbering l'.l.5 men, 
from Putnam Count}' under command of Col. 
John Strawn, and another of eight companies 
from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. 
Moore, were organized and assigned to guard 
duty for a period of twenty days. 

The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort 
Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 1.5, and 
organized into three brigades, each consisting of 
three regiments and a spy battalion. The First 
Brigade (915 strong! was placed under command 
of Brig.-Gen. Alexander Pose)', the Second 
under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third 
under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served 
as officers in some of these several organizations, 
and afterwards became prominent in State his- 
tory, %vere Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the 
Vermilion County regiment; John A. McClern- 
and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. Jolm 
Dement ; tlien State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- 
son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - 
Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William ]\IcHenr3'; 
Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State 
Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. 
L. D. Ewing (as Blajor of a spy battalion, after- 
wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; 
Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- 
Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United 
States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- 
wards a Colonel in the Jlexican War), and many 
more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade 
was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians 
between Galena and Rock River, -Alexander's sent 
to intercept Black Ilawk up the Rock River, 



while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at 
Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- 
ments of a more or less serious charaetei « ere 
had on tlie Pecatonica on the southern border of 
the present State of Wisconsin; at Apple River 
Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was 
successfully defended against a force under Black 
Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next 
day (June 25), when the same band ambushed 
Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and cam'i near in- 
flicting a defeat, which was prevented by 
Dement's coolness and tlie timely arrival of re- 
inforcements. In tlie latter engagement the 
whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had 
been tethered outside their lines, tlie loss of the 
Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also 
occurred with varying results, at Plum River 
Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue 
Mounds — the last two within the present State of 
Wisconsin. 

Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped 
in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General 
Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined 
force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 
men — the volunteers being under the command 
of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the 
Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined 
two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and 
on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- 
mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were 
sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at tlie Port- 
age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the 
Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending 
Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, 
going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of 
settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- 
son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- 
nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- 
tions on Bark River near the site of the present 
village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago 
Alexander and Henrj' obtained evidence of the 
actual location of Black Hawk's camp through 
Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader 
in the employ of the American Fur Company, 
whom they employed with a number of Winne 
bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- 
ander's command returned to General Atkinson's 
headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's 
provisions for the main army, while General 
nenry's(600strong), with Major Dodge'sbattalion 
numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies 
for themselves, started under the guidance of 
Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black 
Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the 
Winnebago village ou Rock River where Black 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



613 



Hawk and his band liad been located, their camp 
was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting; 
that they had gone to Cranberr_v ( now Horicon) 
Lake, a lialf-day's march up the river. Messen- 
gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's 
headquarters, thirty-five miles di.stant, to ap- 
prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded 
about half the distance, they struck a broad, 
fresh trail, which proved . to be that of Black 
Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- 
sissippi. The guide having de.serteil them in 
order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- 
sembling to deceive the whites as to 
the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- 
less, the messengers were compelled to follow 
him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- 
duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- 
teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid 
succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- 
brances behind, the pursuit Of the fugitives was 
begun without delaj-, the troops wading through 
swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. 
Soon evidence of the character of the flight the 
Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted 
horses, blankets, and camp equijiage cast aside 
along the trail, began to appear, and straggling 
bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to 
desert Black Hawk, gave information that the 
Indians were only a few miles in advance. On 
the evening of the 20th of July Henr.y's forces 
encamped at "Tlie Four Lakes," the present 
site of the city of Madison. Wis. . Black Hawk's 
force lying in ambush the same night seven or 
eight miles distant. During tlie next afternoon 
the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was 
overtaken and skirmishing continued until the 
bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black 
Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage 
of the main body of Iiis people across the stream. 
The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has 
been estimated at 40 to 08, while Black Hawk 
claimed that it was only six killed, tlie less of 
the whites being one killed and eight wounded. 
During the night Black Hawk succeeded in 
placing a considerable number of the women and 
children and old men on a raft and in canoes 
obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them 
down the river, believing that, as non-combat- 
ants, they woultl be permitted by the regulars 
to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- 
consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. 
A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to 
intercept them, fired mercilessly ujion the help- 
less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, 
while about fifty were drowned anil thirty-two 



women and children made prisoners. The re- 
mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- 
ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or 
were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- 
nees, acting under white officers. During the 
night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a 
loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- 
known tongue was heard in the direction wliere 
Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This 
cau.sed something of a panic in Henry's camp, as 
it was supposed to come from some one giving 
orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned 
that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the 
Winnebago language in the hope that lie might 
be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guiiles. 
He was describing the helpless condition of his 
people, claiming that the war had been forced 
upon them, that their women and children were 
starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- 
cross the Mississippi, they would give no further 
trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other 
guides had left for Fort AVinnebago, so that no 
one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and 
it failed of its object. 

General Henry 's force having di3co%'ere<l that the 
Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with 
the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi — 
spent the next and day night on the field, but on 
the following day (July 23) started to meet General 
Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- 
fied of tlie pursuit. The head of their columns 
met at Blue Jlounds, the same evening, a com- 
plete junction between the regulars and the 
volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted 
village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the 
logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army 
crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the 
pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive banil was re- 
newed. Evidence of their famishing condition 
was found in the trees stripped of bark for food^ 
the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there 
the dead bodj- of an Indian. 

On August 1. Black Hawk's depleted and famish- 
ing band reached the Mi.ssissippi two miles below 
the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant 
stream, and immediately began trying to cross 
the river; but having only two or three canoes, 
the work was slow. About the middle of the 
afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap- 
peared on the .scene, having on board a score of 
regulars and volunteers, returning from a vi.sit 
to tlie village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to 
notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were 
headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the 
white flag in token of sui render but the officei 



614 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



in command claiming that he feared tieacliery or 
an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should 
come on board. This he was unable to do, as he 
had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a 
murderous fire of canister and musketry was 
opened from the steamer on the few Indians on 
shore, who made such feeble resistance as they 
were able. Tlie result was the killing of one 
white man and twenty-three Indians. After this 
exploit the "Wan-ior" proceeded to Prairie du 
Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. 
During the night a few more of the Indians 
crossed the river, but Black Hawk, .seeing the 
hopelessness of furtlxer resistance, accompanied 
by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of 
ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, 
fled in the direction of "tlie dells" of the Wis- 
consin. On the morningof the 2d General Atkinson 
arrived within four or five miles of the Sac 
position. Disposing his forces with the regulars 
and Colonel Dodge's rangersin the center.the brig- 
ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and 
Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but 
was drawn by the Indian deco}'.". up the river 
from the place wliere the main body of the 
Indians were trying to cross the stream. This 
had the effect of leaving General Henrj' in the rear 
practically without orders, but it became the 
means of making his command the prime factors 
in the climax wliich followed. Some of the spies 
attached to Henry's command having accidental- 
ly discovered the trail of tlie main body of the fu- 
gitives, he began tlie pursuit without waiting for 
orders and soon found himself engageil with some 
300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It 
was here that the only thing like a regular battle 
occurred. Tlie savages fought with the fury of 
despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved 
to greater deeds of courage by the insult which 
they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- 
eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in 
progress and discovering that he was being led 
off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force 
with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," 
arriving from Prairie du Chien. opened a fire of 
canister upon the pent-up Indians. The V)attle 
soon degenerated into a mas.sacre. In the course 
of the three hours through wliich it lasted, it is es- 
timated that 150 Indians were killed bj- fire from 
the troops, an equal number of both sexes and 
all ages drowned while attempting to cross the 
river or by being driven into it, while about TiO 
(chiefly women and children) were made prison- 
ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 
wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its 



close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented 
the abandonment of his people, returned within 
sight of the battle-groimd, but seeing the slaugh- 
ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he 
turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled 
into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- 
combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a 
condition of exhaustion from hunger and fafrigue, 
but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief 
Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of 
General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- 
ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died 
from wounds and exhaustion, while still others 
perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band 
who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- 
ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the 
east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, 
it is estimated that not more than 150 siu-vived 
the tragic events of the next four montlis. 

General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien 
early in August, assumed command and, on 
August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 
111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the 
Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion. Black Hawk 
fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and 
the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. 
nebagos, by wliom they were delivered to the 
Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been 
taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he 
there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was 
taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in 
the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant 
in the regular army, where he was held a captive 
during the following winter. The connection of 
Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by 
many historians, seems to have been confined to 
this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and 
Neapope. he was taken to Washington and then 
to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as 
prisoners of war until Jiine 4, wlien they were 
released. Black Hawk, afterbeingtaken to many 
principal cities in order to impress him with the 
strength of the American nation, was brought to 
Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the 
guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived 
this humiliation onlj- a few years, dying on a 
small reservation set apart for him in Davis 
County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. 

Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the 
most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- 
nois history. At its beginning both the State 
and national authorities were grossly misled by 
an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black 
Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for 
recovering the site of his old village, while 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



615 



Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of tlie 
numbers and courage of liis wliite enemies, es- 
pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of 
the war to the State and nation in money has been 
estimated at S'', 000,000, and in sacrifice of life 
on both sides at not less than l.tiOO. The loss of 
life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in 
massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated 
about 250, while an equal nmnber of regulars 
perished from a visitation of cholera at the 
various stations within the district affected by 
the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort 
Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment 
of later historians that nearly all this sacrilice of 
life and treasure might have been avoided, but 
for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- 
scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- 
ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied 
under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder- 
to call it by no harsher name — was 
the violation by Stillman's command of the 
rules of civilized warfare in the attack made 
upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under 
flag of truce to request a conference to settle 
terms under which he might return to the west 
side of the Mississippi — an act which resulted in 
a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its 
authors and proved the first step in actual war. 
Another misfortune was the failure to understand 
Nea])ope's appeal for peace and permission for his 
people to ])ass beyond the Mississippi the niglit 
after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the 
third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was 
the refusal of the officer in command of the 
" Warrior " to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce 
and request for a conference just before the 
bloody massacre which has gone into history 
under the name of the " battle of the Bad Axe.'' 
Either of these events, properly availed of, would 
have prevented much of the buteliery of tluit 
bloody episode which has left a stain upon the 
Dage of history, although this statement implies 
no disposition to detract from the patriotism and 
courage of some of the leading actors upon whom 
Mie responsibility was placed of protecting the 
frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One 
of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy 
engendered by the unwise policy pursued by 
General Atkinson towards some of the volun- 
teers — especially the treatment of General James 
D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated 
slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford 
and others as the real hero of the war. Too 
brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and 
too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt 



deejily the studied purpose of his superior to 
ignore him in the conduct of the campaign — a 
purpose which, as in the afl'air at the Bad Axe, 
was defeated by accident or by General Henry's 
soldierl)- sagacity and attention to duty, although 
he gave out to the public no utterance of com- 
plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and 
exposures of the campaign, he went South soon 
after the war and died of consumption, unknown 
and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less 
two years later. 

Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- 
counts, monogi-aphs, and manuscripts on file 
in public liljraries relating to this epoch in State 
history, tlie most comprehensive records of the 
Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of 
Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- 
field's "Historj'of the War between the United 
States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); 
Drake's " Life of Black Hawk" (1854); Ford's 
"History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' "Pio- 
neer History of Illinois; and 'My Own Times"; 
Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- 
nois ; Blanchard's " The Northwest and Chicago" ; 
Armstrong's ''The Sauks and the Black Hawk 
War," and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the 
Black Hawk War" (1893.) 

CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern 
part of Cook Countj', twenty -eight miles south of 
the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & 
Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and 
the Michigan Central Railroads; is located in an 
agricultui-al region, but has some manufactures 
as woll as good schools — also has two weekly news- 
papers. Pop. (1900), 5,100; (1910), 14,525. 

GRAMTE CITY, in Madison County, located 
five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the 
Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, 
Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria 
& St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. 
It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge 
across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- 
facturing and grain-storage business; has two 
newsjiapors. Pop. (1900), 3,122; (1910), 9,903. 

CICEROj a city and township of Cook County, 
adjacent to and west of the city of Chicago, and 
lies jjctwcen Oak Park on the north and Bcrwyn on 
the south; is a popular residence section and has long 
resisted annexation to Chicago. Pop. (1910), 14,557. 

FOREST PARK (formerly Harlem), a village 
and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the C. & N. W. 
R. R., 9 miles west of the terminal station; is a 
favorite residence section. Pop. (1910), 6, .594. 

HARVEY, a city of Cook County, and an im- 
portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi- 




616 



HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 



cago, three miles southwest of the soutliern city 
limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central 
and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and 
has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street 
and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves, 
enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and 
ample school facilities. Population (190U), 5,395. 

IOWA CEXTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line 
having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and 
Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, 
Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- 
nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, 
Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter 
State. The total length of line owned, leased 
and operated by the Company, officially reported 
in 1899, was ,508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- 
including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the 
Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction 
and Peoria — were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- 
sion extends from Keithsburg — where it enters 
the State at the crossing of the Mississippi — to 
Peoria. — (History.) The Iowa Central Railway 
Company was originally chartered as the Central 
Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- 
pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into 
the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was 
reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa 
Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company 
purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, 
which was incorporated into the main line, but 
defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver 
December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- 
closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central 
Railway Company, which liad effected a new 
organization on the basis of 1?1 1,0(10, 000 common 
stock, $6,000,000 preferred stock and §1,379,635 
temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- 
ferred stock, and 87,500,000 first mortgage bonds. 
The transaction was completed, the receiver dis- 
charged and the road turned over to the new 
company. May 15, 1889. — ( Financi.\l). The total 
capitalization of the road in 1899 was S31,337,.558, 
of which ,$14,159,180 was in stock, ,$6,650,095 in 
bonds and §528,283 in other forms of indebtedness. 
The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- 
nois for the same year were §532, ,568, and the ex- 
penditures §,566,333. 

SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated 
on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile & 
Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- 
ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has 



a number of manufacturing establishments, in- 
cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery 
and creameries; also has natural gas. The first 
settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- 
lina, who .settled here in 1818. He was joined by 
James Armour a few years later, who bought 
land of McClurken, and together they laid out 
a village, which first received the name of Co- 
lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan- 
non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- 
ness in the vicinity, located in the town and 
became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name 
of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- 
ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a 
man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited 
with having built the fir.st cotton gin in this vi- 
cinit}-, besides still later, erecting ,saw and flour 
mills and a woolen mill. Sparta was incorporated 
as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a citj'. A col- 
ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian 
Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established 
at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from 
Sparta, about 1833, cut an important figure in 
the history of the latter place, as it became the 
means of attracting here an industrious and 
thriving population. At a later period it became 
one of the mo,st important stations of the "Under- 
ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which 
see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979; 
(1900), 2,041; (1910), 3,081. 

WEST FRANKFORT, a city of Franklin County, 
on the line of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- 
road; is a rich coal mining region and has some 
manufactures. Pop. (1910), 2,111. 

WITT, a city of Montgomery County on the " Big 
Four" and C. & E. I. R. R., 10 miles northeast of 
Hillsboro; in mining district. Pop. (1910), 2,170. 

WEST HAMMOND, a village .situated in the 
northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook 
County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind., from which 
it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on 
the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of 
the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- 
cess to several other lines, including the Chicago 
& Erie; New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and 
Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana 
neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much 
importance, was incorporated as a village in 
1893, and has grown rapidly within the last few 
years, having a jiopulation, according to the cen- 
sus of 1900, of 2,935. 



Bond County 



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BOND COUNTY 



INTRODUCTORY 



LOCATION — AREA POPULATION — COUNTY BEFORE 

SEH-TLEMENT WATER COURSES — ELEVATION — 

ORIGINAL TIMBER — SALINE SPRINGS. 

LOCATION 

Bond County is located south of Montgomery 
County, west of Fayette County, nortb of Clin- 
ton County, east of Madison County. It con- 
tains 388 square miles of land. The popula- 
tion i.s estimated to be 17,075. 

COUxN'TY BEFORE SETTLEMENT 

The history of Bond County prior to its occu- 
pancy by the white race is similar to that of 
any other jiortlon of Illinois or of the sister 
commonwealths. The savages hunted over its 
fertile prairies, and along its water courses, 
leaving here and there traces which are yet 
considered as being among the wonders of the 
land. Gradually news of this desirable spot 
reached the ears of those who were looking 
for a place in which to found new homes, and 
as early as ISll a .settlement was made at Hill's 
Station, also known as White's Fort, eight 
miles in a southwesterly direction from the 
liresent site of Greenville, the county seat, on 
the farm now owned by Marion Potts, a son of 
Feli.v G. Potts, one of the pioneers. Nearly co- 
incident with this .settlement, another was made 
a mile and a half south of the first which was 
called .Tones' Fort. With these two stations 
made, the county passed out of an unsettled 
condition into that of being the Iiome of pio- 
neers, ready to do l)attle with the wild beasts 
and the savage Indian, wlio refused to recog- 
nize their supremacy. 
1 



WATER COURSES 

Shoal Creek, Dry Fork, Indian Creek, East 
Fork, Locust Fork, Beaver Creek and Lake 
Fork are the principal water courses and by 
them the territory is well drained naturally with 
but few exceptions. The Kaskaskia River, also 
known as the Okaw River, passes through the 
extreme southeastern part. 

ELEVATION 

The county is pretty evenly divided into prai- 
rie and rolling country, there being but little 
swamp land, and no high hills. There is a 
rolling tendency, however, which gives some 
beautiful scenery to the country. The eleva- 
tion above sea level varies considerably, Sorento 
being 587 feet above sea level, Greenville 563, 
Mulberry Grove 559, Keyesport 453, and Pier- 
ron 324 feet. 

ORIGINAL TIMBER 

The original timber consisted of white, black, 
Spanish, over-cup, water, black-jack, post and 
pin oak, hackberry, ash, hickory, walnut, elm, 
sycamore, cottonwood, sugar and white maple, 
locust, mulberry, sassafra.s, wild cherry and 
similar growths, hut much has disappeared, so 
that tlie wooded districts are very few, almost 
the entire county now being cultivated. 

SALINE SPRINGS 

Springs are not plentiful, but there are to 
be found good saline springs in Shoal Creek 
Township, near the village of Old Ripley, and 
one of the early industries was the manufac- 
ture of salt from them in a primitive and small 
way. The well was situated near the south 
side of Sections .32. C, and 4. on hind now owned 



617 



618 



BOND COUNTY. 



by Hartiuau Gniuer. The well was <'urljeii 
with wood and the water drawn with buckets. 
Iron kettles variously estimated to be as many 
as ninety were arranged in a row, the largest 
holding about 100 gallons being nearest the 
well into which the water was euiptied. The 
kettles, decreased in size, the smallest being 
near the chinmey where wood fires were kindled 
and as the water boiled, it was dipiied from 
one kettle to the other and as the line moved 
away from the well the liquid became thicker 
and thicker until it was almost dry salt. This 
salt sold for several dollars per bushel. The 
records at Washington, D. C, show that Judge 
William Higgs received the first lease. Mont- 
gomery .Silencer, .lolm I>i>e and James Coyle. the 
latter the great-grandfatlier of the late Jere- 
miah Coyle, had charge of the works. Hoth 
sandstone and limestone are found in the west- 
ern part of the county, and at various points 
on the main fork of Shoal Creek, while there 
are a number of bmiblers scattered over the 
county. 



INDIAN HISTORY 



THE COX MASSACRE — TRADITIONS — THOMAS HIG- 
GINS — A WHITE MAN'S BRAVERY — THE RESCUING 
TARTY — INDIAN RELICS. 

THE VOX MASSACRE 

The Cox massacre is one of the most tragic 
events in the history of Illinois. The Cox fam- 
ily had located north of Pocahontas, and were 
building a horse-mill when the massacre oc- 
curred, June 2, LSIl. The family had what 
was for the times a considerable amount of 
money in the hou.se. and the I'ottawattomie In- 
dians hearing of this, killed the son, cut out 
his heart, and by threatening the girl, Rebecca, 
secured a portion of the money. They then 
carried her off, but with a shrewdness often 
pos.sesse<l by these pioneer girls, she managed 
to mark her way with pieces torn from her 
apron. The parents were absent at the time, 
but upon their return, gave the alarm at Hill's 
Station, and Captain Pruett, Davy White and 
seven others set out in inir.suit. The Indians 



were overtaken near .^iiringfieUl. The girl on 
seeing her resLuers, loosed herself from the 
pony upon which she was tied and ran to meet 
them. .Vn Indian threw a tomahawk, striking 
and severely wounding her. She I'ecovered. 
married and moved to .\rkansas. where her 
husljand was killed by the Indians. Three miles 
north of I'ucabontas is the grave of Cox, and 
over it stands a nuinnment erected b,v the l)eo- 
ple on October !l, I'.IOO. Another Cox faniil.v 
is associated with Indian outrages. Henry Cox 
lived at Hill's Station, but had a cabin nearly 
a mile south of the pre.sent site of Dudleyville 
and on August 15, 1815, he went to it on horse- 
back with his son. a lad of fifteen. The two 
were brutally murdered by the Indians. 

TRADITIONS 

There is a tradition that a man by the name 
of Beii.iamin Henson made friends with the 
Indians, and lived unharmed among them. He 
lived in a hollow tree on Shoal Creek, acted 
as a guide, and is said to have piloted people 
across the creek at the foot of Mill Hill, north- 
west of Greenville. 

THOMAS IIIGGINS 

In the early history of Bond County there 
was probably no other person who merits 
greater praise for his heroism in battling witli 
the mar.iuding exjieditions of the Indians than 
Thomas Iliggins. a native of Kentucky. In 
the snunner cif 1814 Lieutenant Journay with his 
company of rangers was stationed in a block 
house at Hill's Station in the southern part of 
the county. On August 30, late in the afternoon, 
a party of Indians were seen skulking about. 
Before da.vbreak on the following morning. 
Lieutenant Journay and bis men. making hut 
twelve in all, set <mt in pursuit. Before they 
had proceeded far they were fired upon by the 
savages, who outnumbered them six to one, 
the volley killing Lieutenant Journay and three 
of his men, and disabling another. Six of the 
men taking advantage of the dense smoke which 
hung over the scene of action fled to the fort. 

A WHITE man's bravery 

Iliggins desired, if po.ssihle. to avenge the 
deatli of Ills companions and took refuge be- 



il 



BOND COUNTY. 



619 



hind a small tree, whiih aft'orded him Imt mea- 
ner protection. The smoke partly c'leariuf; away, 
a party of Indians were disclosed. Hiasrins tired 
and shot down the one nearest him. lie re- 
loaded and remounted his horse and started to 
escape, when a voice from the grass said. "Tom, 
you won't leave me. will youV" On turning 
around he saw a fellow ranger liy the name 
of Burgess, lying in the grass, gasping for 
breath, and re)ilied. "Xo. I II not leave you, 
come along." "I can't come." replied Burgess, 
"my leg is all smashed to jiieces. " Higgins dis- 
mounted, picked U|i his friend and was about 
to place him on his horse, when the animal 
shied, and ran away leaving them to their fate. 
Higgins. who was noted for his ijuiet manner, 
said, "Thi.s is too bad, but don't fear, you hop 
off and I'll stay between you and the Indians 
and keep them off. (Jet into the tallest grass 
and crawl as near to the ground as possible." 
Burgess followed his instructi<ms and escaped. 
Higgins now concluded to retreat. He ventured 
from a small thicket in which he had taken 
refuge and espied a tall and hardy savage 
and two others between him and the fort. He 
paiised but a moment and started for a ri^•ulet 
near, but found himself suffering from a wound 
received in the first engagement, to which \ni- 
til now lie had given but little notice. The 
largest Indian was closing arimnd him. Hig- 
gins endeavored to fire at him. but the Indian 
darted .ibout, and prevented his getting aim. 
It being dangerous to tire at random, and see- 
ing two others approaching, he halted and re- 
ceived the fire of the first Indian. The Indian 
raised his rifle, and as Higgins turned sud- 
deidy as he pulled the trigger, the ball struck 
him in the thigh causing him to fall. He arose 
and ran. The Indians now came nearer. Higgins 
fell but arose the second time, receiving the three 
balls, .\gain he fell and arose a third time 
and the Indians supposing his gun was not 
loaded, came upon him. Higgins fired and an 
Indian fell. With four bullets in his body, an 
eni|)ty gun in his hand, two Indians before 
him and a whole tribe but a short distance away, 
most men wo\ild have lost courage, but not 
the heroic Higgins. He began to reload his 
rifle. The two Indians gave a .savage war 
whoop and rushed upon him, stabbing him with 
spears, made from small poles which bent 
comi)aratively easy, making slight but nu- 
merous wounds. One of them threw his toma- 



hawk and severed an ear and laid Higgins' 
skull bare to the back of his head. He now 
fell to the ground. The Indians rushed upon 
him, but Higgins recovering, kept them off with 
his feet. Finally gra.sping one of their spears, 
in their attempt to wrest it from him, they 
jiulled him to his feet. Higgins taking his rifle, 
struck one Indian a blow, which killed him. The 
other Indian's reputation as a warrior was 
now at stake and he entered Into the fight with 
renewed deternnnation. Higgins warded off his 
blows with one hand and brandished his rifle 
b.irrel with the other. Wounded as he was, 
Higgins' resolute look of determination to die 
game, caused the Indian to retreat and look for 
his gun which had been cast aside at the be- 
ginning of the encounter. Higgins rushed upon 
biiH with his hunting knife, but the savage 
cviMi unarmed was more than a match for 
the wounded Higgins. He threw him aside and 
(■oiitinue<l his pursuit of his gun. Higgins now 
recovered and went in pursuit of the gun of 
the other Indian. 

THE RESCUING P.VRTV 

111 the fort were the si.\ men who had re- 
treated at the first fire and one woman, a Mrs. 
I'ursley. They had watched the brave Higgins 
tight, single handed, a superior force of Indians. 
.Mrs. I'ursley urged the rangers to go to the 
rescue but they objected, as the Indians were 
ten to one. Mrs. Pursley snatched a rifle from 
her husband's hands, declaring that "so fine a 
fellow as Tom Higgins should not he lost for 
want of help," mounted a horse, and rushed 
to the rescue. The men thus unwilling to be 
outdone, mounted their horses and follow-ed, 
and dashing up to where Higgins had fallen un- 
conscious, lifted him upon one of the horses 
before one of the party, and reached the fort 
In safety. Higgins was unconscious for several 
days, but under the watchful care of his friends, 
he recovered. Two of the balls were extracted 
but two remained, one of which gave him con- 
siderable pain. Hearing that a iihysician had 
settled a day's ride distant, he determined to 
go and see him. The physician asked him fifty 
dollars for the o|>eration. He flatly refused 
to |iay ,so much, saying it was more than a half 
year's [lension. On reaching home he found 
the exercise of riding had made the bullet dis- 
cernible. With the a.ssistance of his wife, he 



620 



BOND COUNTY. 



cut opeu the flesh with a razor until its edge 
touched the bullet, and placing his thumbs in 
the gash, flirted it out, as he used to say, ""with- 
out costing a cent." The other ball he carried 
to his grave, when he was laid to rest in h'ay- 
ette County, 111. He was once assistant door- 
keeper of the Illinois House of Representatives. 

INDIAN BELICS 

JIauy specimens of Indian genius are found 
in all parts of the county. George rerryman 
of Greenville has a collection of about three 
thousand .siiecimeus, consisting of arrows, spear 
heads, pottery, tomahawks and implements of 
various shaiJes and character. Mr. PeiTyman's 
search extends over a period of forty years 
and his collection is a most valuable one. 



KARLY SETTLEMENTS 



EARLY SETTLERS — HARDSHIPS AND DANGERS — DE- 
VELOPMENT UNDER HARDSHIPS — PASTIMES AND 

AMUSEMENT.S — REAL NEIGHBORS — ROADS MODES 

OF TRAVEL. 

EARLY SETTLERS 

After the War of 1812, settlers became nu- 
merous in Bond County. Among those who bore 
their part in the development of the various 
divisions of Bond County may be noted the fol- 
lowing : George Davidson, Rev. Green P. Rice. 
Cyrus Birge, Ansel Birge, Seth, Samuel and 
Elisha Blanchard, Samuel White, George Dou- 
ncll. I'aul Beck, Asahel Kuloe, W.vatt Stubble- 
tield, James Rutherford, Edward Elam, George 
Nelson, Samuel G. Morse, William Robinson. 
John I'iekett, Thomas Long, Daniel Converse, 
Samuel Houston, William Lytle, Ferdinand 
<;auy,ei-. Doctor Baker, Moses File, David Hub- 
bard, the Bilyews, Duncan Johnson, A. J. Leigh, 
Zopher Foster. James Woolard, Richard Moody, 
James Spradling, Mark Dnnaway. Drui-j- I'etty. 
Arthur Shepard, Fritz Hackman. Jo.seph Critch- 
tield, William Reams, David White, the Gilles- 
pies, Edward Ellis, .Tames Blizzard, James Mc- 
Caslin, James Gower, Balaam Metcalf, Mr. Co.x. 
Elisha Matthews, John Loekart, Isaac Snod- 
grass, Maj. William Davis. John Aberiiatliy, 



Jonatliiin Teasley, John A. Law.s, Fielding Laws, 
Richard Savage, C. E. McLean, Charles Wood, 
Horatio Durley, and many others who are taken 
up at length in the record of the various town- 
ships where they settled and in which they be- 
came associated with the history of the locality. 
Many of those early settlers have pa.ssed away. 
Even their names have disappeared from the 
county, but others have left their impress upon 
the community, and their names are attached 
to postothce or locality, while their children 
and grandchildren carrj' on the e.xcellent work 
of making Bond County one of the most desir- 
able parts of the state. 

HARDSHIPS AND DANGERS 

Every pioneer locality has its hardshiiis, but 
Bond County was settled when the Indians were 
still dangerous, and the forerunners of civili- 
zation had to contend with this condition, with 
tragic results as given elsewhere under the 
title of Indian History. The hardships were 
countless. Many of the pioneers came from 
luxurious homes. Men and women who had 
never known what it was to want for anything 
within reason, left their homes in the more east- 
ern states to come by long and perilous routes 
to a wilderness. They could bring but little with 
them on account of the lack of transporta- 
tion facilities. Cows and chickens were a luxu^- 
in those days. Arriving, fagged out, at the end 
of the long trip, strenuous work awaited them, 
for in order to get a shelter, however rude, trees 
nnist be chopped down, and if there were no 
neighbors, as often there were not, the women 
liad to a.ssist in handling the heavy logs. When 
finished the little shack was of a kind that few 
Inrniors would use now to house their stock. 
Insullicicntly ventilated or lighted, leaking in 
storm, and blistering in the sun, heated by 
either a crude flreplace built of mud and .sticks, 
or a hole in the unboarded floor, these primi- 
tive homes became the nesting place for heroes. 
From them have come out the might.\- ones of 
the comity .-ind state. 

DKVKI.OI'MENT ITNDER HARDSHIPS 

Tlu'so pioneers develoijed wonderfully in their 
new homes. Going without much thoy learned 
to treasure up what they had, and to appreciate 
tlio fact that thoy had secured a home. Their 



liOM) COUNTY. 



621 



laud became everytliiug to tlieui. Their great 
desire was to develop it and to add to their 
lioldinss. Without doiilit they spent their very 
life blood on each acre they wrested from heavy 
timber or grass-grown prairie. There is no need 
to say they succeeded, and far better than they 
ever imagined. The present condition of Iho 
county ani)>l.v testifies to that. Still they paid 
a mighty price for it, and one the people of 
today ought to understand. Men and women 
grew old early in those days. Overworked, in- 
sufficiently fed, uneared for in illness, exposed 
to the inclemency of the weather, they were 
overtaken with the infirmities of age long be- 
fore their years warranted. Today a man of 
seventy is still in his prime, a woman of si.xty 
has not yet begun to think of growing old ; then 
forty was the line that was drawn between mid- 
dle age and old. Throughout Bond County, as 
elsewhere in the state, are cemeteries, whosi! 
mouldering stones tell their own story of the 
toll the wilderness exacted from the pioneers 
of this locality. Death early claimed many of 
them, but even then their years had been pro- 
ductive of much hard work, so crowded had the\- 
been with endless tasks 

I'.VSTIMKS AND A .\I USEMENTS 

However, the pioneer had his form of enter- 
tainment. Singing school afforded great pleas- 
ure to the .voung of .seventy-five .vears ago. Spell- 
ing school was another diversion of both old 
and young. Then, too, church services meant 
much to these lonely ones in the scattered neigh- 
borhoods. Weddings were widely attended and 
the celebrations oftentimes lasted several days. 
The men all hunted both to obtain the fur and 
flesh of the wild animals, while the women had 
•luilting and spinning bees. Kating was the 
principal part of such entertainments, and those 
early housewives knew how to cook. In their 
Dutch ovens and o|ien fireplaces they prod\ice<l 
feasts from larders that showed but little va- 
riety in the food. Today the present general ion 
is coming to realize that these good cooks knew 
their business, and are going hack to them .ind 
their ways for instruction. The famous ciis 
serole dishes are but a reproduction of tho^c 
made in the covered kettle of the iiioneer. 



liEAL XEIUIIUOHS 

The pioneers were more neighborly than their 
desccndcuts. Then each one knew his neighbor 
even if miles intervened between. Now, in the 
cities at least, one often is unaware of the 
name of his neigld)or on the same floor in a 
Hat building. Whenever sickness or death en- 
tered a household, the i)ioneer was sure of kind- 
ly assistance and deepest sympathy, and if 
children were orphaned they were not sent to 
an asylum. There were none in those days. 
Kach neighbor took a child and brought him uji 
among his own. making no difference between 
tlieni. We live in enlightened da.vs, but for 
simple kindness of heart, true worthiness, and 
real religion, we can vei'y well learn from the 
brave men and women who were the pioneers 
of Bond County. 



For many years Bond County had mainl.v In- 
dian tiails through it in place of roads. The 
Vand.'ilia state road passed through it. however, 
and was the main highway. In time the county 
awoke to the fact that it was behind the times 
upon this important matter, and now it has 
excellent roads along which pass the traffic of 
this part of the state. At the present time 
the Town of Central has about eight miles of 
macadam roads, constructed and maintained liy 
the town. There is also a movement on the 
wa.v to convert the old Xatimi.-il road into a rock 
or macadam road. 

AIODF.S OF TttAVRI, 

In the pioneer days there wei'e no railroads 
to bear the traveler to his destination. The man 
fortunate enough to own a saddle horse was 
envied. The ma.iority traveled beliind oxen. 
Still, here and there a family woulil be drawn 
in a home-made cart by a horse, but whenever 
liossible the horses were spared for farm work, 
.ind were highly valued. There is no compari- 
son between travel today •■ind then, any more 
than there is with regard to any other condi- 
lions of sevent.v-five years ago and 1!)1."). The 
liioneers made the li(>st of the material at hand. 
in this far distan<ing the people of today, who 
.ippear di.ssatisfied with many things. Today 
I he automobile is a connnon mode of convev- 



622 



BOND COUNTY. 



ame. uiauy farmers considering It a necessity 
rather than a luxury. About the year 1835 the 
great wave of internal iniprtivenients overswept 
the country in the building of the great Na- 
tional highway from Cuniherland. Maryland, to 
!^t. Louis. Missouri. One of the principal sur- 
veys passed through Bond County, but no work 
was done farther west than Vandalia in Fayette 
Oount.v. Bond County, however, was oppo.sed 
to this system of internal improvements, lint 
worlied for tlie construction of railroads. 



graphic-al center, the navigation, the eligibility. 

and the common good of the people, as directed 

by law. (Jiven under our hands and seals, the 

day and year first above written. 

"JOHN POWERS, 
•ROBERT GILLESPIE, 
•'JOHN WHITLEY." 

Till' town of Hill's Fort was laid out in the 
spring of Isls, and the plat recorded in May 
of the same year. 



COr.NTY ORGAXIZATIOX 



0KG.V.MZ.\T10N — ORIfilNAI. B01ND.\RIES — PRESENT 
BOIXDARIES — TERRITORIAL KKPHESEXTATION — 
LATER DIVISIONS — CHANGES IN COtTNTY SE.VT — 
GOVERNMENT LAND SYSTEM — COURT HOUSES — 

JAIL BUILDING.S — COUNTY OFFICIALS SHERIFFS 

COUNTY' TREASURERS COUNTY" JUDGES — 

STATE'.S ATTORNEYS COUNTY CI.ERKS — SURVEY- 
ORS — CIRCUIT CLERKS — COUNTY SUPERINTEND- 
ENTS OF SCHOOLS — CORONERS. 

OIIGANIZATION 

Uonil ('(iiiiit.v. fruiii whicli .several counties 
have since been taken, was organized in 1817 
by Act of Legislature, from Madison County, 
and approved .Tanuary 4, 1817, the county seat 
lieing temporarily at Hill's Fort until a suitalile 
location could be .selected. By this same .ut 
William Ifoberts. .Tohn Powers. Robert Gilles- 
pie, .lohii Whitley. Sr.. and .John Logston were 
appointed commissioners to select suitable place 
for the permanent .seat of justice. The com- 
mittee rejiorted as follows : 

"Slioal Creel<. Ajiril 1.". 1S17. 

■•Illinois Territory, Bond County. 

"We, the Coniiiiissioners. to fix the seat of 
.justice for the (\ninty of Bond, being duly 
sworn, after reviewing ditferent parts of said 
county for that purpose; we do nominate and 
appoint for that purpose the bluff lying west of 
the Hurricane Fork of Okaw. being the south- 
west quarter of Section No. 5, of Range No. 1 
west, of Township No. 4 north, now the prop- 
erty of Martin .Tones, taking info view the geo- 



ORIGINAL BOUNDARIES 

Bond County was first created, a parallelo- 
gram twent.v-foiir miles «ide from east to west 
and aliout (iiN) miles in length, reaching from 
a line six miles south of its present south- 
ern boundary to Lake Superior on the north 
and from its present western boundary to about 
six miles east of its present eastern boundary. 
It so remained until .January 30, 1821, when 
It was reduced to a parallelogram, the eastern 
lioundary being the same as at present and the 
western the same as at present, except a por- 
tion or Madison County added to the north- 
western part on March 2, 1843. The northern 
boundary was fixed as at present with the south- 
ern boundar.v six miles south of its present boun- 
dary. 

PRESENT BOUNDARIES 

Bond County as it now exists is bounded on 
the north by Montgomery County. ,on the east 
b.\' Fayette County, on the south b.v Clinton 
County, and on the west by .Madison County. It 
contains nine entire townships in a square, and 
three fractional townships on its northern side 
and two on its western side, comprising about 
.'?78 square miles. 

TERRITORIAL REPRE.SENTATION 

.Vs Bond County was organized while Illinois 
was yet a territory, it was one of the fifteen 
counties represented in the Constitutional Con- 
vention of 1818. Thomas Kirkpatrick and Sam- 
uel (J. Morse were its delegates. 

LATER DIVISIONS 

Prom Bond County, Montgomery and Fayette 
counties, were formed in 1821, Clinton County 



BOND COUNTY. 



623 



in 1825, and as this reduced it too much, a small 
territory was added from Madison County on 
the west, in 1843. It is therefore now one of 
the small counties of the State, its 378 square 
miles falling far below the average of the re- 
maining counties of r>44 square mile.s. 

CHANGES IN COUNTY SEAT 

Hill's Fort was the first County Seat, then 
I'erryville. and in 1S21 Greenville was chosen 
and has since remained as the seat of the county 
government. Bond County is named for Shad- 
rach Bond, the first Governor of Illinois, who 
was elected in October. 1818. and filled a term 
of four years. 

govp;rnment land system 

Bond County has had a long list of men who 
have filled its offices, and discharged the duties 
pertaining to them. The county surveyors who 
have done so much to lay out the district have 
been : R. O. White, John Kingsbury. R. K. 
Dewey and John H. Nowlan. Little of Bond 
County has been in the swamp, on account of 
the fine natural drainage, but wherever tiling 
has been needed, the farmers have put it in 
themselves. 

COURTHOUSES 

In 1821 the present courthouse square was 
covered with a heavy growth of sycamore trees. 
The courthouse was ordered built the fall of 
that year, but the contractor used a poor qual- 
ity of brick, and within a few years it was nec- 
essary to put up a new building. The second 
courthouse was built on the old foundation, 
and was of frame, completed by Eben Twiss, 
the contractor, in September, 1833. This court- 
house was entirely too small, and a third one of 
brick was built on a sandstone foundation, 
which eventually cost .$12,000. Many changes 
were later made in it before it was destroyed by 
fire March 24. 188.3. Finally the present court- 
house was erected at a cost of $20,000. It is 
91x82 feet, and the cornerstone was laid June 
4. 1884, by Greenville Ixidge. A. F. & \. M., 
with impressive ceremonies. 



JAIL BUILDINGS 

The first jail at Greenville was built about 
1829 of square logs at a cost of $244.50, by An- 
drew Moody and Thomas Stout near the loca- 
tion of the old Sergeant House on the present 
site of the Wheeler House, on College Avenue. 
The .second jail was built by Richard Tatom 
in 18.3.5 at a cost of $321.74 and it was located 
on the southeast corner of the public square. 
The third jail was built in 1859, on Third 
stret>t. and still stands, being now a tenement 
house, owned by J. M. Miller. It cost $5,000, 
and R. H. Philipps & Co. were the contractors. 
The present jail, which is thoroughly modern, 
was l)uilt in the northwestern part of town, 
and was open for use June 10!, 1897, with J. E. 
Wright as jailer. The jail is on the brow of 
Mill Hill, on a two-acre tract which cost .$290. 
The jail itself cost $5,000. 

COUNTY OFFICIALS 

The following have served Bond County aa 
officials from 1817 to the present date: 

SHERIFFS 

.Samuel (J. Morse. 1817: .Samuel Houston, 
1819; Hosea T. Camp. 1824; L. H. Robinson, 
182S : Sloss McAdams, 1830 ; W. K. Martin, 1846 ; 
S. H. Crocker, 1848; Richard Bentley, 1850; 
Jacob Koonce, 1852; Williamson Plant, 1854; 
Josiah F. Sugg, 1856 ; S. H. Crocker, 1858 ; Wm. 
Watkins, 1860; Williamson Plant, 1802; James 
L. Buchanan, 1864 : John Fisher, 1866 ; John 
F. Wafer. 1S6S : Williamson Plant, 1S70; A. J. 
Gullick, 1872 ; John MeCasland, 1879 ; A. J. Gul- 
llck. 1880; Samuel Brown, 18S2 ; Joseph F. 
Watts, 1880; Joseph C. Wright, 1890; John Mc- 
Alister, 1S94 ; Joseph E. Wright, 1S9S; W. L. 
Floyd, 1902 ; Joseph M. Brown, 1906. and Shelby 
W. Robinson, 1910, the i)resent incumbent. 

COUNTS' TREASURERS 

Francis Travis, 1819; James Galloway, 1820; 
James Durley, 1821; Felix Margrave, 1824; 
Leonard Goss, 1825; Thomas S. Waddle, 1827; 
John Gilmore, 1829; James Bradford, 1831; 
Peter Hubbard, 1836; Peter Larrabee, 1845; 
John M. Smith, 1851; J. F. Sugg, 1853; J. F. 
Alexander, 1854; J. K. McLean, 1856; J. S. 



,624 



BOND COUNTY. 



Denny, 1S5S; Milton Mills, 1804; Cyrus Birge, 
1SG6; R. L. Mudd, 1S73; M. M. Sharp, 187(1; J. 
jr. McAdams, ISSO ; A. J. Utlger, 1S82 ; John T. 
Buchanan, 1886; Everett E. Mitchell, 1890: 
.To.seph F. Watts, 1894; H. W. Blizzard, 1S98: 
.Tohn H. Ladd, 1902 ; H. W. Blizzard, 1906 ; and 
.Toseph M. Brown. 1910, the present incumbent. 

COUNTY JUDGES 

Thomas Kirkpatrick, 1821 : Benjamin Mills, 
1822 ; John Gilmore, 1823 ; John B. White, 1837 ; 
M. G. Dale, 1839; John F. Draper, 1852; S. N. 
McAdow, IS.5.5; S. P. Moore, 1860; E. Gaskins, 
1865 ; James Bradford, 1873 ; A. G. Henry, 1877 : 
Cicero J. Lindly, 1886 ; Salmon A. Phelps, 1890 ; 
John P. Harris, 1894; Joseph Stoiy, 1898; and 
William II. Dawdy, 19(l(;, the present incumbent. 

state's .attorneys 

Wm. H. Dawdy, 1872 ; Wm. H. Dawdy, 1876 : 
George S. Phelps, 1880; W. A. Northcott, 1882: 
F. W. Fritz, 1892; G. L. Meyer, 1904; H. A. 
Hubbard. 1908; and Jnhn P. Biggs. 1912, the 
present incumbent. 

COUNTY CLEKKS 



J. A. Cooper, 1868; George S. Phelps, 1872; T. 
P. Jlorey. 1876 ; D. B. Evans, 1884 ; Ward Reid, 
1892; John L. Bunch, 1904; and J. F. John- 
ston, 1908, the present incumbent. 

COUNTY' SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS 

Benjamin Johnson, 1839; Wm. S. Smith, 
1844; Samuel McAdow. 18.50; Rev. Thomas W. 
Hyne.s, 1855; M. V. Denny, 1877; P. C. Reed, 
1882; T. P. Morey, 1885; J. C. Blizzard, 1890; 
W. E. Robinson, 1894; W. T. Harlan, 1898; H. 
A. Meyers, 1906, the present incumbent. 

COBONEBS 

Mr. Floyd. 1852; Mr. Seun, 1862; Robert 
Mackey, 1866; C. H. Stephens, 1868; J. I. Mc- 
Culley, 1870; C. H. Stephens, 1872; James Mc- 
Cracken, 1874; M. B. Chittenden, 1876; James 
Gordon, 1880 ; Wm. P. Brown, 1882 ; Wm. H. H. 
Beeson, 1884; G. T. Kirkham, 1886; Wm. T. 
Easley, 1892; C. C. Gordon, 1900; Don V. Poln- 
dexter, 1904; H. D. Cartmell, 1912, the pre.sent 
incumbent. 



Daniel Converse, 1817 ; Thomas Helms, 1819 ; 
James Jones, 1820 ; J. H. Pugh, 1822 ; Green P. 
Bice, 1822; James M. Robinson, 1823; Asahel 
Enloe, 1825; Joseph M. Nelson, 1827; Isaac 
Murphy, 1829; James E. Rankin, 1829; James 
Hurley, 1830; Willard Twlss, 1831; James 
Bradford, 1836; Enrico Gaskins, 1846; J. S. 
Denny, 1865; R. L. Mudd, 1877; M. V. Denny, 
1882; Lemuel Adams, 1886; Alfred Adams, 
1890; Wm. D. Matney, 1894; and W. E. Mc- 
Caslin, 1906, the present incumbent. 

SURVEY"0RS 

R. O. White. 1S69; John Kingsbury, 1879; R. 
K. Dewey, 1884 ; and John H. Nowlaii, 1908, the 
present incumbent. 

CIRCUIT CLERKS 

.Tames Jones, 1819 ; John M. Johnson, 1821 
Da\-id Nowlan, 1825; Hosea T. Camp. 1830 
Thomas Morgan, 1833; James Bradford, 1836 
.Mexander Kelsoe, 1848; John B. Kcid, IsdO 



MILITARY HISTORV 



THE BLACK H.\WK WAR — THE MEXICAN — LIST OF 

VOLUNTEERS THE CIVIL WAR THE SPANISH- 

.\MERIC.VN WAR — JIILITIA. 

THE ISI.ACK HA« K- WAR 

The people of Bond County do not seem to 
have borne any important part in the Black 
Hawk War, the county being located a little 
south of the area of disturbance, although there 
is no doubt but that many of them participated 
in it as individuals. However, it was not until 
tlie Mexican War that they proved their valor 
as a community. 

THE MEXICAN WAR 

We are indebted to George Perryman, editor 
of the Greenville Item, for a copy of the Prot- 
estant Monitor, jjublished June 5, 1846. from 




Hoxn (■()^^"T^■ soi. ducks' 

AM) 

SAIIOHS' MO XT Ml': .NT 
Soiilli l'::isl C'diMiT Public S<|U;ili'. ( Irrciivillc. III.. I'.MKJ 



BOND COUNTY. 



625 



which we take the followlus account of the 
Mexican War : 

"The citizens of our county assembled yes- 
terday (.Tune 4) in Greenville to respond to a 
call of tlie Governor of the State, for three regi- 
ments of volunteers, made in obedience to the re- 
quisition of the general government. The day 
was unfavorable, owing to the constant fall of 
rain during the forenoon, yet the meeting was 
large. Eighty-six citizens chiefly young men, 
enrolled their names, formed themselves into a 
company, elected their officers and hold them- 
selves in readiness to move, on short notice, 
to the place of encampment." Of them Wm. M. 
Hunter was discharged for disability at Xew 
Orleans. He died May 1.3, 1009, Iioing tlie last 
of this noble company. 

LIST OF VOLUNTEERS 

A complete list of the volunteers from Bond 
County enrolled for the Mexican War, June 4, 
1S4G, is as follows: Captain, W. W. Willey; 
first lieutenant, .T. M. Hubbard ; second lieuten- 
ant. B. E. Sellers ; first sergeant. M. Harvey : 
second sergeant, .1. A. Washburn ; third sergeant, 
J. I. Adams : fourth sergeant, J. F. Sugg ; first 
corporal, R. Rolierts ; second corporal, L. Wash- 
burn, third corporal, L. Jackson, fourth corporal, 
Allen Harris, Samuel G. McAdams, John M. 
Smith, R. B. Alexander, ,Tohn C. Maekay, R. O. 
White, Samuel J. Ewing, Stephen White, X. Ii. 
Higinbotham, Tliomas A. Ewing, Robert Pat- 
terson, George P. Etzler, John Patterson, Wil- 
liam Alderman. James Hignight. Peter S. Lytta- 
ker, James Kuykendoll, Theophilus Short, James 
W. Alderman, Charles Hilliard, David Phipps, 
John Alexander, John Little, William Ray, 
T.saac Redfearn, Xathan B. Willis, Alexander 
McCollum. Isaac X. Reed. William Madray. 
John Holland, John A. Laws, Thomas J. Jett. 
Felix Gower, William M. Hunter, Robert Ar- 
nold, Andrew Gilbert, Henry B. Alexander, 
Hardin I-^Imore, Henry D. Rhea, William Wood, 
Nelson H. Elam, Joseph A. Jay, Sowel Smith, 
Joel H. Sherrod, Robert C. Boothe, Henry C. 
Thacker, James Blankenship, Thomas L. Smith. 
Henry H. Hill, George A. Reed, John C. Gaston, 
Xathan McCracken, Daniel Royer, John P. JIc- 
Cracken, Elias Coleman. Samuel Roberts, Henry 
Cruthis, Thomas Weldon, William Lucas, Sam- 
uel Gray, Robert Willeford, Jlilton F. Netherly, 
Francis Webster, William Allen, Calvin Brown, 



James H. Gilmorc, Andrew J. Steel, Calvin Den- 
son, James C. Cruthis, Hampton Cruthis, Enoch 
M. Xoland, H. W. Jarvis, George Allen, Michael 
Tucker, John Spratt. Joseph W. Grigg. 

THE CIVIL WAU 

It was the Civil War that tried men's souls 
and proved their patriotism. Bond County sent 
the following: Companies D. and E., Twenty- 
second Infantry, Capts. J. A. Hubbard and John 
H. Phillips, commanding; Company D., Third 
Cavalry, ('apt. Thomas M. Davis, commanding: 
Company C.. Twenty-sixtli Infantry, Cai>t. G. M. 
Keener, connnanding: a part of Company I.. 
Thirtieth Infantry, recruited, William C. Kersh- 
ner, commanding : a squad of twenty-five men 
recruited for the Thirty-fifth lufantr.v ; a squad 
of fourteen men recruited for the Sixty-fifth 
Infantry; Companies E. and F., One Hundred 
•ind Thirtieth Infantry ; Company F., One Hun- 
dred and Thirty-fifth Infantry, Capt. G. S. Mc- 
Adams, commanding; a squad recruited for Com- 
pany F., One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry; 
('ompany D., One Hundred and Fifty-fourth 
Infantry, Capt. Henry A. White, commanding; 
a squad for Company IC, recruited for the 
Fifty-fourth Infantry; and three in Company 
H., the Twenty-ninth Colored Infantry. 

Bond County was required to furnish 1,1C1 
men. Only 1,148 are credited to the county, 
leaving a deficit of thirteen men, lint as a num- 
lier went from here into other counties to en- 
list, the quota was much more tlian made 
up. 

THE .SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 

E. Traiitman organized a company when war 
was declared with Spain, but as there was 
no call for them, they did not go to the front. 
.Vmong Bond County men who were made promi- 
nent in the days that followed the declaration 
of war may be mentioned : Lyman Fuller, a 
grandson of Seth Fuller, the early surveyor of 
the county, and a son of Lyman Fuller, a Civil 
War veteran, was with Admiral Dewey on the 
flagship as gunner at the battle of Manila, 
.May 1, 1S9S. Arthur Rogier was a seaman on 
the "Iowa" and particiiwted in the engagement 
about Santiago. John Ilcston, a grand.son of 
a Mexican War veteran, was an eye witness 
of the Maine disaster, being a recruit in the 



626 



BOND COUNTY. 



nav>'. Harry Williams was on board the "Yale" 
(luring the war, and saw some service. Other 
Bond County men connected with the land 
forces were : Lieuts. L. E. Bennett and A. O. 
Seaman, now officers In the regiilar army ; 
Sergeant-Major W. H. Boughnian ; Harry Mur- 
dock, Berl Murdock. Charles Dixon, Orlay Lar- 
rabee, Will Foster, Will Bruner, Charles Rowdy- 
bush, Charles Stearns, Edward A. Stearns, 
George N. Koonce, Charles King.sbury and many 
others. Tlie two Stearns, Koonce and Kings- 
bury died while in service. 



Bond County organized a company of state 
militia called the Greenville Blues, in Green- 
ville, December 30, 1.S7S, but later the name was 
changed to the Hilllard Rifles. Still later the 
organization became Company F. and had head- 
(juarters in Armory Hall, the present .site of 
the government building. This company was 
called out at the time of the East St. Louis 
strike. On July (i. 1896. the company was dis- 
banded by order of the adjutant general. 

Company E.. Fourth Regiment of Infantry, 
niinois National Guard, was organized Novem- 
ber 7, 1910, with forty-two volunteers enrolled. 
Horace DeMoulin was chosen captain ; George 
E. Hines, first lieutenant ; and Reuben S. Denny, 
second lieutenant. Capt. DeMoulin resigned 
.July 10, 1011, and Reuben S. Denny was elected 
captain, July 25, Iftll. Capt. Denny's resigna- 
tion was accepted June 6, 1912 and H. H. Dixon 
elected captain. The company was assigned to 
Camp Sturges, Vandalia, 111., for target prac- 
tice. Company E. was mustered out by Col. 
S. O. Tripp, assistant quartermaster-general of 
the Illinois National Guard, Monday, December 
ir>, 1913. 

Bond Coiuity has i^ery reason to be proud 
of its military history, and there is no doubt 
but that if the occasion ever arises, its men 
will be found just as loyal and l)rave. 



COURTS, BENCH AND BAR 



FIRST CIECUIT COURT — EARLY COURTS — THE FIRST 

PKISONER — ORIGINAL .TUBISDICTION OF COURTS 

COURT SESSIONS — THE BENCH AND BAB. 

THE FIRST CIRCUIT COURT 

The first Circuit Court was held at Hill's 
Station, May 30, 1817, and as Illinois was still 



a territory, all offices were filled by appointment. 
The Hon. Jesse B. Thomas was judge, and but 
one ca.se was tried at this session. Two or 
three terms were held at this same place, and 
then the court met at I'erryville, this continuing 
to be the place of meeting until Greenville was 
chosen as the county seat in 1821, and from 
then on, the Circuit Court has convened at 
that cit.v. 

EARLV COURTS 

The first Justices' or County Commissioners' 
Court ever held in the county, met at Perry- 
ville, in October, 181?;, with Thomas Kirkpat- 
rick, Martin Jones and Isaac Price as the jus- 
tices. The principal business before the court 
was to award i)eoi)le .$2.00 for the .scalp of a 
wolf, and the passing of an order for the erec- 
tion of a jail at Perryville. The following is 
the order given, just as it is taken from the 
record : "Oct. Term. 1818 : Ordered that Mar- 
tin Jones be apiiointed and Empowered to let 
a Gail to the lowest Bidder to bee built in the 
following Manner; twelve by eighteen feet in 
the clear, to be built of timber hewn square 
12 Inches, the log with a partition of the same 
kind of Timber, the partition to be feet from 
one end, the corners to be dovetailed together 
and also the partion walls, the outside door 
to be double, of two Inch plank, and sufficiently 
mailed with Strong nails and barred with two 
Iron Iiarrs, half an inch thick and three inches 
wide, to answer for the hinges, to be hinged 
with steeples % of an Inch in Diameter drove 
through the Logs and Clinched, and also stee- 
ples through the logs in the .same manner on 
the other side of the door, with holes through 
the bolts to Lock the door with Pad Locks to 
each." It will be noted that had this con- 
tract been carried out, the building would have 
been without roof or floor. 

THE FIRST PRISONER 

The first man incarcerated in this building was 
arrested during the tenu of the first Circuit Court 
held at Perryville. The offense was drunkenness 
and the judge ordered him to jail. When the 
sheriff proceeded to lock the door he was some- 
what puzzled for a time for the reason that 
there had been no padlock provided as set forth 
in the contract. As the door opeued from the 



BOND COUNTY. 



627 



outside, lie soon sui>plie(l liuk of the necessary 
lock by closing the door and pla'-ing fence rails 
against it. thus making his prisoner secure. 
When the prisoner had become duly sober, ii 
dawned upon him that some one had jut him 
there for a .ioke and he proceeded to push, 
kick and swear until nearly daylight when he 
^"Icceeded in securing his freedom. The ni>xt 
day he went about trying to find the per))e- 
trators, never for a moment suspecting that he 
was there l\y order of court. 

ORKll.NAr. .11 KISDICTION Ol" COURT.S 



I'"or some years I'.ond 
wide jurisdiction, one of 
granting of a license to 
•'to establish and keep 
over the Okaw Kiver at 
the territory was mater 
other counties were taken 
MS tief(nv stated it is 
counties of the state. 



County courts had a 
the records giving the 

a man named Jones 
in operation a ferry 
V'audalia." However, 
ially decreased when 
from Bond, until now, 

among the smallest 



COLRT SESSIONS 

Bond County is in the thii'd Judicial Circuit 
including Bond. Madison, St. Clair, Monroe and 
Washington counties. The present circuit judges 
are: W. E. lladly. L. Bernreuter and Geo. A. 
Crow. Circuit Court convenes on the third 
Monday of January, March and September. 
The County Court holds three se.ssions during 
the entire year, on the second ifonday of Jan- 
uary, June and November. The county judge 
is also judge of the Probate Court. Probate 
Court conies on the first Monday of each month 
and has jurisdiction over estates of deceased 
jiersons, minors, feeble-minded and insane peo- 
ple. William II. Dawdy, the present judge, was 
elected in 1900. In addition to the above named 
courts each town has its justice court and each 
incorporated village a police magistrate's court. 

TIIIO iilO.NCII .\ND H.\K 

It is imiKissililc in this limited space to give 
;iny ai>proxiiiiate idea "f the imjiortance of the 
men associated with tln' bench and bar of Bond 
County. The first judge was Jesse B. Thomas, 
who was followed by Judge M. (J. Dale. James 
M. Davis, Cornelius Lansing, Klaui Rust, Tevis 
Greathouse, Judge S. P. Moore, Samuel Steven- 



son, Salmon A. Phelps. Dennis H. Kingsbury, 
Darias and John Kingsbury, J. F. Ale.xander, 
\. G. Henry. Job A. Cooper, William H. Dawdy, 
William A. Xorthcott, F. W. Fritz, C. E. Cook, 
H. W. Park. Judge Joseph Story. James M. 
Miller, Clarence E. Holies, J. H. Allio, George 
L. Meyer, W. A. Orr, H. L. Fairchild, W. H. 
Hubbard, H. A. Meyer, and many others of 
Bond County have distinguished themselves in 
the profession of law. 



RAILROADS 



E.iBLY PROJECTS — DLSCOURAGING CONDmONS ST. 

LOmS, TERRE HAUTE & VANDALIA RAILROAD^ 
VOTING IN FAVOR OF PROJECT — FIRST PASSENOEB 

TB.\IN — HISTORY OF FIRST ROAD JACKSONVILLE 

& ST. LOUIS RAILROAD — TOLEDO. ST. LOUIS & 
WESTERN RAILROAD — OTHER PROJECT.S — PROPOSED 
SUBURBAN LINE. 

EARLY PROJECTS 

Bond County like other counties has had nu- 
merous railroad projects, but as yet only three 
of them have been carried to a successful con- 
summation. As early as 1H'.ir>. the first white 
settlement in the county having been made less 
than a quarter of a century before, the build- 
ing of W'hat was called the Mississippi and 
Atlantic Railroad was agitated, but nothing defi- 
nite was done toward the actual building of 
the road until 1S54. The object was to connect 
Terre Haute with St. Louis, through Green- 
ville, since some of the strongest supporters of 
the projiosed road lived in and near Greenville. 
The panic of Is.'T. however, gave such a blow 
to finances that operations were susiiended. In 
February, 1859, a charter was obtained under 
the name of the Highland and St. Louis Rail- 
road Cbmpany, but the Civil War came on and 
operations were again susjicnded. 

,ST. LOUIS, TERRE HAUTE & VANDALrA KAH.ROAD 

Once more the ijroject was taken up and on 
February 10, 18(l,'5, a charter was secured for 
the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Rail- 
road, the incorporators being : Henry Wing, Wil- 



628 



BOND COUNTY. 



liam S. Smith. Charles Hoile.s, John B. Hunter, 
Williamson Plant, Andrew Mills, John S. Dewey, 
T. W. Little, Andrew G. Henr.v, Jediah F. Alex- 
ander, William S. AVait, Solomon Koepfli, Gar- 
ritt Crowuover. Nathaniel JI. McCurd.v, Thomas 
L. Vest, August H. Dieckman. Ebenezer Capps. 
Michael Lynch. Frederick Remaun. Mathias 
Fehren, J. F. Waschfort, Samuel W. Quinn. 
Joseph H. Morgan and Chauneey Rose. On Janu- 
ary 17, 1867, the county voted to take $100,000 
stock in the enterprise, the vote being 1,01S for 
and 143 against. Citizens of Greenville sub- 
scribed $46,000 for the building of the road, 
and $2,000 for the construction of a depot. All 
of the stock \^■as iiaid prom|itly. 

FIR.ST PASSENGEK TE.MN 

On Tuesday, December S, ISOS, the road was 
ready for traffic and the first regular passen- 
ger train left the Greenville depot for St. Louis 
at :30 A. M. in charge of Mr. Gwyu. In 1S69 
the Town of Greenville voted $3,000 for Ueiiot 
improvements. On Wednesday. June S, 1870. 
the first passenger train went through from In- 
dianapolis. 

HISTORY OF THE FIEST RAILBOAD 

The first president of the road was J. P. M. 
Howard of Etlingham, and Williamson Plant of 
Greenville was the first secretary of the road. 
In April, 1867. Mr. Howard resigned and J. F. 
Ale.xander of Greenville was elected president. 
S. B. Hynes, a son of the late Rev. Thomas 
Hynes, was the first station agent at Greenville : 
he was followed by J. E. Hunt and M. W. Van- 
Volkenburg was the third agent, he serving 
until 1876, when he was succeeded by W. S. 
Ogden, who held the place until his death in 
1806. John Geismann was the next agent, serv- 
ing until August 1, 1003, when he was succeeded 
by E. E. Elliott, who is the present incumbent. 
The road was familiarl.y known as the Vau- 
dalia Line, until about 1904 when it was sold 
to the Pennsylvania system, and is now owned 
and controlled by it. 

JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAII.nOAl) 

The original stockholders of the Jackson- 
ville & St. Louis Railroad were: Marshall P. 



Ayers, Augusta Ayers, John A. Ayers, Edward 
S. Greenleaf, William S. Hook, Marcus Hook 
and Isaac L. Morrison of Jacksonville. The 
route was from Jacksonville to Centralia. In 
September, ISSO. William S. Hook, the presi- 
dent of the company, made overtures to Green- 
ville, for a bonus of $2."),000, the road having 
been built as far as Litchfield. On October 1 
of the same year, President Hook conferred 
with a number of the business men at the First 
National Bank of Greenville, but after consid- 
erable negotiation. Greenville finall.v. in 18S2. 
offered $l.j,000 for the right of way and depot 
site, l>ut the comi)any rejected the offer aud 
passed through Smithboro. three miles east, in 
the summer of 1SS2. In November, 1891, I'res- 
ident Hook proposed to build a four-mile spur 
from Durley to Greenville for $2.j,0f)0, and the 
right of way, with a promise of e.vtending the 
road to Carlyle in a few years. Greenville ac- 
cepted this proposition, the spur was built and 
named the Chicago, Greenville and Southern 
Railroad. The few years soon lapsed into many 
and the road received the pseudonym of "Come 
to Greenville and Stop"' Railroad. About 1900. 
the road was brought by the Chicago. Burling- 
ton & Quincy Railroad, and is now operated as 
the Jacksonville & St. Louis branch of that 
system. 

TOIXUO, .ST. I.OriS & WESTERN UAIIHOAl) 

In 1891, the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
road was constructed through the northwestern 
part of the county, passing through the site 
of the present village of Sorento, a few days 
prior to the crossing of its tracks at the same 
point by the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad. 
This priority of construction compels the latter 
road to maintain the gates at the crossing. 

OTHER PROJECTS 

Numerous other railroad pro.1ects have cast 
their shadow over the county, but none have as 
.vet been developed. The Black Diamond line 
was surve.ved almost through the center of the 
• ount.v. north and south, and following this 
surve.v, a right of way has been secured f<ir a 
suburban line. The St. Louis, Sholliyville v<: 
Detroit line has also been surveyed. 




CENTRAL SCHOOL HUILDING 
Gi'penvillo, 111. 




CARNEGIE LIBRARY 
Greenville, 111. 



BOND COUNTY. 



629 



THE ritr:ss 



THE PROTESTANT MONITOR — THE BARN nURNER— 
THE WESTERN FOUNTAIN' — THE GREENVILLE 
.lOUBNAL — THE AMERICAN COURIER — THE GREEN- 
VILLE ADVOCATE THE GREENVILLE SUN THE 

GREENVILLE ITEM. 

PROTESTANT MONITOR 

The Uist<)r.v of the Greenville Press which is 
also that of the i)ress of Bond County is ex- 
ceedingl.v interesting. Strange to say the first 
Iiaper issued here was a religious one, called The 
Protestant Monitor, the initial issue bearing 
the date of December 8, 1S4.3. It was published 
in the interest of the Methodist Church, but 
contained local happenings. In 1S4S it was 
moved to Alton. 

The Barn Burner was a free-soil paper es- 
tablished in 1S4S by Jediah F. Alexander and 
was intended only as a campaign sheet to sup- 
port Martin Van Bureu. 

The Western Fountain was another relig- 
ious paper edited by John Waite as early as 
1S4S, but was soon discontinued. The Rev. 
Peter Long issued several religious papers, but 
all have long since been discontinued. 

The Greenville Journal was started by John 
AVaite about 1S4S and was independent in poli- 
tics until !*."(!. when it supjiorted General Fre- 
mont. 

The Amekk an Courier came into existence 
in lSr>(! and ardently supported the Native 
.Vinericau Party and Fillmore, but was soon 
sold and the plant removed. 

The Greenviixe Advocate was born in 1S5S, 
with J. F. Alexander as editor and proprietor, 
and becoming converted to Republicanism, has 
su|iported the iiart.v ever since, and witnessed 
many changes in its own management, but is 
now the leading Republican paper of Bond 
("ount.v, and has a weekly circulation of about 
2.200. W. W. Lowis and Will C. Carson are 
the proprietors. 

The Greenville Sun was originall.v the 
Greenville Democrat, and was established in 
1s7(>, by J. B. .\nderson, and it too has been 
sold and re-sold altliougli the i)0licy has con- 
tinueil the same throughout. On March, 1, 



11112, it was sold to George Perryman and 
merged with the Greenville Item. 

The Greenville Item was established May 
2S, 1S96, and although a somewhat new ven- 
ture, has met with jiopular approval owing to 
the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Perryman, owners, 
editors and publishers. It espoused the Demo- 
crat cause and is now the leading Democratic 
organ in the county. It enjoys a healthy cir- 
culation of about 1,800. 

Much of the history in its making in Bond 
County came from the work and writings of 
the men who brought these newspapers into 
existence. They fought hard for their princi- 
ples and even if success did not always follow 
them, they played the part assigned to them, 
by the Great Editor of All. and none can say 
they lived in vain. 



AGRICULTURE 



STOCK RAISING — CORN IS KING — LAND VALUES — 
general CONDITIONS — OIL AND GAS HISTORY 

STOCK KAISINQ 

Stock raising is carried on with very grati- 
fying results in Bond Count.v, as much of the 
land is well adapted for grazing, and a num- 
ber of the farmers are making a specialty of 
high-grade cattle, horses and hogs. A num- 
ber of the more progressive men have gone into 
the dairy business, and handle their favorite 
breed of cattle, maintaining newly equipped 
dairy barns. 

CORN IS KING 

Corn is one of the principal crops in Bond 
County, although wheat and oats are raised. 
The main dependence is put in the corn, and 
the product from this locality is eagerly sought, 
for it is sure to be in prime condition. 

LAND VALUES 

The land values vary in Bond County, but 
while they have not advance! so materially 
as in those regions where much of the land 



630 



BOND COUNTY. 



had to be redeemed from the swamp, their 
original value was higher, so that an even 
distribution has been maintained. With each 
improvement made upon an individual farm, 
not only the value of that particular piece is 
raised, but that of those adjoining, and as 
the people are constantly seeking to raise the 
standards of their farms, the prices paid for 
such laud as is placed on the marl^et, show a 
steady and healthy increase. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS 

While a number of farmers maintain bear- 
ing orchards, the nursery business has not 
been entered into extensively. R. J. Curry op- 
erates a small nursery near Woburn, known 
as the "Bond County Nursery'' and is doing a 
thriving business. The majority of the agri- 
culturists prefer to devote themselves to gen- 
eral farming, dairying or the raising and feed- 
ing of stock, having proven that a steady in- 
come can be obtained from these lines without 
the risk of heavy loss. 

OIL AND GAS HISTOEY 

In the summer and fall of 1909, oil was 
discovered in the county and on December 31 
of that year gas was found by E. M. Treat & 
Co. on Judge Lindly's farm, one and one-half 
miles south of Greenville. Three more wells 
have since been drilled. The combined capacity 
of the four wells is sufficient to supply about 
SOO patrons in the city of Greenville and its 
vicinity. On August 21, 1910, oil was found on 
Samuel Brown's farm, near Brown's Mill. Spec- 
ulation ran wild, but after the well was tested 
it was abandoned on November 21 of the same 
year as not being of sufficient quality to work. 
After repeated drilling in other parts of the 
county the oil boom subsided, but there is still 
a strong belief that there is jjlenty of oil in 
Bond County. 



THE farmers' equity UNION 

One of the largest institutions in Bond County 
is the Farmers' Equity Union. This is a national 
union of farmers and wage-earners with head- 



quarters in fJreenville, 111. This union is organ- 
izing Ecpiity Kxi-hangcs in Ohio. Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Missouri. Oklalioma. Kansas. Colorado, 
Nebraska, South I)akot;i, North Dakota. Minne- 
sotii and the State of Wa.shington. C. O. Dray- 
ton, Greenville, 111., is national president, and 
R. Romer, I.,iberal. Kansas, is vice president. 
Each state, whidi has unions, is represented on 
the National Hoard of Directors. The National 
President has charge of tlie National T'nion 
office and directs the campaign of organization 
and education. This work is greatly facilitated 
by a weekly paper which reaches every member 
in tlie United States. The paper is a power for 
gooil. It brings the thousands of members 
together an<l educates them to cooperate for 
their mutual good. Hundreds of carloads of 
apples found a good market in 11114 in the 
Dakotas and Western States at a fair price. 
These ai)ples wtmld otherwise Imve rotted on 
the ground for want of a market. The union 
raised the price to producers .md lowered it to 
consumers. 

This union organizes Equity Exchanges for 
cooperative buying and selling. In 1913 it saved 
the grain men about one million dollars. It will 
do better on grain in 191-1. It has more ex- 
changes and a bigger crop and better market. 
The union is centering the trade for farm 
machinery and buying in large lots direct from 
factories and saving thousands of dollars for 
members, but will own its own factories and 
nianuf.Hture its own automobiles and wagons 
and all I'Mrni machinery in time. This union 
was foin- years old December Ifi, 1014. and its 
officers have made a start in twelve states. 

This great union is growing stronger wher- 
ever it is jilanted. It has the best plan of 
organization and cooiier.ition ever adoi)ted be- 
fore by farmers. Its national head carries on 
a continual canqtaign of organization and edu- 
cation. It is demonstrating at over one hundred 
good markets that it pays to cooperate on the 
Equity Union jilan. This demonstration work 
educates cai-li comnuiuity till it becomes solid 
for the union. Only a gotwl start has been 
made, but the meniber.ship is doubling every 
year and no doubt this union is destined to be 
one of the biggest industrial unions in the 
United States. 

C. O. Drayton. 

Greenville. 



BOND COUNTY. 



631 



TOWNSHIP HISTOKY 



TOWNSHII* ORGANIZATIOX — FIRST BOARD OF Sl'PER- 
VI.SORS — TOWN OF TAMALCO — FIRST SETTLERS 

— VILL-IGE OF TAMALCO HOOPDALE — NEW KEYS- 

POBT — TOWN OF PLEASANT MOUND — FAIBVIEW — 

SMITHBORO TOWN OF MULBERRY GBOVE — ZION 

SPRING — MULBEBBY GBOVE VILLAGE — WOBURN — 

TOWN OK MILLS — DUDLEYVILLE WISETOWN — 

TOWN OF LA. GBANGE — VILLAGE OF AYEBS — ELM 
POINT — TOWN OF BURGESS — POCAHONTAS VILLAGE 
— MILLERSBURG — PIERRON — TOWN OF CENTRAL — 
GREENVILLE ORIGIN OF NAME — FIBST SETTLE- 
MENTS — EABLY' HISTOBY — EABLY' EVENTS — CIVIC 

HISTORY HISTORICAL GBOWTH PUBLIC 

SCHOOLS GREENVILLE COLLEGE — POSTOFFICE 

— GREENVILLE TODAY — FIRES — FIBE DEPARTMENT 
CABNEGIE LIBRARY" — GREENVILLE CHURCHES — 
BOND COUNTY' MONUMENT — CLUBS AND FRA- 
TERNITIES — TOWN OF OLD RIPLEY' MT. NEBO 

PRIMITIVE BAPTIST CHUBCH — REMINISCENCES 

NEW BERLIN — TOWN OF SHOAL CREEK — BETHEL 
CHUBCH — PLEASANT PRAIRIE PRESBY'TERIAN 

CHURCH — THE \1LLAGE OF AUGUSTA — THE VIL- 
LAGE OF RENO — HABBISVILLE — THE VILLAGE OF 

DONNELLSON — THE VILLAGE OF PANAMA SO- 

BENTO SOBENTO SCHOOLS — SOEENTO SOCIETIES. 

TOWNSHIP OBGANIZATION 

.\t an election held on Tuesday, November 
(i. ISSS, 2,190 votes were c-ast for and 592 votes 
against township organization. The County 
Board at their December meeting, 1SS8, ap- 
Iiointed .Tohn H. Palilman, John V. McFarland 
and .John Me.VIister, Commissioners, to divide 
the county into towns. The report of the Com- 
missioners, dividing the county into towns, 
and namini; them as they now exist was re- 
ceived by the County Board on March (i, 1S89. 
The County Board held its last meeting on April 
1, 1SS9. The members were, G. S. Nay, chair- 
man, A. H. Utlaut and Anton Phillipsen. The 
new organization went into effect on the conven- 
ing of the Board of Suiiervisors on April 16, 
1S.S9. E. W. Dressor of Central was chosen 
(•hairnian : the other memlicrs were : W. H. 
Ta.vliir. Tamalco; .Tohn H. Seymour, Pleasant 
.Mound ; .John Riley, .Mull)erry Grove ; John M. 
Myers, Mills ; H. E. Hulon, La Grange ; John 
Tischhauser, Burgess; William Brown, (lid Rip- 



ley; and ('. W. (Jarrisou. .Shoal Greek. Only 
three of this body of law makers are now liv- 
ing, viz. : E. W. Dressor, W. H. Taylor and 
John Tischhauser. Mr. Tischhauser has been a 
member of the lioard since its organization to 
date, with the exception of three terms. 

The remaining facts relative to Bond County 
are so closely interwoven with the different 
towns, that it has been deemed expedient to 
give them in their regular order c-onnected with 
the respective towns. 

TAMALCO 

The town of Tamalco has less early history 
than any other of the townships, as a good 
deal of its surface was taken up by a few heavy 
landowners, who refused to sell. It is a beau- 
tiful and fertile part of Bond County, and 
is bounded on the north by the Town of Pleas- 
ant Mound, on the east by Fa.vette County, on 
the south by Clinton County and on the west 
by the Town of Mills. There is very little 
natural drainage, but In the southern part it 
rises in rolling slopes. Corn, wheat, oats and 
hay are produced abundantly, and most of the 
land is fertile. There was verj- little timber 
here, owing to there being a lack of water 
courses, but what there was, furnished the peo- 
ple with fuel and building material, it being 
hickory, ash, maple and walnut. The first 
settlers of the town were probably Josiah Aus- 
tin, who came in 1833, and two men named 
Bateman and Martin who came about the same 
time. John Butler was another pioneer, as 
were .\lexauder Myatt and Matthew Henry. The 
latter had one of the first cook stoves in the 
C'ounty. During its early years, but little at- 
tention was given to educational matters, but 
for the jiast thirty years the schools have been 
as good as any in this part of the State. 

There are four churches within the town, 
the oldest being the Methodist, established in 
1S42. The meetings were held at first in the 
home of Alexander Myatt. Probably the first 
minister was the Rev. Joshua Barnes. The 
church edifice was built in 1850. and many ini- 
I)rovemonts have since been made. They erect- 
ed a church near William Meyers on land given 
by him in 1SS7. This church flourished for a 
few years, but was sold about 1904 or 1905 to 
William Meyers and S. D. Floyd. A Sunday 



632 



BOND COUNTY. 



school is maintained during the suu)n]er months. 
Another churcli was erected by the Xletliodists 
in the village of Tamaleo, about lSSr>. which 
did battle for the Master for a season, but in- 
terest lagged until it was discontinued about 
lOOi, and being sold at auction in 1913 was 
moved to a farm to shelter the domestic herds 
of G. W. Wise, and thus another of His tem- 
ples was abandoned because of the lack of in- 
terest manifest by His i>eople. 

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Peter 
was built in the fall of 1874, with the Rev. 
Ivirnbeaun as pastor. This church was aban- 
doned about 1000, and another built in the 
villa,?e of Hookdale, where the society meets 
regularly, and the Rev. F. A. Stoelting is the 
present ministei'. 

About 1902, the present Christian Church 
edifice was erected in the village of Tamaleo. 
.ind the organization is now enjoying a splendid 
Sunday school and regular church services, 
thus manifesting great interest in the work. 

The Village of Tamalco was surveyed by 
W. H. Taylor, August fi, 18S4, and the plat filed 
for record, August 20, ls,S4. The name, Tamalc-o. 
was derived from parts of the names of three 
of the most prominent citizens of the commu- 
nity, viz. : "Ta" from the name of W. H. Tay- 
lor; "Mai," from the name of John McLaren 
and "Co," from the name of Frank Colwell. 
W. H. Taylor was the first postmaster, and 
station agent. The village drew a large trade 
from the surrounding country and did a thriv- 
ing business for many years. A number of its 
citizens have become wealthy and are now re- 
tired from active service. 

Hookdale was platted November IG, 1SS3, by 
John Kingsbury, for Louis Lehn, for whom the 
village was first named Lehnsville. The name 
was afterward changed to Hookdale. At jires- 
ent, there are three stores and a blacksmith 
shoj). W. F. Rixman and W. C. Weigle each 
have general merchandise stores : Herman Fox 
handles hardware and implements, and L. F. 
(Jreiman is doing blacksmithing. 

New Keyesport was platted by Jacob B. Root, 
-March 25. 1884. The lots were surveyed by 
W. H. Taylor. SeTeral additions have been 
platted, namely : Apple's Out Lots, Ezell's. 
Ezell & Wise's. Vandervoorfs and Fox's Addi- 
tions. The village has a population of 320. 
according to the census of 1010. and is steadily 
growing. A general store is oiierated l)y Sharp 



McAlister; there are two blacksmiths, Frank 
Siggs and Jacob Schmidt; a meat market, res- 
taurant, barber, and one physician. Dr. M. P. 
DuComb. The Kaskaskia River is on the south- 
east, giving an excellent natural sewerage sys- 
tem. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 
Railroad extends through the center of the vil- 
lage affording transportation facilities. 

PLE.\SAXT MOUXB 

The Town of I'leasant Mound is so named 
Ijeeause of its beautiful topographical features, 
and it is bounded on the north by the Town 
of Mulberry Grove, on the east by Fa.vette Coun- 
ty, on the south by the Town of Tamalco, and 
on the west by the Town of Central. The 
.greater part of the town is devoted to agri- 
cultural purposes and the land is very fertile. 
Sander's branch is the most important of the 
water courses. The Town of Pleasant Mound 
was first settled prior to 1S12. by Isam Reaves, 
who later returned to Kentuck.v. In 1S32, Isam 
Reaves returned to Bond County. In 1S20 Wil- 
liam Harper, Thomas L. Harper, Elisha Mat- 
thews and John Reaves came here. Jerry Stub- 
blefield, Henry Brown and Jordan, Morgan 
and William Murray, Isaac Snodgrass. probably 
the first Justice of the Peace in this locality, 
tlie Bates famil.v, John Crouch, a Baptist min- 
ister, James Clark, Maj. William Davis, John 
II. Taylor, Ben Jewett, Andy and John Wil- 
liams, Isaac Jones, John Lockart and Lockart J. 
Seagraves were all early settlers. The first 
election held in the town was in the brush near 
the cabin of Bennett Seagraves, alwut 1833 or 
1834. It is not known who taught the first 
school in the town, but one of the very earliest 
teachers was Joseph Williams, who held school 
in a sehoolhouse built about 1831. 

Tlie first minister of whom there is anything 
definitely known was the Rev. James B. Wool- 
ard, the famous Methodist divine, who organized 
a cliurch about 1830. Hurricane Church of the 
iJeriuan Baptist denomination was another 
early church, and was oi'ganized about 18.")S, 
with the Rev. D. B. Sturges as its first elergy- 
nuui. but it is now abandoned. In 1S33 the old 
Hardshell Baptists organized a church with the 
Uev. Crouch as pastor. Another church of the 
(Jerman Baptist denomination was organized by 
Joseph Rencli and George Beanblossom in ISoS, 



BOND COUNTY. 



633 



Imt latiT it \v;is iiierfjtHt with the Ilurricaiie 
Church. 

Kaibview was sui've.ved hy R. K. Dewe.v for 
E. P. Matthews and John Reaves, January 28. 
1S."7 and it is tlie successor of tlie hamlet of 
Ilamburf,', which had been laid out hy Dr. Dan- 
iel B. Sturgis in 1S4S. In lSu7 I'erkins Bros, 
traded their store to J. F. Matthews for land 
on Section 28, and he continued the business 
for a year when lie was succeeded by Elislia 
.Matthews and W. C. Perliins. The first blael<- 
sniith sho]) was owned by the Perkins Bros, 
and operated by Fred Kahn. Eminett Roberts 
was the first waiionmaker. and the first mill 
was run l)y .Stephen D. Bourner and Daniel 
Faulkner. A dru^ .store was estal)lished in 
187G. and the first postmaster was Reuben Co- 
Imrn. The United Bafitists and the Cumlierland 
Presbyterians are the religious denominations 
which have been long established here. The 
Methodist Episcopal society also is a strong 
denomination. 

Smithboro was laid out by II. II. Smith in 
1870, and was called Ilender.son Station. It 
is at the crossing of the Vandalia and Chicago, 
Burlington and Quincy railroads. The postoftice 
was established in 1871, and called Smithboro, 
by which name it has since I>een known. H. H. 
Smith was the first postmaster. T. L. Martin 
is the present postmaster. At present Smith- 
boro has a population of about three hundred. 
It has a school, two churches, Methodist and 
Cbristian. W. A. Porter, T. L. Martin, W. B. 
Hubbard oi>erate general merchandise stores, 
several smaller stores are also doing a lucra- 
tive business. A coal mine was opened about 
1885 by a local company, and for a time it 
was operated successfully. Upon the death of 
Mr. Elam, the mine changed hands and was 
not productive afterward so was finally aban- 
doned. 

The Town of Pleasant Mound is admirably 
adapted for farming purix)ses. and many of 
the most successful farmers of Bond County 
are here located, en.ioying good annual incomes 
from their fertile land. They are proud of 
their land, their improvements, their school 
s.vstem and (heir churches. 

MULBERRY GROVE 

The Town of Mulberr.v Orove contains a frac- 
tional and one entire township, lying as it does 
2 



in townships (J and 7, and bounded on the 
north by Montgomery County, on the east by 
Fayette County, on the south by the Tow-n of 
Pleasant Mound and on the west b,v the Town 
of Central. It is watered by Owl and Lick 
creeks and Seagraves branch, and it is gener- 
ally level although there are a few hills. Origi- 
nally there was heav,v timber along the water 
courses, but most of this unfortunately has dis- 
appeared. The Vandalia Railroad runs through 
It, and there is a station at Mulberry Grove 
village. This town is one of the earliest set- 
tled in Bond County, Sutton Hastings coming 
here from North Carolina in 1818, and he was 
followed by Daniel Moore and family, and Philip 
Moore. Horatio Durley entered land in 181!). 
and ran the first horse-mill in the district, 
building it about 1820. Stubblefields, Bolin 
Grigg, Mr. Truitt, the Diamond family, William 
W. Moss and James H. Moss came on a little 
later. There is a very large spring called 
Zion in the town, and to it came a widow- by 
the name of Clarey, with her sons. Alex. 
(ilenn came about 182S, and was a Justice of 
the Peace for man,v years. Thomas Kline, 
Hugh Watson, Daniel Moore, Lemuel Scroggins 
are also to be numbered among those hardy 
pioneers who braved all kinds of dangers to 
found new homes in the wilderness. Three or 
four miles north of the village of Mulberry 
(Jrove, a Frenchman named St. John, kept a 
trading jwst, estalilished before 181tt. Another 
Frenchman, named La Croi.\ also kept a trad- 
ing post, and both acceiited furs in payment for 
their goods. Some of the people, however, pre- 
ferred to haul their furs to Cahokia. When 
an.v of the settlers lost their horses, they would 
call upon these Frenchmen to recover them 
from the Indians, giving such rewards as lay 
within their humble means. Other settlements 
here were probabl.v made in 182(>, by Zoplier 
Foster, who was followed in 1829 or 18,'i() by 
John Bil.veii and Duncan .Johnson. Rev. James 
Woolard came in ISol, buying the farm of 
Zopher Foster. He was a Methodist minister, 
who became quite prominent, and was asso- 
ciated with many pastorates in Illinois, serv- 
ing during the Civil War as chaplain of the 
One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry. Other early settlers were Richard 
Moody, James Dnnaway, James Spnidling, Mark 
Dunaway, Joseph Armstrong, Bennett Sea- 
graves, .\rthur Shepliard, Drury Petty, Durham, 



634 



BOND COUNTY. 



Henry, Imiiau and John Perkins. John Bilyeu 
erected a horse-niill on or near the present site 
of the Methodist Church, in the village of Mul- 
berry Grove. The first white child born here 
was a daughter of Zopher Foster. A daughter 
of Arthur Shephard was married by Duncan 
Johnson, the first Justice of the Peace, but 
neither her first name uor the name of her hus- 
band have been preserved. 

Old Zion Church, the first built in this town, 
was a log structure 24.X20 feet, and was put upon 
Section 19. in the year 1S2S. The building 
faced south In the west side of the building 
was an immense fireplace. In the east side was 
a window si.xteen feet long and two panes of 
glass wide. The floor was made of split logs 
hewed down ; the seats were of the same sub- 
stantial material supported by pegs. In.lS40 
this relic of pioneer days was replaced by a 
commodious frame structure. In ISGl this 
building was razed and moved to Woburn, 
where the Methodists who constructed it tlour- 
ished for a number of years. About the year 
1900 the membership had diminished to such a 
degree the church was sold to the Baptists, 
who are now holding regular services in it. In 
1881 the Free Methodists put up a building 
on the site of Old Zion, and the site of Old 
Zion camp-ground is now a cemetery, in which 
are burled many who led in those famous I'e- 
vival meetings. 

"Oft did the harvest to the sickle yield. 
Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke ; 
How jocund did they drive their team a-field ! 
How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy 
stroke!" — Grey. 

Bethlehem Baptist Church was originally 
organized July 10, 1830, on Hurricane creek, 
in Fiiyettc County, and numbered among its 
first members 1 >. E. Deane. James Street, Willis 
Dodson, Larkin Cragg and Henry Sears. Elder 
Dodsou preached the first sermon, and the 
early meetings were held in the homes of mem- 
bers. In 1S37 the first meeting of the congre- 
gation in Bond County was held, and the 
church edifice put up that same year with Elder 
John Crouch as the first minister. 

Schools were established as soon as there 
were enough children to warrant such action, 
but there seems to be no definite data relative 
to them or the teachers except as here given. 



The first schoolhouse was a primitive log one 
of the subscription type, with Mrs. Margaret 
Riley as teacher. Arthur Shephard was also one 
of the early teachers. In 1S34 the postoffice was 
established with J. B. Woolard as postmaster. 
The name given this office, which was adopted 
by the town and the village, was Mulberry 
Grove on account of the number of mulberry 
trees surrounding Mr. Woolard's house in 
which he handled the mail. 

MuLBERBV Grove ^'ILLAGE was surveyed and 
laid out April 28, 1841, by Asahel Enloe for 
Francis Gill, who owned the land. It was first 
called Houston, and is located on the Vandalia 
Kailroad, about ten miles from Greenville. The 
first house iu the village was built by David 
Hulibard several years before the town was 
laid out. David Hubbard and a man named 
Dewelly kept the first store here, and the former 
built the first steam-mill iu 1S37, later added 
a sawmill and both were continued in operation 
until IN.jO. These were eventually replaced by 
a flour-mill of some size. David Elam was the 
first blacksmith, and not only did work for the 
lieople of this neighborhood, but for those in 
Fayette County. Mulberry Grove's first school 
was taught by Arthur Shephard. The first 
church was of the Slethodist faith. It was or- 
ganized here by Rev. J. B. Woolard about 1830, 
some of the early members being : Duncan John- 
son and wife. John Bilyeu and wife and Zopher 
Foster and wife. Duncan Johuson was the first 
cla.ss leader, and Revs. William Chambers and 
Wilson Pitman were the first clergymen. From 
the little log schoolhou.se where the first services 
were held, the c-ongregation has moved to a 
substantial brick structure. The fir.st Sunday 
school was organized by Duncan Johnson. The 
Christian Church was organized in 1805 by 
Elder John A. Williams, with A. J. Leigh and 
Klizaboth Hensley as the only members, but the 
<ongregatii)n grew until now the church is in a 
flourishing condition. The Baptist Church 
maintained a mission for a ntnuber of years and 
erected the present church edifice in 1906, under 
the pastorate of Rev. V. (Gilbert. The Brethren 
<ir Dunkard Church was erected about 1904, by 
James I-illigli and deeded to the society. Sev- 
eral secret organizations flourish in Mulberry 
(Jrove. among them being : Charity Lodge, No. 
1.733, Kniglits of Pythias: and the Odd Fel- 
lows, the Court of Honor, the Modern Woo<lnieii 
of .\inerica and the Ma.sonic. lodges. 



1 



11 




GREENVILLE COLF-EOE AUDITORIUM 




-"■):*liKii4?!iii,(iy 



GREENVILLE COLLEGE 

Greenville, 111. 



BOND COUNTY. 



635 



The business houses of the village of Mul- 
berry Grove are reliable, the professions are 
well represented, and the people are sober, in- 
dustrious and excellent citizens. The wide 
outside territory contisuoiis to Mulberry Grove 
looks to it as a soiirce of supply and its position 
on the Vaudalia Railroad makes it a fine market 
for the farmers who brins their produce to it 
for shipment to distant points. Some lioautiful 
homes are to be found nestled in the midst of 
the shady streets. The churches are in an 
e-KCollent condition, there are several clubs, 
and the people are wide-awake, intelligent and 
hai>py. proud of their town and of their work 
which has produced it. 

WoBURN was first called Newport, but owing 
to there being another jiostotfice of that name 
in the state, it was changed to Wobui'n, and is 
also known as Cross Roads. It was laid out 
by John Hughes about 1850. The first store was 
operated by 'William Harper, who built his 
own premises. A. W. Watson was the first 
po.stmastor, and bis father, Hugh Watson, was 
the first blacksmith. .John Hughes was the first 
miller, and Abraham Jarred was the first 
wagoM-iiiakcr. The first sawmill of any im- 
I>ortance was erected here in ISBG, by Moss 
Bros., but it was later bought b.y Porter McKay. 
The first shoemaker was Melton McKay. Dr. 
Harnady was the fir.st practicing physician to 
locate in the village, and he was followed by 
several others, one being Dr. Poindexter. The 
Protestant Methodist Episcopal Church was 
founded here through the Influence of Samuel 
Glenn, and the first minister was Rev. William 
H. Collins. The congregation is large and 
affairs are prospering at present. The tinited 
Baptist Church, commonly known as Liberty 
Church, was organized about 18.56, with Richard 
Keel as the first minister. In 1S50 they erected 
their jiresent church edifice, and the organiza- 
tion is doing well. The Christian Cliurcli was 
organized here in IS.W. At first there was 
trouble in getting together enough members, but 
through persistent endeavor the organization 
jtrosiKned, and now has a comfortable church 
edifice, and earnest pastor, and the attendance 
is excellent. 

MILLS 

The Town of Mills is directly south of the 
Town of Central, and the greater pai't of the 



land was originally prairie. While the timber 
was thinned out, it has been replaced to some 
extent, so that this town until recently was 
more heavily timbered than other i>arts of 
Bond Count.v. This town is watered by Shoal 
and Beaver creeks. On the east is the Town 
of Tanialco, on the south Clinton County, on the 
west the Town of Burgess, and on the north 
the Town of Central. 

The first white man to locate here of whom 
there is any definite record was James Blizzard, 
who came here in the winter of 1817 or 1S18. 
Of course prior to this old Kenson and Cox, 
wlio were murdered by the Indians, were here, 
lint owing to the tragedy which ended their 
lives, their settlement was but transitory. In 
1825 .Tames Gower also located here and a man 
named Harlan settled near Dudley ville. Mr. 
Hoffman, John Henry and A. G. Mills settled 
nearby. Wilson Brown, Abraham McCurley, 
Richard Briggs, Andrew Green, the fir.st black- 
smith. James Kirkpatrick. Samuel G. Morse, 
William Burgess, the Critchfield brothers, the 
Drake family, Durham and Phipjis, James Mc- 
Caslin and his sons, .Tolin and Hugh, Andrew 
and Joseph Mills, Balaam Metcalf, William 
Dovi-ning and Joseph Meyers, were all early 
settlers of the Town of Mills. Many of their 
near relatives are now residents of the town. 
The tragic death of Mr. Cox is given elsewhere 
at length, so will not be dwelt upon here, al- 
though his home was within the confines of 
this town. Another crime stains the records of 
this fair (lart of Bund, and that was the murder 
of Mrs. Louisa Jlc.Vdanis in July. 1869. by John 
Moore, for which he was executed October 23, 
of that same year. This is the only execution 
of Bond County. 

DiULKYviLuo was surveyed iind laid out by 
R. K. Dewey for Jolin Dudley, on March 11, 
18.57. It is five miles from Greenville, and was 
named for its founder. Mr. Dudley kept the 
first store in the vicinity. Fred Kahn was the 
first blacksmitli. Dr. II. C. Dunluim was prob- 
ably the first practicing physician of the place. 
F. Thraner, now living in the city of Greenville, 
was one of the earlie.st settlers of Dudleyville, 
:ind was its first postmaster. \ number of Ger- 
man families settled lu-re and opened shops of 
various kinds, F. Geries liuilding a coojier shop 
and John Sclilui) " wagon shop. The Methodist 
Church was organized here about 1820 by Rev. 
Simeon Walker. The present building is a neat 



636 



BOND COUNTY. 



structure auil the memliers are earnest and 
devout. The Free Jlethodist Church was orijan- 
Ized iu the fall of 18S0 by I!ev. F. H. Ashcraft. 
and has a church huildiuj; of its own, and the 
members are earnestly doin^ battle for the 
Master. 

WisETOWN. or Beaver Creek, as it is some- 
times called, was surveyed and laid out Marcli 
14, ISCO. by H. K. Dewey for David W. Wise, 
for wliom it is named. It is ten miles from 
Oreenville. and tive miles from Dudleyville. The 
jiost office is called Beaver Creek, and .Tolui 
Henry was the first postmaster. Samuel Avis 
was the first blacksmith of tlie villa.ire. Peter 
Bostocli was the first wagou-maker. while a 
Mr. Delkhaus was the first shoemaker. Dr. O. 
E. Hornedy was the first physician ; and the 
first drugstore was ofiened by Dr. Powell Gor- 
don. The first store of any note was kept b.v 
X. B. liarnes & Co. At jiresent X. Basler and 
llarnetiau.K Bros, each have general merchan- 
dise stores : W. A. McXeill is an undertaker 
.uid wagon-maker : Clias. Bourgeois is a black- 
smith, and Dr. L. ,T. Cordonnier is a i)hysician. 
The Union Church of Wisetowu was composed 
of the following denominations: Methodist. 
Presbyterian ami Missionary Bapti.st. The 
chnrcli edifice was built in the summer of 1878, 
upon ground deeded by Dr. .T. A. Warren. Xo 
saloons have ever been allowed in the village. 
The (Jerman Methodists were represented in the 
town b.v a healthy organization established in 
1850, with a Sunday school established in 1870. 
The first minister was the Rev. W. Fiegenbaiun. 
The building was destroyed by storm about fif- 
teen .vears ago and has never been rebuilt. 
.Mount Carniel Jlethoilist Church was organized 
in 18(12 by .1. .T. Blizzard, and its first regular 
minister was Uev. Simeon Walker. The church 
is in a flourishing condition, having ji large 
membership. Tlie Camp Ground Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church was organized as early as 
1820, and is earnestly heralding the good news 
far and near. 

The 'I'dwu nl' Mills li.-is not been liackw,-ird 
in the matter of schools. The first sclioolhouse 
was built on the old camp ground, and was 
al.so used for religious i)uriH>ses. 

It is essentiall.v a farming connnunitv. ami 
therefore depends upon agricultural and dairy 
pursuits for its wealth. The farmers of this 
locality are substantial, immd of their fine 
farms and gnod stock. 'I'bey liOdw how to make 



their work jtay, and are more and nioi-e adopt- 
ing new ideas in their operations. 

LA CRAXGE 

The Town of La Grange is in the northern 
part of Bond County, is well watered by East 
fork of the Shoal, Indian creek and Panther 
branch. The land is alternating prairie and 
hills, and originall.v along the- water courses 
there was considerable timber. This town was 
not settled as early as some of the other parts 
of Bond County, but among the pioneers may be 
mentioneil : .lohn Abernathy, Jonathan Teasley, 
.John .\. Laws, Fielding Law.s. Abner and .\llen 
Thacker, Richard Savage, Elizabeth Mallard, 
.John and George Denny, T. G. McCaslin, .Tames 
White, Thomas Wafer. C. D. McLean, Charles 
Wood, Messrs. Parr. Ilumphre.v, Jett and others, 
most of whom located here before 18.30. Aber- 
nathy. Teasley. the Laws and several others 
came from Kentucky. Early in its history. La 
Grange established a school on Section 28. in a 
ver.v primitive log cabin. The first teacher was 
Lucius JlcCaslin, who taught for .151.00 and $1.2.5 
for three months, and another early teacher 
was Rev. .Tohn Barljer. There is a mound on 
land owned b.v -Vntone Iia«rence. Bones dug 
up show that once a pre-historic race lived 
here. It is thought that this mound was built 
by the Mound-bnilders. The town of La Grange 
overflows with churches. One of the first of 
them was organized by the Old School Presby- 
terians about 1825, and a Sunday school was 
(U'ganized about the same time. I'niou Grove 
Church was established .Tanuary 12, 1S.V>, by 
the Yandalia Presbyter.v of the Cnmberland 
Presbyterian Church. The building was de- 
stroyed by fire about ten years ago and has 
never been rebuilt. Maple (irove ilethodist 
Church was organized in 18(i8, by Rev. William 
T. Hutchinson, and a Sunday .school was organ- 
ized at the same time. Hopewell Christian 
Chur<-h was organized iu l^iCO, and the fir.st 
minister was the Rev. O. Ilnlen. It still exists 
and has many members. The Mount Carmel 
congreg.ition of the Cumlierland Presbyterians 
was first organized by the Itev. .Toel Knight in 
Montgomery Count.v, February 24, lS(i8, but it 
was moved to Bond County iu tlie fall of 18()8, 
and is now known as I'leasant Prairie Congre- 
gation of the Cnmberland Presbyterian Cliurch. 
and the members have an edifice of their own. 



BOND COUNTY. 



637 



Mount Tabor Baptist Church came into exist- 
once ahout 1S57, and for some years the buildin;; 
was used by the Baptists, Jletliodists and Pres- 
byterians, but now the edifice is only used by 
the Baptists. There is Imt one villajie in T.a 
(irange, the people doins their trading in ad- 
.ioining towns, and all the efforts of the peopli- 
are devoted toward the cultivation of the hind, 
stock raising and dairying. That they suc- 
ceed, the prime condition of everything testifies 
without any further questioning. 

The Vill.\ge of Ayers was platted August .5. 
1S95, by Surveyor K. K. I>ewey for .J. SI. Steven- 
sou, on a part of the west one-half of the south- 
east quarter of Section 17, Town (!, north ; irangc 
.3, west of the third principal meridian, contain- 
ing six and one-fourth acres. The plat was re- 
corded October 2C, 1893, It is situated on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and has 
but one stoi-e, owned by G. A. Peterson. It was 
named in honor of Augusta E., Marshal P. 
and Jno. A. Ayers. 

Elm Point was surveyed by Deputy Surve.vor 
Anthony Hill for \Vm. P. Libbey, on a part of 
the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter 
of Section No. 30, Town 7, north ; Range 
3, west of the third principal meridian, Ma.v 
17, 1856. The plat was recorded July S, 
1S56. Elm Point once enjoyed a lucrative trade, 
but when the Village of Donnellson sprang up 
on the Clover Leaf Railroad, only a few miles 
north. Elm Point as a trading point soon faded 
away and at present two farmhouses are all 
there is left of the once flourishing village. The 
entire area of the village is owned by Jas. K. 
■N'aughn and Mrs. OUie E. Ilughey. 

BURGESS 

The Town of Burgess is in the southwestern 
corner of Bond County, and is bounded on the 
north by the Town of Old Ripley, on the east 
by the Town of Mills, on the south by Clinton 
County, and on the west by Madison County. 
The greater portion is level prairie land, with 
some rolling country in the eastern part. The 
timber was oak, ash, elm, walnut and hickoi-j', 
but it has been pretty nearly all cut down. 
The land is not as well drained as some other 
Iiarts of the county, the prini'iiKil water (f)iirsi'S 
being Shoal creek. Locust fork and Dry branch. 
Soon after the close of the War of 1812, William 
Burgess, for whom the town was nanie(I, came 



hero and located south of Millersburg, on Sec- 
tions 22 jind 27. Joseph Critchtield was another 
early settler. Others were: Joseph Bilyeu, a 
family by the name of Coles, John Bilyeu, 
William Reams. Rolton, John Powers, .\ndrew, 
(Jeorge and James Green, David White, for 
whom White's Fort was named, Isaac Reed, the 
Johnsons and Williamson Plant all settled in 
or before 1.S20. About 1S33, Benjamin Johnson, 
with his brothers, Duncan, Charles, .Tames P., 
Hugh and John P., came here, locating on the 
present site of Pocahontas, and aliout the same 
time the town received th(! Gillespie family, 
the Ridgeways and two men named Weise and 
Stockley. Josiah File came in 18.37 and in 1840 
lOdward Ellis arrived and later became one of 
the heaviest landowners in the town. A saw- 
mill was built on Shoal creek Ijy Thomas Stout 
in 1831, and later a small attachment for grind- 
ing purposes was added, but this was not a 
success. William Burgess ran a small copper 
still on Section 2(1, but it was not operated 
after 1828. In 1838 Duncan .Johnson built a 
small mill on Pocahontas creek, but it long ago 
was torn down. For some time excitement ran 
high when Robert Gillespie found some shining 
particles in the waters of Shoal creek, which 
were pronounced gold by someone in St. Louis. 
However, the hope that Bond County contained 
gold never materialized. The Alethodists. often 
the forerunner of all other religious denomina- 
tions in a new community, organized in the 
house of Charles Johnson, about 1820, with 
Charles Johnson, the Plant family, the Williams 
family, Harley Valentine and wife and a part 
of the Bilyeu family as members. Henry Will- 
iams was the first class leader. The first 
iliurch edifice was built south of the town of 
Pocalnmtas some time during ]82(i, but after 
several changes the present building was put up 
in the village itself, at a cost of .$1.5,0(X), and 
is one of the most modern church buildings in 
the county. 

PocAiioNiAs Village was surveyed March 21, 
18.38, by T. S. Hubbard for Benjamin Johnson, 
the owner, and it is nine miles southwest of 
Greenville on the Vandalia Railroad. It was 
first called Amity, and the postoQice was named 
Hickory (Jrove. When the town was laid out, 
Mr. Johnson made the provision that no lots 
were to be sold t<i anyone unless he would agree 
Mot to handle licjuors of any kind, niis kept 
out a certain element and materially re- 



638 



BOND COUNTY. 



tarded the growth of the town. After realiz- 
ing tliis, the plan was finally abandoned. The 
Town of Burgess is now the onl.v section of 
the i-ounty in which saloons are licensed. Ben- 
jamin Johnson was the first iiostmaster, and 
he also owned the first blacksmith shop, run by 
a man named Herron. The first hotel was oper- 
ated liy P. W. Lamkins, being started in 1837. 
The first store was a general one, owned by 
Ben.iamin John.-son and Dr. Pitch, established in 
l.^.^fi. Dr. Griffith was the first practicing 
physician, he locating here about lti43. TI13 
schools of Pocahontas are good, its people are 
Iirogressive, and its business men reliable and 
prosperous. Pocahontas was the home of the 
Smith Academy, but as it did not pay, the 
pro.iect was abandoned, and the building turned 
over to the public school system. We are 
unable to learn anything definite regarding the 
early school facilities in Pocahontas. In 1910, 
the town had outgrown its school building and 
steps were taken to erect a modern structure. 
The old building was sold to J. C. Williams 
in 1910, moved across the street and trans- 
formed into a commodious hotel building. Dur- 
ing the same year a new eight-room brick build- 
ing was erected at a cost of $13,000 by Trem- 
blay & Reed of Greenville. It is conceded to 
be the best school building in point of material, 
structure and modern plans in the county. N. P. 
Nilsson, A. A. Lindley and the late H. J. Jenner 
constituted the Board of Directors at the time 
the building was erected. The cornerstone was 
laid by the Masonic order, June, 1910. A two- 
year high school course is taught. William E. 
White is the present superintendent, at a salary 
of $1,000 per year. The secret orders are well 
represented here. Gordon Lodge, A. F. and 
A. M., was moved to Pocahontas in 1SC7. The 
Odd Fellows' lodge was organized here in 
October, 1855. The Ancient Order of United 
Workmen was organized in June, ISSO. The 
Good Templar lodge was established February 
9, 1881, but is now discontinued. The Catholic 
Ctiurch was organized in the spring of lS(i9 by 
Father Peters, and is now in a flourishing con- 
dition. The Pnited Baptist Church was organ- 
ized January 10, 1S73, l)y Peter Long, and it, 
too, is doing a good work. 

MiLiJiRSBuno. is in the southern part of the 
town and was laid out by William Burgess, 
being named for Charles Miller, who operated 
the first mill. Its first store was conducted by 



David C. Baldridge, who also built the first 
.store in the village. Fritz Ilackman was the 
first blacksmith. The i>ostofflce was named 
Baden Baden, and Clem Williams was one of 
the early iiostniasters. 

PiEKRON is in the middle western part of the 
town, with a portion of it lying in Madison 
County, although the business part is in Bond 
County. It was laid out in 18GS by J. llerron, 
who gave it his name. He also built and eon- 
ducted the first store. August I'ierron was the 
first postmaster. It is in a flourishing condition, 
and controls the business of the surrounding 
territory. 

CENTRAL 

The Town of Central lies in the center of the 
count.v, and enjoys the distinction of containing 
the County Seat. Hills alternate with prairie 
land, making the scenery very lieautiful. It is 
watered by the east and west forks of 8hoal, 
Beaver and Indian creeks and smaller streams. 
The natural timber included oak, hickory, 
walnut, elm, sycamore, cottouwood and other 
species found in the neighborhood. 

Watt Stubblefield, George Davidson and the 
Kirkpatricks came here prior to the War of 
1812, although they left on account of fear of 
the Indians when the conflict was precipitated. 
At its close they returned. Thomas White and 
William Robinson settled here in 1810. William 
.S. Wait came here in 1820 or 1821. Joseph 
Lindley built the first house here in 1817, locat- 
ing it southwest of Greenville, and he was the 
first permanent white settler in this locality. 
Soon afterward Hezekiah Archer followed, and 
in ISlS came tlie Hunters. After them came 
.lohn Pickett, and a .vear later witnessed the 
.settlement of George Nelson. Samuel White 
and Thomas Long were also early settlers. 
Samuel G. Morse not only was an early settler, 
but he was one of the delegates from Bond 
County to the Constitutional Convention held 
at Kaskaskia. He was the first Sheriff of the 
<ounty, serving from 1817 to 1818, and he also 
taught singing .school. Daniel Converse was 
the first County Clerk and owned one of the 
early water-mills. Sanuiel Houston was first 
dejiuty shcritt", and first memlier of the County 
Court. Andrew Finley was a farmer, cooper 
and storekeeper in the northwestern part of the 
county. Henry Rule was appointed Constable 
for what is now the Town of Central. 



BOND COUNTY. 



G39 



So much of the history of the Town of Cen- 
tral is associated with tliat of the city of 
Greenville, that it has been deemed best to 
take it ui) iiiiilcr separate division, which fol- 
lows. 

GREENVIIXE 

The city of Greenville, the County Seat of 
Bond, i.s an ideal Illinois comniunit.v. iK>ssessing 
a number of historical points of interest ; sev- 
eral industries of imiiortance; substantial pub- 
lie and business buildinsis and handsome resi- 
dences. 

ORIGIN OF NAME 

The origin of the name of this beautiful little 
city is somewhat obscure. Some attribute it to 
the fact that the plac-e appeared so green ; 
others say it was called after Greenville, North 
Carolina, while still others claim that it was 
named for the Rev. Green P. Rice. At any 
rate it is singularly appropriate, for the beau- 
tiful shaded streets, and well cared for lawns 
give an apiHi-aranee of sylvan charm not often 
found amid urban surroundings. 

FIRST SETTLEMENTS 

The tirst settlement within the present con- 
tines of Greenville was made September 27, 
ISIO, by George Davidson, who then entered 
KiO acres of land, obtaining his patent from 
President >Ionroe on April 29, 1825, it being 
tJie southeast ipiarter of Section 10, Township 
5, north, Range :'., west of the third principal 
meridian. His primitive log cabin was in the 
e.xtreine western part of the present Greenville, 
near the present site of the late Mr. H. H. 
Staub's house. The town was origfnally laid 
out by a son of George Davidson, and the Rev. 
(ireen V. Rice, but the plat was destroyed and, 
as it had never been recorded, much confusion 
was occasioned by its lo.ss. The part originally 
platted is now Davidson Addition. 

E.VRI.V HISTORY 

The first tavern was kept by (Joorge Davidson 
on the .southwest corner of the present Sixth 
Street and Main Avenue. The first store was 
opened by the Rev. Green I'. Rice and Samuel 
Davidson, and was located on what is now 



Sixth Street and Main Avenue, but owing to 
trouble over some slaves he had brought with 
him from Kentucky, Mr. Rice sold his part of 
the business to Cyrus Birge. The latter con- 
tinued the store until 1824, when he sold to his 
brother, Ansel Birge, and this was one of the 
leading business houses when Greenville was 
.selected as the County Seat. Another store 
was opened about 1820 by three brothers, Seth, 
Samuel and Klisha Blanehard, who entered 
1,600 acres of land, one mile east of Greenville, 
and called it after them, Blanchard's Hill. Seth 
managed the farm, while Elisha kept the store 
and Samuel did the out.slde trading. Elisha 
Blanehard opened the second hotel, known as 
the Buck and Horn Tavern, which later passed 
into the possession of David Berry, and still 
later became the property of Thomas Dakin. 
Saloons were not known in early Greenville, 
but all the storekeepers kept liquor. In 1818 
Samuel White and George Donnell came to 
Greenville, finding the Kirkpatrieks, Camps, 
Gosses, Rutherfords, Fergusons and old Father 
Elam. It was at the latter's house that the 
early religious meetings were held, and upon 
the site of it is the old graveyard. Paul Beck 
was the first manufacturer, erecting the first 
mill in Bond County in 1817, near the old cem- 
etery, and the excellent spring near it was 
named after him. Asahel Enloe was the old 
singing teacher, and came here in ISIS. Wyatt 
Stubblefield also settled here at an early day, 
and operated a cotton gin and horse-mill. 
Samuel White built the first tannery, which he 
operated, and he and Moses Hinton tried to 
conduct a spinning machine, but as cotton 
could not be grown here, this project was aban- 
doned. James Rutherford began making hats 
in 1822, and continued this occupation for 
several years. Edward Elam operated the first 
blacksmith shop, opening it in 1819. Georg6 
Donnell was the leader of the first Sunday 
.school of Bond County. 

EARLT EVENTS 

In 1S49 Greenville was visited by a cholera 
epidemic, which was the worst the city has ever 
experienced. The stage driver was the first to 
come down with the dread disease, and he was 
followed by Sarah Woolsey, who died the day 
after being stricken. In all there were prob- 
abl.v a dozen doalhs, while many suffered se- 
verely. The pioneer physician had to fight these 



640 



BOND COUNTY. 



various ailiueuts without auy modern iuveutious 
or discoveries. 

CIVIC HISTORY 

Greenville is one of the oldest incorporated 
towns in the state. It was one of the first to 
take advantage of the law, was incorporated 
February 15, 1855, and within a year the ques- 
tion of license or no license was brought up, 
the "drys'' triumphing by a majority of thirty- 
seven. On August 13, 1872, Greenville was 
incorporated as a city, the vote standing 140 
for and five against such action. The first 
election under the new law took place Septem- 
ber 17 following, with three wards. The city 
is now divided into four wards, as follows : 
The first ward comprises all that part of the 
city between Harris avenue on the south and 
College avenue on the north, lying east of 
Second street. The second ward comprises all 
west of Second street, and north of Harris 
avenue. The third ward comprises all north of 
College avenue, and east of Second street. The 
fourth ward comprises all south of Harris 
avenue. 

HISTORICAL GROWTH 

The city of Greenville has grown considerably 
since it was first chosen as the County Seat. 
The original plat was made by John Russell in 
1821, of land which belonged to George David- 
son, the founder of the village. In this plat 
was included what is now known as Davidson's 
Addition, and was bounded on the north by 
College avenue, on the east by Fourth street, 
on the south by Summer street and on the west 
by the city limits. The present city is a mile 
square, containing 040 acres, and the following 
additions have been made to it : Davidson's. 
East, Greenwood's, Dallam's. South, White's 
First, College, Smith's Central, Stewart's Sec- 
ond, Railroad, Hutchinson, Montrose Cemetery, 
.Tu.stice's, Koch's, Vest's, McCasland's, Douglas 
''lace. Moss' First. Moss" Second, Moss" Third, 
roicord's, Baumberger's. Rutschniann's. Mc- 
Lain's, Sherman's. Hockett's. College Second, 
Moss' Fourth, Ashcraft's, Dixon's, Woodlawn. 
Armstrong's. Bradford's, Kimbro's. College Ave- 
nue. Lindly's. Parson's, Vista Del Mar, and 
McGowan's. Greenville has a population of 
3,178, according to the census of 1010, and is 



rapidly growing. The educational advantages 
are of .such a character that a number of resi- 
dents in the rural districts are moving here to 
take advantage of them, and for the many other 
opportunities offered by the city. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

The first school in the city, and possibly in 
the county, was taught in the old brick school- 
house in the west end, by Thomas White. Fol- 
lowing this there were other primitive schools, 
until the Greenville Academy was established 
in the basement of the Congregational Church, 
under the management of Socrates Smith, John 
Marston and others. When the public school 
system was established, the academy proper 
was used as a primary room until the present 
school was built in 1894, by W. B. Bradsby and 
G. H. Stewart, contractors. The cornerstone 
was laid by the Masonic fraternit.v August 10, 
ISiM. Because of the increase in iwpulation. 
this building proved to be inadequate, aud in 
1909 bonds were issued to the amount of $11,400 
for the construction of the present Inglis school. 
The contract was awarded to W. B. Bradsby. 
the cornerstone was laid by the Masonic frater- 
nity, August 20, 1900, and the school was opened 
the first Monday in January, 1910. 

William Cunningham was the first i)rincipal 
of whom there is any definite record, he having 
signed a schedule in 1855. He taught for seven 
years at -fSO per month. H. B. Taylor followed 
him. the last year receiving .fCO per month. 
Charles Clark was the next princiiKil, but re- 
signed after three months to open a book store, 
his wife filling the vacancy until his successor 
could be found. Rev. Thomas W. Hynes was 
induced to take the i>osition, but resigned in 
favor of R. L. Mudd, who taught a year at $75 
]ier month. Miss Florence Holden was the next 
teacher, and she received .$40 i>er month, and 
was followed by James A. Dean, who had a 
salary of .$80 per month. l>i-of. S. M. Inglis 
was principal for fifteen years, and received 
$133 per month. A. K. Carmichael was his suc- 
cessor, and was followed by J. N. Burues, who 
added Ijatin to the course. D. W. Lindsay. 
I'rof. J. T. Ellis. M. G. Clark, Prof. W. Duff 
Piercy, Prof. E. B. Brooks, Prof. C. X. Peak and 
Prof. S. S. Simpson, the present superintendent, 
have also held this important oftiee. Greenville 
is ju.stly proud of its school facilities, employing 



BOND COUNTY. 



641 



as it does a corps of twenty-one iustriu-tors anil 
le^Ting an annual school tax of .$13,000, and a 
building tax of .$.j,000. 

GREEXVILT.E COLLEGE 

(By President Eldon G. Burritt) 

In 1S92, Rev. F. H. Ashcraft, Rev. W. M. B. 
Colt, Rev. T. H. Marsh, Mr. W. S. Dann and 
J. H. Marsh, representing the Central Illinois 
Conference of the Free Methodist Cliurch, pur- 
chased the property of Aluiira College, a school 
for the higher education of women, and estab- 
lished Greenville College as a coeducational 
institution. The college was ineoriio rated under 
the laws of Illinois in 1893, with a body of nine 
trustees, a self-perpetuating board. This board 
of trustees was composed of F. H. Ashcraft, 
W. B. M. Colt, C. A. Fleming, T. H. Marsh, 
R. W. Sanderson, W. T. Branson. .1. H. Moss, 
I.saae Kesler and W. S. Dann. The college in- 
cludes l>esides the College of Arts, the associated 
departments of theology, education, commerce, 
music, art and a College Preiiaratory School. 
The patronage has each year included a good 
local attendance, and students from the outside 
representing over twenty states. The institu- 
tion has steadily grown until in 190-1 the regis- 
tration in all departments was nearly 3M, with 
a faculty numbering twenty. In 190.") the audi- 
torium building, 48x80 feet, four stories high, 
was erected at a cost of !f2.j,000. Rev. Wilson 
T. Ilogue, Ph. D., was the first president, serving 
twelve years, or until 1904. He was succeeded 
by Rev. A. L. Whiteomb, M. S., who presided 
over the institution three and one-half years, 
when. In February, 190S, he was followed by 
Eldon G. Burritt, A. M.. tlie present incumbent. 
The plant, including buildings, grounds and 
equipment, is valued at $100,00<J. Tlip campaign 
for an endowment has resulted to date in a fund 
of ,$:50,(X)0. The chief benefactors liave been : 
James T. Grice, Abingdon, 111.; John A. Augs- 
bury, Watertown, N. Y., and W. S. Dann and 
J. II. Moss, of Greenville. The college stands 
for thorough educational opiiortunities under 
influences which make for Cliristian character. 
The facult.v for the .vear ini.'l was as fullows: 
Eldon G. Burritt, \. M.. president: Jacoli Moyer, 
A.M., dean; .Tohn LaDue. A.M.; William Dree- 
sen. A. B. ; Vincent Hollis Todd, Ph.D.: Clark 
Williury Shay, M. S. ; George MeXight Layman, 



A. M. ; Iva Ernsberger, A. M. ; Mabel E. Kline, 

A. B. ; Julia L. Maynard, A. B. ; Maliel M. Lay- 
man, .M. : Florence Rogers, Ph.B. ; Jiary L. Cole- 
man. Leroy Melton, B. C.S. ; Burton E. Tiffany, 

B. S. : Bertlia Louise Wliite, Mrs. Frank W. 
Choisel, Marguerite E. Keister and William T. 
Easle.v, M. D., Oph.D. 

POST OITICE 

Ansel Birge, the first postmaster of Green- 
ville, was commissioned December 12, 1825, and 
he was followed by Lawson Robinson, in 1829. 
William .^. Wait followed the latter. In 1900 
the office was raised to the second class, with A. 
L. Hord the eighteenth postmaster in charge. 
Through the efforts of Congressman W. A. 
Rodenburg, an appropriation of $65,000 was 
secured for the erection of a government build- 
ing in Greenville. The contract was awarded 
to Barnes Bros, of Logansport, Indiana. In 
November, 1910, the cornerstone was laid under 
the auspices of the Masonic fraternity. On 
September 27, 1911, the postofUce was opened to 
the public, with W. W. Lowis as postmaster and 
C. F. Thraner as assistant. 

GREENVILLE TODAY 

Some of the leading business houses of Green- 
ville have been as follows: Weise & Bradford, 
merchants; F. P. Joy & Co., merchants; De- 
.Moulin Brothers & Co., manufacturers; Helvetia 
.Milk Condensing Co., Greenville Milk Co., J. 
Seaman Hardware Co., Mrs. J. L. Bunch and 
Miss Anna Ragland, milliners; the Greenville 
Building & Savings Association, Frank E. Wat- 
son, druggist; F. H. Wheeler, harness maker; 
J. .M. Hawley. jeweler; White, Anthony, A'aughn 
Co., hardware: Mulford & Monroe, druggists: 
-V. H. Krause, jeweler; .McLain & Cable, gro- 
cers ; Model Glove Factory ; Wise, Cox & Titus, 
clothiers; Potthast Bros., furniture and under- 
taking; W. D. Donnell & Co., furniture and 
undertaking; S. S. Carp, merchant; Johnson & 
Fink, merchant tailors; S. W. AVallace, hard- 
ware: Philip Diehl, meat market; A. E. Smith, 
meat market: John II. .Vdams. Frank Ilentz, 
Edgar Ragland and X. B. Jernigiin, livery; 
.lohn P. Pepin, black.smith and machinery 
.Vuto .Supply & Sales Co., and .\rthur Dixon, 
garages; the Greenville Elevator Co.; John 
Breuchaud. lumber: Greenville Linnber Co.; II. 



642 



BOND COUNTY. 



W. Blizzard, mill ; E. G. Barr ; Keid-Baumberger 
Realty Co. ; Bond Co., Abstract & Title Co. ; W. 
J. Andrews, Joseph Mueller, John Schell, black- 
smiths; B. W. Thornhill, grocer; Wirz Bros., 
cigars ; Hlte & McAdams, shoes ; Chas. M. Durre 
& Co., plumbing; Thomas House, Wheeler 
House, the Railroad Store, operated by S. H. 
Williams, grocer ; Lee Loyd, grocer ; E. B. Haw- 
ley, grocer; E. E. MeEwen, tombstones; Green- 
ville Steam Laundry. W. O. Holdzkom and J. E. 
Hillis, notions. There are also several barber 
shops, restaurants and other business houses. 
The practicing physicians are : Drs. B. F. Coop, 
William T. Easley, K. B. Luzader, H. M. Vaught, 
H. D. Cartmell, J. C. Wilson, E. P. and D. V. 
Poindexter, E. S. Clark and A. M. Keith. The 
dentists are: Drs. G. R. White, X. H. Jackson, 
J. A. Sehwind and F. E. Linder. 



Greenville has had the misfortune to meet 
with several fires, the first being in 1S24, the 
next in 1SS.3. The cit.v was then exempt from 
them until 1S91, when it suffered from two, and 
another followed in 1S93. In 1894 there w'as 
still another. In 1S97 there was a very destruc- 
tive fire, followed in 1902 by two, and the last 
was in 1913. 

FIRE DEPARTMENT 

Cyclone Hose Co., No. 1, formed May 23, 1SS5, 
is the excellent fire company of the city, and 
has responded to many calls. The members are 
volunteers and the comijany is incorporated. 

Greenville has its water supply from water 
works, completed April 29. 1SS5, owned by the 
city but oi>erated by the Greenville Electric 
Light, Heat & Power Co., the capacity being 
30,000 gallons per day. 

CARNEGIE LIBRARY 

The Ladies' lahrar.v Association began about 
185.'), and the beginnings were made for a com- 
prehoiisivo library. On February 22, 18G7, the 
association was incoriwrated, and the ladies 
composing it were instrumental in securing a 
Carnegie library, which was completed and 
opened .\ugust 4, 1905. 

The Methodist Episcopal Chltjch probably 



had its beginning at Hill's Station, where Rev. 
John Powers preached a sermon, in February, 
1816. but it was not until 1848 that definite 
steps were taken to locate the church at Green- 
ville. The following year a neat little, church 
edifice was erected. This served until 1877, 
when a larger structure was built on South Sec- 
ond street, at a cost of .$8,000, on a $1,000 lot. 
In 1892 a parsonage was built, this later 
being sold, and the present propert.v on Main 
avenue was purchased. In 1907 the church edi- 
fice was replaced by the present modern build- 
ing at a cost of $15,000. Rev. J. B. Cummins 
is the present minister. 

The Presbyterian Chdhch was founded 
March 10, 1819, and was then known as the 
Shoal Creek Church, being located about six 
miles north of Greenville. A portion of the 
congregation moved to the city in 1832, and 
the building erected in 1839 stood until removed 
to make way for the Carnegie Library. In 1846, 
the congregation became Congregational in its 
internal government, although retaining its ex- 
terior Presbyterian government. In 1870, those 
preferring the Presbyterian government united 
with others of that faitli, and the remaining 
members continued Congregationalists, the two 
existing side by side until 1897, when the Pres- 
byterian Church was destroyed by fire. After 
this the two congregations united, and in 1903 
the present comfortable house of worship was 
erected. It is now in charge of Rev. Wm. H. 
Kendall. 

The Baptist Church was organized Septem- 
ber IS, 1S36, and after many changes and re- 
verses, in 1902 the present $5,000 church was 
put uf), and is a source of great comfort to the 
faithful members. The Rev. H. A. Todd is the 
present jiastor. 

St. Lawrence Congregation was organized 
May 0, 1877, under the direction of Father L. 
Quitter of Vandalia, In a hall of the First Na- 
tional Bank building. Soon thereafter property 
was bought, and a small brick church erected. 
A church hou.se was built in 1895, and in 1897 
an addition was built to the church. On Oct. 
.30. 1910. it was destroyed by fire and the present 
building was erected at a cost of $15,000. 

(JRACE Episcopal Chirch was organized July 
20, 1878, and was continued as a mission until 
June, 1883, although a beautiful little Gothic 
structure was built prior to that, and since 
then it has been much improved, the interior 



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BOND COUNTY. 



643 



heing very beautiful. Rector .1. <;. Wrislit is 
the present minister. 

The t'liRisTiAN CmiKcii h;ul its l)irth Febru- 
ary 24, ISTs, and the pleasant phice of worship 
was erected in 1S91 at a cost of $3,500 on the 
corner of Main avenue and Prairie street. Rev. 
Chas. H. Day is the present minister. 

The Plymouth Bkethren Congregation had 
its first meeting in Greenville in 1S54, and they 
still bold service in Rutsehly's Hall. 

The Free Methodist Church was organized 
in the fall of ISSO, and in 1S83 the first church 
was built at the corner of Prairie and Vine 
streets at a cost of $1,300, the present edifice 
being put up on the corner of College and Elm 
streets at a cost of $4,000. Rev. Hiram Mont- 
gomery is the present minister. 

The African M. E. Church was organized iii 
1S81 by Itev. Morgan, and services were held at 
the residences of members until the Congrega- 
tionalists offered the basement of their church. 
This was used until 1SS2, when the present neat 
little structure was put up. 

The Second Baptist Church was organized 
July 19, 1890, by Rev. J. W. Feat, and the 
present cburch was erected a few years after- 
wards. 

Ten church organizations make up a large 
quota for Greenville, and it is but due to their 
clergymen and congregations to .say that they 
are in a gratifying condition. The ministers 
are earnest men, deeply interested in their 
work, and some are really magnificent speakers. 
All are laboring with the same end in view, 
and whenever occasion demands they with their 
congregations unite for the lietterment of hu- 
manity or tlie advancement of civic morality. 

BOND county monument 

Bond County's Monument, one of the finest 
in this part of the state, was unveiled Septem- 
ber 19, 1903, on the fortieth anniversary of the 
battle of Chickaniauga, Governor Yates being 
one of the guests of honor. It cost $3,500, is on 
the CV)urt House sipiare. and is the work of 
S. O. Sanders, of Centralia, Illinois. 

CLUnS AND I'RATKRNITIES 

Many chilis and associations have their homes 
in (Jreenville, and arc enthusiastically i)atron- 
ized fur the people hero are intelligent and pro- 



gressive. The Women's Christian Temperance 
t'nion has a strong memliership, and was organ- 
ized April 1, 1879, with Mrs. Emily W. Dewey, 
president. Colby Post, No. 301, Grand Army of 
the Republic, is the meeting place of the vet- 
erans of the Civil War, and its camp fires and 
reunions are a constant source of pleasure to 
these good men. It was mustered in July 2, 
1883, but one-half of the charter members have 
passed awa.v. Colby Relief Corps was organized 
April 7, 1894, and the charter was received that 
same month. The Sons of Veterans organized 
two camps, but Ixitli have been disbanded. The 
Shakespeare, I'ierian, and the Monday clubs, 
and the Browning Circle all furnish Intellectual 
enjoyment to the people of Greenville and tes- 
tify to tlieir interest in higher things. Clark 
Lodge, No. 3, I. O. O. F., was chartered Janu- 
ary 10, 1839; Greenville Lodge, No. 245, A. F. 
& A. M., was instituted October 28, 1850i ; Integ- 
rity Lodge, No. 72, A. O. U. M., was instituted 
April 28, 1877 ; Independent Order Mutual Aid 
was organized September 30, 1880; Victory 
C^niji, No. 452, M. W. A., which is the largest 
lodge in Bond County, was organized November 
2, 1877; Browning Lodge, No. 238, Knights of 
Pythias, was instituted February 15, 1800; 
Greenville Court of Honor was organized July 
19, 1895 ; Melrose Rebekah Lodge was organized 
February IS, 1807 ; Ada Camp, No. 598, N. R. of 
A., was organized March 27, 1897; Mutual Pro- 
tective League was organized April 3, 1899 ; the 
Loyal Americans are the outcome of a merging 
of several other fraternal societies, on Septem- 
ber 15, 1903 ; Knights of Modern Maccabees 
were organized January 22, 1903; Greenville 
Hive, No. 87S, L. of M. M., was organized July 
10, 1903, and the Bankers' Fraternal Union, 
organized December 18, 190.3. All the above 
have a representative membership and are in 
prime condition. 

THE farmers' equity UNION 

One of the largest organizations in Bond 
County designed to benefit the agriculturist, 
is tlie Farmers' Ecjuity I'liion, which was organ- 
ized December 1('>, 1010. It is a national body of 
farmers and wage earners, with headtpiarters 
at (Jreenville, Illinois, and with e.\changos 
already organized in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Missouri, Oklahoma, Kan.sas, Colorado, Nebras- 
ka, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota 
and the State of Washington. C. O. Drayton, 



644 



BOND COUNTY. 



of Greenville, 111., Is natioual pi-e-sident, and R. 
Itouier, of Liberal, Kansas, is vice president. 

Each state in which nnions have been organ- 
ized, is represented on the national board of 
directors. The national president has charge 
of the national union office and directs tlie cam- 
paign of organization and education. This work 
is greatly facilitated by a weekly news- 
paper which reaches every member living in the 
I'nited States and it is a valuable adjunct of 
the organization. It brings the thousands of 
members together on common ground and edu- 
cates them to cooiierate for their mutual benefit. 
The union organizes equity exchanges for 
cooperative buying and selling. In 1914 hun- 
dreds of car loads of apples found a good mar- 
ket through its assistance, in the Dakotas and 
western states, at a fair price. These apples 
would otherwise have rotted on the ground for 
want of a market. The union raised the jirice 
to producers and lowered it to consumers. In 
1913 the union saved the i;raiu men fully one 
million dollars and later will do hetter, for 
with more exchanges and a bigger crop there 
will be a better market. The union is also 
centering the trade for farm machinery, buying 
in large lots direct from the factories, and this 
method saves thousands of dollars for members 
of the organization. The time may come when 
this union will own its own factories and manu- 
facture its own automobiles, wagons and farm 
machinery of all kinds. 

With a substantial start made in twelve 
states in four years there seems reason to 
believe that a prosperous future for the organ- 
ization is in store and wherever farmers come 
to understand its objects and aims, they agree 
that it has the best plan of organization and 
cooperation ever before adopted in their inter- 
est. Literature explaining all plans and pro- 
posals for the future has been prepared. What- 
ever the organization may be to the outside 
world, it has proved beneticial to Bond County 
and has shown a measure of enterprise in a 
number of the leading agriculturists. 

Tliere ar(> many other iioints of interest con- 
nected with Crcenville that ought to be dwelt 
upon, but space forbids. The city is growing: 
it has many modern conveniences, and its law- 
yers, physicians and clergy are exceptionally 
well fitted for their work. The business men 
are substantial, and the citizens iu general reap 
the lienefit of all this effort and prosiiprity. 



OLD RIl'LET 

The Town of Old Ripley lies directly west of 
the Town of Central and extends to the Madi- 
son County line with the Town of Shoal Creek 
on the north and the Town of Burgess on the 
south. The most of the town has a splendid 
natural drainage. The greater part of the orig- 
inal timber, consisting of hickory, oak, ash. 
poplar, walnut and sugar maple, has given place 
to cultivated fields of corn, wheat, oats, hay 
and pastures for the excellent herds of dairy 
cows, there being but one small village in the 
town. Shoal creek, and two forks of Dry 
creek are the principal water courses. It is 
believed that the first settler here was Ander- 
son Hill, who was a native of South Carolina. 
Moses File was another pioneer, who settled 
seven miles we.st of Greenville in ISIS. The 
first mill in the town of Old Ripley was built 
by a man by the name of I^ee on Shoal creek. .V 
lumber mill was also put up in 1840 by Ben- 
jamin and Henry Brown. A tannery was built 
at an early date by an unknown party on the 
Brown farm. A distillery was built about 1S1.3, 
probably by the Wheelocks. Old Ripley Town 
was traversed at an early date by the A'andalia 
road. The first bridge in the town was built 
of wood over Shoal creek on the A'andalia road, 
but has been washed away several times. 

The Village of Old Ripley was founded in 
1S12 by the Wheelock brothers upon a farm 
belonging to a Mr. Lust of Edwardsville. The 
village now has two general stores and a black- 
smith shop, and enjoys a thriving business. 
Dr. Baker came here at a very early date, an<l 
was the first person buried in the old Brown 
graveyard. Owing to the War of 1S12, emigra- 
tion to this section was somewhat retarded for 
several years, but when jieace was once declared 
many flocked to the land of promise. 

MT. NEBO PBIMITIVE nVPTIST CIUUCH 

(By Elder .Tohii Willeford) 

The Mt. Xebo Primitive Baptist Church was 
organized with twent.v-three members by Elder 
Peter Long and Elder Thomas Smith at the 
home of John Co.yle, a short distance south of 
where the Round Prairie schoolhouse now 
stands. The original members were as follows : 
Ransom Gaer, John Coyle, Elizabeth Coyle. 



IJOXI) COUNTY. 



645 



Mary Coj'lc. .Tosiali Pattoii, .Tuditli I'atton, 
Anthony Austin. Barbary Austin. Wni. Coyle, 
Nancy Coyle. Stephen Coyle. .Tohn Couneil. .Tolin 
Hisnight, Elizabeth Ilignigbt, .Mary Ilignight, 
Jane Lister. Sally Paine. Mary Smith. Win. 
I'ulliam. Lavina Coyle and Nathan Hill. Meet- 
ings were held at the homes of the memliers 
until some time in 1835, when a log hoii.se. 30x40 
feet, was built on the present site of the Mt. 
Nebo Church and cemetery. This served until 
the membership outgrew it and about the year 
1S4S a frame house was erected on the spot and 
used for botli ihurcb and school purposes. This 
building was destroyed by fire .January 21, 
1S52. Another house of worship was erected on 
the site of Old Nebo Church and used for a 
few years. In ISGS the church reorganized and 
held their meetings in the Pin Oak schoolhouse 
for about one year and for about twelve .years 
in the Round Prairie schoolhouse, or until ISSl, 
when New Nebo Church, a building 24x3-1 feet, 
was erected and is the present place of worship. 
The first l)usiness meeting was held on Satur- 
day. February 2. 18.33. The minutes read as 
follows: "February 2. Saturda.v, 1833. We, 
the United Itaptist Church called Mt. Nebo, 
having been constituted, proceeded to the elec- 
tion of officers when Hansom Gaer was elected 
ilerk and ,Tohn Council assistant clerk, and 
.John Coylo and .Tohn Ilignight were chosen 
deacons and ordained the next day. .\ door 
was opened for reception of members and 
Si.ster Sally Harmon was received by experi- 
ence. Ransom Gaer, clerk." "Feliruary 10, 
Nancy Willeford received by experience. R. G., 
clerk." Elder Peter Long was chosen first mod- 
erator and pastor and served as pastor until 
18GS. In the latter year the church was reor- 
ganized and chose Elder A. ,1. Willeford mod- 
erator and Willis Willeford clerk. The latter 
has .served in this capacity continu.-iUy to the 
liresent time. In 1880 Elder .lohn Willeford 
was chosen moderator and is the i)resent i-i- 
cumbent. and fiastor, having been such since 
January. 11m>4. Elder Willeford is a nephew 
of Elder Peter Ix)ng. who was the first jiastor. 
Mt. Nebo was one of the pioneer churches of the 
count.v and is still girded with the armor, do 
ing battle for Him that givetli us ]ieace. hapiii- 
ness and a home eternal. 

The Presbyterians built .a little ljri<k cluirch 
in the village of New Berlin. Before the chui-ch 
was liuilt l!c\-. 'I'hos. W. Ilynes held services in 



the first village blacksmitli shop, owned l)y Fer- 
dinand Ganzer. The African Baptists held serv- 
ices for a number of years in a log building 
northeast of Old Ripley. 

The first schoolhouse was liuilt in 1830 on the 
Lee Wait farm. "Readin,' writin' and "rith- 
metic, and spellin' " were taught. Thomas Arm- 
strong and I'eter Long were the first teachers. 
At present there are eight schoolhouses, in which 
instruction is given in keeping with the times. 

KICMINISCEXCES 

We are indebted to Willie Willeford of Ridge- 
point farm, for the following reminiscences. 
He gives them as he has often heard them told 
by Aunt Betsy I'aine, one of the sturdy pio- 
neer women of the early settlements in the town, 

"In 1812 or 1814, three men prospected for 
silver from the mouth of Dorris Creek to what 
was known as the 'Old Shop Hole' on Shoal 
Creek, at the northwest corner of the north- 
west (luarter of the southwest quarter of Sec- 
tion 11, Town .", Range 4. Dorris Creek is one- 
half mile northwest of the Old Shop Hole, so 
called on account of a hatter's shop located 
there in the early days. They found what they 
said was silver and were on their way to Ed- 
wardsville. when they were attacked by In- 
dians and two of them killed. The third man 
escaped and hid the silver in a hollow tree 
on(>-fourth of a nnle northwest of the Shop 
Hole or Sulphur Branch. Numerous unsuccess- 
ful searches have been made for the silver, 
some even as late as ISCO. Remains of two 
white men have been found in this community, 
sufiposed to be the two men killed by the In- 
dians. .\mong the early settlers was David 
Rice from Rutherford County, Tennessee, who 
settled on Section 2, in 1824. James Willeford 
came also from Rutherford County, Tennessee, 
and settled on the same section, in 1827. John 
Huffstedtler settled on Section 11, in 1S32, the 
farm now being owned by John W. Steele. 
Elisha and William Paine and mother settled 
on Section 2. in the twenties. At this time 
much of the town was covered with heavy tim- 
lier. which has since bowed to the stroke of the 
woodman's ax and given place to fields of grain 
and meadows. The last Indians were seen in 
18(!8 or ISGO. A deer was killed as late as 
1S7.5, and wild turkeys, as late as ISSO. Signs 
of these early settlements such as heaps of 



646 



BOND COUNTY. 



stones usefl for chinuip.vs, broken crockery, etc., 
are to l)e foimd." 

The town of ()kl Ripley is liest suited for 
agricultural iiuri)oses. and the neat farmhouses 
and liarns, together with the well-kept fields 
.show that the owners of propert.v here ap])re- 
ciate the opportunities offered and that they 
are taking advantage of them. 

Xew Berlin was founded in September, 1S50, 
by Charles Plog. II. G. .Tandt was one of the 
first residents and kept a store for years and 
was the first ]iostmaster. William I>ytle built 
the first tavern. The first tilacksmith was Fer- 
dinand Ganzer. Religious services were held 
in his shop by the Rev. Thomas Hyues. R. O. 
White was the first teacher at the Mount Ver- 
non schoolhouse. New Berlin was settled prin- 
cipally by the Germans who are everywhere 
noted for their industry and thrift, and when 
they form a conununity it is sure td tlourish. 

SIIOAL CREEK 

The Town of Shoal Oreek is in the north- 
western corner of Bond County, and is bounded 
on the north b.v Montgomery County, on the 
east by the Town of LaGrange, on the south 
l)y the Town of Old Ripley, and on the west 
by JIadison and Montgomery counties. It is 
watered [irincipally by Shoal and Dorris creeks. 
.\le.\ander Robinsnn of Tennessee settled here 
about ISlii. but there were white men here be- 
fore that, although he is the first of whom there 
is authentic mention. He was accompanied by 
Robert and Daniel McCord of Virginia. They 
made their first camping place where Bethel 
cemetery now stands, and named it Bethel. 
Alx)ut ]82."i a church -was built on the spot. 
James AVafer was an early jiioneer. who lo- 
cated northwest of Bethel in 1819. as were 
James Denny, George Donnell, George and John 
Denny. William and Lawrence Stewart, Jesse 
Margraves and Newton Coffee. 

It is impossible to say anything about this 
town without mentioning the churches for they 
played a very important part in the community. 
Old Shoal Creek Church is regarded as the 
mother of all the I'resbyterian churches in this 
section. It was organized by Rev. Solomon 
Gidings of St. Louis, Mo., on March 10, 1S19, 
and was located on the present site of Union 
Grove Church in I^a Grange. So much of the 



history of this town centers about Bethel 
cliurch. that we give it considerable space, and 
are indebted for the history to Miss Luc.v 
Dres.sor, an active member, who is a daughter 
of Francis Dressor, one of the early pioneers 
and a member and supporter of the Bethel 
Cliurcli. 

"On the loth day of September, 1S25, 'Shoal 
Creek' Church was divided into three churehes, 
known as Bethel, Shoal Creek and Greenville. 
The Bethel Church began its separate exist- 
ence on the l.jth day of September. 1S2.5. on 
the site where Alexander Robinson and Robei't 
and Daniel .McCord took a general view of the 
surrounding territory and decided to cast their 
lot, drove a stake in the fertile soil, and said 
■this shall be the central point of our neighbor- 
hood,' knelt upon the green sward and conse- 
crated the iilace and prairie to God. and gave 
the place the name which it so fittingly bears 
to this date. Tliomas A. Spillman was the first 
pastcir. The first church was a log structure 
with Mn Hrei)lace or stove. The onl.v warmth 
was olitained from charcoal, furnished by the 
mcmlters, and jdaced upon a mound of earth in 
the center of the building, the smoke escaping 
through a hole in tlie roof above the mound. All 
of the si.xty-two members with which the church 
was organized have gone to their reward. 

"Far from the madd'ing irowd's ignoble strife 
Their sober wishes never lived to stray; 

-Vlong the cool secpiestered vale of life. 

They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.' 

It is needless ti) say that a church organized 
with such fearless and devoted Christians was 
sure to jirosper. In the first thirty years of its 
existence it was necessary to rebuild on a larger 
scale each time, until the third church was 
erected in IS."). In ciinnection with this church 
was a schoolroom and dormitory for the accom- 
modation of ])ui)ils from a distance who had 
come to attend the academy. During the pas- 
torate of Rev. .Mbert Hale, a Yale graduate, 
the importance of education for the people 
was jiressed by him, and some time between 
1.S.32 and 188(; the academy was built a short 
distance north of the present Bethel Chunh. 
It Hourished for a iiuarter of a century under 
such leaders as Rev. Hale. Rev. Lemuel Foster, 
I'rof. Jacob Clark, David .V. McCord, J. N. Mc- 
Cord, James Hall McCord, Mr. Floyd, Rev. Smith 
Howell. T. H. Holmes, Smiley Denny, Miss 



BOND COUNTY. 



647 



Margaret AiiJrews, Mrs. Meliiula I'otter and 
Rev. N. A. Hunt. Many of the relatives of these 
pioneer teachers are now iinmbered anioni: the 
leading citizens of the community and are still 
devoted to the mother church. Bethel. AVe are 
loath to leave yon Bethel, hut time and sjiace 
forbid our lingering longer. Sutfice it to say 
that Bethel is in a flourishing c(mdition. main- 
taining regular services as we write." 

Pleasant I'rairie Presbyterian Church was 
foiihed from the Mt. t'armel Society then ex- 
isting in Montgomery County. February "24, 
182S, with C. G. Keown as the first regular ]ias- 
tor. 

About 1S.5.S the first jiulilic scIkihI liiiikling 
was erected on the site of the present building, 
by Milton Rosebro and Hiram Dressor. The 
first board of directors was composed of : Robert 
McC'ord, Bloomfleld Davis and Francis Dressor. 
The first teacher was Rev. N. A. Hunt. In 1SS4 
the present building was erected and J. G. 
Donnell was m.nde principal, and Mrs. Mary 
Armstrong, primary teacher. The school, rocked 
in the cradle of Bethel, ranl<s among the best 
in the county. .Tames E. Morgan, a Christian 
minister, is the jiresent priniii)al. and Fannie B. 
Strain. |iriuiary teacher. 

VILI..\(iK OF .M'firSTA 

Karly in the history of the Town of .'<lioal 
Creek, it is .said, some one built a .sod fence. 
from which sprouted a beautiful grove of cotton- 
wood trees, hence the name given to the little 
village which was surveyed on June !», IK'yU. 
by Ashael Enloe. for .John Mitchell & Co., pro- 
prietors. It. like many other villages of the 
county has had its metamorphosis. It was set- 
tled as Bethel, nicknamed CottonwocKl Grove, 
for the reason heretofore given, and platted as 
Augusta. 



which is under the management of J. E. Hig- 
gins. a relative of the heroic ranger, Thomas 
Higgins. It also has a milk (lejiot under the 
same management. 

H.VHUisoNviM.K was s\irveyed in 1.S3.S by T. S. 
llubli.nd for the proprietor. .Vndrew Finley, and 
was on Pleasant Prairie, about twelve miles 
northwest of Greenville. IJttle by little it 
passed away, until now nothing but the ruins 
mark the place where it once .stood. There are 
a number of these deserted villages in Illinois. 
F.nterprising promoters have laid them out, hop- 
ing to get peoiile to locate in them, but unless 
the spot jwssessed some special advantage the 
pro.iect did not succeed. 

Tiiii Vir,i,.\(iE OK DoNNELi.sox was originally 
laid out in the County of Montgomery, but later 
considerable territory was added from the towns 
of La Grange and Shoal Creek. All the part 
added froni l-.i Grange was >acated, leaving but 
a small iiortion of the village in the Town of 
Shoal Creo'k. all of which is now residence 
pro|ierty. 

Tin; \'n.iA0i; oi- I'.vxama was surveyed by 
R. F. Eastman, civil engineer, of Chicago, for 
F. P. Blair. The iilat was recorded .Tune 2, 1905. 
It is situated in Bond and Montgomery counties. 
In Bond County it is on iSection 27, Town 7, 
north : Range 4. west of the third principal 
meridian. The town was platted for the pur- 
|iose of jiroviding homes for the workmen in 
the Shoal Creek Coal Company's mine which is 
the leading industry in the town, furnishing 
coal to the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
road, which passes through the town, although 
there are a number of substantial business 
houses. 



THE VIM .\GE OK RENO 



(By F. F. Thacker) 



On the coming of the .Tacksonville & South- 
eastern Railroad, the present village of Reno 
was platted by .Tohn Kingsbury for Julian H. 
McCord and D. B. Ha rued. The plat was re- 
corde<l .Vpril .S, 18S.'?. According to the i-ecords 
of plats, the village of Reno is directly east 
of the old village of Augusta. There are two 
general stores, one owned by L. W. Boyd, and 
another known as the Reno Equity Exchange, 



Sorento was surveyed and laid out by R. K. 
Dewey, for .\ug\ist Scharf. the owner of the 
land, April 2.S, T,ss2. It is situated on jiarts of 
three sections, to-wit : Section .Sl-7-4. and Sec- 
tions ."> and (!-0-4. and is at the crossing of the 
Toledo. St. I,ouis & Western Railroad and the 
Jaiksonville & .St. T-ouis branch of the Chicago, 
Burlington & Q\iincy Railroad. A few years 
before the town was platted, A. II. Scharf, the 



648 



BOND COUNTY. 



owner of tlu' land <in which the original town 
was surveyed, visited for a time in Sorrento, 
Fla., and was so taken with tlie beauty of the 
place that he suggested the town I)e named 
Sorento, omitting one "K." The town grew rap- 
idly from the lieginning, was incorporated April 
21. 1SS.5, and now has a large number of sub- 
stantial business firms, among them being E. 
Hawkins, N. J. Bollenbaugh & Co., T. E. Vollen- 
tine, M. Wolff, C. B. Curry & Albert Wade, C. F. 
& Geo. W. Gipson. L. Robert Cliesnut, J. J. 
.Smith. .T. F. Whitworth, Bollman-Cowen Mercan- 
tile Co.. .T. W. Kinney & O. M. Edwards, .Jr.. 
general mercluints: S. E. Cress, hardware: W. 
E. Denny, bakery ; .Tolin W. Bee.son. druggist : 
W. W. Duncan, dispensary ; .Sophia Corlew, pho- 
tographer ; Chris Zimmerman, meat market : 
Beeson & Cress, bankers, James Smith, cashier; 
T. W. Kinzer & Co., lumber: James I. Long. 
•Sorento Blade: C. I. Gordon, undertaker and 
furniture: J. J. Hopson, P. D. Davis and John 
.Terden, barbers: AVm. Faris and James IJiggius, 
livery : and Illinois Colliery (\>. : William Foran. 
postmaster: William Wood, news agent, and 
Drs. J. D. Chittum and W. W. Duncan, physi- 
cians. The people of Sorento are mindful to 
remember the Sabbath Day and have erected 
four handsome churches, all of which are earn- 
estly striving for the Master's cause. They 
are the Presbyterian. Uev. W. F. Gibson, pas- 
tor: Methodist. Itev. G. H. Hall, pastor: Baptist. 
Rev. W. X. Babb. jiastor. and Free Methodist. 
Rev. R. C. Xowlan, pastor. 

SORENTO SCHOOLS 



and the building was completed in 190.">. A 
Mi.ss Buchanan was the first principal, serving 
during 1SS4-S."), and receiving .$ti0.00 per month. 
Following her were : Robert Tliacker. ISS.")- 
90. at .$70.00; Mrs. J. Emerick, lSOO-91, .$G0.00 ; 
E. E. CVimbs. 18fH-92, .$70.00; E. E. Combs, 1802- 
Oli. .$70.00; J. H. Grigg. lS03-!»(>, .$70.00; T. E. 
Savage, 1896-1000, .$70.00; W. P. Hampton 
(part of) 1900-01, .$t!0.00; Je.sse McDavid, (part 
of) 1900-01, .$7.->.0O; W. W. Griffith, 1901-03, 
$7.j.00; R. W. T'pton, 1903-04. $7ii.OO; I. S. Baily 
(part of) 1904-0."i. .$7.5.00; W. R. Duncan (part 
of) 1904-0.", .$7ri.<)0; W. I{. Duncan. 19O.j-O0;, 
$100.00; A. II. Jackson, 19O0-07. .$100.00; J. W. 
White, Supt.. 1907-14, .$1(IO.()0-I2.j.00. The pre.s- 
ent roster of teachers is as follows : Superin- 
tendent J. W. White, principal. Daisy Gardner, 
Leta Shult, Ellis Kimble. Gladys Chamberlain, 
Visla Cliesnut, E.sfella Alsop and Irma Jestes. 
Sorento also has its societies, namely : The 
Modern Maccabees; Odd Eellows, Xo. (ioO; Royal 
X'eighliors; Masons; Modern Woodmen of Amer- 
ica ; and .Xemaskett Tribe Xo. 170. I. O. R. M. 
Of the original business men. John W. Beeson 
and S. E. Cress are the only ones still in active 
commercial life. A. F. Gwynn erected the first 
building, but has retired from active business, 
though he still clerks for E. Hawkins, not- 
withstanding the fact that he has passed the 
"three score and ten" mark some time ago. 
With good farms, and trading centers, well sup- 
ported churches and convenient transiiortation, 
the people of the Town of Shoal Creek have 
every reason to be proud of their locality, and 
satisfied with their lot in life. 



(By Superintendent J. W. Wbitcl 



The Sorento school district was organized 
June .". 1883. with L. Denny. W. H. (iriffith and 
A'incent Cruthis. directors. A school building 
was erected by Reeser and Griffith at a cost of 
.$3,7.'50. In 1S91, the board of directors was 
changed to the board of education, with John 
Driskill, president: t!. R. McYey, secretary; 
Rufus Cruthis, E. Johnson. Henry Comiiton. 
George Jennings and E. R. Graybruck, mem- 
liers. In 1904, it became evident that the old 
iiuilding was inadequate, and the present com- 
modious brick structure was erected by Oswald 
Bros, at a cost of $l.j,00O. The cornerstone was 
laid October 24. 1904. by the Masonic fraternity. 



ItOND COINTY SOXG 



It is a|ipropriate to close this record of Bond 
County with the county song written June 17, 
1903. by .John H. Xowlan, one of the leading 
educators of the county, and present surveyor. 

LITTLE BOND 

■'Vou ask what land I love the best 
Little Bond, 'tis l.ittlc Bond. 



BOND COUNTY. 



649 



The fairest gem on Egypfs breast, 

Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 

From yonder Shoal Creek's rippling 

To where the Oliaw waters gleam, 

O, fair thou art as poet's dream. 

Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 



"The first to rule the Prairie State. 

Shadrach Bond, was Shadrach Bond. 
.\. noble man, whose heart was great. 

Shadrach Bond, was Shadrach Bond, 
Thy honor can no other claim, 
.\nd still thy honor to proclaim 
(lur little county bears the name, 

Shadrach Bond, of Shadrach Bond. 



"Thy lowland fields are rich with coi 

Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond 
Where iilenty fills her golden horn, 

Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 
See how thy wondrous prairies shine 
With grain and meadows growing fine 
O, happy land. O land of mine. 
Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 



"Thy herds are noted for all time. 
Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond, 
stream Thy prai.se is sung in every clime. 
Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 

Their product goe.s to eveiy land. 

From Arctic snows to Afric's sand 

And Indian Ocean's coral strand. 
Little Bond, 'tis Little Bond. 

"And thou hast schools that -are thy boast. 

Little Bond, my Little Bond. 
From them we may expect the most. 

Little Bond, my Little Bond. 
'Tis our own schoof we love the best, 
But may the others, too, be blest. 
And fortune's smile upon them rest 
Little Bond, my Little Bond. 

rn, "Go read tlie story of thy past. 

Little Bond, my Little Bond, 
What honored ones of old thou hast. 

Little Bond, my Little Bond. 
So long as Time's great cycle runs 
And others boast their honored sons, 
Thou'U furnish equal worthy ones. 
Little Bond, my Little Bond." 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



THE PART OF BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL HISTORY — 
CITIZENS OF BOND COUNTY AND OUTLINES Ol' 
PERSONAL HISTORY — PERSONAL SKETCHES Aii- 
RANGED IN ENCYCLOPEDIC OBDEE. 



The verdict of iiiankiiul lias awarded to tlic 
Muse of History the highest place amoiii,' the 
Classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, 
appears to be. by many minds, hnt imperfectly 
understood. The task of the hlstori.in is ooinpre- 
henslve and exactins. True history reaches be- 
yond the doings of court or canip, beyond the 
issue of battles or the effects of treatie.s, and re- 
cords the trials and the triumphs, the failures 
and the successes of the men who make history. 
It is but au imperfect conception of the jihiloso- 
phy of events that fails to accord to iwrtraiture 
and l)iosraphy its rightful position as ji part — 
and no unimportant jiart — of historic narrative. 
Behind and beneath the activities of dufward 
life the motive power lies out of sight, .iust as 
the furnace fires that work the piston aiid keep 
the ponderous screw revolving down in the dark- 
ness of the hold. So. the impulsive iwwer which 
shapes the course of comnninities may be found 
in the molding influences which form its citi- 
zens. 

It is no mere idle curiosity that iiromiits men 
to wish to learn the pri'STite. as well as the ]iub- 
lic, lives of their fellows. Rather is it true that 
such desire tends to prove universal brother- 
hood : and the interest in personality and biogra- 
phy Is not confined to men of any particular 
caste or vocation. 

The list of those, to whose lot it falls to play a 
conspicuous part in the great drama of life, is 
comparatively short ; yet conununities are made 
up of individuals, and the aggregate of achieve- 
ments — no less than the sum total of human hap- 
piness — is made up of the deeds of those men and 
women whose primai-j- aim. through life, is faith- 
fuU.v to pei-form the duty that comes nearest t<> 
hand. Individual influences upon human affairs 
will be considered potent or insignificant, accord- 
ing to the standpoint from which it is viewed. To 
him wlio. standing upon the seashore, notes the 
ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen 
roiir of the waves as they break upon thi' beach 
in seething foam, seemingly chafing at their lini- 
Itatious, the ocean appears so vast as to need no 
tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that 
helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the mighty 



torrent of the Mississippi would be lessened and 
the beneficent influence of the (iulf .Stream- di- 
minished. Countless stre.-ims. currents and coun- 
ter currents — snmetinies mingling, sometime.s 
counteracting each other— collectivelv combine to 
give motion to the accumulated mass of waters. 
So is it — and so must it ever be — in the ocean of 
human action, which is formed by the blending 
.111(1 repulsion of currents of tboiigiit. of influence 
and of life, yet more numerous and more tortu- 
ous than those which form the "fountains of the 
deep." The acts and characters of men. like the 
several faces that compose a comimsite picture, 
are wrought together into a compact or hetero- 
geneous whole. History is condensed biogi-aphy ; 
"Biography is Hi.story teaching by example." " 

It is lioth interesting and instructive to rise 
above the generalization of history and trace, in 
the personality and careers of the men from 
whom it sprang, the principles and influences, 
the impulses and .-unliitions, the labors, stnig- 
gles and triumphs that engross their lives. 

Here are recorded tlie careers and achieve- 
ments of pioneers who, "when the fullness «f 
time had come," came from widely separated 
sources, some from lieyond the sea. impelled by 
ilivers motives, little conscious of the import of 
their acts, and but dimly anticipating the har- 
\est which would siiring from the sowing. 
They Iniilt their primitive homes, toiling for a 
present sul>sistence while laying the foundations 
of private fortunes and future advancement. 

Most of these have jiassed away, but not before 
they beheld a d^'elopinent of business and popu- 
lation surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy or 
expectation. A few yet remain whose .years have 
passed the allotted three-score and ten. and who 
love to recount, among the cherished memories of 
their lives, their reminiscences of early days. 

[The following: items of personal and family 
liistory, having been arranged in encyclopedic 
(or alphabetical) order as to names of the in- 
<JividuaI sub.iects, no special index to this part of 
tile worlc ^vilI be found necessary. 1 

ALEXANDER^ Hon. Elias John Calvin. It ha» 
lu^eii a wonderttil period in the history of the- 
I'nited States of America that has bridged 1S2!> 
with 1014 and in one of Bond County's most 
honored citizens is found one whose span of 
life has covered this interim and during a large 
liart of it he has assisted in making vital the 
events of his times. He was horn .March 29, 
1s2!t, on his father's pioneer farm in Shoal 



651 



652 



P.OXI) corxTV. 



Creek Townsliii). Bond Coiiiity. Illiiinis. a sou 
of Josiali N. and Fannie (McWhirter ) Alex- 
nuder. Joslali N. Alexander was liorn in (Juil- 
ford Cnuuty. North Carolina. December 17. 17712. 
of Scotch-Irisli ancestry, a son oT Francis and 
Letitia ( Bra den > Alexander. Two of the 
Bradens were soldiers in the Itevolutiouary 
War, and one niemlier of the family siirned the 
Mecklenhers Declaration. Josiah X. Ale.vai;der 
was married to Fannie McWhirter. who was 
liorn in Tennessee. In 1.V22 they came to Bond 
Connty and settled on land on Shoal Creek, 
having; previously visited this section with his 
hrother Elias. who spent his siibseiiuent life in 
that township. i.Tosiah X. Alexander became a 
prominent man in many wa.vs. the owner of 
4S0 acres of land and a leading; politician. He 
was a personal friend and a great admirer of 
.Vbrahani Lincoln and was one who assisted in 
the formation of the Itepubliear. jiarty. He 
and wife were active in hriniiing about the 
founding of the Presbyterian church in Bond 
County,^ In advanced age he moved to Green- 
ville and died there when aged about fight.v-one 
.years. 8he died when Elias J. (;. Alexander 
was only six years old. The.v had sLt cbildrei! 
and of this family Elias .John '". is the (iily 
survivor. Two of the .sons. Davis and Harvey, 
left no children. .Tediah, who was a promincnl 
newspaper man and was the fir.st president of 
the Vandalia Railroad, left five children : 
Edward P.. Mrs. Alice Carroll. Mrs. Kate 
Capps. now decea.sed. and Mrs. (Jrace Caiips. 
were interested in the Peoples Woolen Mills at 
Jacksonville. Illinois, as was Paul 1"., of .Tack- 
.sonville, Illinois. 

When Elias John C. Alexander was old 
enough to attend school the sessions were held 
in a log cabin not far from his home and after- 
ward he went to the village schools of Creen- 
ville and there entered what has lieen called a 
school, in other words, a iirinting office. The 
Oreenville Journal was then edited liy Ills 
lirother. Jediah Alexander, and he learned his 
trade there and in isrio bought the paper, which 
he conducted until 1861. He was thoroughly 
patriotic and felt that every man owed a sol- 
dier's duty to his country and when the call 
was made for troops he enlisted in Company 1), 
Twent.v-second Illinois Volunteer Infantry for 
three years and during his term of service 
dieted as i)ress corresiiondent as well as lighter 
jind on account of his valor was elected first 
lieutenant of his eonipiin.v. After a year of 
hard service his health gave way and he was 
obliged to resign and return home. In June. 
1SG3, Mr. Alexander again took charge of his 
newspaper and continued to conduct it in the 
interest of the Itepublican party and later was 
elected a mendier of the state legislature. Hem. 
Shelby M. Culloni at that time bcin,' speaker lu' 
the house. Mr. .Mexandcr served two terms in 
the legislature and contiiuied to edit the .\dvo- 
cate until 1n(;."i. when he went to Litchtield and 
bought the Xews. making it one of tin leading 
Republican papers of the state. In ls(i7 he 



went to Hillsborr) and bought the Monitor, 
which he conducted until l>i7*!. when he turned 
his attention to au'ricultural ]iursuits. buying a 
farm which he conducted until IMtl. when he 
sold that property and bnught a farm of his 
brother Harvey, situ.-ited two and niie-half miles 
north of (Jreenville. It contained 141' acres 
and that remained the family home until llllO. 
when Mr. Alexander sold it and imrchased his 
comfortable residence in Greenville. Here his 
surroundings are such as his age and honorable 
station in life make approjiriati" and here he 
is held in esteem and vener.ition by his fellow 
citizens. 

On May l.j, lS(i2. Mr. Alexander was married 
to Miss I.ucy Handle, who was born in Macoupin 
Count.v. Illinois, a daughter of John (i. and 
Maria S. (.\rnold) Kandle. The Arnolds came 
from Virgina to Illinois early in the twenties 
and settled on a farm in Macoupin County, and 
the Handles came from Xorth Carolina and 
settled in ISlfi in Madi.son Count.v. Lucy Han- 
dle was one of a family of eight children, three 
of whom grew to maturity. Her de.-ith occurred 
in ]s7.">. the motlier i>f five children: Percy, 
who was born in October. ISdS. died in 1910: 
Aictor. who was born Ma.v 22. ISfii;. is a mer- 
chant at Oklahoma City, married .Jennie Bar- 
ringer and they have the following children: 
Estella, who married Albert Mosher and they 
have one son, Harold: and Linn, Llo.vd, Ro-ss. 
Fred, (ilailys. Elva. Carl. Grace and Kenneth : 
Charles, who is a resident of Woodward. Okla.. 
married Grace Sprague: .\lnia M.. who married 
C. M. Hoberts and they have one child. Aima 
Ethel, born October 4. iti(l7; and Fre<lerick W.. 
who died in 1002. The second marriage of Mr. 
.Vlexander took i)lace January 1. ls7(i. to Miss 
Sarah Enuua Handle, a sister of his lirst wife. 
.She was born February l.S. IS.jO. Six children 
were Ijorn to this marriage, two of whom died 
in infancy. The eldest son. Davis Franklin, was' 
born Jul.v 14. Is77, and was married to I)ella 
C. Jett. Xovember Ki. isnn. and they live at 
Greenville with the children, Harold, Guy, 
Helen, C-atherine and Edwin; Henry II.. who 
was born April 13. 1SS2. lives in Oklahoma, 
married Lena Dean and they have three chil- 
dren : Eveline. Dean and Vaughn : Grace, who 
was born .\iiril 10. lSN.j. married Peter Cline. 
a farmer in Mulberry (Jrove Ti>wnshi|i: and 
Clarence Stanley, who was born June 2s. Isss. 
is in the C S. Xavy. on the C S. Ship Michigan. 
Mrs. .Vlexsinder's great grandfather Handle was 
a soldier in the Revolutionary War. On the 
maternal side the Pettus family was distin- 
guished and Col. Pettus was not only a soldier 
but also .1 diplomat and was entruste<l with a 
message to the King of England, then a much 
more damrcrons mission than it woiihl be at the 
present day. For many years Mr. and Mrs. 
.\lexander have been members of the Lutheran 
Chui<h. 

ALEXANDER, Leroy E., whoso fine stock 
farm is situated on Section K'.. Shoal Creek 



noXD COUNTY. 



653 



Townsliiii, was Ixini on Section 12, Slioal Crpcl; 
Towiislii|i, liond ('(innty, Illinois. .Inly 2."p, ]S(:i. 
and is a sou of Jlolanctlion II. and Caroline 
(Foster) .\lexander. Melanctlion II. .Vlexandei- 
was l>orn .Tune 12. 1n2s. in tlie above n.inicd 
township, a son of .Toll n 1). and .Mary (.M<-t'ord) 
.Alexander. .Tohn I). .Moxander was liorn in 
MeeUlenhers Connty. North Carolina, Oetolier 
24, 17!i:{. and in IMO went to Tennessee. His 
father was .Tededi.-ili .\lexander, a native of 
Pennsylvania, wlio. after servin;; as a soldiei' 
in the Itevolntionary War and jierforniini; many 
valonms deeds, moved to .\ortli Carolina ;ni<l 
lived there at the time the Keelaration of Inde- 
pendence was signed, the name of .\lexander 
apjieariTij; on that innnortal docnnient. Tn lS2it 
.Tohn I>, .Alexander moved from Tennessee to 
Bond County and settled at first on the farm 
which is known as the Crnthis |ilacc. later' 
movini: on Section 12, the old I'.rith place and 
Liter the ]iroperty of M. II. .\IexaniU>r. He was 
one of the fonndei's of the Hethel I'resliyterian 
Church at Iteno. The family of .Tohn I >. .Alex- 
ander is recorded as follows: AYilliam F., who 
was born in Tennessee, .April 2(1, 1S2(>, died 
.Tannary 2;t, 1S47: .Tames II.. who was born in 
Hond County. February 27. 1822. died .Tnlv 2."i. 
1S22: Hubert W.. who was born .Tnly 11. 1s2:!. 
was killed by Indians in California and robbed 
of his tiold : Demas M.. who was born December 
IS. ls:i."i, served in a Kansas r(>f,'iment during' 
the Civil War and died Feliruary 11, 1x71: 
Melancthon IT., who was born .Tune 12. 1S2s. 
died April 21. IS.SS; .Tohn Lafayette, who was 
born Xovenilier :M>. ISoO, died September 22. 
1S46: and Amelia .1., who was born .Tuly 2!l. 
1S.'?3, and is the wi<low of .Tohn V. Mi-Farland. 
Me was born in Cape (Mrardean County, .Mis- 
souri. .May l.">. IsM.'!. a son of Uobert McF.-irland, 
of ,\'(U-th 'Carolina. On .V|u-il 2ii. isct;. he was 
married to .Vnielia .1. .Vlex.-uider. who survives 
and resides with her nephew, Leroy K, .Alex- 
ander. The death of Mr. McFarland occurreil 
November 3. lsf(7. 

M. IT. .\lexander w.-is ;;eni,il and acconuiio- 
datiiiii and (he worthy jioor were never turned 
empty handed awa.v from his door. Me married 
Caroline \', Foster, who was born at Troy, 
New York, T)eceniber 2(!, 1S41, Her fath<'i-, 
I{ev. .\aron Foster, a Methodist minister, 
liroujiht his family to Hond ('(umty, Illinois, in 
18.">7. tor seven .vears jirevionsly h.-ivinj; (anitbt 
school at .Tacksouville, and afterward, as a 
memlier of the St. Tjouis Couferenie, jireached 
at different ]ioints. Mis deadi occurred at Dan- 
ville. Illinois, in 1S!I4. To M. II, -Vlexauder 
.'mil wife eiirlit children were born, namely: 
a babe (bat died in iufanc.v; l.eroy F., who was 
horn .Inly 2."i. ISOI ; (Juy Itaymond. born .lanii- 
ary iT^. 1s(;4 : is deceased ; Walter, born Febru- 
ary 2(!. 1S(i(;. died ,'it the ajre of nine years: 
Mary, born .April 1'.). 1S7(l. is the wife ol' .1. .A. 
Kosebronirh, of liristol, Cohprado; I'erc.v, born 
.N'oveniber 2. 1S71, lives on (he old homestea<l : 
ClareiK-e .S., born ,luue 2(5. 1s77. is ]iro]irietor 
of tile Motel Thorn, ,-i( Topek.-i, K;nisas. ami 



Chester, The mothei- of the ,'ibove family is 
still liviui,' in TojieUa, Kansas, with her second 
hiisliand, .T. I., Davis. I!o(h she and her hus- 
li,incls wei-e members of th(> Presbyterian 
I ■hurch, 

I-eroy K, ,Alexander attended school in Dis- 
trict No, 12 and afterwards Urown's Business 
College at .Tacksouville, In 1SS7, after teach- 
ins; school for one year in Bond County, he 
went to Wichita C<iunty, Kansas, where he al- 
ternatecl (e.-ichinii and farmini.' until Istts and 
then returned (o I'ond Coun(y and took charce 
of his ;iunl's farm, situ,'i(ed on Secdon 1;!, Shoal 
Creek Township, consisting: of .".."O acres, under 
.1 hi;;h state of cultivation. Since 10(10 he has 
uiven much attention to breedinj; I'ercheron 
horses and has now in his stnd a tine animal. 
Filo. which is resistered .\o, '.l(l(l4:!. which he 
pnrcli.-ised of (be Hnu of Tavbu' iV: .Tones, of 
Williamsville, Illinois, foaled' April 2!l, 1!>11, 
weiL'bt 1,(i."i(t iiounds. steel :.'ra.v, which is 
;ickiiowleils.'ed to be one of the liiiest three-year- 
(ilds in this part of the State, Mr. .Alexander 
handles the Durham breed of cattle, which have 
many tine ]ioints, Thrmish itimxI .iudjiment and 
devotion to his liusiness he has been unusnally 
successful in his undertakings. 

Oil .Tul.v 7. 1SS7. Mr, .Alexander was united 
in niarriaf;e with Miss Zella F. JlcCord, who 
was born in ^Minnesota, .Aui;us( ;!(), ISCI. and 
they ha\-e had the followiiiir children : I^oy 
.McCord, whip was born October ."!, ISSl), is the 
wife of Kev. Horace F, Orr. fiastor of a 
rre.sbyterian Church at Cincinnati. Ohio: 
Melancthon II., who was born .April :!0. 1S!)1 : 
Marold D.. who was born February 10. ISO.'i : 
.M(>lva .A., who was born Deceiuber 7. 1000, died 
,Tune 2."i, lOo:', ; Zelma Flecta, who was born 
.April 2N, 10(i."p: .Aluiina Fditli, who was born 
September 2."p. 10(1(1: and a babe, the first born, 
wlio died ill its infancy. Mr. and Mrs. .Alex- 
ander are active ineiubers of the I'resbyterian 
Church, of which he has been a Deacon for 
nine years and an Flder for the jiast three years 
and while livini; in other sections was an Flder 
for len years, liaviui: always performed his 
duties and accepted his responsibilities as a 
rermioiis man. In his political attitude he lias 
always been a Uepiiblican. Me is social in 
leniperanieiit and is a niemlier of the Court ipf 
llipiior and the M. W. A., at Iteli' 



ALEXANDER, Percy, one of (he well known 
leii of Bond Coniify, residinj; on Section 12, 
hoal Creek Township, was born on this farni. 
.November 4. 1n71, and is a sou of .Melancthon 
M. .Alexander, more extended nieiilion of the 
.Alexander family beiiiK found in this \n|unie. 
rercv .Alex.-inder was reared on llie home fariii 
;ind enjoyed educational ;ind other ad\;intai;es. 
.After attendiiii,' the public schools in Shoal 
Creek Township, he became a student at .Alinira 
Colle;re. now (Ireenville Colleu'e, and subse- 
i|uently took a full business course at Central 
I'.iisiiiess Colle.:.'e, Seil;ilia, .Missouri, while re- 
siiliii',' for a time ,if Carwood, Kaiis.is. He then 



654 



BOND COUNTY. 



accepted a riosituui with the McCoi-iiik-k Har- 
vester t'oiiiiiiiiiy. in 1W17, as a stenoKraplier in 
their general otlice at Kansas City, afterwards 
became a sliiiipin;; clerk in tlieir otlice at 
Springtield, Miss<puri, and tlien went out as a 
traveliiif: salesman and continued with that 
great corporation until iUOO. In that year he 
resigned ami accepted a position a.s stenog- 
rapher with the riant Milling Company, at St. 
I/ouis. from which city he returned to the home- 
stead in Feliruary. I'.lOl. since when he has 
been interested in general farming, stock rais- 
ing and dairying. 

On December 1(1. I'.lOd. Jlr. .\lexander was 
married to Miss Catherine E. Alien, who, at 
that time, was also a competent stenograjiher 
in the employ of the McCormick Harvester Coni- 
pan.v. She was born near Springfield. Missouri, 
December Ifi. 1S77. a daughter of William and 
Catherine (Kauer) Allen, and a granddaughter 
of .Tames Allen. William .\llen was born In a 
suburb of riiiladelphia. rennsylvania. March 
2."), 1S4!). wliere be was a carpet weaver. Near 
Marion. ()hi<r. he worked for a .vear as a farmer 
and then his fatlier sent him to Springfield, 
Missouri, and about ls(is he bought a farm seven 
miles north of that city. Later his father and 
stepmother went to Missouri wliere they re- 
mained a short time and then .Tames Allen re- 
turned to I'hiladelphia. where he lived until 
Ills death in ISTS. William Allen married a 
Miss Hauer, wlio was born at Berwick. Seneca 
('lounty, Ohio, May -. is.'ili. a daugliter of (ieorge 
and Magdalena (Wagner) Bauer, both of whom 
were born in I'^rance. He died in Ohio. Ma.v .">. 
ISb'l, having been born in 1S21. Five years 
later his widow married (Jeorge Faul and they 
moved to a farm near Springfield. Missouri, in 
bSCi". where he died .lune 17. lllll. slie having 
dieil May ."i. 1".l(t4. 'I'bey were ;ictive members of 
the Lutheran Church. Four children were born 
to .Mr. and Mrs. .\llen : William .\.. born Octo- 
ber 4. ls7.">, died February '22. 1S7(; ; Catherine 
Klizabetli. now Mrs. .\le.\ander. born Decendier 
111. 1S77: Martha M.. biuii October 10, 1S7'.I, died 
February .">, ISSO; and William Clyde, born 
.Tune 2. IsSl, died .Taniniry L'7. ISSL'. The father 
of Mrs. .Vle.xander die<l .Tamiary l!:'., iss.'i, and 
since tlien the mother resided with her step- 
father until his death in .Tune. I'.ill, when she 
moved to the home of her daughter in Illinois. 
Slie still owns the home farm of her stejifather. 
situated in .Missouri. To .Mr. and Mrs. .\lex- 
ander the following children have been born ; 
Merrill .\llen. who was born Xovember 27. liHIl : 
Clyde Kussell. who was born .Tul.v 17. l!l(i;!; 
Mary Lois, who was born .luly 7. iDO.'i. died 
.Tulv 22. I!l0."i; and Irene .May. who was boni 
Manh Kt. I'.lOs. 

Since Mr. Alexander took i-harge of the home 
farm he has made notable improvements and 
probably there is no rural home in the town- 
ship so well e(|nipped with modern comforts. 
.\de(|uate beating l).v furnace makes the winter 
as comfortable as the sununer and a complete 
system of lighting by gas Illuminates botli rcsl- 



deuce and barns at niglit. An air of refinement 
jjervades flu- household and a hearty hospitality 
is tendered even the stranger. They are active 
in the I'resbyterian Church, both teachers in 
the Sunday school, and he is one of the trustees 
and she a member of the Wimian's Missionary 
Society and the W. C. T. T'.. while he belongs 
to the Maccabees. He Is a well informed and 
liberal minded man and a practical and suc- 
cessful agriculturist. Mr. .Vlexander has named 
his farm The old Homestead, his grandfather 
having patented the land from the (bivernment 
in lS3(i and 1S49. 

ALLEN, William A., M. D., owner and propri- 
etor of .Vllenburst. a fine estate of lAW acres, 
lying in LaGrange Townsliip. for many .years 
has been one of Bond County's leading physicians 
and surgeons and is well known in all parts 
of the state. He was born .Tanuary 28, 18.56, 
in Eastfork Township. Montgomei-y County. 111., 
and Is a son of Robert S. and Harriet (Ohmart) 
.\llen. Itoliert S. Allen was l>orn in Rocking- 
ham County, N. C.. November 22, is;!:;, .md died 
-Vugust 1, is'll. Hi 18.54. in company with two 
other young men. he came to Montgomer.v 
<'ounty. III., bought land there and farming 
and stoekraising occujiied his entire active life. 
He came of Scotch-Irish ancestry and had pa- 
triotic blood in his veins. His great-grand- 
mother was an aunt of Cov. .\lfred Scales, once 
chief executive of North Carolina, and his mid- 
dle name was given in his memory. F<n- many 
years he was a .justice of the jieace and was 
infiuential in public matters and a stancli sup- 
liorter of the principles of the Democratic jiart.v. 
He earl.v became a member of the Masonii.' 
fniternity and valued this connection through 
life, and both he and wife belonged in name 
and faith to the Cundierland Presbyterian 
Cburcli. 

In Montgomery County, III., in 18.5.5. Robert 
,^. Allen was married to Harriet Ohmart. who 
was born in Eastfork Township, Bellefountain, 
Ohio, and died at Donnells(Ui, in iri(H), the 
mother of two children: William A. and (Jeorge 
N. The latter was born in 18.58 and is a promi- 
nent retire<l i-esident of Donnellson. ■ III. The 
niateru.il grandfather. (!eorge W. Ohmart lived 
in Eastfork I'ownshl]) for some years and then 
removeil to New Salem, a place made illustri- 
ous in state history as the old home of her 
greatest citizen, .\braliam Lincoln, and there 
Mr. Ohmart died, his wife having died In Ohio. 

William A. .Mien was born on a farm and, 
although the greater part of his life has been 
professional in character, he has never lost 
bis love for agricultural ])Uisuits. At the age 
of eighteen .\('ars. having received a district 
school (mIuc-iIIou merely, he began to teach 
school in order to provide the capital fcv fur- 
ther edm-atlug himself along the line of medi- 
cine. In fact, when only seventeen years of age 
be had made up Ills mind as to his future ca- 
reer aiKl bad coMimeiiced his preparation un- 
der Dr. Il.-iyiu's. then ;i iiractltuuier, and con- 



BOND COUNTY. 



655 



tinned his stiulies fdi- tliiee yciirs. and in 187<i 
entered the Missouri Medical college now 
known as Washington rniverslty at St. Louis. 
Mo. There he was creditabl.v graduated in 
1.S78 and then returned to Montgomery County 
and entered upon a period of most successful 
practice and continued there until 1882. In that 
year he established himself at Oonnellson and 
there continued in practice until isit'.i. since 
which time he has already devoted himself to 
his farm and stock interests, not entirely, how- 
ever, giving uji practice. There are families 
all through this section who would feel bereft, 
indeed, if deprived of his advice and there are 
many who would look far before the.v found so 
kind, .sympathetic or charitable practitioner. 
.\s early as 1894 Dr. Allen had purchased 200 
acres of land situated on Section 0. I.aOrange 
Township, to which he has continued to add un- 
til he now has l.JOO acres, with hOO acres in 
one body in Bond County, the other 310 acres 
l.ving in Montgomer.y and Madison counties, and 
also has 1(10 acres in Redfield, S. D. Ilis home 
is in Bond Count.v but he manages and con- ' 
trols his entire eslnte with the assistance of 
his son-in-law. Riiymond Harwood. Mi\ed 
farming Is carried on an<l nuich grain and stock 
raised, .\niiually Dr. Allen sells from IcO to 
l.'iO head of cattle and from eighty to 1(10 head 
of hogs and from 200 to .'iOO head of «hee|). In 
one .year his land has produced 3.(i00 bushels 
of wheat and ."i.OOO bushels of oats. He has 
additional interests and has contributed to many 
pulilic spirited enteriirises such as road build- 
ing. In May, 1913. the State Bank of Donnell- 
son was organized, with a capital of .fSO.OOO. 
Dr. Allen being elected its president and a 
member <if the board of directors, being one 
of the main shareholders in this institution. 
He has other banking interests, owning thirty- 
live shares in the Bradford National Bank of 
(ireenville. 111., the same number in the Hills- 
boro National Bank and a large jiercentage in 
a bank at San Marcial. N. Mex. 

On May .">. 1881. Dr. Allen was married to 
Miss Clara Clotfelter. who was born on a farm 
near Hillsb<u-o. 111.. November 22. 18r>7. a daugh- 
ter of .lames W. Clotfelter. This was a North 
Carolin.i family that started for Illiiuiis when 
the father of Mrs. Allen was but a child. The 
grandfather died shortly afterward but the 
grandmother with her nine children continued 
on the way and landed at Hillsboro In 1S33. 
Mr. Clotfelter was reared in Montgomery County 
and became a leading citizen and a large land- 
owner. Biith be anil wife died there. Ihe latter 
in 1897, and he 190."i. Dr. and Jlrs. .\llen have 
one daughter. Kuhy. who jvas born Keliriiary 
13, 18S2. After many educational and social 
advantages she was married on .lune 8. 190.S 
to Bayiuond M. Harwood. and they have one 
son. Allen Harwood, who was born April 21, 
1909. Jlr. Harwood is a native of Shell)yville. 
111., a ]iractical and jirogressive agriculturist 
and in the management of this large estate is 
associated with Dr. Allen. 



Dn October 11. l!ni. Dr. Allen and wife 
started on a long pro.iected trip .around the 
world and remained four months in foreign 
lands visiting all i)oints of world-wide interest, 
including the Pyramids of Egypt and the casino 
at Monte Citrlo. Like many other American 
travelers they welcomed with iiatriotic emotion 
the Stars and Stripes wlien they were safely 
landed once more on American soil, at San 
Francisco, and reached home in .March, 1912. 
Dr. Allen is a thirty-second degree Mason and 
a Knight Templar and Shriner. Politically a 
Democrat, he .served occasionall.v in local ottices 
in Montgomery County but has steadily refused 
political honors in Bond Count.v. He is liberal 
in his contributions to charities and churches 
and his wife and daughter are members of the 
Presbyterian Church. A man of genial, pleas- 
ing personality as Dr. Allen could not fail of 
winning friends and admirers but the regard in 
which he is held goes much deeper, and it 
includes the confidence and esteem of his fel- 
low citizens generall.v. His friendly feeling for 
his professional brethren is well known and 
a late testimonial to the same was shown b.v 
Dr. Allen, when he extended an invitation 
through Bond and Montgomery counties for 
forty-two of his brother medical men and pro- 
vided for their delectation a famous quail din- 
ner. It was thoroughly en.joyed by both host 
and guests. Perhaps, however, the most engag- 
ing side of Dr. Allen is shown in the home circle 
where he jiroudly bears the title of grandfather 
to the sturd.v and beautiful boy of four sum- 
mers, who. greatl.v re.sembling him in feature, 
may. it is fondly hoped by all his kindred, 
develop into the same type of honorable man- 
hood. 

BABCOCK, Hiram Hamilton. A residence of 
fifty-eight years, and a career characterized by 
business industry, integrity and honorable deal- 
ing, well entitle Hiram Hamilton Babcock. of 
Mulberry Grove, to extended mention in this 
volume as a representative of the honored citi- 
zens of Bond County. Although he is now living 
retired, having accumulated a competency and 
leached advanced years, he continues to take an 
active interest in the progress of the conununity 
in which he has lived .so long, and with the 
•ulvancement of which he has been so closely 
identified. Mr. Babcock was born in Franklin 
County, Ohio, near the city of Columbus, .Inly 
13. 184."i. and is a son of Ira and Margaret 
(Krdwn) Babcock. 

.lames Babcock, the founder of the Babcock 
family in America, emigrated to this country 
from England, some time during the sixteenth 
century. His son. Zebadiah Italuock, the grand- 
father of Hiram H. Babcock. served during the 
Kevolutionary War. enlisting in the Continental 
army when a mere lad. Subseipiently he moved 
to Franklin County. Pennsylvania, where he 
was married, and later went to Franklin County. 
Olliii. where be passed Ihe remaining years of 
his life in farming. The m.iternal great-grand- 



656 



BOND COUNTY. 



fatlier of Hiram Ilaiiiiltoii Balieock was limn on 
the coast of Virginia, as was his son. James 
Brown, who in later life moved to Penus.vlvania 
ami thence to Franklin Conut.v. Ohio, where he 
died. 

Ira Babeoik. father of Hiram H. Balicock. 
was born in Franklin I'onnt.v. Penns.vlvania. 
February (!. istll. and was a lad when he acconi- 
jianied his jiarents to Franklin Count.v. Ohio. 
where, at Cireleville. he was marrie<l to Mar- 
garet Brown, who was born Sefitemlier S. ISlo. 
In the Shenandoah Valle.v. Penns.vlvania. In 
18.51 Ira P.alico<k came to Bond f'onnt.v. Illinois, 
and bonsht a small farm in Mulberr.v (Jrove 
Township, .iust north of Mulberry Grove. He 
and his wife were devout members of the 
Baptist Church. Mr. BabcocU was a man of 
alert and energetic mind, was a great reader 
and kept him.self well informed as to all state 
and national matters. In politics he was orig- 
inally a Whig, Iiut subsequently joined the 
Republican party, voted for Abraham Lincoln, 
and continued to support Republican princijiles 
throughout the remainder of his life, although 
his unasstiming maimer and modest ways would 
never admit of his being thrust forward as a 
<'andidate for any ollicc. He died on his farm. 
October (!. 1S74. while the mother survived him 
for a long i>erlod. passing to her final rest 
.January 24. ISOS. at the ripe age of eighty- 
eight years. Their children were all born in 
Fraukiin County. Ohio. One daughter died in 
Infancy. William .lames accompanied liis par- 
ents til Bond County, and when the war broke 
out. enlisted In ISHl In Comiiany C. Twenty- 
sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, among the 
first volunteers. He ilied at Island Xo. Kl. 
from sickness and e.xposnre. and was burled in 
an unknown grave near that jioint. Byron 
Babcock died of scarlet fever while a resident 
of Bond County. Olive was married in Ohio 
to Francis Wilcox, and came to Bond County. 
Illinois, where both she and her husband died. 
Kache! married .Marshall Largent. came to Illi- 
nois, and later moved to .Toplin. Missouri, where 
she died April I'.i. lOo:!. at the age of seventy 
years, the remains being brought back and 
interred in Mulberry (Jrove. Matilda died in 
Mulberry (Jrove Townshl]i at the age of eighteen 
years. 

Hiram Hamilton Babcock was but a lad when 
he accompanied his parents to Mulberry Grove 
Townshii>. and here he grew up on the home 
farm .iust north of the village, beginning to do 
his full share of work as so<in as he was able 
to reach tlii' plow-handles. He conunenced his 
I'ducatlonal training in a little log caliin. fitted 
with slab benches, with a log out for the 
entrance of light, and a stick chimney at one 
end. Freipiently. when the wind was high, 
this i)rimitive fireplace would allow the smoke 

to blow back Into the r n. and in this blinding. 

choking atnios|ihere the p\ipils would endeavor 
to s<ilve the mysteries of the -three U's." Later, 
Mr. Babcock attended a school some three miles 
from bis home, to get to which he was coui- 



]ielled to cross (illlaui Creek, and as there had 
been no liridges built, tlie inipils who lived on 
the south side of that stream had to "coon It," 
as the scholars called crawling across the shaky 
logs. The district was snbseipiently divided 
and a frame building erected, known at that 
time as the PIgg school di.strict. where Mr. 
Babcock completed his education. He continued 
to work with his father on the home farm until 
February (!. ls(i.">, when he enlisted in Conipan.v 
D. l."4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, uuistered 
into the I'nion service at Camp Butler. Illinois, 
and on Feliruary 24 was sent to Louisville. Ken- 
tucky. The regiment then marched to Xash- 
ville, Tennessee, but was detained li.v li(^ids 
until JIarch 2, and then went by rail to Mur- 
freesboro. Here the regiment suffered greatl.v 
from the cold rains and exposure, and many 
of the men died. Mr. Babcock was among those 
missing on account of sickness, having been 
stricken with malarial fever, but on March 1.'! 
was able to march with his command to Tulla- 
homa. where he remained in an enfeebled condi- 
tion until .Tune 11. On that date tlie regiment 
returned to Xashville. on Septendier 18 being 
mustered out of the service, and (Vrdered to 
Sjirlngfield. Illinois, for final pay and discharge. 
September 2fl, l.'^fi.'i. After his brave and faith- 
ful service, Mr. Babcock returned to the home 
place, where he twik charge of oiieratlons. and 
continued to tenderly care for his parents until 
they died. 

On December 22. isds. Mr. Babcock was mar- 
ried (first) to Miss Xancy Largent. who was 
born three miles north of Mulberry (Jrove. Bond 
County. Illinois, daughter of Marshall ,1. Lar- 
gent. and to this union there w,-is born one 
child, who died in Infancy. .Mrs. Babcock died 
Decemlier 22. 1870. On Jlay 11. ]87ti. Mr. Bab- 
cock married (second) Sarah .lane Booker, 
who was born in (Jreene County. Mi.ssourl. 
Octolier 2i>. Is.jO, daughter of ,7ohn and Mary 
(Beals) Booker, natives of Tennessee. The 
Booker family came to Bond County. Illinois, 
and settled on a farm three miles north of Mul- 
berry Grove, where Mr. Booker died in .Janu- 
ary, 187(i, and the mother in lss8. Mr. Booker 
was a soldier in the Federal army during the 
Civil War. enlisting from MIssotirl. and while 
in the arm.v suffered a ])aralytic .strcike, caused 
by long marches and exposure, which no donlit 
hastened his death. After their nnirriage. Mr. 
and Mrs. P.abcock settled on the old home ''arm. 
wliere they resided until lss2. and tlien came to 
Midberry (Jrove and purchaseil a lionie. when- 
they have since lived. On the obi farm their 
first four children were liorn. and of these two 
died In intamy. Their cliildren have been as 
follows: Wllmer. Iiorn .lainniry 1. IssL wh.o for 
eleven years has been one of the most tr\isted 
and faithful conductors on the Vandalia Rail- 
road, married Miss Belle Doidiam. a resident 
of Terre Haute, Ind. : Fsles ('.. liorn October .'!. 
1ss2. a lineman in the employ of the Postal 
Telegraph Coiujiany: Klbert o.. born .\i)ril 17. 
18S4, who died August 2.s. ls!l.-i; Fthel M., born 



BOND COUNTY. 



657 



July 14. ]SMi. will) inari'it'il CUiy Hopkins, one 
of the sufccssful farm(>rs and stockmen of 
Fayette County. Illinois, has two cliiUlven — 
Marvin anil Orel : Elsie L.. horn June 1. ISSO. 
a praetiral and ohliginj: telephone oi>erator: 
Majrjrie il.. born Ot-toher 24. 1891. for many 
.years a telephone oiJerator in the office at Green- 
ville. Illinois, where her services are hijrhly val- 
ued ; Emnu'tt W., horn May 28. 1S95. a tele- 
sraph ojierator on the Vandalia Railroad ; I.eon 
W.. horn Xovemher 24. islis ; and Ira I)., horn 
Septemlier 24. 11102. As the children have srowii 
uj) they have lieen jiiven the hest of ed\ieational 
advantages, and have lieen fitted to occu|>y hon- 
orahl.v and efticiently such positions as the.v 
may he called upon to fill. All are livins; use- 
ful, industrious lives, a credit to their trainins 
and their comnuuiity. 

For many years Mr. and Mrs. Babcock have 
heen devout niemhers of the .Methodist Episco- 
pal Church, and have been active in its work. 
He has heen a Keimblican in his political views 
ever since attaining: his majority, and has en- 
deavored to suiiiM)rt the princifiles as advocated 
by I'resident Lincoln. He has not desired pulilic 
office on Ills own account, having preferred the 
peaceful activities of farming to the strusKles 
and sometimes doubtful honors of the iiolitlcal 
arena. Mr. Babcdck is a valued member of 
Grand Army of the Republic I'ost Xo. ."iT9. 
while Mrs. Babcock is popular with the members 
of the Women's Relief Corps, both at Mullierry 
Grove. 

BAUER, Christian. Tn reviewinj; tlip life of 
a man liki- Christian Bauer, the biosraplier is 
struck by the fact that in him are embodied 
many of the characteristics which make for 
good citizenship and successful operation of 
any enterprise, for he is enter|irisinsr. honoralile 
and understands thoroughly the b\isiness he is 
conducting. For some time he has been engaged 
in general merchandising at Pleasant Mound, 
and is generally recognized as a good, all- 
round citizen in every respect. He was liorn 
at Winzerhansen. Germany. May 2.". 187."i. a son 
of John and Friedericke (Peter) Bauer, both 
natives of the .same place. There the parents 
were reared and educated, and there their mar- 
riage took place. In 1884. these jiarents brouglil 
their family to the United .States, landing at 
Xew York Clt.v. frf)m whence they came direct 
to Bond County, Illinois. Here the father pur- 
chased seventy-one acres of land in Pleasant 
Mound Towushi|i. To this original purchase 
more land has liccn added from time tu time 
until the homeste.-id now conipris<'s 2(MI .-icres, 
••ill in a high state of cultivation. Thei'c is a 
tine orchard on the |iropert.v, as well as various 
kinds of snnill fruit. While John Bauer has 
practically retired, renting his land, he still 
lives on the farm. He and his family all be- 
long to the German Evangelical Church, in 
which they are very active, .\ man who Is 
always willing to bear his part in public Im- 
provements or prhnte charities, he is highly 



respected by all who know him. and the family 
stands very well in the county. The children 
biuMi to .John Bauer and wife were: Gottob. 
who is a farmer of Bond County: lyouis. who 
is a harnessmaker by trade, is a hardware 
salesman fm- J. Seaman of Greenville: William, 
who died in lStr>: Charles, who is a machinist 
of .sit. Eouis. Missouri: Christian, whose name 
heads this list: Fred, who is a phnubing and 
steam Httiug contractor of St. Louis. .Missouri : 
Frederiecke. who married Ferd Firnsteser of 
St. Louis, now retired from active business 
life: and Caroline, wlio married Henry Grei- 
mann. a farmer residing near Ilookdale. this 
coinit.v. 

Prior to coming to .Vmerica. Christian I'.auer 
attended school for one year, and after his 
arrival in Bond County, coiuiileted his education 
in the e.xcellent schools of Pleas.-int Mound 
Township. Tntil he was twenty-seven years 
old he found plenty of employment for his 
energies <in his father's homestead, liut at that 
time he purchased forty acres of land and two 
years later bought eiglity acres on Section 22. 
Pleasant Mound Township, moving on his farm 
iumu'diately thereafter, and beg.an making im- 
provements which materially increased its 
value. Here he raised a good grade of cattle 
and engaged In the dairy business, having 
twelve cows. In addition to operating his own 
property, he conducted the homestead, and was 
very successful in his oiierations. In 1913, Mr. 
Bauer traded his farm for a large stock of 
goods at Pleasant Mound, and moving to the 
village, occupied the old store until .\ugust. 
19i:!, when he Ixmght the stock and store build- 
ing owned bv James F. Harper, one of the old 
established n'lerchants of the place. The building 
Is :?9.\(i(l feet. Mr. Bauer moved his original 
stock to his new iiurchase, and since then has 
been carrying goods valued at .$7,(K10. He deals 
in general merchandise, poultry, eggs and farm 
nmchlnery, and already conuuan<ls a splendid 
trade. His motto is "A square deal, full mea- 
sure and weights." His idea is to make a 
reasonable profit from quick sales, as he prefers 
to keep his goods moving and Insure their 
always being fresh and new. .Mr. Bauer i)ays 
the iiighest market price for commodities, a 
fact which Is apiireciated by his patrons. 

(In June "22. 19(12, Mr. Bauer was married to 
Miss Louise Priemeyer, born at Holzhauseu, 
(Jeriuany, December 14, 1877, a danghtev of 
llem-y Priemeyer, who was born in that same 
city. In 1SS2 iie came to the T'nited States, and 
in 1N92, returned ami brought over his famil.\. 
Mr. and Mrs. Bauer have had five children, two 
of whom died in iufani-y. the others being: 
Frederiecke. who was born May :!1. ^'■»^'>: Marie, 
who was biM-n .Vugust 19, 19(i7: and Fred, who 
was born January 11. 1912. .V Democrat In 
political faith, Mr. Bauer was elected to fill 
the ollice of school director for eight .years upon 
his party ticket. .\s he Is a friend of education, 
all (Jermans being that, he advocated good 
schools aud fair salaries to efficient teachers. 



658 



BOND COUNTY. 



A lieliever in hard roads in order that crops 
may lie properly moved, he has worked to 
secure them. 

lie and his wife are consistent members of 
the German Evaufielical Church of Hookdale. 
Illinois. 

BEAN, Jesse, who is one of the honored pio- 
neers of Bond County, now re.sidinjr on Section 
35, Shoal Creek Township, was horn in Fentress 
County. Tennessee, right on the Kentucky line 
and a part of the old home farm lay in Ken- 
tucky, April 1.3, 1840. His parents were William 
and Margaret (Rains) Bean. William Bean 
was liorn in Fentress County. Tennessee, in 
180(1. a son of .Jesse Bean, who was a native of 
Pennsylvania and liad located in that section 
in 1798. This farm was situated <m one of the 
main roads between the North and South and 
in the days alio^e spoken of. drovers passed 
continuall.v with their flocks and herds for tlie 
southern market. On this farm they were very 
often entertained and proceeded un their way 
refreshed. William Bean died there in IsiiO, 
leaving a wife and four children. He had mar- 
ried Margaret Rains, a native of Kentucky. 
In 1852 she left the old home and with her chil- 
<Iren drove overland to Bond County, where 
she had a brother. Newman Rains, who had 
come here about 1832 and subsecpiently became 
one of the substantial men of the county. The 
travelers lan<leil in Bond County in l>>-">4 and in 
the fall of ls."i."i .Mrs. Beau became the wife of 
.Tames Clanton. They settled on his fanu of 
400 acres, situated near the present home of 
.Tesse Bean. That land had been entered from 
the Oovernment by Mr. Clanton and he died 
on that farm. To her first marriage Mrs. Clan- 
ton had. as said, four children: .Tesse. Kliza- 
beth. who married .Tohn I'aine, a prominent 
man in Bond County; Ilazzard, wlio died in 
18(il : and Mary, who is the wife of .Tohn Plogg. 
a resident of old Ripley, Bond County. 

.Tesse Bean was twelve years old when he ac- 
com])anied liis mother, brother and sisters to 
Bond County, He had attended scbool in Ken- 
tucky, and was well informed for his age on ac- 
count of having met and listened to the conver- 
sation of so many strangers as they tarried at 
the farm when passing througli with tlieir stock. 
.\fter his mother's second m;irriage he worked 
for his step-father until he was eighteen years 
of age. when he was married to Miss Rachel 
I'aine. a daughter of Klisha and Annie (Fen- 
ton) I'aine. He rented a farm on which they 
moved in 18(Kl, later moving to a forty-acre 
farm owned liy the mother, on wliich they lived 
until ls7."i. when he bought forty ai-res on Sec- 
tion .".."i. all heavily timbered at that time, and 
here has made his liome ever since. After his 
log cabin was liuilt he began to clear his land 
for improvement, put in crops as soon as pos- 
sible, then bought more land, cleared it and 
again jiut in crops, working hard and never 
sparing himself and in this way accumulated 
IL'd ac-res. For Ihirtv years lie was a br(>e(ler 



of fine horses and mules and he recalls that his 
best horse was a Cleveland bay. He took an 
interest in that stock and at fine time had sev- 
enteen fine s|iecimens. 

When his steji-father died Mr, Bean brought 
his mother to his own liome and gave her tender 
care during the rest of her life. To his first 
marriage Mr. Bean had twelve <hildren boru. 
nine of whom grew to maturity. Klisha. the 
eldest, was accidentally killed in a coal mine 
at Pana. He married Emma McCracken and 
they had three children : .Mbert, Caroline and 
.lay, Kosetta became the wife of William r)avis 
of Old Rijiley and they had the following chil- 
dren ; Roy, .\da. Edna. Grace. Earl and Alice, 
Mollie married M. M. Merry and the.v live in 
Legrange. Willis is a farmer in Madison Coun- 
t.v. Calvin is a farmer in Slioal Creek Town- 
ship. Henr.v is a farmer near (Jrand Oak. Okla.. 
Frank is a merchant in Old Ripley. Jesse is 
a cigarmaker at I^os .\ngeles. Cal,, and Walter 
lives at Greenville. Ill, The mother of the 
above children died in November. 1903. She 
was a devoted member of the old Nebo Baptist 
Church. 

On November 27, 1904, Mr, Bean was married 
to Mrs. Mary A. (Faulkner) Roberts, widow of 
George Roberts, to whom she was married 
March 31. 1871. He was a farmer near Virden. 
111. Mrs. Bean was born on a fann which is 
the present site of Centralia. October 11, 1857. 
a daughter of Feli.x and Itnth Faulkner, They 
were natives of Baden. German.v. After com- 
ing to Illinois the father became a large farmer 
and later was a merchant in Centralia but con- 
tinued to nranage his farm and there the luother 
died in 18.5s. survived but a short time by the 
father. They had three sons and four daugh- 
ters: Mrs, Bean; Mrs, Mattie Hewitt of Cen- 
tralia ; Elizabeth, widow of .Tames Hall, of Mill- 
wood, Macoupin County; T.aban, deceased: Rob- 
ert, died near Springfield : Sanuiel also died 
near Springfield, and Robert, deceased, who. 
with Laban. served four years and six months 
each as soldiers in the Civil War. A half 
brother of Mrs. Bean. George Faulkner, died in 
Montana, Her father was a very early set- 
tler and he and wife were atuong the active 
members of the early German Lutheran Church. 

To her first marriage Mrs. Bean had the fol- 
lowing cliildren born : Walter Roberts, an en- 
gineer on tile Wabash Railroad, with home at 
Hecatur: Eva. wife of Henry Be-au. now of 
Oklahoma and they have two children. .Tesse 
and Robert: .Viuiie. wife of Benjamin Trock- 
ler. of Rock Island. Ill,: Myrtle, wife of Wal- 
ter Henderson, of Peoria, and tliey have four 
children, .\nnie. George. Etta and Harlen. the 
last named having been adopted by his grand- 
mother. Mrs. .lesse P.ean, He was born .Tanu- 
ary 22. 1WI9. After the marriage of .Mr, and 
Mrs, liean they settled down in comfort on 
the home farm. They are members of the old 
Nebo Bapti.st Church and are the best kind of 
I)eople, friendly and hospitable, kind and 
neighborly. 



BOND COUNTY. 



659 



BENNETT, Mrs. K. M. Kioni Viijrinia came 
soiiie (if till- iiKist sulistuiitial peiipU' of Hond 
<'ouiit.v and in aluiost every siathcvins of olil 
settlers to this lUiy will be fouiul those wlin 
eiitereJ into lile in the Oltl Doniiniim. In many 
'•ases nieniliers of old fnniilie.s remained in what 
had been their homes for fieneratioiis throni;li 
the events that separated one part of the old 
State froui the rest, on aoeount of its loca- 
tion callinK it West Virginia, but the ehauKe 
of name did not ehanfie the solid eharaeter of 
the people. It was at Kstherville. in West Vir- 
ilinia. that Mrs. K. M. I'.ennett. one of the well 
known and hiiihly esteemed residents of (Green- 
ville was liorn. The ]iarents of Mrs. IJeniiett 
were J. S. and .\anev (Krownlow) Martin, both 
natives of A'irsrinia. They had the following; 
.hildren : .T. S.. Itobert. T. (J.. B. E.. Eliza. Xaney 
It.. Katherine M.. (Mrs. P.einiett). and Myrtilda. 

When their second daughter. Katherine M. 
was a child. Mr. and Mrs. .Martin moved to Ma- 
rion County. 111., where she was reared and 
educated and from there came to (ireenville 
soon after the clo.se of the Civil War. Here 
she was united in marriay;e. in ls(i."i. with (i. R. 
Bennett, who ci inducted a drug store in this 
city, an honorable, u|iriglit and successful busi- 
ness man. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett had two sons. 
Lewis E. who lives at Fort McKinley. Maine: 
and Charles C. C. who is deceased. 

Captain Lewis E. Bennett was horn February 
]s, ISOS. at Greenville. 111., and reared in this 
<-ity, attendini; the ]iublic .schools. .Vfter he 
had finished his course in them, he was sent to 
the De I'auw liiiversit.v. where he was given a 
military and legal training of four years' dura- 
tion, and he was graduated therefrom with 
high honors. Following this he was offered 
an appointment to West I'oint. but declined, and 
returning to Creenville. ojiened a law office at 
East St. Louis. With the death of his father. 
he took charge of the Greenville drug store. 
but as he did not like the business, he .sold it. 
.\1I his life he had a leaning towards a mili- 
tary career, and when still a mere boy had 
joined the State militia and was made colonel 
of his regiment, being the youngest man so hon- 
ored in the .State. For five .vears he was in the 
service, as colonel of the Second IJeginient. 
T. X. (;.. anil was detailed on coast defenses. He 
■wa.s apjiointed by the governor of I'drto Rica, 
a ma.ior. and when he returned he was sta- 
tioned at Fort Banks. JIass. There he s|ient 
four years, when he was transferred to Fort 
Hamilton. He was also at Fortress Monroe, 
and then went to the I'hilipiiines, where for 
three years he was in charge of the mortar 
guns, of the coast artillery, being one of the 
most efhcient men in the service. In all he has 
spent fifteen years in the service of tlu' gciv- 
ernment and is held in the highest esteem b.v 
liis sujieriors. while he has won and retains the 
respect and affection of his men. In l!n4 he 
was placed in command of Fort Levett on 
I'ushings Island on the coast of Maine, one of 
the most important ]iosfs on the eastern coast. 



Captain Bennett was married to Miss .Tosepliine 
Tiffin, born near (ireenville, as her family was 
one of the pioneer ones of I'.ond ('ouiit.v. 

Ch.irles C. Bennett, the second son, was a 
young man of fine promi.se wlio after leaving 
the (ireenville schools, took a medical cour.se 
at St. Louis. Mo., but the hard work prior to 
his graduation, undermined his health and he 
died just as life was oi>ening uji before him. 

The late C. It. Bennett was one of the rep- 
sentative men of Greenville, who with his wife 
did much for the Jlethodist Church they had 
early joined. He died May 4, 1802. All his 
mature years lie was a strong supporter of the 
principles of Abraham Lincoln, as embodied lu 
the Republican part.v. 

-Mrs. Bennett is proud of the fact that her 
mother was a sister of Governor Brownlow of 
Tennessee, once one of the leading men in his 
State. One of her brothers, James S. Martin, 
was in command of the One Hundred and 
Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and gained 
liis rank of general for bravery. His death oc- 
curred in VMS. Robert Martin, auotlier brother, 
was a cai)tain in the One Hundred and F^leventh 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and he still sur- 
vives, as does Thompson G. Martin, who was a 
member of the Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infan- 
try. He was engaged in twenty-one battles dur- 
ing his war service. Benjamin Martin, still 
.inotlier brother, was young, but went as a 
drummer boy, and would have offered his coun- 
try his services as .i soldier, for the Martin 
family was loyal to the cause. 

One of Mrs. Bennett's ]>leasant recollections 
of those stirring times is of sitting on the plat- 
form with her uncle. Governor Brownlow, while 
he was campaigning for re-election in ]S(i4. 
From the latter part of that year, to the pres- 
ent date, she has made her home at Greenville. 
Ouring this iieriod she has witnessed many im- 
liortant clianges, in many of which her family 
have liorne a part, and .she-can point with pride 
to the careers of her relatives, esliecially with 
regard to their military careers. Members of 
the family knew and were appreciated by Abra- 
ham Lincoln, and she holds his name in the 
highest reverence. 

BIGGS, Henry Pinkney, wlm is one of the 
representative and substantial men of Bond 
County. 111., for some years after retiring from 
his farm, occupied ;i comfortable residence at 
(ireenville and has long been numbered with the 
leading citizens here. Mr. Biggs was born June 
1.">. 1S47, in Calloway County. Ky.. a sou of 
I>avid and Mary Elizabeth (Green) Biggs. The 
parents of Mr, Biggs were both born in Tennes- 
see and married there in isuii. .after wliich they 
removed to Callnway County. Ky. David Biggs 
was a farmer and stockraiser and carried on 
his industries in Calbiway Cdiinty until Is.Vi. 
when, after his second marriage, lie moved, by 
ox-team to St. Clair County, Mo. By this slow 
mode of travel the triiKxcupied an entire month. 
.\fter reaching there Iiavid I'.iggs entered ."Jid 



660 



BOND COUNTY. 



ncri's (if liiiid from the (ioveriiiiient. built a coin- 
fortalile liewed-ldj; house iiud at the time of 
the opeuin^' of the Civil War. had every |iros- 
pect of future atfiueuee. Ity that time, however. 
Mi-. P.ij,'f;.s was euterius old a^'e aud felt no 
lon;;er ahle to contend with conditions that he 
found surroundini; him and family. With his 
wife he left Missouri and moved first to Jla- 
coupin County. 111., aud in ISfi.') to Bond County, 
where he died in isii.'i and was Iniried at Sle- 
Kendree ('Impel, in Tamalco Township. After 
his <leatli his widow went back to the old place 
in St. Clair County and remained there until 
her death. I>avi<l P>is;Ks was married first to 
Mary Elizabeth Oreen, who died when her son. 
Henry I'inkney BigK-s. was only tliree months 
old. Of her. therefore, he has no recollection 
and no pi<ture of her has been preserved in 
the family. In l.S.'O Mr. Bisss was married 
(second) to Mary Elizabetli I'hilli]is, who sur- 
vived him. Before leaviiiK Missouri, three of 
the sons: Itobert. Benjamin and Henry P.. en- 
tered the Confederate army and served one year. 
The family record includes the followiui; names: 
Willi.-im. who is a travelinj; salesman, lives 
at Poplar Bluffs. Mo.: Harriet .1.. who died when 
aged twenty yo'ars: Eliza, who married Emanuel 
Co.\ in Kentucky, moved to Macoupin County. 
III., and died tliere leaving four sons and four 
daughters: Ilettie. who was tile first wife of 
.lonathan Biggs, died in St. Clair County. Mo., 
and he married again, his second wife being 
Irene Biggs, who left four children : Cynthia, 
who married .John Brinson. has lieen lost to 
the family since the Civil War; Ann. who mar- 
ried William (ramble of St. Clair County, was 
also lost sight of during the Civil War; ami 
Evaline. who married Lafayette Ciilbertson. of 
St. Clair County, died there, leaving three chil- 
dren, after which he married again and niove<l 
to Louisiana. 

Ile'nry P. Biggs was eight years old when the 
family located in St. Clair County, where he 
first attended school ^n an old log schoolhouse. 
.\fter coming to Illinois he had no chance to 
go to school initil the winter of lS(i4. when he 
.ittendeil the I)uncan school in T.-imalco Town- 
shi|i. in tile meanwhile working on the f.-irm 
where he and his brother. Benjamin, continued 
.after the ste|p-mother returned to Missouri. On 
Seiitemher (!. l.S(l(!. he married Miss I)el]ihia 
Maria Ilolsberry. who was born in Bond County. 
Her f.ither. .Tohn Ilolsberry, was a native of 
Indiana and an early .settler in this section 
of Bond County. .Vfter marriage. Mr. and Mrs. 
Biggs lived on a rented farm until ISC'.i. when 
he bought the forty acres lie had been rent- 
ing, which lies on the county line between Bond 
and Fayelte counties. lu ISTU he purchased 
170 aei-es in Bond County and moved on the 
place and through good judgment and industry 
Tirosjiei-ed so that he later was able to add llit 
acres. Ilis farm of ."id."! acres he put under .i 
high state of cultivation. Lat(>r he bought eigh- 
ty acres and moved to (he new farm and was 
living there when his wife died. Iiaving rented 



out his big farm. He has added farm after 
farm to his acreage until he now owns 1,200 
acres of tine land all clear of indebtedness. 
While living on his land he kept a good grade 
of stock and carried on the \isual agricultural 
lines that are most inohtably conducted in 
Bond County. In November. T.lOO. he left the 
farm and bought his iire.seiit home in (ireen- 
ville. 

To Mr. and Mrs. Biggs the following children 
were born; Alice Eveline, born September 12. 
l.S(;7, died March li. Is72 : I.illie F.. born .March 
:!1. 1S7S. m;irrie(l Iva Whitford. .-i farmer in 
Tamalco Township and they have live children: 
ICIizabetli Pauline, born .Tainiary 14. 1S7'.I. mar- 
ried Walter E. Taylor, of Pensacola. Fla.. and 
they have two children ; and John David, who 
was born February 24. l.S.SS, and is state's at- 
torney at (ireenville. Jlr. Biggs has been a wit- 
ness to much of the develoiiment of Bond Coun- 
ty and he can recall when deer ran wild over 
tile fields now so can'fiiUy iultivate(l. lie has 
never identified himself with any iiarticular 
religious body but has always contributed lib- 
erally to supiiort moral movements. In jioli- 
tics he has always been a Democrat lint has 
never been willing to accejit any iiublic ottice al- 
though freiiuently solicited to do so. 

BIGGS, John D., who creditably represents one 
of tile old aud prominent families of Bond 
County, III., and is well known all over this 
section, at present serving in the resiionsible 
office of State's attorney, was liorn on his fath- 
er's farm in Tamalco Township. Bond County. 
111.. February 24, ISns. He is a son of Henry P. 
and Delphia (Ilolslierry) Biggs, the former of 
whom is a sulistantial retired f.-irmer now re- 
siding at (Jreenville. .Tohn I). Biggs iiassed his 
boyhood on the home farm and secured his 
early education in the district schools. In 1'.i04 
he entered (Treenville College and in jmrsuit of 
still more advanced training, in IfiOO entered 
Whipple Academy, at .Tacksonville. 111., where < 
he completed the academic course and was grad- 
uated .Tune 4. 1007. In the fall of that year 
he entered the law deiiartment of the Illinois 
State rniversity at Chiimpaign. III., where he 
spent four years of close application, within 
tliree years passing ,1 rigid examination, 
in 1010, at ('liicago. III. He was (Uie in a class 
of ;!00 students and his excellent marks placed 
him among the leaders of his class. .Vfter be- 
ing admitted to the bar he returned to the law 
school anil comideted his course in iiolitical 
science and history and in I'.lll received his 
degree of LI,. B. 

Mr. Biggs then returned to his father's roof, 
the latter, in the meanwhile having renuived 
to (ireenville, and in this place, where he has 
been known, more or less, from eaily youth, 
entered upon his lu'ofessional c.ireer. opening 
his law office and very soon tinding clients at 
his door. In his politic;il views- he is a sound 
Democr.it ■■ind in his personal life is a m;ui 
;ible to coiiimaiid the respect of bis fi'llow citi- 



BOND COUNTY. 



661 



y.eiis. In the priiusir.v elt'i-tion hold on A[iril !•. 
1012. tlip DenuKTiitk- voters chose him as their 
candidate for States attorney and the meas- 
ure of Ills ixipnhirity was sliown liy his elec- 
tion on November Ti, ^'.)\'J. when he overcame a 
Kepnlilic an majority of T.'il votes, with a ma- 
jority of -Vm votes over the strongest candidate 
^ver elected to this otlice, beins the tirst can- 
didate of his political party to be elected to 
this office in Bond County in the past thirty 
years. Mr. Bijrss continues to be a student, 
"it lieing his habit of mind, and has equipped 
his office witli a comprehensive library. 

.John David Bisjjs married October 4. llii:!, 
Maliel Grace Davis, of (;reenvilU', 111., a daugh- 
ter of John II. and Margaret Davis, pioneer set- 
tlers of Bond County. One daughter has been 
born to this union July 27, li»14. and named 
Delphia Pauline Biggs.' after tlie two grand- 
mothers. .Tohn David Biggs, wife and father 
live on South Second Street. (Jreenville, in a 
liandsome new bungalow [lurchased prior to the 
marriage of .Mr. and Mrs. Biggs. 

BINGHAM, John F. Through a long period of 
more than a (piarter of a century. .John F. Bing- 
ham has been numbered among the leading and 
enterprising farmers of Bond County. His life 
has been well siwnt and has commanded the 
contldeuce and respect of all with whom he has 
come into contact, for it has been characterized 
by strict fidelity to all the duties of home and of 
citizenship. He started out In the world empty- 
handed, but tlirougli perseverance and energy 
has accumulated a handsome competence, and 
has also won his way into public confidence, 
lieing at present a member of the board of 
supervisors of Mulberry Grove Township. Mr. 
Bingham was born July 19. 1S61. on the farm 
which he now occuiiles. and Is a son of Joseph 
M. and Narissa V. (Grigg) Bingham. 

Jose]>li M. Bingham was born In North Caro- 
lina, March 10. 182.S. and came to Illinois In 
young manhood, settling first In Macoupin 
County. 111., and subsequently moving to Section 
.■'>2. Mullierr.\- Grove Township, Bond County. He 
was married August 2.3, 18(10, to Miss Narclssa 
V. Grigg. who was horn May 10. 1842, and they 
settled down to housekeeping in a little log 
cabin whi<-h he had erected. The Civil war canie 
on subsiMiuently. and on February 21. 180.5. at 
Woodbine. 111.. Mr. Bingham enlisted In Com- 
|iany D. I.'j4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, with 
which he serve<l until mustered out September 
IS, ]8(>.j. .\t that time he returned to the duties 
of citizenship, but It was never his belief that 
he was deserving of a pension, although after 
his death, in February. 18.8.3. his widow was 
given a jiension, which .she drew up to the time 
of her death. 

Mr. and Mrs. Bingham were active members 
of the Baptist Church, in wlilch he was an 
active worker and liberal contributor, always 
fcmnd in his pew on the Sabbath, and acting 
for some years as deacon. He was a Republican 



in politics, and while he never sought public 
office, was known as one of the Inttueiitial men 
of his party In Bond County. To his original 
purchase he added from time to time, and at the 
time of his death owned 100 acres all in one body 
and in a fine state of cultivation. He continued 
to make his home in the little log cabin until 
1878. when he built a splendid residence and 
good liarns for his cattle, grain and implements. 
He made his land pay him well for the labor he 
expended upon it, and his wheat at times aver- 
aged as high as thirty bushels to the acre, selling 
at $1.0."i per bushel. In addition to raising a fine 
brand of sheep, he also bred good cattle, and 
was recognized as one of the best judges of 
livestock In the township. .V steady, hard-work- 
ing man, his success was gained through his own 
efforts, and the friends he made he retained 
until his demise. After his death Mrs. Bingham 
married \V. H. Gla.sgovv. and continued to reside 
on the farm. .Vfter her death. Mr. Glasgow- 
moved to Mulberry tirove. where he still lives a 
retired life. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Bingham were as follows: William E.. born 
November S, 18(>j. now residing on a part of the 
old home farm : Elizabeth R., born October 22, 
ISfii;, now deceased, was the wife of William 
Bonn; Carroll S., born June 1, 1872, a resident 
of Mai-oa. la. : Emma J., born July 20, 1870, wife 
of Orval Reeves, a farmer and stockbuyer of 
Mulberry Grove Township; Samuel P., born 
December 20, 1870, who <lied in Infancy : Joseph 
T., born December 7, 1882, who is now engaged 
in farming for Orval Reeves; and John F. 

John F. Bingham was the oldest of his parents' 
children, and his education was secured In the 
little log schoolhou.se with its slab benches and 
crude accessories. At one end of the little 
school there was a fireplace. In front of which 
the teacher would frequently lie down and go 
to sleej), and the pupils would have the time to 
themselves. On one occasion several of the 
larger hoys carried the sleeping master down 
to the creek, where he was repeatedly "ducked" 
until he agreed to "sUnul treat." John F. Bing- 
ham received the greater jiart of his education 
In the schools of hard work and experience, for 
as soon as he was tall enough to grasp the plow- 
handles he started to do a full share of the farm 
work, and on many occasions received heavy 
falls and se^■ere bruises when the old plow- 
struck some stump or other olistruction. He 
continued to work on the farm with his ]iarents 
until twenty-one years of age. in the meantime 
giving w-hat time he could to his studies. On 
April 10. 18S3. he was married to Miss Hannah 
Rosetta Wilson, and they moved into the cabin 
of bis birth, and there began their wedded life. 
She was a daughter of James and Mary (Dolson> 
Wilson, and was born in .\ugust, 18*14. Her 
mother died when the daughter was five years 
of age. while the father survived until 1004. 
Mrs. Bingham had two sisters: .Vrmanda who 
married (first) Burley Holies, and (second) 
Samuel Simmons; and Nevada, who became the 



662 



BOND COUNTY. 



wife of CaiioU Hingham. Mr. aud Mrs. Bing- 
ham coutiiiued on tliat farm for two years, and 
there one of their children was born : Ida, March 
1. 1SS4, who married Ezra Overby, and had one 
child, Lillah M., and resides in Mulben-y Grove 
Township. In ISSi Mr. Bingham purchased 
sixty acres of land, on which was erected a log 
cabin, and while living there it was no unusual 
thing, during the winter mornings, to find the 
bed covered with snow which had sifted in 
through the logs of the nxif and walls. In this 
little primitive cabin three of the children were 
born: James Joseph, .\ugust 13. 1886, a farmer 
and teacher, who married Grace L. Diamond, and 
had two children, Wayne W. and Bruce ; George 
A., born Januai-j- 3. 1,888, a farmer in Mulberry 
(irove Township, who married Marie Koberts ; 
and Elsie V.. born February 4, 1890, who mar- 
ried Ferd Romelin, a farmer in Mulberry Grove 
Township, who has two children. Homer and 
Glen M. The other children of Mr. and Mrs. 
Bingham are : Grace E.. born December 0, 1892, 
wife of Dudley Clark, an inspector of the car 
shop at Quiney Cit.v, 111.; Harry II., born July 
15, 1895, at home ; Edna E., born July 22, 1903 : 
and Ralph O., born August 17, 1905! Mr. and 
Mi-s. Bingham have given their children good 
educational advantages, fitting them for any 
position in life which they may be called upon 
to fill, and all have proven themselves credits to 
their training and their communit.v. Joseph and 
Grace are successful teachers in the Bond County 
schools, where tliey ha\e been thus engaged for 
three and five years, respectivel.v. 

Mr. and Mrs. Bingham made their home on 
Section 5, Mullierry (Jrove Townshii>. until 1892, 
when they sold out and purchased a tract of 
eighty acres on Section 9. They moved into the 
old log cabin which stood thereon, and at once 
commenced to rebuild the old structures and to 
erect new ones, including a handsome modern 
dwelling. This has become one of the most 
desirable farms in Mulberry Grove Township, 
and includes a bearing orchard, set out by Mr. 
Bingham. For twenty years he has been shii> 
ping cattle, and for the last ten years of that 
period has been buying, feeding and selling 
stock of all kinds, now averaging from IGO to 
200 head of hogs, and forty mule colts. He is an 
excellent judge of livestock, aud wide experi- 
ence has made him conver.sant with the markets. 
On one of his mule-buying trips, in 19^1". he dis- 
covered a span in Jefferson Count.v, and, al- 
though he was unable to purchase them, induced 
their owner to bring them to the Springfield 
State Fair. There "Kate" and "Betsy," as they 
were called, won first prize as the best matched 
mules, and first and second iirizes as the best 
mules in the state. Subsequently, they sold for 
$700. Jlr. Bingham is now the owner of 320 
acres of all improved land, every acre of which 
has been earned through his own individual 
efforts. 

In politics a stanch Deuiocr.it. he has held 
various offices within the gift of his fellow-citi- 



zens, was township central committeeman of 
Mulberi-j- (Jrove. and in 1913 was elected to the 
board of township supervisors, over one of the 
strongest Republicans in the township, by a 
handsome majority. The contest was liard 
fought, but victor and vanquislie*! are still the 
best of friends, sharing that mutual admiration 
that strong men have for one another. He has 
given his careful attention to the duties of his 
ofiice. and has won the confidence and gratitude 
of the taxpayers by his conscientious labors in 
their liehalf. For twenty years he has lieen a 
liberal contributor to the movements of the Bap- 
tist Church, in which he is serving as a member 
of the board of township trustees. For seven- 
teen years he has been a school director, and has 
ever expre.ssed himself as In favor of securing 
the best teachers at the highest salaries, and 
through his services, Mulberrj- Grove's school 
system is one of the best in Bond County. For 
nearly a quarter of a century. Mr. Bingham has 
been identified with the Masons, and he also 
holds membership in the Independent Order of 
Odd Fellow.s. His acquaintances are many, and 
his friendships numerous and sincere. 

BISHOP, Alfred F., one of the well known 
men and highly respected citizens of Sorento. 
Bond County, was born in a little log cabin in 
Grissom Township, Montgomery County. 111.. 
December 11. 18.^8. and is a son of Isaac and 
Frances (Guuter) Bishop. The father was a 
native of South Carolina and after the death 
of his father, the mother of I.saac and William 
Bishop, started for a northern State. They 
drove a one-horse wagon through country that 
in many places was but .sparsely settled at 
that time and early in 1840 reached ilontgomery 
Count.v. 111. and there, in the course of time be- 
came prosperous. Isaac Bishop was twice mar- 
ried, his wives being sisters. He first was 
united with Minerva Gunter, who died in Mont- 
gomery County, the mother of two children. 
.Tohn and Mary Jane. The former is deceased 
and the latter is the wife of James Turner, of 
Litchfield, 111. Isaac Bishop then marrietl 
Frances Gunter and two children were born 
to that union, Alfred F. and Margaret, the latter 
being now deceased. .She was the wife of S. 
Lee Elliott, who is a prominent man of Bond 
Count.v now residing at Sorento. Isaac Bishop 
servecl in the Mexican War and then returned 
to his farm in Montgomery County and died 
there about 1861. his widow surviving initil 
April 10, 1897. Thev were of the Methodist 
faith. 

Alfred F. Bishop was not more than three 
years old when his father died. He was reared 
on the home farm and gave assistance as soon 
as old enough and remained there until he was 
twent.v-one, in the meanwhile attending the dis- 
trict schools as chance or inclination led and 
then began to cultivate his part of the old farm, 
his mother having married for her second hus- 
band, Teter I.. I)aveni>ort, and seven children 



BOND COUNTY. 



663 



were born to that union, six of wliom are liv- 
ins. 

On May 1). ISNO. Mr Bislio|i was married to 
Miss Florence Cliapnian, wlio was iHirn at 
Walsliville. April IS. 18(52. a daushter of .John 
and Amanda E. (Barlow) Chapman. Following 
their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Bishop remained 
on the old farm in Montgomery Connty. until 
1901, when they bought their beautiful home at 
Sorento where they have since resided. Mr. 
Bishop operated the Bell Telephone line at 
Sorento for five years, then sold his interest 
and went to work for the .Sorento foal Com- 
pany, now the Illinois Cilleries Company. He 
is a member of the Red Men and of the 
Mutual Protective League. The following chil- 
dren were liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Bishop : Roy 
E.. who was born March 2, 1881, married Sina 
Miller and they have one son. Alfred, who is 
in the moving iiicture show business at Mt. 
Olive. 111.; Letha. who was l>orn March 2. 1S.\3. 
is the wife of Ralph Smith, of Fidelity. .Jersey 
County. III., and they have three daughters, 
JIaurine. Florence and Helen E. ; zVmanda F., 
who «as born October 12. 188*!, married Ora 
Johnson, telegraph operator and station agent 
at Peoria. 111., and they have one son. .Tames ; 
and Finis, who was born March 28. 1802. Jlr. 
Bishoji and family belong to the Presbyterian 
Church, Mrs. Bishop uniting with the same at 
the age of fourteen .years. She is active in a 
number of fraternal organizations including the 
Mutual Protective League, the Maccabees and 
the W. C. T. v.. and is local deputy of the 
Ladies Order of Maccabees. This is one of the 
.sterling families of this part of Bond County, 
taking intelligent i>art in public matters that 
affect the community, temiierauce. education 
and morality ever having their sufiport. 

6LEISCH, Christ. (Jermauy lias fnniislied a 
number of the most representative <itizens of 
Bond County, the newly arrived emigrants be- 
ing attracted here when the country was young, 
by reports of the richness of the soil and tlie 
good water courses along which grew the tim- 
ber so neces.sary to the pioneer. One of the pres- 
ent prosperous farmers of Burgess Townshi)) 
whose father was a native of Ocrmany. is Christ 
Bleisch. He was born in the township .lanu- 
ary 1. 1851). being a sou of J. ^Uitou and Cath- 
erine (Metier) Bleisch. In 1840. .L Anton 
Bleisch left his native land and came to .Vmer- 
ica. and after a residence here of five years, 
he came to Burgess Township. Bond Co\inty. and 
began farming, continuing in that line until 
his demise. February 10, 188!). When he came 
here oxen were used to do all the plowing, and 
the most primitive of pioneer conditions pre- 
vailed. He was a well educated man. having 
attended school in (iermany. and at Highland. 
Madison County. 111. During his residence in 
Burgess Township, he held the offices of school 
director of the Martin school and of the school 
of Pierron. His religions convictions uuide him 



a Catholic. Jlrs. Bleisch was al.so a native of 
Germany. 

Christ Bleisch went to Martin's school, and 
for two years attended the Highland school. 
When he began working for himself, he went 
into general farming and the manufacture of 
molas.ses from sugar cane, and has been very 
successful in his business ventures. He is a 
Presbyterian in religious faith For one year 
he was constable; for three years was township 
collector, and for twelve years was a school 
director. 

On November 4. 1879. Christ Bleisch married 
Amelia Thacher, born in Ma<lison County, 111., 
.January 4. 18.")9. a daughter of .John and Eliza 
(Stoeckliu) Thacher. Jlr. and Mrs. Thacher 
were both natives of Switzerland. They have 
had children as follows: Ida Louisa, born .July 
29. ISNd. died October 31. 1808; Edwin Alfred. 
born September 2S. 1881; Leo Christ, born May 
o, 188:!; Christ .Inhu. born .January 24. 18S5 ; 
Loiiis, born Septemlier 21>. 18S4. died February 
l."i. 1880; Ella Clara, born October 0. 1S.S7 : 
Catherine Amelia, born .Inly 23, 1889; Narada 
Lena, Imrn .lanuary 3. 189] ; Wilbur Anton, 
born .July 2. 1900. and lOlmer Leonard, born Sep- 
tember 4, 1903. 

BRADFORD, John Samuel. The financial inter- 
ests of any conimiinity must be guarded by men 
of stability, who have the confidence of the com- 
munity, and who may be trusted implicitly. 
.John Sanuiel Bradford, who is conducting a 
safe and conservative banking business at 
(Jreenville. 111., is known tliroughout Bond Coun- 
ty as a responsible financier, and he has also 
been prominent in other lines of industry. He 
was born March 7, INCO. In the city where he 
is now engaged in business, and is a son of 
Samuel and Xancy R. (Martin) Bradford, the 
former a native of Greenville. 111., and the 
latter of Estellville. Va. Sanuiel Bradford wa.s 
a banker who was known for his strict integrity 
and good business sense and was also the owner 
of .300 acres of Bond County land. In poli- 
tics a Rei)ublican. he .served very acceptably 
in the office of County Surveyor. He died in 
the faith of the Jlethodi.st Church, September 14, 
1 S91 . 

.John Samuel Bradford first attended the pub- 
lic schools of (Jreeuville. later going to Wyman 
Institute, and finally taking a course at the 
Spencerian Business college, Washington, D. C. 
He inherited his father's business acumen, and 
succeeded him in the banking business, which 
he has made his life work. He is conceded to 
be a shrewd .indge of banking I'onditious. and 
bis wor<l carries a great deal of weight in tinan- 
cial circles throughout the county. 

In 1S91 Mr. Bradford was united in marriage 
with Delia .Moss, daughter of .lames II. and 
Elizabeth C. (.Jay) Moss, the latter a native 
of North Carolina. Mr. Moss was a Democrat 
in iiolitlcs. was connected with the Masonic 
fraternity, and his religious altiliation was with 
tlie Free Methodist Church. .Mr. and Mrs. 



664 



BOND COUNTY. 



Bradford have liad three (-hildreii. namely: 
Mary. ICdjrar .T. and .lohn M. In liis pnlitical 
views. Jlr. Bradford is a IJepuliIican. and he 
has .served in the ottiee of Alderman. With liis 
family he attends the Presbyterian Chnreh. and 
he lias always been liberal in his donations 
towards church, charitable, educational and inib- 
lic-spirited movements. 

BRADFORD, Samuel (deceased). For many 
.vears the name of Bradford has been well 
known in Bond County, and has lieen identified 
with various Ijusiness lines. Imt more particu- 
larly with its lianking interests. The late Sam- 
uel Bradford, for many years one of the coun- 
t.v's most rejiresentative men. who was asso- 
ciated with liaiddns concerns for a long period, 
was born Seiitember 14. 1S39, in Greenville. 
111., son of .lames and Mary (Briggs) Brad- 
ford. James Bradford was born in Guilford 
County. X. C., March 14. 1808. and came 
to Illinois in 18.34. serving in the Black 
Hawk War. He was a prominent banker 
of his day, and a great politician, serving the 
Democratic jiart.v in the oflices of comity asses- 
sor, county treasurer, civil clerk and recorder, 
county clerk. Master in Chancery, count.v com- 
missioner, a member of the Illiuois Legislature. 
County .Judge and Mayor of Greenville, being 
elected to the latter oHice in 1S72. One of the 
most prominent figures of his day and com- 
munity, he died .January 2fl. 188!l. in the faith 
of the Presljyterian Church. 

Samuel Bradford attended the public schools 
of his community and later went to McKendree 
College. I^ebanon. III., after which he taught 
the Smith's Grove School in Bond Count.v. In 
IsGT he entered the banking house of Bradford 
& Son. with which he was connected through- 
out the remainder of his life. Beginning with 
next to nothing, .Mr. Bradford managed his af- 
fairs so well tliat he accumulated .f7.".0(Kl. and 
at the time of his death, which occurred Sep- 
tember 14, 1891, he was known throughout the 
county as a man of large affairs. He was 
buried at Hazel Dell Cemetery, and his fun- 
eral was one of the largest ever held in this 
section. His politics were those of the Repub- 
lican iiarty and he heUl the olHce of county 
surveyor for some years. Fraternally be was 
connected with the Odd Fellows, and he was 
religiously iiltiliated with the Methodist Church. 

On Decemlier 11'. 18(;8. Mr. Bradford was 
married to Xancy R. Martin, daughter of .lohn 
and Xancy II. (Brownlow) Martin, who came 
to Illinois in 1S4.". One child was born to Mr. 
and Mrs. Bradford, namely: .John Samuel 
Bradford, who is following in the footsteps of 
his father and grandfather, and conducting a 
successful business at Greenville. 

BROWN, Benjamin J. and Samuel J. One of 
the leading c-oni-eriis engaged in breeding 
I'eriheron horses. Shetland jionies and mules 
in Bond County. 111., is that of Brown Brothers, 
consisting of Ben.ianiin .1. and Samuel .1. Brown. 



whose handsome stock farm is located on Sec- 
tion !), in Old Ripley Township. Business men 
of ability, exjierience and training, the Brown 
brothers occupy a high place annuig the pro- 
gressive, enterprising citizens of their locality, 
and have never been found wanting when as- 
sistiince has been needed in affairs of civic im- 
portance. The brothers were born on the farm 
which is now occupied by them, Benjamin ,J.. 
.January 20, 18(17, and Samuel .J.. December 12. 
18(i8. and are sons of William and Elizabeth 
fHediger) Brown, whose lives are reviewed in 
the sketch of Simon M. Brown, on another page 
of this work. 

.\fter receiving their education in the dis- 
trict schools of Ripley Township, the Messr.s. 
Brown began to a.ssist their father, continuing 
with him until his death, when they made the 
settlement of the estate, the homestead ]ilace 
going to their .sister. Jliss Xancy A. Brown, 
who took charge of the domestic affaii'S of the 
household at the time of the mother's death, 
."^lie now owns 100 acres, while Benjamin .1. 
has 100 acres and Samuel .1.. 170 acres, making 
a total of 4(10 acres, all in one body, which is 
cultivated as one property by the brothers, 
who have operated together all of these years 
and have always given their attention to the 
raising of stock. Each year they sell fifty or 
more bead of Red Rolled cattle, with a thor- 
oughbred individual at the head of the herd. 
.Vbout the .vear 1808 the.v started in the breed- 
ing of pure Percheron horses. c<unnieucing with 
a .$."00 animal, and in 100.'! they bought for 
.S2.000 the Percheron stallion "Ilonieward," an 
animal weighing 2.000 pounds and standing 
seventeen and one-half hands in height. There 
is also a pure-bred .Tack at the head of their 
mule stable and in 1007 the Messrs. Brown lair- 
chased a inire-lired Shetland pony. There are 
eight mares in the stable, and these iionies are 
considered the most perfect of their breed, 
beautiful black and white, and perfect in shape 
The.v command top-notch prices, and the broth- 
ers have themselves paid as high as .$200 for 
one. The Messrs. Brown also breeil Shronsbire 
sheep, of which they have about fifty head, and 
do a good business in hogs. They have long 
been accounted the leading stockmen of this sec- 
tion. an<l their farm animals are in demand 
.■ill over the State. Puhlic-siiirited and iirogres- 
sive. the.v have at all times lieen anxious to do 
their full sli;ire in contributins- to the develop- 
ment of their section in the building of churclies. 
school.s. roads and ])ublic enterprises. 

In State and national issues the Brown 
Brothers are Republicans, but neither has ex- 
pressed a <lesire for the honors and emoluments 
(^f publi<- otiice. Their upright lives and hon- 
orable business transactions have gained them 
niiiiiy friendslii)is. as well as the general con- 
lidence and t-steem of their fellow-citizens. 

BROWN, DeWitt Talmage, M. D. Although 
only a resident of Mulberry Grove. Bond County. 
III., for seven years. Dr. Dewitt Talmage Brown 



BOND COUNTY. 



665 



lias alrertdy i)roven himself a pliysician and 
sni-KPon of more than averase ability, and a 
litizen of merit. A man who keeps fully alircnst 
of mi>deiii discoveries and inventions with re- 
irard to his profession, he ranks amoni; the 
leailins physieians of Bon<l County. Dr. Itrown 
was l)orn on a farm near Xewton. .Tasiier 
Count.v, 111.. Mareli ',). tsS2. a son of .Joseph ,ind 
ICnima (.Stewart) Brown, and srandson of .John 
and Elizabeth (.laekson) Brown. The latter 
were horn at Dnndee. Scotland. Imt left there 
and eoming to .Vmeriea. at first lived in the 
state of Xew York. From there they went to 
-Madison. Ind.. and there a son. Josejih Brown, 
was born in 1^4."'i. In 1S.">5. the !;rand|ia rents 
moved to .lasper t'ount.v. 111., and here tlie.v 
became well known anions: the early settlers. 
In addition to farming, the grandfather acted 
as a banker for his neishbors. allowing them 
to store tlieir valuables in a safe he possessed. 
This old safe is owned by his grandson. Dr. 
Brown. John Brown became one of the leadini; 
and most sulistantial men of this section, and 
men came miles to borrow mone.v of him. many 
to use it for payment upon tlieir land. He 
was one of the supervisors of liis townshiji. be- 
ins a strong Democrat, and very active in jioli- 
tics. A great admirer of Stephen A. Douglas, 
he adhered to his )irinciples. In addition to 
all these res]ionsibilities. he found time, and 
possessed the inclination to do effective work 
for the Jlissionary B.-iptist church, in which 
he was an elder, and he was called "KIder 
Brown" by .ill who knew him. and his ac-iiuaint- 
ance was a wide one for he attended not onl.v 
the local religious gatherings of his denomi- 
nation, Ijut the state ones a.s well. This good 
and i)rominent man lived to be eighty-nine 
.rears of age. passing away in 1S07. his wife 
having preceded him to the grave in 1802. 

.Toserih Brown, son of .Tohn Brown, and father 
of Dr. Brown, was reared in .Tasi)er County, 
where he still resides, making his home u])on 
lus farm propert.v. Like his f.ither he is a 
ver.v active Democrat, and when occasion de- 
mands speaks in behalf of his party, present- 
ing its principles iind jilatforms forcibly and 
ably, winning inan.v converts to his organiza- 
tion, lie is entirely unsellisli in his work, for 
he has never desired political honors, although 
he did give his services for a number of years 
as a justice of the jieace. His most e.xcellent 
wife died in September. ISOl. having been like 
him. a consistent and earnest member of the 
Baptist church. These parents had two chil 
dren : Dr. Brown and a sister, (iertrude. who 
i.s tlie wife of .Tolin Kberhardt. Mr. Kbeiiiardl 
is oiierating the Brown homestead, the s.imc 
|)roperty that served as the family home when 
I>r. Brown and his sister were growing U|i. 
.Mr. and Mrs. 10berhar<lt ha\(> one son, DewitI K. 

Dr. Brown grew tip on his father's liomestcad. 
passing his boyhood as an.v normal, healthy 
farmer's son. and after attending the public 
schools of his district had the fin-ther ad- 
v;intages offered by the .Newton high sc-bool 



from which he was graduated in ^S'M>. In 
September of that same year he entered Barnes 
Medical College, now known as the Barnes 
.\merican Iniversity. and after taking a four 
ye.-irs' course, was graduated in I'.KC?, with 
iKuiors in a class nniiibering ll."!. A few days 
thereafter he embarked in a general practice 
at Cyrene. JIo.. near the home of Champ Clark, 
present speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives. For two and one-half years thereafter. 
Dr. Brown practiced here, and then accejited a 
tine position in a mining town in Adair Connt.v. 
Mo. I'lifortunately the mining comiiany failed, 
and Dr. Brown took a post-graduate course 
at the l'ost-<;raduate College of Chicago, from 
which he was graduated in .July, 1007. and on 
December 2.3, of that same .rear located at Mul- 
berry Grove, where he has since remained firmly 
establishing himself in the confidence of the 
people. A man of progress lie still continues 
his studies and has in his offices all the latest 
a]ipliances. His practice is a general one and 
he never allows the elements to interfere witli 
his responding to a call. I'rofessionally lie be- 
longs to the County. State and .Xational Medi- 
cal Associations, while fraternally he is a Ma- 
son and Odd Fellow, being connected with the 
local lodges of both orders. 

On August 12. 10(H). Dr. Brown was united in 
marriage with Miss Olive M. Skelton, also horn 
in .Jasper County, who was a schoolmate of her 
hnsbiind. She is a daughter of .Joseph Skel- 
ton, one of the prosperous farmers of Jasper 
Count.v. Dr. and .Mrs. Brown are active mem- 
bers of the Christian church. Sympathetie by 
nature. Dr. Brown wins the gratitude of his 
liatients. .-ind they trust in liis skill to do all for 
them a ca]iable physician can do. 

BROWN, Joseph M., one of Bond County's best 
known men belongs to one of the old and sub- 
stantial families of this section. Me Wiis born 
on his father's farm in Bond (I'ounty. 111.. 
March 20, ISfJ.S, and is a son of Itobert \V. and 
Mary A. (Moore) Brown, botli of whcuii were 
also born in Bond County. They had a fam- 
ily of seven children, namely: Abigail D.. Wil- 
liam, Fanny, Ella .M.. Josejih M.. Katie O. and 
Robert W. Joseph M. Bi'owii has acceiitably 
tilU'd several of the most res|ionsilile public of- 
fices ill BoikI Coinif.v .vet he was born and reared 
on a i|uiet farm and had no educational advan- 
tages beyond those affiu'ded by the countr.v 
school. Mr. Brown early developed habits of 
industry and gave clo.se attention to evei'.vthing 
which It was iiecessai'y for him to do. and dur- 
ing the years that he imuiaged and ojierated his 
mother's farm, made the land yield good crops 
liec.-iuse of the <are he gave it and kejit up 
with his neighbors in the (piality of his stock. 
It was not his business success, however, that 
bronght .Mr. Brown the confidence jiiid esteem 
of his t'ellow-citizens. but his sterling character, 
his ])li.vsical courage and his known integrit.v. 
On November 7. 100(1, he was electeil Sheriff 
of r.ond Couutv .-iiid then moved from the farm 



666 



BOND COUNTY. 



to Greenville. For four years ilr. Brown served 
in the office of Sheriff, during this time making 
liis influence so felt that law-abiding citizens 
felt safe and breakers of the law either fled 
to other parts or felt the weight of his author- 
ity. In retiring from the office of Sheriff, in 
1910 he was elected Treasurer and in this con- 
nection he has also proved that honest admin- 
istration of public office brings prosperity to 
the people at large and sincere esteem to the 
official. In these days of unscrupulous finan- 
liering in different parts of the country, when 
the taint of politics is discovered together with 
]irivate greed, it augurs well that in other sec- 
tions honest men and honest methods yet pre- 
vail. On November 0. 1914. at the primary 
election Mr. Brown was nominated li.v a large 
ma.lority as the candidate on the Democratic 
ticket for representative for the district includ- 
ing Bond and Madison counties. 

On November 29, 1899, Mr. Brown was mar- 
ried to Miss Emeline J. Rodgers. of St. Ix)uis. 
Mo. The.v have two children : Marion R.. who 
was born January 26. 1901. Is attending school 
at Greenville: and William .T.. who was born 
September 2."), 19f)9. 

BROWN, Samuel, fanner and miller and a 
liromincnt citizen of Bond County, residing on 
Section 9, Old Ripley Townshiji, was born April 
14. 1S4S. on Shoal ("reek, near the old Brown's 
Mill, Bond County, 111. His parents were 
Mathias and Margaret (Hill) Brown, the former 
of whom was born in Richland Count.v, Ohio. 
March 21. 182.3, and the latter in 1827. His 
father was a millwright and when the famil.v 
came to Bond County early in the thirties, they 
bought a small mill on .Shoal Creek, from a 
Mr. Lee. Subsecpiently they bought other mills, 
the father and his four sons, Henr.y. Ben.ianiin. 
William an<l Mathias, all working together. For 
many years the Shoal Creek mill, known as 
Brown's mill, was the onl.v custom mill in this 
sectiiui and while Mathias Brown conducted 
it. peoiile would bring their grists from long 
<listances, sometimes having to wait from one to 
.seven days before a regular turn would come, 
each one having to be accommodated in order 
of reaching the mill. Mr. Brown has heard his 
father tell of the way in which the waiting 
farmers would provide amusements while they 
had to wait, sometimes racing a horse, .some- 
times fishing and sometimes sjiending hours be- 
side a camii fire relating and listening to each 
others ex|ieriences. No doubt this was a pleas- 
ant break in the somewhat connnonplace and al- 
ways the liard-wi irking lives they had to lead, 
and what interesting things they had to tell 
when once more sitting around the fireplace 
with the home folks who had not en,joyed equal 
advantages with themselves. 

As a family the Browns were prominent in 
all lines of advancement. They acquired farms 
and raised Hnc st(jck and not only operated the 
grist mill mentioned but sawmills and did 
ranch business in clearing uj) land and manu- 



facturing lumber, the latter being hauled to 
purchasers many miles distant, wiien the Civil 
War was precipitated the younger men left the 
mill in charge of 'Tncle Ben Brown'' and en- 
listed in the army. While the men were in the 
field he would grind the grain for the women 
without charge, thus doing his part although 
too old for army service. 

Mathias Brown, after leaving the old fam- 
ily mill on Shoal Creek, bought 160 acres of 
land one mile south of it. In 1861 he went to 
Madison County, 111., and in the cour.se of time 
became a large investor in Madison and Bond 
counties, owning 1.700 acres. From Madison 
County he enlisted for service in the Civil war 
in 1864. He had always been opiiosed to slavery 
and was ever ready to make sacrifices and run 
risks to assist escaping slaves as the followins: 
incident illustrates. Some time prior to the 
war an escajied negro found his way into the 
Brown mill and Mathias Brown managed his 
escape in this way. Hiding him until after a 
da.v and night of secrecy, during which he had 
jirovideil himself with a boat and food, Mr. 
Brown took the refugee to a certain point and 
then rowed him across the creek and thus he 
was helped to a real "underground station" 
and finally reached Canada. Jlr. Brown was 
one of a family of six sons and three daughters. 
all now deceased. Mathias Brown died on his 
farm in Madison County in 190.3. His first 
wife. Margaret Hill, was torn and married in 
Bond County and died in 1851. of typhoid fever. 
She was the mother of twin children, Samuel 
and a daughter, the latter dying in infancy. 
The second marriage of Matliias Brown was 
to Mary Hill, a si.ster to his first wife. She 
had no children and met with an accidental 
death, from a runaway team. The third mar- 
riage of Mathias Brown was to Dorcas Rath- 
burn, in 18.'')9, and eight children were born to 
them : Simon, who is a merchant at Pocahontas. 
111. : Elizabeth, who is the wife of Henry IMog 
of Oklahoma : Clara, who is the wife of W. AA'. 
Smith, who is a retired groceryman at Green- 
ville; Theodore, who owns nnich land in Can- 
ada ; Horace, who is of Colorado Springs. O'lo.. 
is a physician ; Belle, who is the wife of Henry 
Ohren. of Madison Count.v; KUa. who is the 
wife of Elisha Fenton of Madi.son county. 111., 
and Eliza .T.. married R. Gatliff of Tocahontas. 
Mathias Brown voted the Republican ticket but 
would never consent to hold any jjublic office. 
He was a .lust man in all business relatiims. 
liaid high wages and never had any difficulty 
in securing all the hell) ''e needed. He was 
resiiected by every one. 

Samuel Brown obtained his schooling in Bond 
County and all his early life was spent either 
in work in the mill or on his father's farm in 
Madison ('(mnty and he remained there until 
April, ls78. He then returned ti> Bond County 
and rebuilt the old mill, jiutting in new ma- 
chinery ;ind operated it until 1XS2. In that 
year, on the Independent ticket, he was elected 
Sheriff of Bond County and during his term of 



BOND COUNTY. 



667 



four years was a most faithful olliiial. He was 
coUettor as well as sheriff ami duriiis liis term 
of service colleeted aliout .f^O.iHio a year in 
taxes. In 1887 he returned tu his farm and has 
one of the most attractive liomes in I'.ond ("onn- 
ty. The residence stands ujion a natural ele- 
vation which <;ives a wide view of the svir 
rounding; cnuntry. Mr. I'.rown owns 4!i.'! a<-res 
in Kond County and KJO acres in Madison Coun- 
ty. G.'iS acres In all. a tine lieritage indeed, hut 
one that makes liim one of the heavy tax 
pa.vers of this section. 

On Oetoher 4. 1.^77. Mr. Brown was marrieil 
to Miss Harriet R;ithhurn. a native of .New 
Yorl\. and immediately .-ifterward they settled 
on the present farm, and here Mrs. Hrown 
died on .Inly L'li. Iii04. She was a woman of 
beautiful character and a consistent member nf 
tlie Christian Churcli. Three dau^liters sur- 
vive her: Marsraret L., who is the wife of 
.Tohn Ohren. who has charjie of Mr. Brown's 
farm, and they have one daufrhter; Harriet, 
who is the wife of Cliarles Arnold, who ojier- 
ates KiO acres of the liome farm, and they have 
four children : P.urne. Clarissa and twin sons. 
Millard and Willard : and Ada, who is the wife 
iif William Miller, a farmer. 

BROWN, Simon M., familiarly known as Kirby 
Brown, is a |)ros|perous farmer of Bond County 
and resides on his ]4()-acre farm in Old i;i|iley 
Towushi]), where lie was born May 22. Is(i4. 
He is a son of William Brown, who was boin 
in Richland County, Ohio, and in boyhood ac- 
companied his parents to Bond County, III. 
William Brown was boi-n December 2(), ISL'l, 
a son of .John P>ri>wn. The Browns left Ohio 
in May, 1n.j7 lor Illinois and tirst settled near 
Marine. Madison County. In tlie fall of the year 
movins to east of .Saline in the same count.v and 
in the fall of 1839 came to Bond County. The 
Browns purchased a water mill on Shoal Creek 
and also invested in land ad.iacent thereto. For 
seventy-two years that mill lias been in the 
Brown family and is yet in u.se. now beinj; the 
lu-ojierty of Samuel Brown, former sheriff of 
Bond County. 

Aliout 1S4(! the iiarents of William Brown 
moved to Hancock County. 111., and their last 
.years were spent there. All of the sons of .Tolin 
Brown, except Pr. .Tosiali Brown, who died in 
Sanfiamon County, pas.sed away in Bond Cdiinty. 
On .lune 2(!. ls."4. William Br<iwn married Kliz- 
alieth Hedi;^er. who was born in Switnerlaml. 
March 27. Is;!.", cume to Tllimiis witli her iiar- 
ents in ]s."i?, and was mari'ied in tlu' follnwiii^' 
,vear. .Vt the a^'e of eifihteeii she united with 
the Lutheran church and remained a consistent 
member of the same until her death, October -, 
ISiXi. After the death of her husband she took 
chariie of the farm industries and used the same 
sood .iudKiueiit with whi<h she ref;ulated her 
household affairs. I'.iitli she and husband were 
jieople of such sferliiiL: worth that llieir u''""l 
intiuence was universally ackimwlediied. Wil- 
liam Brown served lnuiestly in public oflice, lie- 



iiifj; at ilitYerent times .iustice of the jieace, com- 
missioner and sniiervisor, and in 1871 was 
elected to the State Legislature. .Vt one time he 
owned l.(M)(i acres of land all liijihly cultivated 
and became a breeder of horses, cattle, hogs 
and sheep. It is not out of place to speak of 
him as at that time one of the leading men in 
private business and public affairs of this part 
nf the state. In his political identification he 
was a liepublhan. 

To William and Elizabeth Brown the follow- 
ing children were born : Lmelie. who was acci- 
dentally killed by a runaway team of horses 
when she was twenty .vears of age: two sons 
(lied in Infancy; .1. W., who is a farmer in Old 
Kipley Towiishiii; Xancy. who lives in the old 
home place: .simmi ,M. ; I'.en.iamiu; .Saniucl. Al- 
bert, all these being farmers in Bond Count.v; 
and Katie, who Is the wife of Frank Xance. 
residing at Murphrysboro. III. They have three 
children; Lea. Kva and .\lva. 

Simon M. Brown secured a district sclu>oI ed- 
ucation ;ind b(>gan farm work as soon as strong 
eiaaigh to fiillow the jilow and manage a team 
••ind continued to ;isslst his father until he was 
twenty-one years of age. .\fter marriage he 
settled tirst on a farm southwest of Old Rip- 
ley but in the fall of Issc he located on his 
present tract of 140 acres on Sei-tion !t, Old Rip- 
le.v Township. This land is all under a high 
state of cultivation and besides crop raising lie 
devotes much attention to stock raising. On 
(ictober N. lss.">. \lv. Brown was united in mar- 
riage with Miss Katie .\rnold. who was born 
at Belleville. 111.. Xovember 2.">. ]8<;."). a daughter 
(if Moritz ;ind Mary (.Meyer) Arnold, both of 
whom were natives of Belleville, and for many 
years the father was manager of a hotel there. 
He died at St. I^ouis, .Mo., and liis wife at San 
.Vntonio. Tex. Her second marriage was to 
Frank I'mshide. ,i prominent man in Texas. 
Mrs. Brown had two brothers. George and John, 
and one sister. Lnella. who died in Texas. To 
.Mr. and Mrs. Brown the following children 
were born : Lizzie, who was born September 4. 
issii. is the wife of .Tohn Oakly, a farmer in 
Ripley Township, and they have four chil- 
dren: Florence, Mildred, .Melvin and Baby; 
-Mice, who was born .Vpril :!. isss, is the wife 
(if .\ugnst Khrle. a farmer in Old Riiiley Towu- 
shi]i and they have one daughter. .Vlice; Fhu'- 
eiice, who w:is born October ;!, 1SM), is the wife 
(if Charles Thonijisdn. a farmer in Ripley Town- 
ship, had one child who died In Infancy; Martha, 
who w.is lioin .\pril L'S. l.SiH. is the wife of 
Ch.arles Zlller, and they have two children: Kl- 
mer and Clema : William, who was born .Novein- 
her ]•", 1N!i;>. resides at iKune as do the rest of 
the children : Beujamiu. born September 11. 
Is'.M!; i:iiza, born .\iarch 14. lNii7: Cli.-irles. born 
October 111. I.s;)!); .loliii. Ixini .\jiill 7. 1!I0:!; 
.lulla. born .July 'S.i. liliM : .iimI I'.cniicc. born 
.Vuu-nst m. l!l(»7! 

In piilltics .Mr. Brown has always been iden- 
lllled with the Republican iiarty and at present 
is ser\lnu' in the ollice (if Supei'V Isor. to which 



668 



BOND COUNTY. 



lie was first cIoctiMl in l!i()4. ajiaiii in 1900 and 
for tbe third time in 1'.)V2. and the fourth time 
in UH4. each election lieins hy a very larire 
majority. In ^'.>^4 he was chosen chairman of 
the Board of Su|iervisors. He is fair in all his 
rnlinus Lrivhnr to each uiemlier the rijrlit of the 
floor. In lino he was his party's candidate for 
Sheriff at the primaries and the test showed 
that he was second in the race, heaten by hut 
forty votes. Mr Urown is not formally con- 
nected with any chnrch body hut his contri- 
butions ti> all moral movements are timely and 
cheerfully frlven and his interest In the welfare 
of the tomnninity is known to be as genuine as . 
it has been continuous. He belonirs to the 
M. W. .\. .ind to Klpley I>od.2;e of Yeomen. 

BUNCH, John L., a representative citizen of 
(Ireenville. is a member of one of the solid 
old pioneer families of Hond County. He was 
born on his father's farm in Mills Township. 
Bond County. III.. November 21. ls(i4. In the 
lountry school near his home .Tohn T-. Bunch 
;;ained an educational t raining that iirepared 
him for teaching' school and after foUowiui; 
farmiinr for a time he became a teacher and dur- 
ing' ISMi and ISST tauirht in different iiarts of 
Illinois and Arkansas and before settlln;; per- 
manently at Greenville, had sjient fifteen months 
in Kansas. In ^si>^ he was a|ipointed dejaity 
riiimtv clerk, a position for which he was well 
qu.-ilitieil. 

In 1>-'.n -Mr. r.unch was united in mari'iajie 
with Miss .\lpha I'.runer. and they have one son. 
Lesley B.. wlio was born in 1S'.)2 at (ireenvllle. 
.Mrs. Bunch was a daus;hter of Kev. AV. B. 
Bruner. a well known minister of the Metho- 
dist Church in Southern Illinois. She was 
jrraduated from the Creenville Hiiih school, and 
for nineteen years conducted a millinery estab- 
lishment at Creenville. Mr. Bunch is active in 
local politics and as a citizen is held in inil- 
versal esteem. In l'.i(i4 he was elected clerk 
of the Circuit Court and recorder of Bond 
County, and after serviuj; four years he turned 
his attention to a real estate and loan business, 
liandlin:^' land in various states, and li.as made 
many larse sales. He has been one of the suc- 
cessful land salesmen of this jiart of the state 
since I'.lCls. 

BUFFINGTON, William F., win, is cnsa^'cl in 
the real est.ate. loan and insurance business at 
Sorentii. III., and is one of the re|iresentative 
c itizens of this section of Bond County, was 
born at Litchfield, in Montsomery County. III., 
.luiie 7. 1^74. and is .i son of Wade .\. and 
.M.iuirie .7. (Cummin;.'si ButliuKton. 'W.-ide .\. 
r.utlin;;t<in was liorn in 1.s4(i. at r.ris;hton. in 
.Maco\iiiin County. 111., a son of Henry M. I'.uf- 
limrtoii. who was born in Ireland and from 
there came to .VnuMiia in IS40. In 1M."i he 
loiateil in Macoupin County, 111., and for 
some years followed his trade of carpenter 
and builder in the town of Briirhton. Later 
the r.-iniily moved to i.itchlield. .-ind Ibere 



Henry M. Bultincton and wife died. Their 
children were: Jemiie. who resides at I'eorla. 
III., is the widow of Beii.iamln IJhodes : Eva. 
who is the widow of .lohn Smith, is a resident 
of I'(Hiria : Ileiny M.. who was drowned in the 
Illinois liiver. in lliol : .Molly, who is deceased, 
was the wife of Frank Beck, a resident of .Shel- 
by County, 111.: and Wade A., the first born. 
In his early manhood, before the railroads were 
built through that part of Illinois, he drove a 
staKc between Brighton and Kast St. Louis, 
and afterward became a miner and was em- 
plo.ved as top boss for the Litchfield Mining 
Company, a position he filled mitil ill health 
compelled him to give it up ;ind his death oc- 
curred in 1SS4. He was a faithful member of 
the Catholic Church. He married Maggie J. 
Ctnnmings, who was born in ls.">(!, and died in 
lllOS, near Donnellson, III. Their children were: 
William F. ; David A,, who is employed in a 
glass factory at Kansas City, Mo. : John A.. 
who is emplo.ved at the same ]>lace : Charles 
('., who is in the electrical business at Tulsa, 
Okla., and a .son who died in infancy. 

William F. Biifiington was graduated from 
the .Schofield High school with the class of 
Is'.tl. after which he entered an office and 
learned the telegraphic art. For three .years 
afterward he was a brakemau on the Big Four 
Itallroad. afterward working as a stationary 
engineer in the power house at Granite City. 
subse(|uently locating at Kasf St. Louis. III. 
.Vfter his marriage, in IbKl he was coiuiected 
with the .Vmerican Steel Comiiany, at the end 
of two .vears coming to Sorento. For one .vear 
Mr. Buttington engaged in clerking for a lead- 
ing mercantile firm here. In the sjiring of 
1!K)4 he nH>vj'd to Coffeen. where there was an 
opening for hlin to do business along the line 
of the trade in which he ha<l perfected himself, 
and there installed the Coft'een Klectiic Light. 
Heat and I'ower plant, which is one of the 
most satisfactory utilities of its kind in this 
.section. He then assisted in putting in tlii' plant 
fiu- the Shoal Creek -Mining C<,mpany, the first 
motor operated in the mines at Panama. In 
1!I07 he returned to Sorento and in the spring 
of 1!)11 was elected village clerk, having jire- 
viously been clerk of Shoal Creek Township. 
He has been active in T;eimhli<an politi<s and 
wherever he has lived has t.iken an Interest in 
good govermnent. In liiO'.i. in association with 
.Tiistice .lohn I>riscoll, lie established a real 
estate, lojin and insurance business and the 
liartiiershi]! continued until Augtist 1, 101.'!, when 
.Mr. Bntliiigton by jMirchase became the sole 
pro|)rietor. Both as a business man and as an 
otlicial. .Mr. I'.utlington has won the esteem of 
the (Miimiiunity Ihroiigh his public spirit and 
personal rectitudi'. 

Ill llKil .Mr. I'.utlington was united in niar- 
ri.ige with Miss Blanche I 'e Shane, who was 
born in Montgomery County. III., a daughter 
of (Jeorge I>e Shane, a well known farmer and 
iiieiih.iiit. Mr. and Mrs. Butfington have three 
chihlreii : Wade i:.. who was born March 2ii. 




. </■* -vett// /^(wf.b'f .1 



''''^ ^ £• ^ /tS,}!^-*, ^^r^ .Vy 







^a-zOe 




BOND COUNTY. 



669 



inOS: Marjnrip. who was l)oni M.ivch 2li. mil: 
ami an infant son. Mr. Bullinu'ton is a l)ast 
;.'ian(l in tile Odd Fellows' fraternit.v. is a nioni- 
lior of tho Modern Maccalices and Is iiresident of 
the Yeomen of .Vmerica. 

BYFIELD, James Hamilton, D. D. S. Xo pro- 
fession has shown snch raiiid advancement as 
that of dentistry, and the dentist of toda.v stand.s 
on the same level as the members of an.v other 
of the learned callinss, while his preparation 
is aliont the hardest. The constant clian^cs 
and discoveries also coni]iel him to continne 
his stndies and professional readin;;, and there- 
fore it is only the solid, reliable exponents who 
sneoeed. Dr. James Hamilton Bylield of I'oca- 
hontas belongs to this class of men. and he 
has bnilt up a very desirable practice in the 
city. He was born in Indiana. May 27. 1S.13. 
heins a son of Frederick W. and Xancy .Tane 
(Thorpe) Byfield. the former born in Scott 
Connty. Ind.. and the latter in Decatur County. 
Ind. When the war broke out. he enlisted in 
the Seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantrv. .Vfter 
his return from the war he resumed his prac- 
tice of medicine, in Indiana and after liis re- 
moval to Illinois in 1S71 in which he continued 
mitil his death March 20. lOOO. 

.lames Hamilton Byfield. !>. D. S., went to 
school in both Indiana and Illinois, and the 
Dental College of St. Louis. Mo., and liegan 
practicing as a dentist in ]s70. His excellent 
work and careful methods have secured for 
him .some of the best people in Pocahontas. Dr. 
Bytield l)elongs to the I. O. O. F. and the Mod- 
ern Woodimen. Dr. Byflehl married Martha 
-Vnn Bullion, who was born in Bond County, 
September 20. 1870. daughter of .lohn Bullion 
whose death occurred September 2(1. llXtG. He 
was l)orn at St. Louis. AIo.. .\pril IG. 1S44. 
while his wife. Mary Elizabeth Cartell was 
liorn in Bond County in 18."i2. and died May 
Iti. I'.X^l. Dr. and Mrs. Byfield have three 
children : Lulu is a school teacher of Poca- 
hontas: Kthel Eunice married Henry Hoge on 
November 3, 1908. and her wedding was the 
large.st ever held in this city; and .lanette May 
is at home. 

CARRILLON, Charles, who is one of Bond 
County's most respecte<l citiy.ens and a surviv- 
ing anil honored soldier of the great ("ivil War. 
for many years has been a resident of I'leas- 
ant .Mound Township, where he owns valuable 
land devoted to general agriculture and fruit 
growing. He was born in Hesse Darmstadt, 
(iermany. September 2, 1S3J), and is a .son of 
Frantz and Eva (Bangert) Carrillon. Both 
parents were liorn in (Jerman.v. The great- 
grandf.ither. on the paternal side, was a soldier 
under Napoleon and during the campaign in the 
lUiine provinces, was emi]lo.ved as Inirseshoer 
in the great commander's stables. For gen- 
erations the family belonged to Frankford-on- 
the-.Main. 

Frantz Carrillon, father of Charles Carrillon. 



was educated in the College of Bensheim. (ier- 
many. and was prepared fiu- the profession 
of teaching, one that h(> followed in Hesse 
Darmstadt for fift.v-one consecutive years. His 
son treasures very highly a portrait of his 
father, at the age of eiglity-foiir years, show- 
ing a scholarl.v coipitenance and dignit.v of 
bearing. He marri(>d Eva Bangert and both 
died in (Jermany. Th(\v had the following chil- 
dren : Charles: Adam, who is a prominent 
physician and author, has two children. Hans, 
;( physician, and Ella, who is the wife of .Tudge 
ICi)iielslieimer. of Bond Comity; Elizal>eth. who 
is the widow of .Nicholas Y.nger, resides in 
St. I,ouis. Mo.; .lai'ob. who died in St. Louis; 
Henry, who died in .St. Clair in 1!I12; Nicholas, 
who died in St. Clair County; Mary, who was 
the wife of .Vdam Stay and both died in St. 
licmis; one son, Carl, surviving, an engineer, 
living at St. Louis; and Frank, who died in 
Cerman.v. 

Charles Carrillon was educated in the schools 
of his native jilace and then, desiring to learn 
the mercantile business he served three years 
as a clerk, paying the sum of .'i;i2(» for the privi- 
lege and completing his obligation in 1857. He 
then left his own land for America, with very 
little capital but with high expectations as did 
thousands of others of his countrymen at va- 
rious times. After a voyage of fifty-six days he 
was safely landed in the harbor of New York, 
July 3. 18.''(7. with thirt.v-tive cents in his jioeket. 
Six times since that lirst memorable voyage 
has Mr. Carrillon crossed the .\tlantic. each 
time in nine days. The day following his ar- 
rival in the strange city was so given over to 
patriotic celebrations that seeking for worlv was 
not to be thought of and by the following day 
his mone.v had dwindled down to a few pence. 
Tired out and sorely disappointed, the hoy sat 
down on a step on a public street to rest. It 
proved to be a hotel and in the landlord he 
found a kind and useful friend. On July 7, four 
days after landing, he secured a jiosition as 
clerk, in a store on Houston Street, near Canal, 
with a promise of .$!(» ]ier month in cash and 
with board, lodging and laundr.y. The youth 
proved satisfactory and remained five months 
in that ]iosition. when, having saved his wages 
.•iccording to thrifty (Tcrm.-in habit, he decided 
to go to ,St. I.(Ouis in s(\-irch of emiiloyment. 
.Xot finding anything to his liking in tliat city, 
he continued searcliing until he reached 12- 
Mile Prairie, in St. Clair County, HI., where he 
found farm work that sniiported hini until the 
following spring, wlien he returned to .St. Louis. 
He succee(led in securing a .job there, under 
the same conditions as he had formerl.v worked 
and he remained until li(> hail saved .$100. Witli 
this money he went to .Mli.iinbra. III., and em- 
barked in a mercantile business In which he con- 
linued until the outbreak of the Civil War, 
wlien he sold. 

On April 18. ISdl. .Mr. Carrillon enlisted in 
Company E. First Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 
for three years. This regiment was sent to the 



670 



BOND COUNTY. 



front and in the battle of Wilson Creek, tliirt.v- 
eiglit of hi.s coiurade.s includinf; his captain, 
were killed and he was wounded in the left 
shoulder. In 1S(>2 he was commissioned seeond 
lieutenant of Compan.y I, Thirt.v-eighth Missouri 
Volunteer Infantr.v. At the siege of Vicksburg 
he was wounded in the left leg and after re- 
covery was commissioned first lieutenant and 
with this rank served in the battle of Pea 
Ridge and the others in which his regiment 
participated until in ISfi.i his di.sabilit.v from 
his wounds became .so serious that he had to 
resign and was honorably discharged. After 
his military service was over he returned tn 
St. Louis and went into the wholesale wine 
business and later purchased his first land, near 
Alhambra. In March, 1S74, he bought 170 acres 
of land on Section 1.5, Pleasant Mound Town- 
ship. It had been partially improved, there be- 
ing a small house on the place. After a long 
season during which he cleared off the timber 
and underbrush, he began to cultivate his land 
and also began to set out trees and enter into 
the business of raising lierries. He now has an 
orchard of 1,7(X» bearing fruit trees, includiug 
ai>iile, peach, pear and cherry trees, and to his 
170 acres he has added until his farm now in- 
cludes 235 acres. 

On Septemlier 27. 1S()2, Mr. Carrillon was 
married to Miss Elizabeth Greiner, who was 
born in Baden, Germany, and came to America 
witli her parents in childhood. They have 
liad the following children: Mary, who was 
born at St. Louis, Mo., February 2.3. ISOG, who 
married Frank Sigg. a blacksmith, has five chil- 
dren: Charles, John, Caroline, Emma and 
Bertha and the famil.v lives at Keysport. 111.: 
.Tohn, who was born October 20, ISfiO, married 
Ella Legie and they have one child, William. 
a carpenter at Smithboro, 111.; Charles, who 
was born February 22. 1S72. lives at Alton, 
111. ; ElizalK-th, who was born Xovemlier l(i, 
1.S7.'). is the wife of Christ Wolfmiller. a farmer 
in Pleasant Mound Township, and they have 
three children: Ralph. Charles and Irma ; Ed- 
ward, who was born .June 2ti, 1.S79, is a farmer 
in Madison County, 111.: Henry, who was, born 
May 17, 187(i, lives at home ; Bertha, who was 
horn June 20, 18S2, is the wife of William 
Larkins, a farmer in this township and they 
have two .sons: Irvin and Lester; Frank, who 
was born March 2-1. ISS.I, who married twice, 
first Blanch Wordy, who left one child, Elea- 
nora, who lives with her grandparents, and 
second. Grace Bench, oi)erates the home farm ; 
and Eunna, who was liorn June 7, ISOO, is the 
wife of V. W. Stone, a farmer in this town- 
ship, and has one daughter, Mar.it>rie E. Mr. 
i'arrillon has lieen one of the most active and 
useful men of Pxind County. For twenty five .years 
lie was ,•! memlier of the county Democratic 
«'entr,-il Conunittee and for eight years was 
I'liairnian. He was a member of the Forty-third 
General Assembly, from tlie Forty-seventh Dis- 
trict and while in the Htmse made his intluence 
felt for good. He fought the exi>enditure of 



public nione.v on ever.v occasion feeling it to 
be his dut.v to protect the peojile. whcjse rep- 
resentative he was. always stiUiding for prin- 
ciple and against every species of grafting. 
He was a member of a conunittee that was sent 
to Washington to plead for an Investigation 
into the present high cost of living. On every 
public (lue.stion his reasoning is .sound and his 
expressions show that he has given profound 
study to the problems which confront the peo- 
ple of the whole country. In his own neighbor- 
hood he is esteemed very highly and there are 
man.v jieople here who know what a good friend 
he has Iieen in their adversity. For fifty years 
he has been identified with Ma.sonr.v and is a 
Knight Templar. 

CARSON, WiUiam C. Modern life offers busi- 
ness advantages in almost every line, but it is 
not every young man who jjossesses the ability 
to take advantage of them. William C. Carson, 
editor of The Advocate, at Greenville, 111., has 
shown himself to be a man of ability, energy and 
progress, and has gained his present jiosltion 
entirely through his own earnest efforts. He 
was born August 7, 1S74, at Woodburn, 111., son 
of William T. and Abbie E. (Coleord) Carson, 
the former horn near Franklin. Williamson 
Count.v, Tenn., and the latter of Wilton, Me., 
both now deceased ; Mrs. Carson having died 
November 0, 101,3, and Mr. Carson May 2.5. 1014. 

William T. Car.son was born February 8. 18.32. 
and when a young man came to Illinois, whei'e 
he accumulated a farm and other pro]ierty in 
]Macoui)in Count.v. From ISCtt until 1873 he was 
a merchant in Greenville. Mr. Carson served 
for some years as a Justice of the I'eace and 
postmaster. He was an elder in the Presby- 
terian church. Mrs. Carson, who was born 
March 7, 1837, made the journey from her na- 
tive state of Maine to Illinois, overland by way 
of wagon in 1840, the trip consuming six weeks. 

William C. Carson went to the academy at 
Bunker Hill In 1888, Shurtlefif College at Upper 
Alton in 1800-02, and Greenville College. In 
1803 he secured a position as reporter on the 
Greenville Advocate, and three years later be- 
came tit.v editor under Editor W. W. Lowis. 
In Jlay, lOOfi, he became business manager of 
the )iaper, and on May 1, 1908, purchased one- 
b;ilf of Mr. I^owis" interest. He now has entire 
charge of this newspajier. whidi is fifty-six 
years old, and one of the leading new.spajiers 
of the state. He gives his entire attention 
to putting out the best paper possible, and 
since he has taken charge the circulation has 
grown by leaps and bounds. A natural news- 
liaiier man. he keeps his finger on the public 
pulse, and is invariably able to sn|iply its 
needs. He is a Republican in politics, anil fills 
the important jiosition of secretary of tlie Re- 
publican Central Committee. His fraternities are 
the Modern Woodmen of .\merica, and the 
Woodmen of the World, and his ihunli that of 
the Presbyterian denomination. 

On October 14, 1000, Mr. Carson married 



BOND COUNTY. 



67] 



Marie Louise Seawell, daugliter of Hon. Cliarles 
W. and Emma (Miller) Seawell, the former a 
United States Internal Revenue officer and a 
member of the State Legislature in 1SS7 and 
1S94. Mr. Seawell died April 5, 1914. One 
child. Mildred, has been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Carson. 

CARTMELL, Harry D., M. D. The world asks 
mucli (if its men of science and in these mod- 
ern da.vs a ph.vsician must not onl.v lie expe- 
rienced in his medical diagnosis and unerring 
in his surgical skill, but he must jiossess those 
per.sonal qualities whicli liring lioiiefulness and 
cheer into the sick room, often at the expense 
of his own nervous force. In accepting the 
responsibilities of the profession, medical men 
know that heavy demands will be made upon 
them and very often un.iust ones for probably 
they give more in charity than do any other 
individuals, this including time, money and 
profe.ssional skill. Greenville has its share of 
men of medical ability and one of these. Harry 
D. Cartmell. nia.v be mentioned as one who 
possesses all the qualities almve named and one 
who has never spared himself in ministering 
to tliose in need of his services. With Dr. Cart- 
mell it has never been a question of remunera- 
tion but always one of need in a patient, and 
so well is this known that the confidence and 
esteem in which he is universally held is given 
him both professionally and personally. 

Dr. Cartmell was Ixirn near Assmnption. in 
Shelby County. 111.. November .". l.'^TO. and is a 
son of Thomas W. and Margaret (Harper) 
Cartmell. Thomas W. Cartmell was born iii 
Manchester. England, a son of Isaac Cartmell, 
;i bobbinmaker li.v trade. In 1S.58 Isaac Cart- 
mell came to America, his son Thomas W. being 
then two years old. and in the cit.v of New 
York became a car|ienter and liuilder. In 1,S70 
he moved with his six children to Shelb.v 
Count.v. 111., and entered land in Rural Town- 
ship, where be jirospered as a farmer and spent 
the rest of his life, passing away in lliOO. His 
children were: Thomas W., .lennie, who mar- 
ried Justin Wright, now a retired farmer living 
at A.ssumirtion, 111. : Ann, who died in young 
womanhood ; Ida, who became the wife of Fred- 
erick Cochrane, a farmer in Shelby County : 
Robert, who spent two yciirs in the military 
academy at West Toint, afterward graduated 
from the Kent Law School, Chicago, and then 
became coiniected with railroads .-ind otlicr en- 
terprises in Texas, where he resides; (iertru<le. 
who became the wife of Prof. E. W. Cavins, of 
Normal, 111,, a well known educator in the state 
and the introducer of the system of vertical 
I)enmanshiji in the jinblic schools. 

Thomas W. Cartmell earned his own living 
for .some .years as a newsboy in .\ew York City 
and accompanied his jiarents to lllinnis and 
assistwl bis father on the farm in Shelby 
County, where, after his marriage, he b(aight 
a farm ad.ioinjng that of his fath(>r and still 
carries on large agricultural operations ihere. 



He grows grain and keeps fine stock and is one 
of the county's .substantial and representative 
men. His father was a Democrat but Mr. Cart- 
mell has long been identified with the Repub- 
lican party and is personally acquainted with 
many of its old leaders, although never willing 
to accept any office for himself. He married 
Margaret Harper and they have had a family 
of three sons and three daughters: Harry 
D. : Mary, who is the wife of Harmon 
Smith, a merchant at La .Tura, Colo.; .Jennie, 
who is the wife of Charles Kuhle. a farmer at 
Reynolds, N. Dak. ; Isaac, who is in the jewelry 
business at Assumption. 111. ; Samuel, who re- 
mains on the home farm ; and Nellie, who is 
yet in school. Thomas W. Cartmell and wife 
are members of the Presbyterian church. 

Harry D. Cartmell was reared on the home 
farm and attended the public schools until 
1896, when he entered the Normal school at 
Normal. 111., where he continued his studie» 
for two years and then entered the North- 
western University and in 1900 the medical de- 
partment of Northwestern I'niversity (Chi- 
cago), where he continued his medical studies 
and was graduated in 190.">. receiving an ap- 
pointment as interne in the Provident Hospital. 
Chicago, where he remained, gaining valuable 
experience, for eighteen months. In the fall 
of 1907 he located at Greenville and has built 
up a fine practice. He has a well equipped office 
and compounds the greater number of his own 
prescriptions. 

On August 10, 1910, Doctor Cartmell was 
married to Miss Oradelle De Sloulin, who was 
b<u-n .Inly 24, 1.SS7. in Bond County, 111., a 
daughter of Erastus R. De Moulin, a leading 
citizen of Greenville. Doctor and Mrs. Cart- 
mell attend the Baptist church, of which Mr.s. 
Cartmell is an active member. In politics he 
is a Republican and in November, 1912, was 
elected county coroner, and he is also a mem- 
ber of the board of pension examiners. He 
is prominently identified with Masonry and be- 
longs to the Mystic Shrine and has membership 
in lioth county and state medical organizations. 
In 1914, Doctor Cartmell bought the Coop resi- 
dence and office on West College Street, a beau- 
tiful place, and he has fully equiiiped the office 
with all modern appliances. 

CARY, John B., M. D., of Donnellson, III., who 
is both i>er.sonally and professionally well known 
all through this section of tlic state, belongs 
to that class of citizens which is beneficial to 
any community, a true American tyi>e. He 
was born December 29, 184.3, near Wisetown. 
Blind County, 111., and is a son of Wilson and 
.Mary (Chilton) Cary. The father of Doctor 
Cary was Iwirn at Cundierland Gap. A'a.. Sep- 
tember 2.^, 180(1, <if Scotihlrish ancestr.v, and 
died in IS.')?!. His father, Kemp Cary, was born 
in Scotland and when he came to tile Tnited 
States, settled first . in Virginia and removed 
from there to Independence. Mo., where he 
engaged in farming. He had seven children : 



672 



BOND COUNTY. 



Sanih. Jt'ffersnii. Aniicuius. Beverly. Thomas, 
Sophia and AVilsou. They became scattered, 
AA'ilsoii coming to Collinsville, 111., where he 
married Mary Chilton, who was born in ISOS, 
near the above named villase. Her peojile 
came from London, Kngland. and her mother 
belon;jed to a bran<li of the royal honse of 
Stnart. When the maternal grandfather of 
I>octor Gary, Augustine Chilton, came to the 
Tnited States, he settled near St. Jacob. 111. 
The children born to Wilson and Mary Cary 
were as follows : Melvin, born in Madison 
County, 111., December 10, 1S.31, died at Mos- 
cow, Idaho : .Tames, born at Independence, Mo., 
July 16, 1S32. died in Bond County in 1851 : 
( 'atherine born in Jlissouri, April 0, 1834, is 
the widow of Marion Brown, and is deceased: 
•ieorse. born in Missouri in is.'ii; was a soldier 
in an Illinois regiment n the Civil War and 
was killed at the battle of Kingston, Ga. : Eliza- 
beth J., horn in Missouri in 183S, died at Poca- 
hontas, 111. : K.sther, born in Madison County. 
111., in 1839. died in infancy in Bond County : 
Jasper N., born in Madison County, 111., Feb- 
ruary G, 1841, died at Sterling. III., in 1808, 
a printer by trade; John B. ; William C. born 
in Bond County. III.. Seirtember 2."). 184."), was a 
soldier in the Civil War and was wounded at 
the battle of Missionary Itidge and is now a 
farmer in Arkansas : Elisha E., born in Bond 
County in 1847, died in Arkansas ; Thomas F., 
liorn in Bond County in 18!50, is a farmer in 
Lagrange Township ; and Xancy F., born in 
Bond County, January 31. 18.'p2, is the wife of 
John I'lear and they live in Arkansas. While 
living in Missouri. Wilson Cary learned the 
carpenter trade and during the rest of his life 
followed the same to some extent. Prior to 
1843 he moved to near Wisetown, Bond County, 
where he owned a farm of KiO acres. He was 
interested in raising horses and, as was the 
custom at that time, often permitted his fast 
running hor.ses to run races, but when his son 
Melvin won a horse by lietting on a race he 
showed his disapproval to the extent of send- 
ing the horse back to the loser. 

John B. Cary was only ten years old when 
his father died. He attended school at Van- 
dalia for one term and then went hack to the 
farm and worked there until Is.'jO. when he 
entered school at I'ocahontas. In the fall of 
1857 he went to Hillsboro and while attend- 
ing the Hillsboro Academy, lived until 1S(!2 as 
a member of the family of Dr. J. S. Ilillis. In 
the above year he decided to enter the I'nion 
army and enlisted for service in the Civil War 
in Company II, .Ninth Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry, but on account of ill health could not 
really enter the service before June, ls(i2. when 
he was assigned to Company C. Seventieth Illi- 
nois Volunteer Infantry. During ]8(i4 he served 
in the connnissary de|iartment and then re- 
turned to his home with Doctur Ilillis. During 
l.SCn-C he attended l!\ish Medical College, Chi- 
cago, and after cdnipli'tiMg his medical course, 
located at ])iinMellsnn. where for forty ye;irs 



he has practicecl his profession. C'oming here 
in 18()7 he has lived longer continuously than 
any other resident with the exception of Mrs. 
W. D. Boone and Mrs. J. J. (Jates. both of whom 
were born at Donnellson. He has never aspired 
to public ortice bnt served as deputy iiostmaster 
in 18<!."p. under William Winnchester and served 
three years as president of the village board 
of Donnellson, and for five years was on the 
jiension examining hoard of surgeons, at Litch- 
field, 111. In i)olitics he has always been a 
Kepublican and away hack in 18.50 was, as he 
remembers, an admirer of General Fremont, 
although not then a voter. He has conversed 
with and heard speak, lioth .Vbraham Lincoln 
and Stephen A. Douglas and still remembers 
with admiration Gov. Richard Yates the elder, 
whom he declares was one of the noble and 
inspiring men of his day. 

Doctor Cary was married (first) in June. 
IsfiS, to Laura X. Donnell, of Donnellson, Lee 
County, la., a daughter of William A. and 
Calista (Hamilton) Donnell. She was born 
February 25, 1848, and died March l(i, 1880. 
the mother of the following children : a babe 
that died in infancy: Calla. who is the wife of 
W. F. Dresser, of Reno, 111., and they have one 
daughter, Laura : Alvin B., who was born 
October 4, 1875. is a prominent ph.vsician and 
surgeon in southern Illinois, married Amelia 
Krnnnnell and they have three children — Beryl 
W.. Alvina B., and John B., Jr. ; and Katie A., 
who was born February 4. 1880. is the wife of 
A. A. Williams, of Colorado, and the.v have one 
daughter. Elizabeth E. On June 12, 1800. Doc- 
tor Cary was married (second) to Miss Carrie 
D. Vaughn, who died July 2. 1804. survived 
by one daughter, Laura M. She was born May 
12, 1802, and is the wife of Alburn Dunn. Mr. 
and Mrs. Dunn reside at Donnellson and they 
have one son. Vaughn W. Doctor Cary is a 
member of Donnellson Po.st Xo. 301, G. A. R.. 
and of Donnellson Lodge Xo. 2.55 A. F. & A. M.. 
in which he has been a zealous advocate for 
the standard ritual and an unwavering sup- 
jporter of the landmarks of the fathers. The 
pleasant town of Donnellson is built on the 
Bond and Montgomery Comity line, and while 
I>octor Cary was born in Bond his residence 
stands in Montgomery County and he is claimed 
by both sections. Doctor Cary is a self made 
man, and was compelled to borrow and pay ten 
per cent for money to go to school. He pros- 
l)ered and while not a rich man he is now in 
comfortable circumstances. 

CHAPMAN, John A. (deceased), was born in 
Jackson County. Tenn.. January Hi, 183(i. and 
was the son of Willl.am Chapman, who was a 
native of Virginia. His wife was born in X'ew 
England. They lived in Virginia until 1820 
and then moved to Jackson County. Tenn. In 
1S51 the family settled in Jersey County. 111., 
entering land there and developing a farm. 
William Cliaiiman and wife died, however, in 
Mimtgoiiiery County. III. Thev had the fol- 



BOND COUNTY, 



673 



Inwins children : Xam-.v. who lioc.-inu' the wife 
of WilliMiii Waters, was horn liefeiv the t'aiuily 
left Virjiinia in 1820. She married In Kentuel<y 
and in ]S."il moved to Illinois and her hnshanil 
died in 1S.">4 after which she made lier home 
with her .son William until ls."i7. when she 
moved to Hillshoro, where she died Deeemher 
30. 1873. She lieeame a ehuroh member in earl.v 
womanhood and .ioined the Methodist ICpiseopal 
Church at Hillshoro. Lizzie, the second mem- 
ber of William Chapman's famil.v. married 
Thomas I. Towel and is deceased. John A. 
was the third horn. Katie, the .vouniiest of 
the famil.v. married IClam Rurk and both died 
near Walshville. Montsomer.v Count.v, 111. 

Johu A. Chapman was tifteeu .years of age 
when he accomiianied his parents to Jersey 
County. 111., and there grew to manhood and 
then moved witli the family to Montgomery 
County and invested in farmiuK land. He 
married Elizabeth .Vmanda Barlow, who was 
horn near where Sorento now stands. January 
1. Is.S."), then called Blood Prairie. This mar- 
riage took place October 23. IS.")!). Her father 
Rev. John Barlow was an able minister in the 
Cumberland Presbyterian Churdi and came of 
a sturdy old Scotch family. Mrs. Chaimian 
united with the churcli when she was fifteen 
.vears old and lived a Christian life in every 
wa.v. intlueucing others both b.v jirecept and 
example. It was her beautiful custom to each 
day read a chapter in her Bible and each night 
to gather her children about her to take part 
in family prayers. Mr. and Mrs. Chapman 
left the farm in Jlontgomery County in 1007 
and retired to Sorento, where she passed away 
September 22. 1!)00. When first taken sick she 
seemed to realize that her life work was nearly 
ended and its close was peaceful. She had 
reared her children in Christian ]iaths and had 
re.ioiced when all united with the church of her 
faith. Mr. Chapman during tlie last month of 
his fatal illness had made his home with one 
of his daughters, Mrs. Griffith, who tenderly 
cared for him until his death, which took place 
in .\pril. Hn4. Of the eight children in the 
family two died in infanc.v. the survivors being: 
-Viui. who is the wife of .Vnios Messimore, of 
Montg(jmery Comity, 111.; Florence, who is the 
wife of \. V. Bishop, of Sorento. 111. ; Finis, of 
Pontiac, 111.: William. Hillsboro, 111.; Clara E.. 
who is the wife of Charles E. Ilolliday. of 
.Sorento; and Lill.v, who is the wife of James R. 
Griltith, of Sorento, and the.v have one d:inghter. 
Opal, who was born Decemlier 3, 1807. This 
.young lady is an accomplished musician. 

CLANTON, James Alfred, a worthy representa- 
tive of a sterling American famil.v. is one of 
the prosiierous farmers .■md pnblic-s|)iritcd cit- 
zens of Bon<l Coinit.v. He has resided all of 
his life ill Bond County, and has risen to a |ihice 
of jirominence among the agriculturists of Old 
Rijiley Township, being a man of energy, jier- 
severence and industr.v. Mr. Clanton was born 
in the Pill <l,ik school district. Bond Count.v, 



111.. July 2('i, 18."'i4, and is a son of John and 
.Martha J. ( File I ("lanton. The Clanton family 
in .\merica originated in North Carolina, where 
were born five brothers: James. Riifns, John. 
Charles and William Clanton. of whom Rufns 
died in the Old North State while the others 
founded families in Illinois, Missouri and Mary- 
land. James Clanton. the paternal grandfather 
of James Alfred Clanton. married Elizabeth 
-Vnderson. and in ISiMi the.v came with their 
family to P.on<l Count.v. 111., buying hind in the 
Pin Oak school district from a Mr. Briggs. who 
had entered the land, on which a nephew, John 
Ellis. Iiad located in 1810. During the earl.v 
<la.vs the warfare with the hostile Indians \vas 
continuous, but the land was finally developed 
and here Mr. ('lanton and his wife continued 
to carry on agricultural pursuits during the 
remainder of their lives, she jiassing away in 
P>47. and he surviving until ls(i<i. They were 
the ])areiits of these children: Cliapman 1).. who 
died ill Bond Count.v at the age of fort.v-live 
.\ears: Wesley, who died in 1873; .Vlfred .Vn- 
derson. who died in Shoal Creek Township in 
ISOO; Enos A., who died at Litchfield. 111., a 
blacksmith; .Marv. who married David B. Wood, 
and both died in Macoupin County, 111.; Martha, 
who married Ilezekiah Campbell and died in 
Buchanan County. Mo., in 1877; Sina, horn 
March (i, 1S2(>, who died at the age of seven- 
teen years; John; Edward, born November 22, 
1S29. who died at the age of nineteen years: 
and (ieorge W., born December 21, 1831, who 
died in 1847. The last two named were born 
in Bond County. All are buried in the old 
Nebo cemeter.v. 

John I'lanton. the father of James Alfred 
Clanton. was born in Wilkes County, N. C, in 
1S21. and was a lad of eight years when the 
family came to Illinois. He grew to manhood 
on the home farm, and was married (first) in 
1,s4(l to Miss .Margaret Ellen (Jracy, who died 
in is.'il. leaving one daughter. Mary, who mar- 
rie<l Jacob .M. File. Mr. File died June 1, 1873, 
and his wife followed him to the grave October 
13, 187I). On June 24, 18.'j2, John Clanton mar- 
ried (second) Martha J. File, a daughter of 
.Moses File. The latter, whose history will be 
found in another jiart of this work, died .\ugust 
2!l. ISO.".. Mr. and Mrs. Clanton were the 
liarents of these children: Ellzalieth J.ane, born 
in .Vpril. 18.53, who died February 10, 1873; 
James Alfred, of this review ; Moses F., born 
May 8, 18.-)«, who died May 12, 1!)12, at Poca- 
hontas, 111., married Lucy E. Miller on June 
0. 188.5, i.ssue — John S., Kate and .\ddison : John 
Ileiuy, born May 0, 18.">s, a resident of Old 
Uipley, 111.; Julia, born O<'tober 20. INOO, nnir- 
ried September is, 1870, to James Willeford, a 
fanner of Old Ripley Township; Lydia -\.. horn 
January 2s. lsii;>. wlio married Henry Hoffman, 
a merchant of Old Ripley and has three chil- 
dren. John M.. Dora and Du.ane; Martha Nettle, 
born March 24, 180.5, who died September 0, 
is7."i; Diu'a, born November 2, 1800, who mar- 
ried John Mollette, a farmer of Shoal Creek 



674 



BOND COUNTY. 



Townslii|). and lias four ehildreu. Julia. Alice. 
Michael and Alhert ; and Emily E.. horn May 
9, 1S70, who married Ewing Hunter, of Texas, 
and died in 1004. leavinft one child. Berniee. 
The father of the above-named children died 
Angust 22. 1894. and the mother April 2!t. 1912. 
Beside their own children, they adopted two 
children. Marion C. File, son of Jacob M. and 
Catherine (Plosa) File, born February 4. lSfi4. 
who died Feln-uary 21. 18S1 : and Julia M. File, 
daughter of Mary E. (Clanton) File. Iwrn Jan- 
uary 30. 1873. and now the wife of Joseph Watt, 
a farmer near Troy. Madison County. 111. John 
Clanton was a man who lived not within him- 
self, for his tender, sympathetic nature made 
him ever ready to assist those in need, and 
during his long residence in Bond County be 
assi.sted many to get a start in life. In politics 
a stanch Democrat, he was often urged to accept 
otfice. but steadfastly refused public prefer- 
ence. In local matters he was liable to place 
man before party, ever trying to aid good gov- 
ernment. In ISrti Mr. Clanton moved from 
Shoal Creek to Old Ripley, and there his re- 
mains lie in the New Nebo cemetery. He and 
his wife were devout members of the Primitive 
Bajrtist church and his residence was the home 
of the early congregation of this deuomination. 
and of the elders of the church. 

James Alfred Clanton received his education 
in the Pin Oak school district and in that vicin- 
ity remained until 18i:9 when he accompanied 
his parents to Old Ripley Township, the father 
trading his Shoal Creek farm for the Grand- 
father File farm. He remained at homo until 
he was thirt.v-five years of age. and March 21. 

1589, was married to Miss Matilda Willmann. 
who was born near Stubblefield. Bond County. 
111.. December 5. 1S70. daughter of Mathias Will- 
mann and Blandina (Becker) Willmann. natives 
of Germany, who came to the I'nited States 
and made their home in Highland. 111. There 
as a young man he worked at the trade of brick 
mason, tint subsequently brought a farm in 
Riple.v Township, where he iiassefl awa.v Sep- 
tember 21. 1900. his wife dying May 12. 1904. 
After his marriage. Mr. Clanton rented land 
from .Tames L. Williford. and for two years 
farmed forty-two acres on Section 23. Old Rip- 
ley Township. In September. 1893, Mr. Clanton 
came to his iiresent property, where he now 
has about 111 acres under a fine state of culti- 
vation. He has successfully engaged in raising 
grain, and has also been active in breeding 
milch cows, of which he now has twelve head. 
He is an alile business man. is possessed of 
modern ideas and follows up-to-date methods, 
and his honorable means of carrying on trans- 
actions have won him the unqualified confidence 
of his associates. 

Mr. and Mrs. Clanton have had the follow- 
ing children: Thomas K.. born Januar.v 17. 

1590. an engineer. resi<ling at Decatur, 111.: 
James Mathias. born October 22. 1891. at home 
and assisting his father: Martha Blandina. 
born November 21. 1893, married March 21. 



1912, Harley Tipsword. a farmer of Old Ripley 
Township, and has one child. Julius F.. born 
December 14. 1912 : Henry Alfred, born March 
24. 189f) : Sophia A., born .July 4. 1808 : and Wil- 
liam Clingman. born September 12. 1901. all at 
home. Mr. Clanton is connected with Ripley 
Camp. Modern Woodmen of Anaerica. in which 
he has many appreciative friends. He has al- 
ways stood for advancement and ))rogress. and 
is known as one of the men of his community 
who c-an be relied ujwn to further movements 
for the general public welfare. 

COMBS, Hon. Joseph A. (deceased), formerly 
line of Bond County's tiest known men. had 
many claims to distinction, having served hon- 
orably in the great Civil War and later l)eing 
cho.sen for man.v local official jiositlons of re- 
sponsiliilit.v and in November. 1S8S, was elected 
a member of the lower house of the Illinois 
I.#gi.slature. He was born near Ashmore, Coies 
County. 111.. November 3. 18.33. and is a son of 
John and Elizatieth Margaret (Mitchell) Combs. 
The Mitchells were of Craigend. Sterlinsshire. 
Scotland, and left there about lfi37. on account 
of religious persecution, and settled in Ireland. 
In lfl82 they emigrated to America and estab- 
lished themselves in Pennsylvania. Jane Mitchell 
married Samuel Dook. Sr.. in Ireland. Robert 
and Adam Mitchell left Pennsylvania with Rev. 
Caldwell and subsequentl.v settled near Guilford 
Court House. N. C. Adam Mitchell, grandfather 
of Joseph A. Combs, was tiorn In XortJi Caro- 
lina. May 4. 1774. (^reat-grandfather .loseph 
Combs married Sally Mabr.v. of Washin'.:ton 
Count.v. Va.. supposed to have been liorn there, 
(irandfather Jo.seph Combs, for whom Josepii A. 
Combs was named, was In the war of 1812 and 
was with fJeneral Jackson at the battle of New 
Orleans. T\vo of the great uncles of Jlr. Combs. 
William and Enos Barnes, also took part in 
that battle and it was William Barnes that 
mounted the breastworks and with trust.v aim 
picked off members of General Packhaiu's statT. 

John Combs, father of Joseph A. Combs, was 
born in Jefferson Count.v, East Tennessee. De- 
cember 28. 1810. where he lived until sevouteon 
years of age. He moved then to Indiana, where 
lie remained four years, in 1831 moving to Mar- 
shall, Clark County, 111., and from there, in the 
spring of 1842 to Coles County, 111. eight miles 
south of Charleston but in the same school 
district. From there he moved to Ilillsboro. 
where he resided until March 1. 1845. when he 
came to Bond County, settling two miles south 
of Dudleyville, where he practiced medicine. 
On March 2. Is4ti, he moved to Mulberry Grove, 
where he resided during the rest of his life, 
his death occurring from cholera. July 13. 18.^1. 
He married Elizabeth Margaret Mitchell and 
nine children were born to them : .Jo.seph A. : 
.\lfrcd S.. who is a resident of Boulder. Col.; 
an infant, deceased: Mary .\nn. who is the wife 
of William A. Pigg. of ^iulberr.v Grove ; Simon 
M., who is deceased : an infant, deceased : 
William J., who was born November 14, 1S42, 



BOND COUNTY, 



675 



is n niemlier of tho judiciiirv at Kinporia Kaiis. : 
Nancy Ellpii I'ruitt. wlio lives at I'mporia. 
Kans. ; ami Sarah, wlio dicil at tlie aw <if ten 
years. 

.Tosepii A. (\)nil)s seeureil a di.strict school 
education and began to teach school when 
twenty years old and continued to teach for six 
years. When the Civil War liroke out he was 
engaged in farming. On May 11, ]s(!i, he en- 
listed for state service, on Tune 11 entering the 
I'. S. service as a meniher of Coniiiany K. 
Twenty-second Illinois Voliniteor Infantry. The 
regiment was sent from ('ani]> Belvidere. III., to 
Brush Point and its first skirmish was at 
Charleston. Mo., in August, istil. and on \o- 
vemlier 7. 1S(!1, occ\irred the battle of Belmont. 
From thei'e the regiment was moved to New 
Madrid. Mo. Afterward this regiment was sent 
down the river to Fort Holt, then on to Cliatta- 
nooga and took part in the siege of C^)rinth. 
From Corinth the regiment passed on to Nash- 
ville, took ii.irt in the battle of Murfreeshoro 
and its subse(juent history included all the bat- 
tles of that branch of the arm.v — Missionary 
Ridge, ChicUamauga, Buzzard's Roost and oth- 
ers, until its last straggle of eleven da.vs of 
fighting, at New Hope, Ga. In the spring of 
1S64 the regiment was mustered out at Spring- 
field, Joseph A. Combs being one of the victo- 
rious survivors although on May 9. 18()1. he had 
been left for dead on the battle field of Corinth. 

With jiatriotic duty well done, Mr. Combs 
then left behind him the strenuous life of a 
soldier and resumed the pea<-eful pursuits of 
agriculture and remained on his farm until IsOfl, 
when he moved to the village of Mulberry 
Grove, where he continued to make his home. 
In every way he was ever an active and ]iro- 
gressive citizen, serving ac-ceptably in ever.v 
ofHce to which his appreciative fellow citizens 
had elected him. lie served for two sessions 
in the Illinois Legislature and the special ses- 
sion iluriug the World's Fair at Chicago. He 
seiTed as road supervisor, town collector and 
assessor and notary public and attorne.v for 
the village, hut possibly he took as much pride 
in the results of his service of two terms as 
.iustice of the jieace as in any official position 
he ever held, for during this time no higher 
court was ever called on to review one of his 
judgments. For eighteen years Mr. Combs had 
served as a school trustee. 

On Aiigust 21, lS."')f(. Mr. Combs was married 
to Martha Klizabeth Buchanan, who died Sep- 
tember 24, ISftS. The.v had three children : 
.Tennie. who was born Novemlier 4. ISfiO, mar- 
ried .Joseph S. Holt, and they have one daughter. 
Mable, born November 0, 1S87, married Benja- 
min Bullion and they have one son, born .Tan- 
uar.v 7. IIIKI; I/illian. who was born December 
2.S, IsCil, married William W. Ridgway, who is 
in the feed and <oal business at St. Louis; and 
Ernest Elmer, who was horn September '.'A), 
1866. is a newspaper publisher in Lagrange 
County, Ind. On October 22, 1871, Mr. Comlis 
was married to Mrs. Louisa A. (Russell) Burke. 



She had two children : Albert Russell I'.urke. 
who lives at Aledo, Mercer County, III., and 
Carrie E.. who is the wife of Charles L. Page. 
of Etfingham County. III. Mrs. Combs is a 
daughter of William and Sallie (Blackliiirn) 
Russell. William Russell was born near Har- 
lier's Ferry. Va., a son of .lames Russell, who 
was a soldier in the Revolution. He had a 
daughter, now lining at Oakley. Macon Count.v, 
III., who is in her ninetieth .year. .>;he being one 
of the ver.v few surviving children of a Revolu- 
tionary soldier. The mother of Mrs. Combs was 
l«)rn in .Teffer.son County, Va.. a daughter of 
Thomas Blackburn, who was married three 
times, two sons of his first marriage emigrat- 
ing to Kentucky at an early date and the Ken- 
tucky Blackburns. all distinguished, are of this 
stock. For his second wife, Thomas I?lack- 
burn married Sarah Ball, who was the grand- 
mother of Mrs. Combs. .She was a cousin of 
(;e<irge Washington, her father being a brother 
of the mother of General Washington. In his 
)iolitical atfiliations Mr. Combs was always a 
Republican. On September 7. is.-.n. he united 
with the Masonic fraternity at Greenville, 111., 
and in 18(1!) became a Royal Arch Mason. He 
died .luly 0, 1910. 

COX, Rufus D., a retired farmer and an honored 
veteran of the great Civil War. who has been 
a valued resident of Greenville for the past 
fifteen years, was born at Andersontown. Ind. 
in 1N.S7. and is a son of .lames G. and Margaret 
(Killpatrick) (Perry) Cox. the latter of whom 
was a member of the same family as was Gen- 
eral Killpatrick, one of the bravest officers who 
.served and lost his life during the War of the 
Rebellion. .Tames G. Cox and wife were both 
born in Wayne County, Ky., where their ]iarents 
who had come originally from Virginia, became 
owners of land and of slaves. The grandfather 
of Rufus I). Cox died from the effects of a kick 
of a horse, after which the grandmother moved 
to Johnson County, Mo., where she died at the 
age of ninet.v-four years. The Perrys left 
Wayne County in slavery days, taking with 
them to Perry County, Ills., fourteen of their 
slaves, whom they then liberated. Grandfather 
Perr.v being opposed to slavery. He died in 
Perry County at the age of seventy-five .years 
his wife living to the age of one hundred years. 
Originally the Perrys had come from the north 
of Ireland and in religious faith they were 
Methodists. 

James G. Cox was born in 1814 and his wife 
one year later, and they li\ed in Wayne County 
until marriage, when they moved to Anderson- 
town. Ind., two of the slave children accompany- 
ing them. Their names were Sabery and Sarah 
and when they reached maturity Mr. and Mrs. 
Cox gave them their freedom, and when they 
married built them a house on a lot of ground 
on which they continued to live until they died. 
In 1840 Tames G. Cox and family moved from 
Indiana to Perry County, 111., where he bought 
forty acres of laud to which he subsequently 



G76 



BOND COUNTY. 



added until he had 1(!0 acres. ;ill of wliii-h. in 
the course of time, was im|lro^•ed. The.v re- 
mained on the famil.v iKimcstead nnd liere 
.James G. Cox died, January 14. ]S59. At this 
time his widow was sick .ind evidentl.v knew 
that lier days were numbered and with a moth- 
er's solicitude, was an.xious to assure the hap- 
piness of her children as far as la.v in her 
power. Of her three sous and four daughters 
Rufus D. was the youngest and had already cmi- 
flded to his mother his desire to marry, al- 
though not .vet of age. in those days young 
jieople marrying as a rule earlier than in mod- 
ern times. On the twelfth of Februarv slie 
called this son to her bedside and told him of 
her full permission to marry and advised him 
at once to secure his license. He did so and 
liy her bedside, on February 12. lS.jO. was united 
in wedlock with Rachel Elizal)eth Due, and two 
days afterward, the mother jiassed to her eter- 
nal rest. Of the other memlKns of the family 
the record is as follows: Sarah married Frank- 
lin Tiffateller and they live in Oklahoma and 
have had .seven children born to them: ,T. ('.. 
who died at Greenville, 111., in I'.Kl.'i, was a mem- 
ber of Company I, Forty-ninth Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantry : AVilliam II., who is a large 
farmer in Jefferson Count.v, 111. ; Phebe V.. wlio 
is now deceased, was the wife of Brown Watts, 
who is a resident of Perry County, 111. ; Matilda 
Lucretia, who married Silas Woods, and they 
moved to Cedar County, Mo., where l>oth died : 
and Margaret K., wlio is the widow of Daniel 
Corrigan, who was one of the jirominent citi- 
zens of Randolph County. 111. James G. Cox 
was an industrious and .ludicious farmer and 
stock raiser and in the days before railroads 
conveyed his products to market with two yoke 
of oxen, dressing hogs, and disposing of them 
for .'i!1.2r) per liundred weight and turkey and 
other fowls at .fl.25 per dozen, these prices 
being satisfactory at tlmt time and he became 
wealthy. He was an old line Whig in politicks 
and «as often asked to accept public office but 
would never serve otherwise than as school 
director. Botli he and wife were faithful and 
liberal members of the Methodist Church. 

It was in Perry County tliat Rufus D. Cox 
started to school and he had to walk a dis- 
tance of two and one-half miles. The sum of 
.1!2..'jO had to lie paid for each pupil and where 
tliere was a large family the tax was rather 
lieavy. In his school days great account was 
made of reading, writing, spelling and arith- 
metic, and Mr. Cox remembers one sjielling bee 
in which a school mate spelled through the en- 
tire book, missing but five words. He con- 
pleted his education in the old Johnson school 
district as it was then called. In l.SCO Mr. 
Cox and wife moved to Centralia, 111., locating 
on a fort.v-acre farm and this he was cultivat- 
ing at the time of his enlistment, in lS(i2, for 
service in the Civil War. He entered Company 
H, Kightieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and 
Ills regiment was inniiediately sent to the frcint, 
it particijijiting in Iwcnty-nne buni fought bat- 



tles, including that of I'errysville, where it lost 
.seventy-live in killed and wounded. Other ini- 
liortant battles were Nashville. Franklin, Kene- 
saw Mountain, liome and Atlanta, and at Chat- 
tanooga he was iiromoted to the rank of cor- 
lioral. .\t Rome. Oa., he was taken prisoner with 
1,!M)0 others, was transferred to IJbby pri.son. 
afterward was exchanged at City Point. From 
there he was sent to Springfield and received 
his honorable discharge on August 12, ISdTi. 
having been b\it once wounded, which was in 
the battle at Atlanta. The management of the 
farm was a heavy task for his wife and Mr. 
Cox wrote to her to sell the forty acres, for 
which she received .S12.."0 ])er acre and resideil 
with an aunt until his return from the army. 
They lived for one year afterward in Monroe 
County. 111., and he then bought land in Jeffer- 
son County from the Illinois Central Railroad. 
His wife died at Centralia. leaving two chil- 
dren : John Riley, who died at the age of 
twenty-four years; iind Marylielle, who is the 
wife of Percy Malone and they live at East St. 
I>ouis and the following children were born to 
them: Stella, Ilattie, Monta K.. Ada and John D. 
On December 21), ls7(i, Mr. Cox was married 
(second) to Juniata Hunter, who was born 
and reared in Bond County. She was the widow 
of Charles Sajip and by her first marriage had 
a son, Charles, who is now a resident of Sulli- 
van, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Co.x had three children, 
two of whom died in infancy, and one. Freddie, 
died in 1S98, when aged seven years. Mrs. Cox 
was a woman of beautiful character, kind anil 
gentle, faithful and loyal to every duty and 
beloved liy family, church and neighborhood. 
She tenderly reared her step-children and won 
their enduring affection. In her early years 
she had been an active member of the Pres- 
byterian church but after coming to Greenville, 
united with the Baptist church. Mr. Cox .ioining 
at the same time, he iireviously having been a 
member of the Christian <hurch. This esti- 
mable woman passed aw;i.v on Jauuar.v If), 11)12. 
leaving a void that can never be filled. In IN!)^ 
Mr. Cox sold his farm and <~ame to (Jreenville. 
where he purchased an amjUe block of ground 
and erected a handstmie residence, equipped 
with modern comforts. For many .years he has 
been active in the G. A. R. organization and is 
held in very high esteem in Greenville as a 
neighbor and citizen. 

CRUTHIS, Rufus (deceased), a representative 
of one of the old pioneer families of Bond 
County, resided on his highly cultivated farm 
of 14<; acres, situated on Section (1, Shoal Creek 
Township, one mile west of the village of So- 
rento. Mr. Cruthis was born in what is now 
Pleasant Prairie, Shoal Creek Township. Bond 
Count.v, 111., one mile e;ist of Sorento, October 
7, ls."il, and is a son of James C. and .Mary Jl. 
(Dressor) Cruthis. The mother was a daughter 
of Rufus Dressor and a sister of Francis 
Dressor. in whose biography in this volume will 
be found a history of the Dressor fiimtly. 



BOND COUNTY. 



677 



James ('. CnitUis was born in Xmtli ('aniliiiM, 
May (i. lsi!2, ami was a son of John ( ruthis. a 
native of Nortli I'arolina. wlio In-onfrlit liis larnc 
family (liavin;; been thrice married) to Rond 
County in 1S2:>. His diildren liavo all passed 
away. James ('. ('rutins was reared from in- 
fancy in Hond Cnunty. Wlien tlie old ill feeliuir 
witli .Mexico developed into w.ir in 1s4(p. lie 
enlisted in I'ompany K. Tliird Illinois Infantry 
and served as a menil)er of the same until the 
war ended, wlien he came back to Bond Comity, 
lie subseijuently entered land in Slioal Creek 
Township and tinally became a larj-'e land 
owner in the coiuity. On Section 4 he erected 
a comfortable farmhouse after liis marriajre. a 
churcli and schoolliouse now standius on tlie 
sjune site. There he li\ed until isin. when he 
sold and moved to .Macoupin Couut.v, 111., where 
he invested in land again, lie died in 18(!(j 
near Honey I'oiiit. He was one of the stroni; 
characters of the time, an iiprijiht, lionest man 
in all bis dealings, a contributor to the church 
and a supporter of public movements for the 
spread of education. He was a Jeffersonian 
Pemocrat and was a ]ironouiiced Vuioii man all 
through the Civil War ami at times assisted in 
drilling tlie raw recruits before they went to 
the front, having had e.\lierience in military tac- 
tics during the Mexican war as noted. 

In early manhood James C. Cruthis married 
Mary M. Dressor. who has been almost a life- 
long member of the rresbyterlan church. She 
still survives and on July 14, 1!)14. will cele- 
brate her eiglity-fifth birthday. She comes of a 
long living family, her mother reaching the age 
of eighty-three, one brother. Xatliaiiiel. being 
now eighty-nine: anotlier. Francis, who died in 
February. T.)14. .-md a sister. Olive, being sev- 
enty-three. Four sons and four daugliters were 
born to the above marrige. Eliza 1... who was 
born .\i::xiisf I'l. 1S41I. married .Jesse Wallace 
and both arc now deceased. lUifus was the 
second born. James F.. who was born January 
."!. 1S,":>. is now deceased, married Tyusella Witt, 
who resides at Soreuto. Augustus F.. who was 
born Oi'tober Is. l^.'iT. resides witli his wife 
and live children, at I'.lossom. Tex. M.iry I., 
who was born February 22. ]N(i((. was the wifi' 
of James Caulk, who survives lier and lives al 
Panama. Kmma 1... who was born July 2(1. isci'. 
is the widow of William Odell and lives at 
Soreuto. William .M.. who was born April 2."i. 
lSfi4, died at St. I.ouis. Mo.. May 10. 1S71. 
Klizabeth V... who was born Oecemlier s. ]s(i(i. 
(lied Seiiteinber S. l.SHT. 

Itufus Crulhis attended llie ilislrid schools 
ill Shoal ( 'reek •To\<iislii]i and remained on tlie 
home farm until the death of his falher. after 
which he took charge, assuming responsibili- 
ties as the eldest son. l''or some y(>ars he 
worked on farms b.v the inontli and then, from 
l.S7(> until ins:! be shared in the results of the 
crop on the land h<' i-ented. lie then bought 
]0(i acres and greatly improved the same, first 
building a log cabin and subseipu'iitly adding 
land until he had 1 HI acres, the Clover Leaf 



Railroad cutting off six acres. He was a very 
progressive agriculturi.st and understood how 
to make his land yield excellent crops and he 
also was very successful in breeding tine I'er- 
cheroii horses ;ind accumulating a splendid 
lierd of llolstein cattle. 

On January .", ISM. Mr. I'ruthis was united 
in marriage by Justice Klias Jones id' Soreuto. 
with Miss .Mary A. llolbrook. a daughter of 
Marion and Mary E. (File) llolbrook. and 
to them were horn four sons and six daugh- 
ters, as follows: -Vrvell. who was born No- 
vember 11. IS.Sl, died at 1-os Angeles, Cal., 
OctiMier 7. lOlIi : Xora. who was born .Vpril 
27. 1SS4. married II. Saathoff, a farmer in 
Montgomery County. 111., and they have three 
children. Itufus Henry. Lloyd L. and Naomi: 
Lydia J., who was born Seiiteniber 1. IS'SC. 
died February G, I'Jll. wife of John W. Walker 
ami mother of Bernice, .Montie and Marvin, 
the last named dying and being buried in the 
.same grave witli the mother : Edgar Marvin, 
who was born December 20. ISSS: Mae, who 
was horn July D, ISOl : Rufus Earl, who was 
born October" 2(j. IsflS: (Tra Fern, who was 
iMirii -Vpril IS. 1S!1.-., a successful teacher in 
P.oiid County: Ernest Cl.vde. who was born 
September 21. ls<l7 : Wilma Alberta, who was 
born May ."i. I'.Kio: and Mildred Fay. who -svas 
born October Id. 11I03. Mrs. Cruthis is an 
active member of the Methodist Episcopal 
('hurch, to wliich ilr. Cruthis contributed and 
which he encouraged in various ways. In 
jiolitics he was a Democrat and served as 
township clerk and for eighteen years was 
a member of the sc-hool board. He was a man 
of liberal views and felt his responsibilities 
as a citi/.en. He was one of the board of di- 
rectors of tlie I'eoples Mutual Teleiihone Com- 
pany. The death of Mr. Cruthis occurred April 
2(1. 11114. 

DANIELS, Joseph M., vice president of the 
State r.ank of Holies & Son. in whicli he is a 
director and a stockholder, is a representative 
citizen of (ireeuville and for ■many .vears has 
been concerned in matters of moment and ini- 
]iortance in Hond ( 'oniity. ol' which lie is proud 
to be a native son. lie was born in the little 
village of Woburn. ill .Mulberry (Jrove Town- 
ship. Bond County. 111.. November 17. ls7."i, and 
is a son of James W. and Ijouisa M. (Adams) 
Daniels. James W. Daniels was born in Ken- 
tucky and was young when he accompanied 
Ills parents to Mis.souri. where his father bought 
land. By trade the younger Daniels was a 
tanner but also was a fanner. In isill he came 
to Bond Count.v. 111., where, on December lo. 
Isc;!, he was married to Louisa Adams, who was 
born near Carliiiville, 111., August Id, 184.", a 
daughter of .lobii t^. and Nancy (Scoggin) 
.\danis. .Mr. .\danis was born in Virginia and 
accompanied his jiarents to Tennessee where 
he married in ls:!4. He was bmii June 14. isio, 
and his wife Jlay 27. isll. He moved to Ma- 
coupin County, 111., and fiuin lliere came to 



678 



BOND COUNTY. 



Bond County ami bought land two miles east 
iif Woliuni. There Mrs. Adams died in 1S7S. 
Mr. Adams surviving fi>r a number of years 
and dying at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Daniels. 
They were members of the Haptist Church. 
.\fter marriage .Mr. and Mrs. Daniels made their 
home at Woburn and there tlieir seven children 
were born, the three survivors being: John, 
who is a merchant at Seattle, Wash. ; Grace, 
who is the wife of Dr. Fredericlv E. Linder, of 
(Jreenville: an<l Joseiih M. In 1SI!4 .lames W. 
Daniels enlisted for service in the Civil War. 
entering tlie Fifty-seventh Illinois A'olunteer 
Infautr.v, and served until the close of the war, 
ri'i-eiving an honorable discharge in 1865. He 
returned then to Wol)urn where he lived until 
I'.iOl. wlien lie moved to Greenville, where lie 
resided until the close of his life, although for 
four years he pas.sed much of his time in travel, 
in search of liealth. His death occurred Jan- 
uary 1.5, 1000. In iiolitics he was a Democrat 
and for a number of years served in the office 
of road commissioner, but his tastes were for a 
(|uiet life. He was held in high esteem in Bond 
County. 

Joseph M. Daniels attended the public schools 
and spent a happy, uneoucerned boyhood until 
old enough to enter Greenville College, where 
he closely applied him.self and completed the 
commercial course in 189.3. For nine .rears 
afterward he taught school more or less con- 
tinuously, and liecame highly valued as one of 
the most earnest and successful educators be- 
longing to Bond County. He was then tendered 
and accepted a ]iosit!on as bookkeeper in the 
bank of Bradford & Son, at Greenville, and 
upon the organization of the bank in 1910, as 
the Bradfoid National Bank, Mr. Daniels was 
elected vice iiresident. He continued with that 
institution until .Tul.v. 1012, when he resigned. 
He then took a trip f<u- rest and recreation and 
ujion his return accejited the jiosition of vice 
president of Holies & Son State B;iuk at Green- 
ville. This is one of the strongest bunks in 
Southern Illinois. It is capitalized at .$l(Hl.(i(Ml. 
with deposits of .f(;(H).(Hl(l. its olticers ai'e all 
men of high tinancial standing and its suiip<u-t 
conies from the old settled families of the county 
who have confidence in its conservative manner 
of doing luisiness. In many ways Mr. Daniels 
takes an interest in public enterprises although 
never an ottice seeker nor dominated b.v hope 
of personal advantage. He believes in arousing 
ambition and emulation in the young and it 
was evidenced in 1012. when he announced that 
he would give a cash prize to the boy who would 
produce, through his own labor, the iiK)st corn 
on an acre of ground. This prize was proudly 
won b.v John Bone, a .vouth of lifteen years. 
who.se acre yielded 10.">'o bushels. 

Mr. Daniels was married :\t Lewistown. 111.. 
Decenibei- 2."i. Is07, t(i Miss i:ii:i .M.ize. who was 
born near Table (irove. III.. ;uid is .-i daughter 
of a itroininent retired farmer there. Mr. and 
Mrs. Daniels have resided .-it Greenville since 
lon-j. Tbc.x ai'c Mrti\c nienibei-s nl' the Free 



Methodist Church, of which he has been a trus- 
tee many years and also a trustee of (Jreenville 
College. Xominally Mr. Daniels is a Democrat 
in politics but has never felt himself so bound 
b.v part.v tie that he could not make use of his 
own individuality in castiu.g his vote. There 
are few sections of Illinois where the name and 
pleasing personality of Mrs. Daniels are not 
known. She tills the important office of state 
vice president of domestic science for the State 
Farmers" Institutes and is as gifted as a lec- 
turer as she is successful .-ind po]iular as an 
instructor. 

DAVIS, Thomas E., whose piominciice and use- 
fulness as man and citizen has long been recog- 
nized in Bond County, enjoys specinl and de- 
served esteem in Mulberry (irove. which owes 
much to his enterprise and unseltish imblic 
spirit. He was born in Fa.vette, near Mulberry 
Grove, Bond County, 111., January 0. ls(;i!, and 
is a son of ,Iames T. and Frances L. (Ilastin.gs) 
Davis. James T. Davis was born in Tennessee, 
May s. ]s20, a sou of Edward and Mary E. 
(Conner) Davis. Edward Davis came to Ten- 
nessee from .Vlabania. The Conners also be- 
longed to Alabama and a famil.v stor.v declares 
that Grandfather Conner rode on lior.seback, 
with his wife behind him, to Tennessee. There 
he enlisted for the War of IslL'. after his dis- 
charge returning first to Alabama and in 1814 
to Tennessee and in INK! the Conner and Davis 
families came to Illinois, settling in I'ayette 
Connt.v and ever siiii-e representatives of these 
pioneers have been people of worth in ever.v 
place in which they have settled. The Hast- 
ings family came to Bond County about 1814. 
settling at Woburn in Mulberry (irove but after- 
ward locating in (ireenville. The mother of 
Thomas E. Davis was horn in Bond County. 
October 23. 18;>1, married J.unes T. Davis. .March 
4, 18(i2, and died April 4, 189:!, having survived 
her husband from June 8, ]S87. To James T. 
Davis and wife the following chililren were 
li(U-n : Uosena. deceased, who was the wife of 
Harden Blankinsliip of Mulberry Grove: Eydia 
M., who married t'. A. White. ;ind they still live 
on the old Davis homestead: William A., who 
is ii merchant at Mulberry (irove: Thomas E. : 
I.sahelle. who is the wife of W. C. Koouce, a 
retired farmer of Mulberry (irove: and three 
who died in infancy. 

.Vt the time of the birth of Thomas E. Davis 
his parents liNcd in Fayette County, in Bear 
(irove Township, and there he secured his early 
schooling. Although bis father was a man of 
ample means, at the time of death owning (!00 
acres of laud and muili personal property, his 
son learned the iiractical details of a farmer 
boy's life. He .always reniembeied that things 
had not come easy to his father who had been 
left fatherless at the .-ige of fifteen years and 
the support of four younger members of the 
laniily had f.iUeu on his shoulders, his (irand- 
mother Conner taking charge of the doinesti<- 
affairs. The brothers. Willk-im. .\ugust and 



BOND COUNTY. 



679 



Edward, nil onli.stod in the T'liion army and 
served throush Inns terms. The onl.v iiulilic 
office the father of Thomas E. Davis would ever 
aorept was that of hiKlnvay eommissioner. 

Thomas M Davis remained on the home farm 
until ].SS.">. when he was married to Miss 
-Vlmira Waslilmrn, who was horn in Fayette 
County, a daughter of Daniel O. and Mattie 
(Andrews) Washhnrn. who had come to Illinois 
in 1S3.">. Mr.s. Davis died .Tune 4. lasS, the 
mother of one daughter, Mary, who was horn 
.Tannary 24. 1886. She is the wife of Darrow 
C. Harris, who is one of tlie leadins merchants 
of Louisville, 111., and they have two children. 
.Vnnabelle and Davis ('. On Xoveniher 2S. IsllO. 
Mr. Davis was married (second) to Miss Martha 
R. Elmore, a dauijhter of the late Ilurdin El- 
more. She was horn March 2S. 1S(19. Mr. and 
Mrs. Davis have the followiiii; children : Law- 
rence Leroy. who was liorn Sejitemher 29, 1801, 
lives in Mulberry Grove, married Irnia Martin; 
Thomas Harden, who was horn March 11, 1892. 
lives at home; Illinois, who was born September 
21, 189;>. is the wife of Fred Martin, a resident 
of Great Bend, Kans. ; Edna Mae, who was born 
June 9, 1S98 : and Forest Edward, who was 
born .\pril .">. 1910. 

-Vfter niarriase Jlr. Davis enM.sed in farming 
on a part of the old homestead but in 1892 he 
purchased a comfortable and attractive resi- 
dence in Mulberr.v Grove which continues the 
family home. Mr. Davis possesses the (lualities 
of leader-ship and since locating in Mulberry 
Grove he has been an earnest, active and help- 
ful citizen, one who has never shirked responsi- 
bility for himself and has imparted enthusiasm 
to others. For one year he was in the drug 
bu.sine.ss but sold in order to so into the stock 
business and for fifteen years has been one of 
the leading dealers in this |iart of the state, 
always i)aying the highest market price and de- 
manding the finest stock. His business quali- 
ties and good .judgment brought success to him- 
self but he was not thereby satisfied, he wished 
his fellow citizens to prosper likewise and as 
president of the village board and of the board 
of supervisors for two years, took such a deep 
interest in Mulberry (irove that a great change 
was brought about in many ways. In 189() he 
erected a two-story brick store building and in 
190.S a three-story brick building, selling the 
third story to tlie lodges of the city. In 1910 
he improved the east side of Main Street with a 
brick building and others on the west side. In 
.lanuary, 191;!. he lost sevei'al buihlings by lire 
but in the sininiier of that year he erected a 
handsome modern hotel, the Davis Hotel, wliicli 
has a frontage of 1(1(1 feet. There are thirty 
rooms in this building, which is eijuipped all 
through with modern comforts and is one of 
the best hostelries between Terre Haute, Ind.. 
and St, Louis, Mo., on the Vandalia system. He 
has done his best to make Midbcrry (Jrove ;i de- 
sirable place for business investment or home 
e.stablishment. He Is a vci'.v charitable man 
and, although not a member of any rlninh, is 



equally liberal to all church bodies. Fraternally 
he is identified with the M. W. A., the Court of 
Honor and the I. O. O. F. Like his father he is 
a tirm supjiorter of the princii)les of the Demo- 
cratic part.v. 

DAVIS, William A. (.iiiict and unostentntious 
in manner, yet effective in his wnrk, William A. 
Davis of Mulberry Grove. Bond Comity, has 
developed into one of the leading men of his 
community, and as a member of the hardware 
and farm implement firm of Ehrstine. Davis & 
Co.. has exerted a judicious influence over the 
business life of this [ilace. He was born on a 
farm in Fayette County. 111.. .Vpril 7. 18(i4, u 
son of .Tames T. Davis, and his wife Frances Iv. 
(Hastings) Davis. The com]ilete history of the 
Da\is family is to be found elsewhere in this 
work. 

Growing up upon the Davis home.stead. Wil- 
liam \. T)avis alternated attendance upon the 
schools of his district with work upon the farm. 
Later he took a two years' course at the H. 1?. 
Brown Normal School at Vali)araiso. Ind.. from 
which he was graduated in 18S4. lieturning 
home, he worked upon the farm, and during tin,' 
winter of 18s."i, he commenced teaching school. 
When he married, he took a portion of the 
homestead, in' Bear Grove Township, Fa.vette 
Comit.v. and putting on it the necessary liuild- 
ings. began operating his land, being very suc- 
cessful in that line of work. In 1888. his father 
died, and he moved on the homestead proper, 
c-ontinuing his agricidtnral operations until 1S.S9. 
when he and bis wife moved on a farm in Mnl- 
lierry (irove Townshiii. Bond County. In April. 
1S9S, the.v left this home for one in Mulberry 
Grove, where he bought an interest in a lumber 
yard in conjunction with Lilligh Brothers. In 
1899. he and Henry Lilligh sold their interest 
and formed the firm of Lilligh & Davis, which 
partnership i-ontinued until 1901, at which time 
the l)usincss was sold t<i I'rother & Baldwin. 
Still later .Tames P. Lilligh and Mr. Davis em- 
barked in .a hardware bnsin(>ss, but within a 
year sold to H. Blankeiishiii it Co., .Mr. Davis 
retaining a third interest in the new concern. 
Three years later Mr. Lilligh sold his interest 
to L. M. Ehrstine & Co.. and after several other 
changes, the ]ire.sent caption of Ehrstine. Davis 
iV; Co. was adoiited in 1909. The firm handles 
a gener.il line of hardware and farm imple- 
ments as well as a full line of harness and sad- 
dler.v. .\ large and healthy business has been 
built up and the firm has cstalilished a well- 
merited replication for honest <lealiiig and hon- 
orable principles, .\lways active in ]ironi(>ting 
those measures calculated to iirove beneticial for 
his town. .Mr. Davis has come into public notice, 
and held some <if the township offices, being 
elected on the Democratic ticket. In 1907. 19(».'^. 
1911 aii<l 1912, he was elected supervisor to rep- 
resent .Mulberry (irove Township on the county 

board, and for eight years be has I n a member 

• if the scluRil boaril. and during that period 
ke|it the interests of the jiupils in view. 



680 



BOND COUNTY. 



On May 20. issc, Mr. iKivis was married to 
Mis.s Dora More.v. :i teacher In the ])ulilie 
schools, a daughter of Hiram More}', a sketch 
of whom appears elscwliere in tliis work. Mrs. 
r>avis was liorn in Mnllierr.v (irove Township. 
.Jannary 1. 1S(;7. Mr. and .Mis. l>avis liave liad 
six cliildren : Orel T.. wlio was horn May '.). 
IS.S7, is a ilrnKSist of .Mullierry Orove. liavin;; 
lieen graduated from the .Ndrthwestern I'ni- 
versity of Pharmacy. Cliicago. and married 
-Vnna B. Locke; William E.. who was born 
.\m;ust 2!). 188!). is a harness dealer of Mul- 
berry (irove. married .\nna Xixon : I^ucy More.y, 
who was born November 10, ISlll ; I'erry E., 
who was born February 3, 1S!)4 : Dana JIarie, 
who was born .January l.j, 18118 ; and Ward -V.. 
who was born .January 8. ItlOl. Jlrs. Davis is 
.•in earnest menilier of the Methodist Church. 
Fraternally Mr. Davis belongs to Mulberry 
(irove Lodge No. SOO. A. F. & A. JL. and Lodge 
No. 908. J. o. O. F. of the same place. In the 
latter lodge he ha.s passed the chairs, and has 
twice represented his hKlge at the grand lodge 
meetings of the Masonic order, the last being in 
lOlM. In 1012 he represented the local Odd 
Fellows at I'eoria. III. In addition, he belongs 
to the Knights of I'ythias. 

DE MOULIN, Hon. Edmond, wb^sc long idcnti- 
lication with the manufacturing interests of 
Uond County brought him and his enterprises 
into prominence in tlie conunercial Held, is one 
of the leading citizens of (Jreenville. of which 
i-ity he served as mayor for seven consecutive 
years. He was born near Jamestown. Clinton 
Count.v. 111.. .June 11. l.S(i2. a son of Elisba and 
Marie ( Sordet i De Moulin. 

Elislia De Jloulin was born in France. Octo- 
ber s, 1.^32. In l.s-to he came to the I'nited 
States and f(n' a short time worked as a farmer 
and then learned the blacksmith trade. In 1S70 
be moved to .Sebastopol. III., where he continued 
to work at bis trade until 1881, when he em- 
barked in a mercantile l)usiness. For some 
years he was postmaster of the village. He 
be<ame well known in other directions, for a 
long time accepting calls to preach but always 
from a sense of duty and never accciiting an.v 
renmneration. lie was musicall.v gifted and 
from .youth until retirement was continuously 
connected with a band. He has spent a large 
part of his life in Clinton County, 111., passing 
much of his time witli his children, ever being 
ileejily conccrneil in tlieir welfare. On .\pril 
10, 1S.V2, at Highland, III., be was married to 
.Marie Soi-det. who was born in Everdon. Switz- 
erland, .lunc 14. 1S2S. She came from her na- 
tive land to Highland. III., in ls47. Her death 
occurred in February. lOOS. and her burial was 
in the Gulick Cemetery, in M.-idison County. III. 

Edmond De Moulin attended the country 
schools in C-linton County and afterward learned 
the blacksmith trade which he followed until 
he was twenty-two years of age. His business 
career at (Jrceiiville commenced with bis sn<-- 
c(»ssion to the |ibotiigr.-ipbic business of E. I'.ut- 



ler. October 10. issd. In l.s<i2 he began the 
manufacture of lodge supplies, including uni- 
forms, baimers, badges ami similar goods, and 
when the firm of De Moulin Rros. & Co. was 
incorporated he became president of the com- 
pany and largely through his enterprise the 
concern was built U|i until it became the largest 
exclusive m.inuf.icturers in this line in the 
<-ountry. Mr. De Moulin is the inventor and 
patentee of more than twenty devices used in 
lodge work. .Vltbougb at ]U'esent practically 
retired he remains connected with the .\uto 
Sales & Suppl.v Comiiany of (ireeuville. He has 
always l)een con.sidered a ftn-cible, al)le and 
»'tticient business man and an authorit.v in all 
matters pertaining to his s|iecial line of man- 
uf;icturing. 

I'ublic aft'.-iirs have interested liini to some 
extent and as a man of recognized good .iudg- 
ment and uiKpiestioned integrity, be has been 
called to serve in responsible imblic ]iositions 
b.y his fellow citizens. During his long incum- 
bency as ma.yor he brought almnt many admir- 
able reforms in civic govermnent. encouraged 
the building of public utilities and was the 
first to start the agitation which resulted in 
the iiaving of the streets of (Jreenville. He has 
alwa.vs been aftlliated with the Republican 
party. 

At Highland. 111.. March 2(i. 18,S.-), Mr. De 
Moulin was married to Constance H. \'ulliet. 
who was horn Decendier 2, ls(i."i. and died .Ian- 
nary 10, 1800. To this union the following 
ilnldren were born : Horace L.. Eric E.. .\dele 
M.. (Ilad.vs L. and Lillian V. 

Ibirace .1. De Jlmilin. who is connected with 
the firm of De M<inlin Itros. & Co.. as stock 
clerk and order assembler, was born December 
.30, 188."). He married Mildred E. Dewey, who 
was born in April, 1800, and died .Vpril 14. 
1012. her burial being in Montrose Cemetery. 
She left a daughter and son. Coustaui'e M.. born 
.June 14. liiOO. and Hora<e E.. born .lanuary 1."), 
1011. Horace L. De Moulin was married (sec- 
ond) to (iertrnde Hinden. who was born Se)i- 
tember 22. Is'.Mt. lOric E. De .Moulin was born 
.May 20, 1887. and is one of the department 
managers of De Moulin Bros. & Co. On 
.lune 1. 1011, he married IJuby (Jullick. One 
daughter, Cladys L.. wh<i was Ixirn Sei)tember 

23. 1801, died February 21, 1802, and her burial 
was in the Montrose Cemetery. On December 

24. ISOI, Edmond De Jloulin was married (sec- 
imd) to .Vumi .J. Diebl. In addition to a beau- 
tiful residence in (Jreenville. .Mr. Dc .Moulin 
owns 1.200 acres in .Missouri and .3S0 acres 
in California, and also a number of city lots 
at Ocean Side. Los .\ngeles and other places. 

Mr. De .Moulin has a wide acciuaintance and 
many friends. He has never been a recluse, 
has always en.jo.ved the social side of life and 
hence has foinid pleasure in fraternal associa- 
ti(nis. He is a tliirty-second degree Mason and 
belongs al.so to the .Mystic Shrine, is an Odd 
Fellow and Knight of I'ythias. belongs addi- 
tionalh- to the !<. (>. T. M.. Court of Honor, 



I 



v^ 



(^ 



^^^^^^B^^Tr^^^^^^^^l 


^^^^- "^ ^^H 


^^^^^^^^E 




L. 






BOND COUNTY. 



681 



tho W. O. W.. tho M. W. A., tlie M. 1'. L.. Mod- 
ern American, the Red Men and the Ro.viil 
N'oighbors. 

DIXON, Cassius Clay, than whom there are 
few men lietter known in Bond Connt.v, be- 
longs to an old and honored family of this state, 
a i-oniplete histor.v of which will lie found in 
anotlicr jiart of this work. Mr. Dixon was 
liorn in what is now the villaire of Pittshiirfc. 
Fa.vette ("onnty. III.. October 7. ls(ii!. the vil- 
lage site having been once owned by liis father, 
Thomas .T. I>i.\on. Cassius Clay liixon accom- 
panied his ]iarents when removal was made in 
ISCiCi to Pleasant .Mound, Bond County, and his 
earl.v education was sectired in the schools in 
the Ilamburi,' district. In ISSi! he entered the 
Normal College at Danville. Ind.. where he 
was creditalily graduated with the class of 1S8."). 
Being thus thoroughly prepared for the jirofes- 
sion of teaching, he embraced this line of useful 
work and for nineteen years was recognized 
as a leading educator of I?ond County, teaching 
his last term before retiring from the educa- 
tional field, in the old schoolhou.se in Tamalco 
Township in which he had taught his first ses- 
sion, recognizing in some of his pupils the chil- 
dren of those who had attended his first school 
session. From is;i;{ until ls!>0 he was engaged 
in a general merchandise business under the 
firm name of Palmer & Dixon, after which he 
purchased his partner's interest and continued 
alone for three years longer and then sold his 
stock to his brother, W. T. Dixon. 

On .Inly 22. iss.'i. Jlr. Dixon was married to 
Miss Fannie Maria Palmer, who was born in 
Tamalco Township. Bond Count.v. 111., .lanuar.v 
22, ls(i."i, a daughter of .John and I.orana II. 
(Brown) Palmer. .lohn Palmer was born in 
Kngland and came to the United States in 1841). 
stopping first at Troy. X. Y., in 18.50 reaching 
Bond Count.v, where, for man.v .vears he fol- 
lowed his trade of carpenter and builder and 
erected many of the most substantial structures 
in this section. He died Xovembei' 4. lillO. a 
highly res|iected and universally esteemed man. 
He married I.or.iu.i II. Brown, who was born 
in Bond Count.v. May ."i. 1S4;!. and <lie(l Decem- 
ber 14. lNt'>7. 'I'hey liad two children: I''annie 
.Maria and Durana Brown Palmer. .\n extended 
mention of the Palmer family will be found in 
another jjart of this work. Mr. and Mrs. Dixon 
have one son. Clifford Harrison Dixon. wh<i 
was born Ma.v 22. 1888. wlio at present is a 
member of the class of l!ll('> in the Illinois Col- 
lege at .lacksonville. III. He married Miss 
Cressie .Vjiple. .-iiid they have two children. I'al- 
iner Dixon, was born May (i. ItMI. and Kthel 
Isabella, born October 28. 1!»1.'!. 

Following their marriage Mr. and .Mrs. Dixon 
went to honsekeejiing at Pleasant Mound, in 
1S87 moving to Mrs. Dixon's birth|ilace, and 
tliat remaine<l the family home until 18!).'!. when 
Mr. Dixon purchased a stock of goods and in 
the same year .Mr. Palmer built their handsome 
eottage home, where tliey have lived ever since. 



In addition to owning this property Mr. and 
.Mrs. Dixon have realty in .lack.sonvil'le. III., and 
470 acres in Bond County. Since 1911 Mr. 
Dixon h;is been com|iletely retired from busi- 
ness life and occupies himself with the interests 
which an educated man can en.ioy and in per- 
forming the duties of town clerk." He has fre- 
quently been called upon to serve in public 
otlice, twice has been a member of the hoard 
of review, and has been town clerk, collector, 
school treasurer and .justice of the peace, as 
well as a member of the board of supervisors. 
Cntil V.n-2 he voted with the Beimblican party, 
but since then has devoted all his efforts to 
advancing the interests of the Progressive jiarty, 
being in full sympathy with its iiriuciples arid 
having the utmost confidence in its founders. He 
belongs to the .M. \V. A. and to Sherwood I>odge. 
Xo. S7'.). Odd Fellows, at Keysport, 111. Witli 
wife and son he belongs to the Christian churcli. 
in which he is a deacon and a teacher in the 
Sunday school and is president of the Chris- 
tian Endeavor Society. Mr. Dixon and wife 
are well known all over the county, as has been 
indicated, and in their handsome automobile 
make fre(pient an<l sometimes extended trijis 
over the country. 

DIXON, Winchester T., who is one of the lead- 
ing men of southeastern Bond County, was born 
in Pleasant .Mound Township. October 24, IS.")!), 
a son of Thomas .7. and Sarah (Eyman) Dixon! 
the former of whom was born in Tennessee and 
the latter in St. Clair County. III. Thomas .1. 
Dixon accompanied his mother from Tennessee 
when he was a boy and they settled in Fayette 
County, III. There he lived on a farm "until 
18..S. when he came to Bond County and about 
that time married and for two vears rented a 
farm here. In ISCP lie bought' land in Fay- 
ette County which was heavily timbered aiid 
built thereon a frame house and before selling 
in 18(;7 had made other excellent improvements. 
He moved then to Pleasant Mound Townshi)i. 
where he engaged in a mercantile business and 
for many years he was a leading merchant of 
this section. 

In the meanwhib. his sons h.-id become old 

enough t tcr into some business and the 

careful father dcii(le<l that farming would best 
develop them anil hence be sold his st<ick of 
goods and bonglit land in Pleasant .Mound Town- 
ship, securing a tract of neglected land on 
Section 24. and on this land he established his 
sons. .\t the same time he bought other land 
in Hnrric-ine Creek bottom. I'nder the industry 
and good management of the family all of this 
lan<l w;is brought to .-i high state ol^ cultivation. 
In isil.") .Mr. Dixon with bis son, Winchester T., 
went into the mercantile business in Pittsburg! 
Fa.vette County, and contimied there until 19()l! 
wlien, on account of the death of his wife, he 
retired from active business life and thereafter 
made his home with bis daughter, .Mrs. Kersli- 
ner, until liis death in V.mu. Mr. Dixon was 
long (Uie of th(> re|iresentatlve men of the county, 



682 



BOND COUNTY. 



a stron;: Repuliliciii and a tnisti^e of the Bap- 
tist Cluii<li. Ill is'.ii; lie cliaiis.'cil liis luilitk-al 
(il)iiiions. beciiiiiiiif; an advcjrate of free silver. 
Mr. Dixon very nearly bi'iaine a resident of 
Te.xas. as. in l.S4'.t. he aet'onipanied his jiarents 
as far as Louisiana in the direction of Texas. 
Conditions did not seem favorable, and as his 
mother had relatives in Fayette Comity. 111., the 
filial settlement of the family took iilace there. 
Tliomas .1. Dixon and wife had two sons. Win- 
fliester T. and Cash. 

WiiK-liestcr T. Dixon was six years old when 
his iiarents moved to Fayette Comity, and there 
he started to so to srhool and comiileted his 
ednc.-itlon after his father returned to I'leasant 
Mound Township. He assisted his father in 
his store as a clerk and also worked on the farm 
and at the age of eishteeii years heiran to teach 
school and continued in educational work for 
thirteen years. liecomin.s known in the jirofes- 
sion over a lar^e section. In March. l^Ml. he 
was united in marriage with Miss .Inlia Win- 
man, who died in Felirnary. _lsM. On .Viuiust 
111. 1NS4. .Mr. Dixcui was maVried (second) to 
Miss Ilittie Reiich. who was horn near Pleas- 
ant Mound. Bond County. Decemher 1. Isti3. 
a daughter of Aaron and Mary I Koonce) Rench. 
tlie fcn-mer of whom died .Vpril 4. IsT.S. and the 
latter .\pril V2. I'.idl. They had the following' 
children: a child that clied in infaui'y: Fredona, 
who is the wife of .lohn Mathews: Katie, de- 
ceased, who was the wife of Daniel Frank, de- 
ceased : Hepsey. who is the wife of Jefferson 
Stone, a farmer in I'leasant Mound Township; 
Mrs. Dixon : Joseph, a farmer in Fayette Coun- 
ty : William, also a farmer in Fayette County: 
and Uzzie. now deceased, wTio was the wife of 
James Barr of Greenville. 

.Vfter niarriase Mr. and Mrs. Dixon com- 
menced Iiousekeejiinir in rieasant .Mound. Dur- 
im; the winter Mr. Dixon made lueparations 
for the buildins of a residence and in the 
spring of ISSr, erected his house and during 
his long iieriod of school teaching never failed 
to find time to put in his crops, the summer 
vacations giving him the ojiportmiity to har- 
vest them. In 1S!)(! he renioveil to Fayette 
County and. as before stated, was engaged 
there in the mercantile business until 1901. 
when he sold his stock and bought his brother's 
interest in a general store at Tamalco, where 
he continued prosperously until lOO.'i. when he 
decided to return to agricultural pursuits. He 
sold his stock and bought twenty acres on Sec- 
tion L'2 in Tamalco Township and is now ojier- 
atiiig K'O acres adjoining his home plai-e. He 
has taken considerable interest in Ilolstein cat- 
tle and has sold from twenty to thirty head and 
still has a tine herd. 

Mr. and Mrs. Dixon have had three children: 
Myrtle G., Edith and Dallas IJnn. Myrtle G. 
was born .Vpril li. 18S5, and died May l."?. lOi:!. 
She married Ralph W. I<. Norman. December 
2."p. lllOiK Mr. Norman is one of the leading 
farmers of the county and an extensive breeder 
of'Holstein cattle and Belgian horses. He has 



taken many prizes and owns some famous ani- 
mals. Kdifli. the second daughter, was born 
.November '-'ii. iss'.t. and was married Septeui- 
lier 2."i. T.ilL'. to .Vrthiir Myer. an ele<-trical engi- 
neer and a resident of St. Ixuiis. Mo. They 
have one son. Dean ! lixon. who was born Au- 
gust 2. I'.li:}. Dallas Linn Dixon was born De- 
leml er Us. Iss7. and iIumI October 2."i. IMM. >Ir. 
Dixon has always been an active man in the 
affairs of Bond County and a leader in educa- 
tiiaial work, either as a teacher or as school 
director. In Inmi he voted for Hon. Jaiues A. 
<iarfie!d. but later became a Democrat. Me 
has served with the greatest efficiency in iiuiner- 
ous public capacities, liis first othce being that 
of assessor of I'lea.sant Minind Township. While 
in Fayette Comity he served two years as a 
meml.er of the lioard of sujiervisors and since 
coming back to Bond County has been elected 
to niiiny othces in Tamalco Townslii]i. In ]!Mi:i 
he was defeated by but a small majority as a 
candidate for county clerk, carrying his own 
township, which normally gives a large Repub- 
lican majority. In It»12 he was elected by a 
large majority supervisor of Tamalco Township 
and in 1!I13 prep.-ired a financial statement for 
the county boar<l that was unanimously ac- 
lejited. He has always been an advocate of 
temperance. He and his entire family belong 
to the Christian church. He is a man of social 
nature and values his membership with Camji 
No. llil.".. >I. W. A., of which he is clerk. In 



imblic esteem n 
County. 



family stands higher in Bond 



DONNELL, William J., a prosperous farmer 
and stock raiser of Central Township. Bond 
County, was Iwrii in this township. .Tune lii. 
ls."!l. a son of John Denny Donnell. now. de- 
cea.sed. The Donnell family was founded in 
this counti-^- by Thomas Donnell. a native of Ire- 
land, who was forced to leave his native land 
on account of religious troubles. He with seven 
brothers and sisters came to the vicinity of 
Philadelphia in ITMI. and there he lived until 
his death. His son John Donnell became a 
major during the .\merican Revolution, and 
finally moved to Kentucky, where he married 
Elizabeth Denny. .V son of John Donnell. 
(ieorge Donnell. was born in Kentucky. July 1. 
17'.t3. and was married to a Miss Nelson. They 
had seven sons and two daughters, seven of 
their <-liiIdren being born in Central Townsliip. 
Bond C<iunty. In IMS the family came to Illi- 
nois in wagons .and settled in La Grange Town- 
shi|i. where he bought land, but when he re- 
tired he went to Greenville, where he died .\pril 
li:. 1M7. 

John Denny Donnell. son of (leorge. and 
father of William J. Donnell. was born Septem- 
ber s. 1M7. and was reared and educated in 
North Carolina. He attended both the district 
schools of his township, and the |iulilic sdiools 
of Greenville, and develo]]ed into an intelligent 
man. (in June 1."i. 1n4.'1. Mr. Donnell married 
.Villi Itobinson. 



UOND COUNTY. 



683 



Wininm .7. Donnell iittcixletl the ilistriot 
scliodls of La (iraiiiic Tnwiisliip and worked for 
his father until the latter's death, when lie in- 
herited the old hdiiiestead. and when his mother 
liassed awa.v he hecanie the owner of thirt.v 
aeres more. He has added to his holdin.i;s nntil 
he now has l."i4 aeres of land under cultivation. 
In August. ISitT. Mr. Konnell married Laura 
.Miller, horn in Mulherr.v (Jrove. Kond Count.v, 
111., a daufjhter of Henr.v Miller. Henry Miller 
was l)orn in l^arUe Count.v. Ohio. l''el)inar.v 4. 
ls;!(). and was there reared and educated. There 
he married Anna .Miller, who was horn in Ohio, 
.Noveniher 22. IN?.."], and there reared to woman- 
hood. Mr. and Mrs, Miller hec-ame the parents 
of one son and seven dau.ghters. three horn in 
Ohio and five in Illinois. Mr. Miller coming 
to Hoiid ("uunt.v at an earl.v day. locating in 
Mulherry (irove Towiisliip. Although inter- 
ested in farming, he was a miller hy trade, and 
lived in Bond County until his <leath. I'oliti- 
cally he was a I >eniiicrat. and fniternally a 
Mason. His death occurred in 1iMl."i. .Mrs. Don- 
uell was reared and educated in .\lulbei-ry Crove 
Townshiii. She and her husband have three chil- 
dren : Clara, Denny and Nellie, all horn on the 
liresent farm. Mr. I>onnell has always heen a 
Kepuhltean. and fraternally he helongs to the 
Modern Woodmen. The Baptist church holds 
his memliership. 

DRAYTON, Cliarles Orin, oiu> ot the reprc- 
sent;iti\i' men of I'.ond County and widely known 
as an organizer in the interest of farmers, has 
Ik'cu a valued resident of (Jreenville. 111., since 
l!Mi;i. He was liorn on a farm in Madison 
Couidy. 111., near Highland. December 10, 1S51. 
His father came from Bridgeport. N. J., and set- 
tled in Madison County. 111., in 1S40. He was a 
.judicious farmer and jiurchased a half section 
of land In Clinton Cruinty. 111., thirty ndles from 
St. Louis. Mo., in 1s."7. It is still known as the 
Drayton homestead. There he died in IsOO. 
at which time his son, Cliarles Orin. took full 
charge and continued to live on tlie place until 
ItlOo. a i>eriod of fort.v-five years. The motlier 
of Cliarles Orin Drayton belonged to an old 
North Carolina fainil.v named Orncey. Mr. Dray- 
ton believes she was one of the liest women <if 
any time or jilace and attributes much of th<' 
success that has attended him in life to tlic 
fact that he had Cliristian |iarents. 

Charles Orin Drayton attended the Sugar 
Creek school near his father's farm in boyhood 
and later took a three-.vear course at Normal. 
111., where he was jirepared for teaching school, 
and for thirty years he followed that profession 
in the country schools in coiuiection with carry- 
ing on his farm industries. 

It was not until after lie had come to Creeii- 
villp. in order to .ifford better edncation;il advan- 
tjiges for his children, that .Mr. Drayton en- 
gaged in the important w<irk that has ina<le 
him so widely known, although for nuiny .vears 
he had given the snh.iert deep thouglit. In 
1!(0S lie was elected national president of I lie 



American Society of lOipiity. and ag.iin in 1'J0!I 
but not being salistied with the plan of organ- 
ization adopted by that body, he resigned as its 
president in .luiie. l!(ll). and started a new 
lU-ganization called the F.armers' Equity I'nion, 
with head(piMiters at <;reen\ille. For nian.v 
years he had been connected with the Grange, 
and the F. M. B. .\.. and e.\pericii<-e had shown 
him that a better organization could be started 
along plans that he could formulate and the 
success that has attended the new organization 
shows that his .judgment was not at fault. He is 
not only the national president of the Farmers' 
Fipiity riilon. but he is luie of the most useful 
members, jiossessing powers of organization and 
of oratory that are (piite unusual. He is editor 
of the K(|nity Inion I':xchaiige. a weekly news- 
paper published .-it (Jreenville. and has 'written 
a book of 200 pages called the "Equitv Text 
Book.- which gives the history of the union and 
Its wonderful growth during its first four years 
of existence. Kvery .year he delivers over 200 
lectures on the ecpiity union ]ilan of cooperation 
and in many towns it re(|iiires four secretaries 
afterw.ird to enroll the new members, so con- 
vincing are his iirgunients. An experienced and 
successful farmer himself, he understands what 
other farmers want to know, and believing so 
strongly in his proposition, with fluent speech 
;ind logical reasoning, places facts clearly be- 
fore his hearers. 

In 1.S77 Mr. Drayton w;is ni;irried to Miss Lucy 
K. Kutherford. wlnx-ame of lievolutionary stock. 
They have four children : Kiitherford .\. ; Bertha 
.L. who is the coni|ieteiit bookkeejier lor tlie Farm- 
ers' Equity rnioii. belongs to the Daughters of 
the Revolution through her mother's ance.stral 
line; Pauline, Mrs. Floyd, who is a resi- 
dent of St. Louis, Mo. : and Edna L., who re- 
sides with her parents. Rutherford A. Dray- 
ton, the only .son, resides with his family at 
Kansas City. Mo., where he is connected with 
the postnllice. He served in the S|ianish-Anier- 
icaii war and eight years in tlie T'. S. Navy, 
during the greater jiart of this time being de- 
tailed as a recruiting otiicer at St. Louis and 
Kansas City. Mr. Drayton and family are mem- 
bers of the Presbyterian church. In politics he 
is .-i Democrat, entertaining very liberal views, 
however, on many questions. 

DRESSOR, Francis (deceased), ,i highly re- 
spected citizen of I!(ind Count.v. now deceased, 

'i^ed ill <• fortable retirement at Iteno, III., for 

some ye.-irs, still retaining the ownership of his 
farm of 2!».s acres, in Township li. Bond County, 
which was occujiied and operated by one of his 
sons. He was born ,it Temple. Minn., Slay .10. 1827, 
a son of Kufiis and Tiiniar (Cothren)" Dres.sor.' 
The Dressor family descended from .Tolin and 
.Mary Dressor. who emigrated from England in 
1i;;i.s and settled at l;<j\\|(.y. .Mass.. in ](i;i!l. The 
Drcssors lived in .Massachusetts and at Thomp- 
.son. Conn., until ISl], when they moved to 
Fai'mington. Me. Rufus Dressor was born at 
Lancaster. .M.iss.. .Inly 211. I7!l.-|. .iiid lived at 



684 



BOND COUNTY. 



Teniple ami Cliestprvillp. JIo.. until ls3T. leaviiiir 
there on Ausust 20. 1S37, for Illinois, following 
established thoroughfares to Wheeling. W. Va.. 
and from there westward over the old National 
road, reaehini; Bond County on October 20. 
1837. Rufus Dressor married Tamar Cothren. 
who was liorn at Farmington. Me., in 1707. The 
Cothren faniil.v is traced to AVilliam Cotliren. 
of Glassow. Scotland. His son William came 
from Plymouth. England, born in Paisle.v. Scot- 
land, to Falmouth, Mass.. and served one year 
as a lieutenant in the Revolutionary war before 
his death in 1778. His son I>avid moved to 
Alaine in 179.5. and from this family came the 
mother of Francis Dressor. She died in Bond 
County, III.. .July 17. 1880, at the home of her 
daughter. Mrs. .1. B. Denny. The other chil- 
dren of Rufus and Tamar Dre.ssor were : Rufus. 
Hiram, Joshua, Eliza, Xathaniel, Francis and 
Mar.v. 

As a child, before the long journey to Illi- 
nois was entered upon, Francis Dressor attended 
the Huse school at Temple, Me., and after reach- 
ing Bond Count.v attended school during the 
winter months for several years and a sub- 
scription school to learn ])enmanshii>. He earl.v 
developed some talent for music and was con- 
sidered a fine vocalist and even taught singing 
school, having an excellent tenor voice. For 
four years in early manhood he worked in the 
pine regions in Minnesota. In 18.'j2 he located 
on the farm in Bond County on which his son 
William F. lived, and resided there until 1802, 
when he moved to Soreuto. 111., where he con- 
ducted a lumber yard for eighteen .years. He 
then retired from active business and in 1010 
moved to Reno. 111., where he owned property. 
and there died February 14. 1014. the funeral 
being conducted at Bethel Chnrch. February 20. 
1914. Rev. W. F. Gibson of Irving and Rev. W. 
II. Kendall of Greenville assisting Rev. H. B. 
Douglas. 

Mr. Dressor's first marriage was on August 
2,"?, 1853, to Martha A. Rosel)ro. who died Au- 
gust 14, 18iJ4. They had one daughter, Almira 
C, who died in 1855. Mr. Dressor was mar- 
ried (second) .January 10. IS.lo. to .Mary K. 
Rankin, who was born March 31. 18.",2. a daugh- 
ter of .James K. and Sinah (Finley) Rankin. 
James K. Rankin was born to iJuilford County. 
N. C March 0. 180(;. and came to Bond County 
in 1827. To Mr. Dressor"s second marriage thi' 
following children were born: .lobn C.. now of 
Reno, was married to Ilattie Hendricks of 
Sorento. and they have four children — Francis. 
Dorothy, Mary and John Rankin; James XI.. 
who is a resident of Denver. Colo., married 
I^eona Conkling, who died April 10, lOKi. and 
they had four children — Edith. Mildreil ,ind 
Margaret, both deceased, and Donald; Williani 
F.. who lives on the home place, uiarricil Cal- 
lie Cary. and they have one daughter. l..-iur:i : 
and I.ucy was graduated from the Greenville 
High school and taught in the schools of Reno 
and Sorento. She then studied at and was grad- 
uated from the I'erry School of Oratory and 



Dramatic Art of ,St. I>ouis. Aliandoning her 
i-areer when her mother's health failed, she 
cared for her parents and is now with her 
brother. W. F., at the homestead. 

Formerly Mr. Dressur was identified with the 
Republican party, but .-ifter the Prohibitionists 
formed a responsible organization he became 
athliated with it and has so continued. He has 
been connected with iiuldic enterprises to some 
e.vtent and always creditably. He assisted to 
organize the Bond County Farmers' Mutual In- 
surance Company, of which he was [iresident 
for almost twenty years, declining reelection 
in 1010. He was elected a member of the first 
board of directors when the school districts were 
first organized. For fifteen years he was pres- 
ident of the county .Sunday school association 
and held the first township Sunday school con- 
vention in the county. When a .voung man he 
.ioined Bethel I'resbyteriau Church, moving his 
mendiership to Sorento while he lived there. 
He was elected a ruling elder of the church 
at Bethel ;ind was elected and served as elder 
at Sorenio until he moved awa.v. He repre- 
sented the Alton Presbytery at the General As- 
sembly at Saratoga Springs, X. Y.. in 1870. and 
again at Columbus, Ohio, in 1008. He was one 
of the connt.v commissioners at the time of the 
building of the Vandalia railroad, representing 
Bond County. 

On Augu.st 20. 1010. there was a reunion of 
the Dressor family held on the Dressor farm 
near Reno, and on this occasion some forty 
members iiarticipated in the festivities and hi- 
iluded in the mnnber were thret> brothers of 
the original family that settled in this neigh- 
borhood in 1837: J. P., then aged eight.v-nine 
.vears; Xathaniel, then aged eighty-five years; 
and Francis, then aged eight.v-three year.s. Mrs. 
J. P.. Denny, a sister born after the family 
reached B<aid Count.v. was also present and read 
a very interesting history of a rather unusual 
family, one that stands high in the records of 
Bond County. 

DRESSOR, William Francis. In Shoal Creek 
Township. Bond County. 111., is located the farm 
of William Francis Dressor. an e.xcellent farmer. 
a citizen who has shown his iniblic spirit in 
numerous wa.vs, and a man who has been re- 
warded for his friend.sbi]is by a host of well- 
wisbers .ind admirers. .Mr. Dressor has the dis- 
tinction of being a native son of B(jnd County, 
having been born on the farm on whicli he now 
resides Jul.v 1(1. ls(i5, a son of Francis and 
.Mary K. f Rankin) Dressor. A lomprehensive 
review of the Dressor famil.v will be found in 
the sketch of Francis Dressor. in this work. 

lake nian.v of the lads of bis day and vuinity. 
William F. Dressor divided his time between 
work on the liomestea<l and attendance at the 
district schools, but he was given uioic than 
the ordinary advantages, for he took .i cours(> 
at Alnnra College, at (ireenville (now known 
as the (ireenville Methodist College). Agricul- 
tural |iursnits have demanded his attention and 



BOND COUNTY. 



685 



Bond County has lipon Iiis honip. with the ox- 
ception of throe .venis. when he resiileil in Kan- 
sas and Cdlorado. tliei'o owning several claims, 
and lie still is the proprietor of 170 acres in 
the latter state. 

On October l!."i. ]8!l2. Mr. Dvessor was married 
to Flora (". Car.v. who was horn at Donnellson. 
Montgomery County. 111.. May 7. 1S70. One 
daughter has been born to this union. liaura. 
August IS. 1S!)3, a graduate of the Reno schools, 
class of 1010, and a talented musician. .Mrs. 
Dressor is a member of the Woman's Christian 
Tem]>erance Tnion. and at the present time is 
secretary of the local chaiiter. Mr, Dressor 
shares his wife's views as to the licpior question, 
is a total abstainer and votes the rroliibition 
ticket, and has never used tobacco in any form. 
During the fort.v-eight years that ho has re- 
sidered in Bond Comity he has shown him.seU' 
capable of iierforming every duty devohim.' 
upon him. has commanded re.spect in that his 
transactions have always been of a legitimate 
and honoralilo nature, and because of his loyalty 
to the liest interests of his iiniimnnity has 
earned the right to be named among the men 
who have been, and are. responsible for the past 
and continued growth and prosperity of Bond 
Count.v. That he has not been indifferent to 
the duties of his church is attested by his at- 
tendance since his twelfth year. In lIKHt he 
became a member of the church board, and five 
.years later was made secretary thereof, a posi- 
tion which he has cdiitinucd to hold to the pres- 
ent time. For twenty-two years ho has lioeii 
a member of the school board, and during this 
time has served frequently as chairman of this 
important body, Mr, Pres.sor's career has been 
long and industrious; ho is conceded to be one 
of the useful members of his community: his 
record is nnblemished : his life is and has been 
clean. Xo man could ask and no man receives 
greater respect and esteem from his fellow cit- 
izens. 

DRISKILL, John. .Vmono tlic cild families of 
Bond Count.v that are still worthil.v represented 
here is that of Driskill and a well-known roir- 
resentative is .Tohn Driskill. who, f(U' almost 
sixty-eight .years, has been identified with this 
section. lie was born in what was then known 
as rieasaiit I'rairie. but is now SlKjal Ci'cek 
Township. Bond County. 111.. October L'2. Is4.". 
and is a son of \VilIi;im .■iiid Marv iCruthisi 
Driskill. 

William Driskill was born in Tennessee .-ind 
was a son of .losse Driskill. who was a native 
of North Carolina, moving from there to Ten- 
nessee, where he died, after which his 
widow and iliildren c;ime to Boiul County. In 
1.S4:{ William Driskill married .\laiy c'ruthis 
and entered land in I'leas.-inl I'rairie on which 
he built a small log cabin. He diioned up liis 
farm of ICO acres and began the erection nf a 
large barn after replacing the cabin with .a 
comfortable frame house, but before it was fin- 
ished he was taken sick and died In Septem- 



ber. l.s.").'1. his wife having jiassed away in 1851. 
Tlie.v had two .sons. .loliii and .Tesse. The lat- 
ter married Ida Iloldbronk and they have one 
son, William. They moved to Long iicicli, Cal,. 
ill 1SS7. and .Mr. Driskill still lives there and 
is a wealtli.v dealer in real estate and a con- 
tractor. 

.Toliu Driskill was eight years old when he 
was left an orphan and then went to live with 
his maternal grandparents. Ilis grandfather 
Cruthis had moved from North Carolina at an 
early da.v and sottleil as a farmer in Slmai 
Creek Township. In IS.".'! .loliii Driskill bad at- 
tended a subscription school and after goin.g 
to live with his grandparents went to the dis- 
trict school, and he remained in . tli.at home 
until he was seventeen years old. Then he 
started ont for himself, working by the month 
for eight dollars as wages, and he thus contin- 
ued until bis marriage, on December s. ISiis, 
when he was united to Miss Martha .\. Kirk- 
land. .\l"ter marriage they settled on the old 
hiiiiie farm (in which he was born and there 
made their home until ]S71. when he sold his in- 
terest in the iirojierty and bought 100 acres of 
land north of ."^oreiito. On that farm Mr. Dris- 
kill lived until .lanuary. 1870. when he sold to 
the late W. C. (Jracy. The family moved then 
to Te.vas. but in 1878 returned to Bond County, 
where he rented land which he cultivated until 
1!I(I4. when he bought near Sorento and in 1000 
bought land adjoiuiiig the village, selling a ))or- 
tion of what he owned and now has eighty 
acres under .-i high state of cultivation. He 
believes that a farm of this size can be made 
more ]irofitable in many cases than one that is 
larger. He is a careful cultivator and a .iudi- 
cious manager and has prospered, althougli he 
has worked hard all his life and has dependod 
upon his own industry to get ahead. 

.\s mentioned above he married Miss Martha 
.V. Kirklaiid, who was born Just north of Soren- 
to. December l!0. is.'il!. a daughter of .loliii and 
I'oUy Ann (Lindleyl Kirklaiid. old and honored 
pioneers of this county, now deceased. Five 
sons and five daughters have been born to Mr. 
and Mrs, Driskill, Mary, who was born .Inly 
•JO. 1S7(I. is the wife of .loliii Brook, of East St. 
l.onis, and they have four children : Nellie. 
.Iiiliet, Katie and .lolin. .Mote Vaughn, who 
was born .\pril I'O. |S72. a moldor by trade 
.111(1 a resiiU'iit of Davenport. Iowa, married 
(tirst) Klla Couch, who left one sou. .lohn. and 
married (secondl I.ee Warren. liUlla, who was 
Iku-ii .November 1'. 1S7:!, is the wife of (ieorge 
W. Davis, of SiM-ento. and th(\v have six chil- 
dren. Heiia. who was born in .rune, is.^i". is the 
wife of .lames lilaylock. a farmer ne;ir Sorento. 
••iiid they have three children. Florence, who is 
the wife of Cliarlcs lii-ewer of Farmersville, 111.. 
lias three children. I'earl. who was born in 
isss. is the wife of C. V.. Kay. a farmer near 
Sorenio and has one son. Two of Mr. Dris- 
kill's children dicil in infancy and two sons. 
Horace c. and Koliert 1',.. died when ten years 

old. 



686 



BOND COUNTY. 



While neither Mr. nor Mrs. Drisklll are 
ii]ciiilier.« of any iiarticiilar church, they are 
Christian people in tlie true sen.se of the word, 
ilivinj; liberally where lielp is needed, visiting 
tliose who ;ire in distress and comforting tljose 
who are sorrowing in time of liereavement. As 
an indication of the contidence placed in Mr. 
I>riskill liy his fellow citizens, it nia.v be men- 
tioned that for sixteen .rears he has satisfac- 
toril.v filled the office of .instice of the peace 
and for si.\ years was road commissi<iner. Since 
]S(i7 lie has been an active member of the Ma- 
synic fraternity, being one of the first mem- 
bers of Madison Lodge. A. F. & A. M.. when 
.T. .1. Wilber was worshipful master. About 
IsO.s he .secured his demit and .since tlien has 
been identified with the Sorento Lodge. 

EDWARDS, Oliver Mathes, is one of the hon- 
ored mi'ii of r.oiKl ('(punt.w a leader in progres- 
sive thought, a scholar, teacher and farmer, and 
since lilOu has been a resident of .Sorento. He 
was born in Hamilton Count.v. 111.. March ?>0. 
1sr>1. and is a son of Thomas IL and Margaret 
(Stephenson) Kd wards. Thomas H. Edw.ards 
was born in Uowan Count.v. X. C. February 24. 
Is22. a son of William and Betsey (Williams) 
Edwards. They were natives of Xorth Car- 
olina. In 1S2.~), with their two sons, they moved 
to Fastern Tennessee and there Thomas H. 
was married and in 1S40 moved to Hamilton 
County. HI. In l.N.".(i Graiulfather Edwards 
came also to Illinois and settled at Marion, in 
Williamson County, where he bought a snuill 
steam mill. His youngest son operateil the mill 
after his father's de.-ith. and when this son died 
his children came into posse.ssion. The chil- 
dren of William Edwards were: Thomas H. : 
.Tames M.. who died in Williamson Count.v: 
John B.. who died at Focahontas. .Vrk.. at tile 
age of thirty-five years: M.-irtha C.. who mar- 
ried Ishani r>laid;enshi]i. a farmer in William- 
son County: and Charles M.. whose children 
yet oper.-ite the ol<l mill. These were repre- 
sentative people in Williamson Count.v and were 
active in the .Methodist Episcopal Church. One 
of the name. .lohn M. Edwanls. served in the 
War of 1S12. 

After his marriage in 1S4".). Thomas H. Ed- 
wards, as said, moved lo Hamilton County. 111., 
where he entered .uid bought land and at the 
time of death owned 2.IMK1 .acres .is a reward 
of iiidnsti'y and thrift. He was lo.val to the 
rnion when civil war was declared, and in 
l.Stil (Milisted in Company (J. Fifty-sixth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry and was elected first lieu- 
tenant. .\t the battle of Corinth in lMi2 he was 
so badly wounded that he was <-ompelled to 
resign and come home, but as soon as his lu- 
.iuries permitted he re-enlisted, in 18(14. and was 
made orderly sergeant of his comjiany and 
served luitil tlie close of the w.-ir, when he re- 
turned to Hamilton County and resumed farm- 
ing, but the in.iury received in the service prob- 
abl.v never was overcome in its weakening ef- 
fects .inil his death (H-currert .Tanuary n. 18.S1. 



He was a man of courage and endurance and 
often spoke in i^ublic on moral questions, a 
member of the Jlethodist faith, and frequently 
rode many miles at night in order to follow 
what he believed the path of duty. 

On September 17. 1n44. Thomas H. Edwards 
was married to JIargaret Stephenson, who was 
born hear Knoxville. Teun.. a daughter of .Tames 
Wilson and Mary McXair Ste]>henson. The 
father of .Mrs. Edwards fought under General 
.lackson in the battle of X'ew Orleans in 1S1.">. 
but he would never accept a pension, declaring 
that he fought as a patriot and not for reward. 
He was also in the Black Hawk and Indian 
Creek troubles, but his public attitude remained 
the same. When he came to HIinois he set- 
tled in Handlton County and there died, a de- 
vout member t>f the Cumberland I'resbyterian 
body. His family consisted of four daughters 
and one son. namel.v: .To.seph. who died in Ham- 
ilton County: .\ancy. who married I'orter Hend- 
ricks, and .-1 son still lives in Hamilton County, 
a veteran of the Civil War: William, who was 
killed in battle .-it Memphis. Tenn.. during the 
Civil AVar: and Margaret, a noble woman who 
survived until February s, 1SS(!. To Thomas 
H. and Margaret Edwards the following chil- 
dren were born: (Jeorge K.. .lohn ('.. Oliver 
Matbes and Mattie. (Jeorge K. Edwards resides 
on the old homestead where his parents settled 
in ls4!t. He married Miss Ada Dailey and they 
have the following children : Katie, who is 
]irin(iiial of the .Vrcola High Sclnxd : tieorge 
and I'aul. both of whom are farmers; and 
Frank, who is a student at McKendree College, 
.lohn C. Edwards was a graduate of McKendree 
College and of a law school. He became one 
of the leading men of the state, was twice 
elected state's attorney and state senator and 
served two terms ,is county .ludge. T'nder Pres- 
ident Cleveland he was apiiointed to an office 
in the Iiiited States auditing deliartment at 
Washington. 1). C-. and .afterward moved to Chi- 
cago. 111., where he built up a lucrative prac- 
tice. He died there Xovember IT. IfKl.'j. and his 
burial was at JIcLeanslxn-o. 111. Mattie. the 
youngest of the family, is the wife of Fred 
.Vppel. anil they reside at McLeansboro, near 
the old homestead. 

(lliver Mathes ICdw.irds was reared on the 
old home farm and .-ifter his district sch(M>l days 
were over he entered McKendree College, where 
he was graduated with the class of ISTM. after 
which he returned to the farm and continued 
to reside there until his marriage, after which 
he and wife settled on the farm that his father- 
in-law gave his wife, and there they resided 
for thirty-three .vears. For a number of win- 
ters he taught the Hickory Grove school and 
has been very active in .'idvancing the cause 
of education. In IflOlj he moved to Sorento. 
erecting .a handsome residence here and has 
been one of the representative men of the vil- 
lage ever since. 

On X'ovember 20. IST.'J. Mr. Edwards was mar- 
ried to Miss Louise .Mice Valentine, who was 



BOND COUNTY. 



687 



Ihu'Ii in SlKial Creek Townsliip, Bond County. 
111.. Febniary 10. 18.">4. a (iaiishter of William P. 
;uul a srancWanshter of William B. Valentine, 
who was a solilier in the War of is]!!. In the 
fall of isi.'i he moved to Bond County and set- 
tled in Shoal Creek Township, this being be- 
fore the state was admitted to the T'nion. This 
old soldier acquired 2.0CM1 acres of land, and he 
was thrice married and the father of twenty- 
three children. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards have 
had the followins; children : Emory, who was 
born Jlay .">. InT.'i. lives at ISiverton. 111., where 
he is manager for the Itiverton Coal Company's 
store, and in 1!I03 married Carrie Itodwrs : 
William II.. who was born .\pril 1. Is77. who 
is ship]iin;; clerk with the .T. W. Bunn Whole- 
sale Grocery at Spriniifield. married Lida .Met- 
calf: lona. who was born .January (i. tSSO. is 
the wife of Samuel E. Gelirij;. a farmer near 
New IlouRlas, 111. : Beulah. who was Iku-u .Tuly 
IS, 1SS2. is the wife of I'rof. Lew R. Taylor, 
superintendent of the schools of Coffeen. 111.. 
and they have children — Winston Randoliih. 
Lowell Iluiih and .Joel Edwards; and Oliver M.. 
.Tr.. who is a handware merchant at Sorento. 
.\II the children have been afforded excellent 
educational oppt^tunities. At present the eld- 
est son is postnnister at Riverton. 

After Mr. and Mrs. Edwards retired from the 
farm and established their permanent home at 
Sorento. Mr. Edwards became an a<-tive factor 
in the public affairs of the town and in M;irch. 
1912. he was aiip<iiiited postmaster liy President 
William II. Taft. Three times Mr. Edwards has 
served as president of the board of education. 
He is known as an opponent of the liquor traf- 
fic and as the advocate of good government and 
public uplift. .\s a writer on public topics his 
home papers value him highly and are not any 
too well pleased when it is found that the city 
journals frequentl.v cop.v them without giving 
credit. Mr. anil Mrs. Edwards are members of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. For many 
.vears he was su|ierintendent of the Sunda.v 
school at Carrington Chapel, in Shoal Creek 
Township and served four more years after 
coming to Sorento. when he retired from active 
.service in this office, although his interest is 
kept up. 

EICKMEYER, Henry. When it comes to valu- 
able farms and prosperous and contented own- 
ers of them. Bond County stands second to no 
other section in the state and in Shoal Creek 
Township lie rich, productive lands worth ample 
fortunes to their owners. One of these ver.v 
desirable properties belongs to Henry Eickmeyer 
and consists of 22.S a<-res situated on Section 11, 
lieing a jiart of the William Eickmeyer farm. 
Henry Eickmeyer was born in Macoupin Coun- 
ty. 111.. .May 12. ISCM. A sketch of the Eick- 
meyer family will be found in this work. 

Henry Eickmeyer attended school in his 
native county and remained on the home farm 
until ISStl. .Miout that time both he and his 
brother William <lecided to become 1,-ind own- 



ers themselves, and as they coidd not l)e sat- 
isfled in Macoupin County the father came with 
them to Bond County. Here nniny tracts were 
looked over by the far-sighted German father, 
and. although many warnings were given him 
that this Shoal Creek Township land would 
never make a croii-producing farm, h;' thought 
differently and soon conqileted the iiurcliase of 
oO.". acies situated on Sections 11 an<l 7. and 
time has proved the wisdom of his decision. 
The two sons, Henry and William, worked hard 
to build up the land, partly by rotation of crops 
.•ind fiilbiwed their father's practical instruc- 
tions. .Vs soon as jiraeticable they began to 
make improvements and commenced the build- 
ing of the beautiful residence now Henry Eieh- 
nieyer's home. .Vfter William married, Henry 
resi<led with him until his own marriage, on 
.May .'51, 1891, to Miss Enuna Grossenlieider, 
who was born in Montgomery County, 111., 
.March 2.'!. 18(17, a daughter of Frank Grossen- 
lieider, of German extraction. Mr. Eicknie.ver 
.•md wife moved into the comfortable home And 
life seemed to prnmise fair, but on .Vpril 24, 
1892. the beautiful young wife passed awa.v. 
leaving an empty hearthstone. She was estim- 
able in every relation of life, and her memory 
is still cherished. She was survived l)y an in- 
fant son. Frank, but his .span of life only 
reached two and a half years. 

For a lunnber of years Mr. Eickmeyer and his 
brother managed the entire farm together and 
"hen they <livided -Mr. Eickme.ver's share in- 
cluded l."i2 acres and the residence, since which 
he has added seventy-six acres. The house 
was erected In the mid.st of a wheat field, but 
in the course of time, through setting out many 
shade and fruit trees he has surroundings of 
great beauty and attractiveness. He has been 
unusually successful in his undertakings and is 
.iustly classed with the substantial agricul- 
turists of the county. He gives considerable 
attention to feeding cattle and stock for market. 
In politics Mr. Eickmeyer is a Republican, but 
is no seeker for cittice. He is a member of the 
Euther.-in Church. 

EICKMEYER, 'William F., who is one of the 
snlist.-iiitial men of Bond County, owning a tract 
of :at acres of well improved land, all in one 
body, situated on Section 11. Shoal Creek Town- 
ship, deserves a large aniomit of credit l)ecause 
of his persistent f.-iith in this section and his 
industry in liuildiug up all its interests. He 
was born ,Tune 9, 1862, In CiUiokia Township, 
.Macoujiin Count.v, 111,, a son of William and 
Wilhelmina tKruse) Eickmeyer, They were 
born in Westphalia, (Jermany, in the province 
of Il.inover, the father on .lune 29, 1827, and 
the mother in 1S2.-.. In their native land they 
grew up as neighbors and thei-e married, .-ind 
in 18.">(), with their one child, Charlotte, now 
the wife of Frederick Kahle, of .N'ewkirU, Okla.. 
they eiidmrked on a vessel for the T'nited 
States, The voyage was a wearisome one they 
never forgot, the vessel taking sixteen wiH'ks to 



688 



BOND COUNTY. 



cross the ocean before reaching the harlior of 
New Orleans. From there they ascended the 
Mississii)pi Kiver to St. Louis, Mo., and by 
worlving for tifty cents a day. at off .iobs, Mr. 
Rickmeyer managed to take care of his family 
until the fall of IS.'a, when he scciired farm 
work in Macou|)in County. Through German 
thrift he prospered so that about is(!3 he was 
able to buy eighty acres of land. It was a 
piece of virgin land, and it was his hard task 
to clear and bring aliout its cultivation. He 
liecame a trusted and respected man in his com- 
munity and served many .years as a school 
director and in other local offices. He it was 
who gave an a<re of land for school pur]ioses. 
the school district still bearing his name. Both 
he and wife were members of the T^utheran 
church, and for many years he was a member of 
the board of trustees. In jiolitics he was a 
Republican. The children born to William Eiek- 
nieyer and wife were: Charlotte; Louis; Wil- 
liam F., who died in infancy ; Wilhelmina ; Wil- 
liam F. (2) ; Henry, and Frank. Both jjarents 
died in Macoupin County, the father in .May. 
V.)W. an<l the mother in .Vpril, is'.til. They were 
people who deserve to be remembered, kind, 
virtuous, industrious and hospitable. 

William F. Eickme.ver attended school in the 
lOickme.ver District and also the (Jerman I'aro- 
rhial College at Mt. Olive, III., which is con- 
ducted under the auspices of the Lutheran 
Church. Although thus fitted for teaching or for 
other i)rofessions, Jlr. Eickmeyer determined to 
remain a farmer and kept on assisting his 
lather initil l-ssii. In the meanwhile father 
and sons bad been investigating lands in Bond 
C<mnty and the father <lecided to purchase I^fMi 
acres, on Section II. Shoal Creek Townshi]!. 
for his sous, Henry and William F.. witli the 
understanding that this should be ii loan and 
that the sons should work hard to develop the 
land. The tract w;is looked ujion as poor proji- 
ert.v and the boys hail nuuiy discouraging things 
said to them, but they jiossessed nnich of flieir 
father's good .iudgmcnt and natural thrift, and 
the result of their determination and in<lustr.v 
ma.v be seen in the beautiful farms which have 
been brought out of the former uninviting wil- 
derness. The brothers worked together so per- 
sistently and so successfully that tbe.v were .-ible 
in a comjiarative short time to pay back all in- 
debtedness and to prove to tliosc who thimght 
the family .iudgmcnt .at fault that plenty of hard 
work and .iudicious methods of farming can 
make wonderful changes in a few .vears. 

On .Vugnst 14, 1S.S7, Mr. Eickmeyer was mar- 
ried to Miss .\lvina rollmau. who was born in 
Macoupin' Comity, March 12, 1S(iS. a daughter 
of II(>rman .inil .\uiia ((Jrossenhider) I'ollinan, 
n,itivcs of West|ib;ilia, Oeruiau.v. After mar- 
riage Mr. ;ni(l Mrs. Eickme.ver took possession 
of a small fr;ime dwelling then on the l';irui 
and coidinucd tn occujiy it until Islis, when the 
present comfortable and attractive si.\-room 
(hvelling was built, .Mr. Ei<-kineyer has made 
everything substantial about liis pl;icc, :ill of his 



bnildings being first class. When the brothers 
divided the land, William F. took the east lofl 
acres and to that has added until he now has. 
as st.-itcd above, :!.">() acres, and there is no bet- 
ter land in I'.ond Count.v at the jiresent time. 
What was once considered almost worthless 
land now produces bountiful crops and produces 
rich pasturage for hundreds of cattle, horses 
and hogs. 

Mr. and Mrs. Eickmeyer have had the follow- 
ing children: Lydia ('.. born .July 2S, 18SS. is 
the wife of Henry L. Prange. a farmer in New 
Douglas Township, JIaconpin County, issue, 
Elmer E.. Xordean and Bermian ; Adelia L.. born 
.Vugnst H. isilO; Laura A., Iiorn December 20. 
I8fl2. died .May 10, IIKIO ; Ella M., born April 80, 
180ti; Leona W., born May 10, lOoO; and .\lina, 
born May 21, 1006. The living children have 
been educated both in English and in German, 
a very wise method to follow and one that uia.\' 
result proHtalily for them in after life. Mr. 
Eickmeyer aiijireciates the value of education 
and has jilways taken an interest in school 
affairs, serving man.v .vears as a director in his 
own district. For fourteen years be has been 
secretary of the Lutheran chunh board, the 
family belonging to the liUtherau Church at 
New Dimglas. In i)olitics he is a Uepnblican. 
as was his father. 

ELAM, Thomas Alexander (deceased). As the 
woodman in ilcaring his laud leaves here and 
there some stalwart elm lU' oak in the midst 
of some green and fertile field, which long 
years after stands alone, a solitar.v representa- 
tive of the iiast, so the relentless Heaper. in his 
grim harvest of men, leaves here and there a 
pioneer who forms a connecting link between 
the jiast and the present. The late Thouuis 
.VIexaniler Elam, of Section IM. Jlidberry Grove 
Townshiji. was for years one of the ver.v few 
surviving pioneers of Bond County, or th<' 
viciint.v thereof, he coining here as an infant 
with his p.-irents many years ago and locating 
about (Uie and one-half miles from what was 
long his home. He was a native of Tennessee, 
having been born in Davidson County, forty 
miles from .N'ashville. August 81. 1S8:>, a son of 
Thomas lOlam. The family arrived in Fa.vette 
County. III., just bcyonil the Bond County line: 
in October, ls;!;i, and there the father entereil 
sevent.v a<M'es of land in two pieces, on which 
he erected a log cabin, with a dap-board voot 
and puncheon fioor, the latter of which was 
frecpiently covered with snow when the family 
would awaken in the winter mornings. 

Thomas i;iam, the father of Thomas .V. Elam, 
married Eliz.ibetb Elam, she a daughter of Ed- 
ward Elam, and the grand]iarents on both sides 
were n;itives of .North Carolina, from whence 
they moved to Teimessee, where the iiarents 
were born. The paternal grancUatber subse- 
quently retm-ned to North Carolina, where he 
died, while Edward Elam, the maternal grand- 
father, came to Illinois, and here passed the 
last ycai-s of his life. Tbonias El.ain contimied 



1 



BOND COUNTY. 



689 



to make his honic on liis farm in Fayotte Coun- 
ty, where he owned 140 acres of land, until re- 
tiring to Bond County, and here died about 
the year lS."i7. The mother survived him ten 
.years, and died at the home of her son. Thomas 
A., at the riiie age of seventy years. Both be- 
lonced for many years to the old Hardshell Baji- 
tist Clnireh. They were the parents of twelve 
children, lint two of whom are still livins : 
Thomas .Xlexander : and ICdward. who was the 
youngest of the family, and who for the past 
five years has made his home in the State of 
Oklahoma. Two of the children died in in- 
fanc.v. while ten reached maturit.v. and all of 
the latter were married and left families, the 
greater number pa.ssing to their reward in Illi- 
nois. 

Thomas Alexander Elam was but five weeks 
old when he accomiianied his parents to Fay- 
ette County. 111., and there he grew to manhood, 
securing his education in the old .subscription 
schools. His father paid fifty cents for each 
of his children who received instruction, and 
the teacher boarded around among the v.irion.s 
pupils' homes. At the age of eight years Jlr. 
Elam began his experiences behind the plow, lie- 
ing given a trust.v old mare, which well knew 
the rules of following the corn rows. With 
the help of this wise old animal he soon learned 
to plow, and as he rapidly taught himself the 
other duties of country life, he became known 
as one of the skilled farm l>oys and capable 
workers of his connnnnity. 

Mr. Elam was married in IS.jT to Miss Mar- 
garet Walker, the daughter of Andrew Walker. 
a native of Kentucky, and after their marriage 
they remained on the old home farm in Fay- 
ette Count.v VMitil about the year IMiO. when 
they moved to the land Mr. Elam had entered 
on Section 1.'!. Mulberry (irove Township. Bond 
County. Here Mr, Elam had entered forty 
acres, the patents for which were given him by 
President Buchanan, and on this he erec'ted a 
small log cabin. 1(> feet square. .V sawmill had 
been establishe<l in Bond County, and .Mr. Elam 
was thus able to furnish his cabin witli a board 
floor, although the chinuiey was of stick and 
clay and the fireiilace was situated in the end 
of the cabin, open in true pioneer st.vle. .\bout 
four years later he added another room IS 
feet square, and the old chinuiey was replaced 
by a brick fireplace. Being an industrious aiul 
])ractical farmer, possessed of modern ideas and 
enterprising methods, he succeeded in his gen- 
eral farming opei'ations. and also gave .-i greal 
deal of attention to the raising of stock. He 
added, from lime to tinu". to his original pur- 
chase and eventually became the owner of 12411 
acres of valuable and highly-cultivated land. 

Mr, Elam was the father of nine children 
by his first marriage, of whom four died in in- 
fanc.v : Andrew .Tackson married Miss I.ucy 
Wriglit. and is now (h'ceased. their children 
being lOverell. who married l.uella Traxler and 
has one child. Wilmouth, and lierlha. who mar- 
ried John Bilyeu and has three children. I.ucx. 



.John and Flora, both Everett and Bertha being 
residents of the old home place; Elizabeth, de- 
cea.sed. who was the wife of Itichard Blaidjcn- 
ship. he a farmer of Mulberry (irove Town- 
ship, and they had these children — lOstella. born 
.Vovember t(i. ISN.'i. who married Daniel Giller 
and has four children. Madeline, Darrell. Thomas 
-Vlex.inder. and Clar.i I,, the last son named 
in honor of his grandfather, and .Tames Alex- 
ander Blankenship. who married Addie Elam: 
Elmira, who died in young womanhood, and 
Xancy Jane and Winnie, both deceased. 

After the death of his first wife Mr. Elam 
was married to Mrs. Sarah Ann Mayfield. nee 
Williams, and she died without issue. The 
third marriage of Mr. Elam was with .Martha 
.lane Elam, and there were no chililr<'n born 
to this union, Mr, Elam was always prominent 
in the work of the T'nited Baptist Cluu'ch, sup- 
porting its movements and working actively in 
its Sunday school. During his long residence 
in Fa.vette and Bond counties he was a witness 
to and an interested participant in the numer- 
ous wonderful changes which have transformed 
what was once a wilderness into a land of 
plenty and prosperity. In the earl.v da.vs Mr. 
Flam's onl.v means of transp<jrtation was an 
o.x-team, with which he hauled freight to and 
from St. Louis. On these trijis he freiiuently 
slept under the wagon, building a fire and 
cooking his meals in the open. He often hauled 
dressed hogs to .St. Louis, where he was i)aid 
two and one-half cents a pound, and brought 
back goods for the merchants at Van Buren, in 
.Montgotnery < 'ounty. The first land he entered 
he was to pay .fl.l'.") per acre, but as he had no 
money was obliged to take a loan, on which 
he was compelled to jiay fifty per cent interest. 
Hogs at that time sold at two and one-(iuarter 
cents per pound: chickens then sold f(U- .fl..W 
per dozen. Mone.v was extremel.v hard to -se- 
cure during the early days: the harvest was 
handled with the mowing hook and the cradle. 
,111(1 the wages in the harvest fields and for 
■ utting li:iy. fifty to seventy-five cents fiu- a day's 
work, which at that time, instead of being eight 
or ten hours of work, was from snii-up to sun- 
down. A few Indians were still in this vicinity 
during Mr. Flam's early years, wild turkeys 
were found in abundance, the livestock ran wild 
on the open prairie, and but few cabins were 
to be seen through the liigli grass. The railway, 
tlie telephone and the self-binder were unknown. 

mid wlier ice the wild lurkey winged its low 

Might over tile wild and undeveloped land we 
now find large and iirosperous farms, thriving 
villages, factories, schools and eluin-hes. Such 
a transforiiiatiiui it is the privilege of but few 
men to see. yet Mr. Elam remembered clearl.v 
to his death the expei'iences and incidents of 
pioneer life, and was able to speak very enter- 
tainingly of them. 

Mr. Elam w;is always .-i Deniocrnt, easting 
his vote fur every Democratii' caiidid;ite for the 
presidency from the time of James Buchanan, 
in is."i4, Mr. Islam's success in life may be 



690 



BOND COUNTY. 



siiid t(i liavp been achieved by his eousuniniate 
liusiness metluids and sound principles. Always 
conscientious in the extreme, he conducted his 
affairs in the most honorable manner, so much 
so that for .years be found himself surrounded 
b.v hosts of friends. Imth business and social. 
Possessed of broad .-uid liberal views, he ever 
contrihuteil freely to all enterprises having for 
their ob.ject tlu' advancement and welfare of 
the eonnnunity, the county and the country at 
large. This venerable and honored pioneer, re- 
sjiected by all and beloved bv manv, liassed 
;iway Octol>er l."?. V.n?,. 

ELAM, William A., an excellent business man 
and supervisor of elevators in Bond County, is 
one <if tlie representative citizens of this sec- 
tion not only in a business way but in all that 
concerns the carrying <in of the activities which, 
in aggregation, make up every -da.v life. He was 
born in Fayette County, 111.. March 22. l.'ifi."). a 
son of .Tames T. and Amanda A. Elam. and a 
grandson of .\rcber S. Elam on the paternal side 
.■ind of .Tames II. Elam on the maternal side, of 
like surname but of different stock, the former 
being a native of Tennes.see and the latter of 
North Carolina. .Tames T. Elam. father of Wil- 
liam Archer Elam, was lioru in Fayette Couuty 
in 1.S3S and (lied in the same count.v in 1877. He 
devoted his life to fanning and stock raisiug. 
making a specialty of fine horses. He was one 
of the early jironioters of the Fayette County 
Fair and for years a director of the same, and 
it was something of a coincidence that five other 
direi-tors die<l alsn in ls77. after which intercut 
seemed to be lost in what progressive farmers 
have always thought one of the most beneficial 
movements to aid to agricultural success. He 
was an ardent Democrat and fre<|Uently served 
in local ottices, and he was equally strong In 
his religious faith, for man.v .vears being a 
deacon in the Christian Church. Du'ing the 
Civil War he was outspoken In support of the 
government. lie married Ani.inda .\. Elam. who 
was born in Fayette in ls42. Her second mar- 
riage was to Itev. .1. W, Vest, now deceased, 
and on .lanuary 2. 1!10,"). she was married (third) 
to Jame.s M. Carroll, of JIulberry (Jrove. Of 
the six children born to her first marriage, two 
died In infancy and four reached maturity: 
Ella, who is the widow of .Tohn Itotray. lives 
on her farm in Fayette County and has four 
sons and two d.-inghters; William A,, who was 
the second liorn ; Mar.v A., who died at the age 
of seventeen years; and .1. Frank, who Is man- 
ager of the National Onion Salt Company, of 
Chbago, 111., and also a stockholder and 
director. 

William Archer Elam, cjr better known to his 
wide circle of friends as ".Vrch" Ivlam. was edu- 
i-ated in the district school when .T. .T. Brown 
was one of the teachers. Hi' helpeil on the farm 
from early boyhood until be was twenty-one 
years of age and after bis father died li"lped 
bis mother in a similar way until his marriage 
on .March 25, 18S(!, to Miss Mattie Koonce. She 



was liorn in Fa.vette County. .Tune 17, ISGTt. a 
daughter of .Tames 11. Koonce, who was a black- 
smith by trade. He served as a soldier during 
the Civil War. after which he returned to hi.s 
farm in Fayette Comity, where his first wife 
died in 1S70. He moved then to Mulberry Grove, 
where he died in November. ISlMi. His second 
marriage was to Miss Harriet liile.v. and they 
had <ine son. Willier C. Mrs. Elam is the only 
survivor of her father's first family. 

After marriage Mr. IClani rented a farm in 
Fa.vette Count.v, and their first residence was a 
log cabin, .\lthough they could see the stars 
at night through the roof, they had a liig brick 
cbininey in one end and they often recall how 
nuich en.ioyment they had in that simple home 
.and hiiw many of llieir friends were willing to 
travel long distiinces to gather with them round 
their cheerful hearth. The.v occuiiied that place 
until 1SS7, and then rented a part of the old 
home farm of Mrs. Elam's father. In 188S 
they came to Bond County, but on account of 
an accident ha|ipening to the mother of Mr. 
Elam the.v returned to tlie old Elam homestead 
and lived there until T.KCi, when the.v moved to 
.Mulberry Crove. Here Mr. Elam established 
bis home and accei)ted a position with a null- 
ing i(ini|ian,v of St. I.ouis. Mo., for eight .vear.s 
being in charge of their elevator at Mulberry 
(irove. building up .i large and i)ermanent trade. 
His ability as a gr.iin man was recognized by 
the comiiany, and on September 1, 101.3, he 
was made supervisor of elevators and has, prac- 
tically, the entire management of fifteen ele- 
vators owned b.v this compan.v. .\s remarked 
above, lie is active ;ilong man.v lines and is one 
of the most enterjuisiiig and practical men of 
his cit,v. lie has filled various township ottices 
and for five years has been president of the 
village school board. Some four years ago he 
was elected a trustee of the village, and soon 
after began to advocate public improvements 
ill the way of buililing iiermanent sidewalks 
and in granting a fifty-year franchise for the 
electrical lighting of this ambitiinis little city 
which iiroperly sliould no longer be called a vil- 
lage. 

Of the six children born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Elam, five were natives of Fa.vette County. 
Shelby E.. who was horn Peceniber 24, issti. 
died .Tune 8. ISSS. Mary Alice «'as born July 

0. 1888, in Bond Oouiity. The four others 
were born in Fayette County: Velma Belle, 
who was born November 7. 1891. is a piximi- 
nent teacher in the schools of Mulberry 
Grove: Winona A., who was born March 2. 
18tt."i: William A., who was born November 8. 
1897: and Ella Grace, who was horn October 

1, 1S99, Mr. I':iam owns eighty acres of the 
old homestead in Fa.vette County, where he 
has carried on the breeding of fine .stock, mak- 
ing a specialty of I'oland-Cbina hogs, which 
command the highest market prices. He is in- 
terested also in iioultry and has, perhaps, the 
finest flock of Rhode Island White chickens In 
this part of the state. .Mr. Elam and family 




^ 



^ 




BOND COUNTY. 



691 



lifloiif; to till' ('hristiiin Cluirch. in which he is 
ail eldor. FratiTiially he is itii'iititlod witli the 
M. W. A., and helons;s also to (Jilham I.odse. 
Xo. soil. A. F. & A. M. of Miilhon-y (Jrovc. 

ELMORE, James Franklin. A siil)stanti:il rep 
ivsentative of the farniiiii; :iiiil stoeUraisiiii; in- 
terests of Boiiil Coniit.v is foiiiid in the jiersoii 
of .Tames Franklin Elmore, of Sections 11 and 
lli. Mnlherr.v Grove To\vnshi|i. who is special- 
izinir in the lireedinx of mnles and I'erchei'on 
horses with a .irratifyin;; measure of success. 
Mr. Elmore was horn .lul.v s. Isc"), on Section 
12. Mullierry (irove Townsliiii. Hoiid County. 
111., on the farm that had lieen settled by his 
father. Hardin Elmore, after the hitter's return 
from duty as a soldier durinj; the .Mexican War. 
Mr. I'Hmore was not old enouirh for this service. 
and in after life it was his habit, in tellim; 
of his ex])eriences, to say that he had to '•fndL.'e 
a little" in order to lie acceiited by the recrnft- 
iui; olhcers. Hardin Elmore was liorn In IsilCi, 
in rumberland County, Ky.. .and came to Itoiid 
County in In.'Ki. with his father. Hiram Elmore. 
who settled on land in Section 11'. .Mulberry 
(Jrove Township anil became one of the larac 
land holiU'rs of the count.v. owiiins;. with his 
wife. alKiiit t!00 acres of land. He was always 
a Democrat In his political l>ellef, and his re- 
liirious faith was that of the Bajitist Church. 
Mr. .ind Mrs. Elmore liad the followius chil- 
dren: Hardin: Lawrence, who died in Fayette 
I'ount.v. HI.: \ancy. who became the wife of 
Huse (iass. both deceased : Sall.v. de<eased. who 
was the wife of William P.owen of Mulberry 
(Jrove: Betsy, the widow of Doctor Byfield, 
making licr Innne with her children in New 
Mexico. 

Hardin Elmore slew up in the little los cabin, 
which was not much better than a slianty. and 
commenced to work to help his father clear and 
cultivate the land. Thursday. .Tune 4, IslC. 
was a irreat da.v in (Jreenville. War had been 
declared between the I'nited States .ind Mexico. 
Illinois had been called upon for three rciii- 
nieuts. of which Bond Count.v was supiiosed 
to furnish a company, and the above date had 
been selected foi> the mass meetins <>n the pub- 
lic s(|uare to enroll volunteers. The day was 
ushered in by rain, but despite this the coun- 
try iieople poured into town and e.xcitement ran 
high. It was litlle trouble to secure eighty-six 
good and brave men. among whom w;is a lad 
not yet eighteen .vears of age. and not iiuite 
tall enough. Nevertheless. Hardin Elmore was 
accepted .-ind joined the company, which elected 
officers and was soon fitted out with resjilend- 
ent uniforms made from blue Keiituck.v ".leans. " 
furnished by William S. Smith, at that time one 
of the leading merchants of (Ireenville. The 
company marched from that |ilace to .Vlton. 111., 
there boarded a boat and went to .Vew Orleans. 
-Vfter the close of hostilities all returned to 
their homes, but there is onl.v one of this com- 
jiany now living. Il.irdin Elmore again took 
up the duties of jieace. and ;is he had been .-i 



good soldier, so was he also a splendid citizen. 
He married Mi.ss Sarali Siegers, a native of 
Bond Cminty. and to this union there were 
born five cliildren. of whom one survives: Rus- 
.sell Elmore, of St. Eouis. Mo. .\notlier child 
reached maturity: Xora. who became the wife 
of Charles Kimble, both now deceased. On 
.Tuly 14. 1m;4. Hardin lOlmore was married (sec- 
ond i to .Mary Ellen Koberts. who was born in 
Bond County. 111., October .'JO. Isl.'i. daughter 
of Ilicbard S. I >. Koberts. a jiioneer of 1^22, a 
sketi-h of whose career will be found in the re- 
view of .lames IT. Koberts. in another jiart of 
this work. .Mrs. lOlmore died October ;•,(». Itll.'!. 

.\fter his marriage .Mr. Hardin located on 
the line farm on Section 12. which he had jiur- 
chased u|ion his return from the .Mexican war, 
and he and his family resided in a two-rooiu 
frame house until his father's death. At that 
time he sold his farm, bought the interests of 
the heirs of his father's estate and moved to 
the homestead, where he continued to reside 
until his (le.-ith. .\t that time he was the owner 
of TiHi acres of land, of which (130 a<-res were all 
in one body, and had one of the finest farms in 
the county, stocked with the imrest breeds of 
horses, c.-ittle. hogs and shee]i. He was a Dem- 
ocrat in his political views, and alwa.vs took 
an active interest in matters which affected his 
community, and while not a member of any 
church, gave freely of his means to all re- 
ligious organizations ;ind worthy causes. He 
and his wife had ten c-liildren. of whom five 
died in infanc\-. while the others were: .Tames 
Franklin: Marth.a. who married Thomas E. 
T)avis. of Jlnlberr.v (irove, whose sketch appears 
in another part of this work ; Lawrence, living 
on the old homestead settled by his grand- 
father: Lizzie, who married Edward Wash- 
burn, of Mulberry (irove: and Lafayette, who 
died in T.IOS. married Tiaisy White, daughter of 
Claudi' White, who since her husband's death 
has been engaged in teaching school. 

.Tames l^'ranklin Elmore secured his educa- 
tion ill the district schools, and made his home 
upon tile farm on which he was born until his 
marri.ige. Se|itember is. 1887. to Miss Serena 
Wadlow. who was born in Bond County. III., 
Se]iteniber 2. 1804. daughter of William and 
Sus.'in (Elam) Wadlow. .Mr. Wadlow, a native 
of England, caiiu' to the Inited States with a 
brother when about twenty years of age, and 
is now dcce.Msed. Mrs. Wadlow. who was born 
in Fayette County. III., still survives ,ind makes 
her home in Mulberr.v (irove. There were nine 
children in the W:idlow family: .lohn, a res- 
ident of ()kl;ihoma : Lizzie Freeman, of Vanda- 
lia. Ill,: Henry, of .New Mexico: .Tames, of 
F.iyette County. III.: Myrtle, the wife of Albert 
Largenl. of St. Elmo. III.: Belle, the wife of 
L. Laird, of Milford. III.: Ellie. the wife of 
(icorge I'arks. of .\iiderson. Ind.: Cora, the 
wife of I'.ert I'elchrc. .-i farmer of Bond County, 
111.: .ind .Serena, who married Mr. Elmore. Mr. 
;ind Mrs. Elmore h.ive two children : Lena, born 
.liiiie 211. ISSN, a music- teacher who resides with 



692 



BOND COUNTY. 



her iiarents: and Hardiu. horn Feliruary 127. 
ISfiO. also living at home. 

After his marriage Mr. Elmore huilt a house 
on a part of the old homestead, and there re- 
sided until liMlo. when he put up a splendid 
(hvellins on Section 11. Iiuilt other sulistantial 
strueturos and made nunierous improvements 
of a modern nature. lie is now the owner of 
120 aires of the old home farm and fort.v ad- 
ilitional acres, and also liought flft.v-five acres in 
Section 2, near the home place, and owns five 
acres and residence in Mulherr.v Grove. In addi- 
tion to general farming he de\otes a great deal 
of attention to breeding Percheron horses and 
nudes. Mr. Klmore has alwa.vs taken an active 
liart in all jiublir enterprises. In politics a stal- 
wart Democrat, he is acting for the third time as 
township conunissioner and has also served as 
assessor one term. Mis fraternal connections 
include membership in Masonic Lodge, Xo. SOit. 
Odd Fellows. Xo. Osl. and Modern Woodmen 
of America Xo. 1471. His wife is a member of 
the Haptist Church, and both have many friends 
throughout the vicinity of JIulberry (Jrove. 

ELMORE, Lawrence. Farming and stock rais- 
ing occupy the attention of many of the solid, 
sensible and far sighted young men of Bond 
County and the tinancial independence which 
many of them enjoy jiroves the wisdom of such 
choice of occupation. In I^awrence Elmore, 
who owns liJO acres of the old homestead farm 
on which he was born, December 11, 187"). 
wliicli is situated on Section 12. Mulberi-j- Grove 
Township, is found a man of this character, 
who is not only a .iudicious agriculturist hut 
is also a very worthy citizen. He is a scm of 
Il.irdin and JIary E. (Itoberts) Elmore, ex- 
tended mention of whom will be found in this 
work. Lawrence Elmore passed his boyhood 
days in attending the country sihool and in 
assisting with the "chores" on the home farm. 
He was ambitious to be of further use to his 
father and just as soon as old and .strong 
enough for such tasks, helped in the lireaking 
up and prejiaring of the soil for crops and 
labored on through tlieir growth and hel]ied in 
their harvesting. He remaine<l with his jiarents 
until his marriage and then rented a farm of 
12(1 acres situated in Fayette Count.v. which he 
operated successfiilly. In 1!)(I7 he built a house 
on the east f|uarter of Section 12. on a part of 
the old home farm and occuiiied the same until 
]'.I0!>, wlU'U occurred the death of his older 
brother, I.aF.-iyelte I'^lmore, who had be<'n liv- 
ing on the father's old place. Lawrence Elmore 
then came to the farm on which he was born 
and now oiierates the entire loO acres, but 
does not reside in tlie old log house which 
stands near his present modern residence. Mr. 
Elmore takes a great deal of interest in his 
f.-irm industries and his thrift and goiMl man- 
agement are shown in the excellent grades of 
stock to be found here, including both cattle 
and hogs. 

On M;ii-cb I. 111(1,"., .Mr. Elmore was m,-irricd 



to Jliss Lill.v Pi. Blaidienship. who was born 
in Fayette County. 111., August 31, 1S7S, a 
daughter of Hardin Blankenship. a prominent 
retired farmer of Mulberry (irove. and the.v 
have two children: Clarence Il.irdin, who was 
liorn -March 14, ]0(i4: and Mary E., who was 
born September is, litl.". Airs. Elmore was 
reared in and is a consistent member of the 
Baptist Church. Jlr. Elmore takes a hearty 
intere.st in Democratic politics and is a mem- 
ber of the Xational Political League. In all 
movements that are designed to .advance the 
interests of Bond County, agriculturally, politic- 
ally, educationally and socially, Mr. Elmore is 
deeply concerned. fceUng his res]ionsiliility as a 
good citizen and upright man. He h.as served 
in the otiice of township as.sessor but otherwise 
has accepted no public ottice. He is^a member 
of the fraternal order of Odd Fellows, attend- 
ing the lodge at Mulberry Gi-ove. 

ESSENPREIS, Philip Martin. To snccessiully 
develop and conduct any kind of business re- 
(luires knowledge of it, a keen insight into ex- 
isting conditions, an<l a resolution to make 
progress no matter what the ditlicnlties. I'hili|i 
Martin Essenpreis, a lumber and grain mer- 
chant of I'ierron. is a man whose career demon- 
strates that he i)ossessed the essential cpialities 
for making his way in the world. He was 
born near Pierron, in Bond County, February 
18. 18(!(i. being a son of I-eo and Elizabeth 
(Knebell Essenpreis, the former born in (ler- 
many, February 2, ls27. Tlie latter was also 
a native of (iermany. By occupation the father 
was a farmer. 

The family enngrated to the I'nited States 
and located on .a farm near Pierron. they were 
among the early settlers there. The homestead 
was just a ndle north of Pierron as it now 
stands. This was the family home until the 
retirement of the father in 18S0. at whicli time 
he moved to the adja<ent city. This change 
was jiartly bidught about l)y grief over the 
death of his wif<', JIarcli 2, 1s7il. Later he mar- 
ried Miss Emma Weiss. His death occurred 
JIarch 2."i, IS'.ll, and he is survived by his widow, 
and three sons. Two. Fred H. and Philip .M. 
were b<u-ne him by his first wife, and William 
G.. by his second. 

Philip Martin Essenpreis attended country 
school for four years, and then parochial school 
two vears at I'ocoliontas, III., and one year at 
Ilighiand, III., and after that he .attended public 
school at Pierron until about eighteen years 
old. Leaving school, he began clerking in a 
hardware store at Pierron, and continued there 
for two years. In the fall of lss."i. he began 
farndng for himself. .Mr. Essenpreis was mar- 
ried at Pocahontas, .\pril I'.i. 18s7. to Anna 
Weindel who was born near Pierron. Thi- 
.voung couple moved to a taiin south of Baden 
Baden. III., where they lived for three years, 
and then in the spring'of IMKI. went to a farm 
one mile north of Pierron. This remained their 
boiiie until the fall ut Is'.l'.i win'u Mr. Essen- 



BOND COUNTY. 



693 



picis ivtiroil rioiii f:\iiniii!;. ;inil iiuiviiis; to I'ier- 
niii. cstalilisliod his prcsciit Imsinoss. 

Mr. Essoiipivis is a I iiMiinciat ami served as 
sclidol (Mreitor for iiiiu- years in succession. 
anil was villafre trnstee lor six .years. In re- 
ligious faith he is a Catholic. Jlr. and Mrs. 
Es.senpreis have five children, namely: Clars. 
Victor H., Kdsar E.. .Milda F. and Xora U. For 
some years Mr. Essenpreis has traveled exten- 
sivel.v. In 1802. he went throns;h southwest 
Missouri: in l'.iii:i. lie traveled in southern Illi- 
nois. Indiana and Kenrucky ; in lilOs. he made 
two trips, one to Xiaiiara Falls and the north- 
east, and the other throu;;h Iowa and North- 
western Missouri ; and in liKlfl. he was in the 
timher regions and rice fields of Arkansas. In 
all of these travels, be states that he has 
stepjied on the soil of ten different states of 
the I'nion. An excellent business man, a good 
citizen, broadminded and progressive in his 
ideas. Mr. Essenpreis is a power in Pierron, and 
exerts liis influence on the side of pro.gress and 
good government. 

EYMAN, John. Tlio pleasant village of Fair- 
view, 111., numbers among its resiiected and 
valued citizens many old soldiers of the great 
Civil War and among this number is .John Ey- 
man. who has resided here for more than forty- 
one years and is well known all over Bond 
County. He is a native of Illinois, born in St. 
Clair County. .January 1, Is.'iO, and is a son of 
Daniel and Sally (W.iir) Eyman. The mother 
was born at I'each Orchard (iaii. Ark., and the 
father in Virginia. In his boyhood Daniel Ey- 
man accomjianied his parents to Pennsylvania, 
his birth having taken place in 170.3. In 1sl:."i 
the whole family moved to St. Clair County. 
111., and there tlie grand]iarents and later the 
parents of .lohn Eyuian. passed out of life. 
Daniel Eyman engaged in farming but not ex- 
clusively, being one of the natunil mechanics 
that pioneer demands .seem to have developed. 
He could use any tool and thus was exceed- 
ingly useful in his neighborhood, being alile 
to shoe horses, build ordinary structures and 
make the leather shoes for his own and prolia- 
bly other families. All his life he was a stanch 
Deniocr.-it. His death occurred in ISll). h.iving 
survived his wife three years. They lia<l Ion 
ihildren and of this number two survive: .lohii 
.and Lydia. The latter married Harvey Wil- 
liamson, who died in Randolph Co\inty. 111.. 
after which .she and children went to (iklahoiii.i 
and there own an excellent farm. 

The other members of the family were • 
Nanc.v, who died in Marion. Ind., was the wife 
• pf Henry Eyman, a second i-nusin. who died in 
.Missouri: (Jeorge. who was a Baptist jireacher. 
enlisted for .service in the Civil War and died 
at Franklin. Teiui.. fioni disease contracted dur- 
ing his service: Daniel, .Tr., who was ,i fanner 
in Fayette (Vninty, III., died September 17. ISOO; 
.Vbraham. who died at Fairview, February 27, 
10(Mt: .Jacob M.. who died in Itandollih County, 
III.: Elizabeth, who was the wife nf .\lonzo 



this and both died in East St. Louis: Sarah. 
wh<p was the wife of T. .1. Dixon, and both 
ilied at Fairview: and Catherine, who was the 
wife of a second cimsin. Daniel Eyman, died in 
.Monroe County, III. 

.John Eyman assisted his father and attended 
the district ,schools until he was sixteen years 
of age. At that time his father died and he 
took upon himself the burden of self sniqiort. 
liuding work at udd .iolis and making a fair 
living. After his marriage in ls(il he rented 
land northwest of Mulberry (irove and re- 
mained until l,'S(i.'> when he moved to Woliurn. 
in Mulberr.v Grove Township. In Xovember of 
that year he enlisted for service in the Civil 
War. entering Company D, Third Illinois Cav- 
alry, later being transferred to Company E, 
and accompanied his regiment to IJttle Koek, 
Ark. There he was detailed as a member of 
the bodyguard of General Stull and remained 
on this duty for six months. He was then re- 
turned to his regiment, which was at Memphis. 
Tenn.. and took part in the battle against (ien- 
eral Forrest, afterward passing on into Ala- 
bama and to Eastport, Miss., on garrison duty. 
He was taken sick at St. Louis and was sent 
to the Marine Hosiiital there, from whidi he 
was discharged .luly 2.">, lS(i."). Mr. Eyman then, 
returned to Woburn for two years and then 
rented a farm in the vicinit.v on which he re- 
mained until October, 1872. when he came to 
Fairview, where he has lived ever since. 

On May 12, l.siil, Mr. Eyman was married to 
Miss Mary Elizabeth Ba.saker, who was born 
in Miami County. Ohio, April 1, 1S44, and died 
at Fairview, Illinois, Aiiril 10, lOOfi. She came 
to Bond County in girlhood with the family of 
.lohn Heckman. who settled in Pleasant Mound 
Townshi]). She was an estimable woman in 
every relation of life, and a consistent member 
of the Baptist Church, a loving wife and mother 
and a kind and sympathizing neighbor. Four 
children were born to Mr. and Mrs. K.vmau : 
.Tacob M,, who was horn March 20, l.Sc;^, died 
March 20, 18(;S: Laura X., who was Iwrn March 
22, 1S(17, is the widow of .Tose]ih Russell and 
lives at Fairview, with her six surviving chil- 
dren — .Tames L., Mary, .lohn, Ida, J^lizabeth E. 
and Clarence: Id.i Leona, who was born .lul.v 3, 
1S74, of Salt Lake City, Ftah, has one child, 
Lilly: and Minnie Gertrude, who was born 
.'^eiitember 10, 1S7S. She married William Gnsli- 
ner and they live .-it Portland, Indiana, and they 
have one child, Vesta K., three having died in 
infancy. Mr. lO.vman is a man of marked intelli- 
gence !ind ii great reader and he believes that 
imblic troubles could be be.st settled if the So- 
cialist party should come into power. 

FAIRCHILD, Homer Lincoln, attorney at law, 
at (Ireenville. Illiudis. and;i factor in Uepubliean 
politics in the state, being ;\\ present a member 
of thi> K(>iml'li<an Central Connnittee of Bond 
County, was born on his f.ither's farm in Cold 
Springs T(iwnshi|i, Shelby County, . Illinois, .luly 
2."i, ls(;."i. His iiarents were Henry K. and ,Jane 



694 



BOND COUNTY. 



(Ragsdale) Fairchild. The mother died when 
Homer Lincoln was a child. Henry R. Fairchild 
was iiorn at Plattsburg, New York, and from 
there came to Sangamon Count.v. Illinois in 1S44. 
At the height of the excitement over the dis- 
covery of gold in California, in 1840, he crossed 
the ijains on horseback, Leing then twenty-isix 
years old. He was one of the reasonably siie- 
ce.ssfnl gold seekers ani when he returned to 
Illinois, by the Panama route, ne was able to 
In-ing capital with him with which he purchased 
land in Shelby County. In 1863 he married 
Jane Ragsdale! who survived the birth of their 
one child liut a short time. His second marriage 
was to Nancy McKittrick. who died in 1912, 
the mother of seven children, five of whom are 
•living. The father died in February, liilS, in 
his ninetieth year. 

To the public schools Homer L. Fairchild is 
indebted for his educational training through 
boyhood and youth, after attending the Tower 
Hill school, beginning to teach in Shelby County 
and three years afterward, in 18S6, had earned 
enough capital to give him a higher course in 
Dixon College, at Dixon, Illinois. With the law 
the goal of his ambition he then went to Chicago 
and became a stenographer in the law office of 
Hutchison & Luff, and while there devoting 
all his spare time to the study of law and to 
such good purpose that in 1S92 he was admitted 
to the bar. He remained in that office until bis 
employers died and then continued with a .son 
of Mr. Hutchison, the firm becoming Hutchison 
& Fairchild, this i)artnership continuing until 
1906. After fourteen years of practice in Chi- 
cago courts, where his cases covered every form 
of law, he came to Greenville and shortly after- 
ward bought the law office of H. W. Park, in 
the Moss Block, In the Public Square. Mr. 
Fairchild has every reason to be proud of his 
success, his practice having been honestly built 
up from a foundation laid in experience .aid 
his clients are peoiile who are seeking honorable 
advisors and reputable lawyers. He was reared 
to highly regard the principles of the Repulili- 
cau party and has been loyal to it under all 
circumstances and is numbered with the parly 
organizers in Bond County. In 1914 M'\ Fair- 
child received the nomination by the Republi- 
can party as its candidate for county judge and 
he received a large vote. 

On October 1."). 1896. Mr. Fairchild was mar- 
ried to Miss Allie Travis, who was born in 
Jersey County, 111., and reared in Christian 
County, a daughter of Henry C. Travis, now 
deceased, who, in early life was a steamboat 
captain. Mr. Fairchild takes a good citizen's 
part when iiublic movements are under consid- 
eration or charitable action is demanded in 
case of iiublic calamities, and gives generously 
in the cause of benevolence. 

FILE, Benjamin M., a general farmer residing 
on Section 1.^, Old Ripley Township, was born 
on Section 20, Ripley Township, Bond County, 
Illinois, May 24, 18G1, a son of Thomas B. 



and Elizabeth ((Jillesiiie) File. The father 
was liorn in Old Ripley Township. March 14, 
18?)(i. and was a son of Moses and Mary E. 
(Eytakeri File. .Moses File, the grandfather 
was Ixirn in lMi:i. in .North ('amlina. and died 
in P.iiiid Ciiunty. Illinois, .\ugust 26. ls6."i. His 
wife was l>orn in Tennessee and died in Bond 
County in iscil. They had the following chil- 
dren: .John, born Jidy 21. 1n2n. died in Bond 
County; Thomas R. : Martha, wife of John 
Clanton. both decea.sed : Elizabeth, wife of Eli- 
.sha Lin<lley. both deceased ; Mary. Mrs. Hold- 
book, deceased : Lydia. wife of Washington 
Bo.ver. residing in Kansas: .Vnnctta. widow of 
.\lonzo Willier. residing in Texas: .Jacob, de- 
ceased, married .\nnie I'log. also deieased: and 
Ira, married and residing at Farmersville. 111., 
now deceased. Moses File settled in Bond 
County in 1827. locating .iust north of the pres- 
ent farm of his gran(is<in. P.en.1amin M. File, 
and became one of the prominent men of his 
tim(> in this section. 

Thomas P.. File married Mary E. Cillespie. 
who was born in 18."i9. in Tennessee, and died 
June '^. 1911. at I-itclifield. in a hospital, in Bond 
County. They had children as tVdlows: Fred- 
erick S., who is a fanner in Ripley Township; 
John W.. whii is a farmer at Ripley. 111. : Benja- 
min M. ; Thomas E.. who. with his wife met 
death in a cyclone on Octolier 16. 190."i, at So- 
rento. 111. : and August, wlio died in infanc.v. 
An adojited daughter. Martha Gillespie, died at 
the age of eighteen years. Thomas File was 
an extensive stock breeder and annually shipped 
man.v liogs. For man.v .vears he and wife were 
leading members of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. In his neigbliorhood he was known as 
the "Orphans' friend." having won this hon- 
oralile title through bis jihilanthropy. In his 
family four orphan children were reared and 
educated and were started out in life with 
equal adv:intages like bis own rbildren. For 
twenty .vears he served in the oltice of overseer 
of the poor, in Bond County and bis adminis- 
tration of the office was ever one in which kind- 
ness of heart and symjiathy with distress were 
leading features. He was a sincere adnurer of 
.Vbraham Lincoln and cast his vote with the 
Itepuliliian party. It seemed as if he had re- 
ceived some silent message jiresaging death, for 
during tlie night pi'eccding the i-oiiiilig of the 
dread mcsseiii.'er be called his son. Benjamin 
M. to his bedside and told him tli;it he would 
never see the dawn of the New Year, and passed 
away just before midnight. December 31, 1909, 
rounding out a noble life of eighty .vears. He 
had been so careful in bis liusiness transactions 
that at the time of the .settlement of his estate 
not oiii' single hill w.-is |U'i'senteil to his son Ben- 
jamin, the aclmiiiistrator. 

Benjaniiu .M. File was rcarc I on the home 
farm and attended the public school and after- 
ward gave his father a.ssistanci' mitil his own 
marriage on Jmie 2n. 1881, when he was united 
to Miss Martha E. Willeford. She was born on 
Section 2, Old Ripley Township. March 6. 18ti;'.. 



BUND COUNTY. 



695 



.1 (IjumlitPi- of Willis Willcfdid. <iiic of tlic ])idmi- 
iii'iit iiii'ii of Bond Cimiity. Affcr iii;irri;i:;c Mr. 
anil .Mrs. Kile soon si'ttlcd on tlic farm which 
he .vi't lives, having iiunliasecl Xii.'i aires, located 
on Section l.'p. Uiiiley Townshiii. This land was 
|iracti<all.v uncleared and the dwellini; was a 
cal in of two rooms, to which Mr. File added 
more accnnnnodations. Im|irovenients followed 
with the adding of more land mitil Mr. File 
now has 41111 acres and in I'.KiT the old dwelling 
was rejiL-iced. a commodious modern residence 
being erected on a natural elevation which gives 
a beautiful view of the surrounding country in 
every direition. lie has always kept a desira- 
ble grade of stock, not fancy but the kind that 
he has jiroved most profitaMe. and has grown 
as tine crops as any in the county for many 
.vears. .\lthough now practically retired he 
takes an interest in overlooking his land, which 
is mainly reuteil. and is watching his tine patch 
of alfalfa, which is one of his experiments. His 
low lands .-ire tiled and his fence jiosts are of 
cement. 

.Ml-, and .Mrs. File have two children: Marion 
\V.. who was born March 10. 1S92. married 
.\nua .Muller. one son. Warren W. ; and Ethel 
Irene, who was born .Tanuary 21. 1S9R. Both 
have been thoroughly educated and are fpiali- 
fied for any position in business or social life. 

FILE, Henry Nelson. Some of the most prom- 
inent and influential of Bond County's citizens 
are men who have been the architects of their 
own fortunes, who have fought their way up- 
ward from humble beginnings and who toil.ty 
stand as examples of the self-made type of 
which this country is so .iustly proud. In this 
class stands Henry Nelson File, of section 2.'!, 
old Itipley Township, a member of an old and 
honored family, and a successful farn.er .md 
sto<k raiser. He is a native of Bond County. 
111., having been horn on a farm on Section 21. 
Old Kililey Township. November 2!l. 1S(;4. a son 
(■f .lohn Nelson and Minerva (Daggett) File. 

Henry o. File, the grandfather of Henry N. 
File, was born in Cabarras County. North Caro- 
lina, and was there twice mari-ied. By his lirst 
marriage he had the following children: (leorge. 
.Moses. Tobias. Daniel. Sarah and Nellie. His 
second wife was a Miss .Vnthonny and they had 
these children: John Nelson; .Jacob, who died 
on the old home place ; William, who went West 
and there |;assed away : and Kate. The grand- 
father became a pioneer of Old lUjiley Town- 
ship, settled there in ISls. and the ]iatent for 
the land whicli he entered .-md p:itented, exe- 
cuted in ls;!4 and signed by I'resident .\ndrew 
.lackson, is still in the fannly possession, as is 
also the jiroperty itself on Section 21. where 
the mother of Heni.v Nelson File still makes her 
home. .lohn Nelson File was born in .Noi'th 
Carolina, October 2S. 1S1.'!, and was a child 
when he accompanied his parents to Bon<l Coun- 
ty. III. He grew to manhood as a farmer anil 
married first a Miss Hignight. by whom he h;id 
three daughters, of whom one survives: I'.mily. 



the widow of .lessie Bilyeu. residing in (Jreeley 
County. .Nebr. Mr. Files second wife was a 
.Mrs. I.everton, and four children were born to 
this uidon : Wilson and Charles, who both passed 
away in this county : and two died in infancy. 
For his third wife Mr. File married Jliss 
.Minerva Daggett, who was born in Camida, and 
crossed the ice to the I'nited States as a child, 
the family settling in Bond Count.v. Seven 
clnldren were born to the third union : Daniel. 
a resident of St. I.ouis. Mo., who married Mil- 
dred Crossenbach. and has two children, ^■erna 
and Lawrence: .\lbert M.. .iustice of the peace 
and ,'i resident of Ci-eenville. III., who married 
Kebecca Cillespie. and has nine children, Walter, 
Uoliert. I'earl. Ethel. Hubert. Elbert, Ivah, Clara 
and Harold: Benjannn M., a resident of (Sreen- 
ville. 111., who married ( Hrst I Mattie Suggs, 
by whom he had two children, .\maiula and 
Willie, the latter deceased, and after the death 
of his first wife married (second) DoUie Uay, 
and has four children. Orville. .\rdella. Elisha 
and the baby: and .hdia. the wife of .lohn I.uti'., 
a pronnnent farmer of Old Riple.v Township, 
.lohn Nelson File was a man who loved his home 
and family, and spent much time therein, devot- 
ing himself to reading and improving his mind. 
He was active in the movements that tended to 
better his conunuinty. and throughout his life 
stood u\> courageously for what he believed to 
be the right. In political affairs he was a Dem- 
ocrat, lint his .-imbitions did not lie along the 
line of official jireference. but in his death, in 
1N78, his connnunity lost a citizen who ever had 
its welfare at heart. 

Henry Nelson File attended the Mount Ver- 
non district school and jiroved an earnest and 
ambitious student, althougli his educational ad- 
vantages were not innnerons. owing to the fact 
that his fatlier died when he was but fifteen 
years of age and it was necessary that the 
yontli aid in the family support. He remained 
on the homestead until he was nearly twent.v- 
two years of age. but in ISSO left the old place 
;uid went to work for his uncle, .lohn File, re- 
ceiving fifteen dollars per month, the best jirice 
paid .-I farm hand ;it that time. On .Tanu;ir.v 
is. isss. he w.is married to Miss Mary K. Ward, 
who was born near what is now the Shawnee 
school district, March 10, 1S72, a daughter of 
.lames and Manella (Brown) Ward, n.-itives of 
Bond Count.v. There were five children in the 
Ward family : Charles M.. a resident of Poca- 
hontas, III.; Sanniel M.. also residing at I'oea- 
hontas: .Vmanda .lane, who died in childhood: 
-Viuiie 10. . the wife of Frederick File, a con- 
li'actor and buildei-: and Mrs, File, who was 
the first born. Mr, ;inil Mrs, Ward are resi- 
dents of I'ocahontas, 111., where the father is 
engaged in fanning and a transfer business. 
.Mr. and Mrs. File have the following children: 
Eonnie .Ma.v, born October ;{1, ISSS. on the farm 
on Section 1."i. Old Kipl(>y Township, was given 
a good education, holds a leachcr's certificate, 
and is an acconi]ilisheil young lady, residing 
with her parents: Marcella \'.. born November 



696 



BUND COUNTY. 



7. ISflO. graduated from the seventh and eighth 
Si'aile. spent <ine term in the Normal scliool at 
Charleston. 111., was for two .vears a snceessfiil 
teacher in the Old Riple.v schools, married Roh- 
ert H. Hunter, a farmer and stoek raiser of Old 
Riplev Townshi|i. and has one ehild. Kdna I'iola, 
liorn Ma.v 1. 1012. 

Not havins had man.v oi)portunities to srain 
an education in his own youth. Mr. File has 
given his children ever.v advantage in this line 
that the.v have desired, and has ever heen a 
friend to schools and educators. After his mar- 
riage he located on a tract of twenty acres of 
land on Section !.'>. on which he had a log cahin, 
and here he resided until 1880. In that .vear 
he removed to his jiresent farm on Section 23, 
which then consisted of eighty-four and one- 
half acres, of which ahout twenty acres were 
tillahle. the home lieing surrounded hy brush 
and timber. M this time he owns 12.")i,{. acres 
of land, of which 117 acres are under a high 
.state of cultivation, and from which he se- 
cures excellent returns. The liirch and scrub 
oak have been replaced by shade, fruit and or- 
namental trees, the little farm buildings moved 
to one side and large, modern structures erected 
in their place, and the first little home has 
given way to a lieautiful two-story eight-room 
residence, with ever.v modern convenience, Mr. 
File keeps a fine grade of horses, cattle and 
hogs, in the breeding of which he has met with 
excellent success. 

.Mr. File is one of the really self-made men 
of his county, his prosperity coming as a result 
<if his own effort. He has been a very busy man, 
yet he has found time to en.ioy outside interests, 
and is popular with the members of the Modern 
Woodmen of America lodge at Pocahontas. ^Yith 
his family, he attends the Cumberland Presby- 
terian Church. In all the walks of life he has 
been true to his even- responsibility and for 
this reason ,1ustly merits the resiiect and esteem 
in which he is so universally held. 

FILE, Henry W, A life-long resident of Bond 
Count.v. 111., whose long connection with agri- 
cultural affairs has made him well known to 
the citizetis of his community. Henry W. File, 
of Old Ripley Township, has made a place for 
himself among the suljstantial men of this .sec- 
lion through a life of integrity, industry and 
well-directed effort. He was born on the old 
home farm on Section 10, iu this township, 
.Vugust SI, 1872. and is a son of John H. and 
.Tulia A. File. Mr. File's f.ither was born .July 
21. 1S2S, in Old Itipley Townsliip, one of the 
first children to be liorn here. lie died .Viiril 11, 
1S!I4. one of the most prominent farmers and 
land holders of his connnunit.v. and a man wide- 
l.v known and highly respected. A complete 
review of this family's general history will be 
found in the sketch of Thomas S. File, on an- 
other jiage of this work. 

Like other farmers' sons of his day and lo- 
cality. Henry W. File spent his lioyhood and 
vonth in attending the district schools during the 



short winter terms, and in jiassing his summer 
months in helping his father. From the time 
he reached the age of ten years he did his full 
share of the farm work, industriously heliiing 
his father until his mother's death and at that 
time becoming sujierintendent of the operations 
for his father. 'V\'hen the latter died. August 
2!1, 1801, Mr. File and his sister. Ida. took 
charge of the homestead, near which all of the 
other children of the famil.v have tlieir homes. 
Mr. File inherited forty acres of the homestead, 
and to this he has since added from time to 
time until he is now the owner of 20<1 acres, 
while his sister has 140 acres, and all of this 
he cultivates as one property. He has done 
general farming to some extent, but has also 
met with nntiuallfled success In breeding Short 
Horn cattle, Holsteln cattle and Poland China 
hogs. .V jiractical farmer and stock raiser, with 
modern ideas and methods, his operations have 
succeeded because he has lieen enterprising and 
energetic in their prosecution, and because all of 
his life he has maintained the best of reputa- 
tions as a business man of integrity and honor- 
able dealing. He is not a politician, but sup- 
ports the I>eniocratic jiarty in state and national 
matters, while In local affairs he Is independent 
of party ties. He has several times been nomi- 
nated for public office, but has alwa.vs refused 
to make the race, preferring to give his entire 
time and attention to his agricultural labors, 

Mr. and Miss File are consistent members of 
the JlethodJst church. The.v have been fortu- 
nate in ever having before them the examples 
of the pure and Christian lives of their parents. 
The mother, on her death bed said : "Ida. my 
work is almost finished and yours will now 
liegin. Care for your yoiinger lirothers anil rear 
them that they may become honored and up- 
right citizens, of which any neighborhood may 
be proud." Faithfully has Miss File discharged 
her trust and fulfilled the proml.ses made to 
her mother. Mrs. File was read.v to answer 
her last call, having the true faith in her Mas- 
ter that was expressed in her last words : 
"Do not fear for me. my children, for T am 
going home: fear for yourselves, l)ut not for 
me," and then fell into a ipiiet sleep, from which 
she did not awake. To his children, gathered 
about his bedside, the father said when nearing 
llft>'s end : "Farewell, children, I will soon be 
with mother." The memory of these good and 
charitable people will ever inspire Mr. and Miss 
File to endeavor to live kindl.v, upright lives, 
and to add honor to the honored name which 
their lather left to them as their most valuable 
heritage. 

FILE, John Jasper. One of the men of Bond 
County who has made his way in the world and 
has been the architect of his own fortune, 
overcoming obstacles that would have daunted 
a less courageous siiirit, is .John .Tasper File, 
farmer, stockraiser and public-spirited citizen 
of Section 24. Shoal Creek Township. Mr. File 
belongs to an old and honored Bond County 



BOND COUNTY. 



697 



l':iii]il.v. iiiid li;is tli^' aiUli'il ilistinctiiiii <if lieiii^ 
a iiativp son of tliis ((iiiiity. luiviii!; Iieoii licirii 
on ji farm on Section IH. Old Kipley Township. 
Xovemlier 10, ISHs, a s-on of John Nelson anil 
Julia A. ((^nithis) File, a complete .sketch of 
whom will lie found in the review of Thomas S. 
File. In this work. 

-Mr. File received his early education in the 
.Mount Vernon district school, and as soon as 
he was able to reach the plow handles liiwin to 
assist in the work of the homestead. He did 
his share In the clearin;;. .urnlililns. planting. 
and harvesting, and assisted in clearinj; twenty- 
tive acres of heav.v timber. Wliere he once 
hunted the wolf and indnljred In an occasional 
fox hunt, bountiful cr<i]is are now i;rown. and 
the wilderness of timber and heav.v brush has 
;iiven way to well ordered and highly cultivated 
farm homes, productive and prosperous. Later 
Mr. File attended the Greenville ]inblic schools 
and took a course in the Di.xon (III.) Business 
t'ollese, and then returned to his farm duties. 
Me remained inider the parental roof until May 
11, 1SS7, when he was innted in marriage witli 
Miss Anna !•;. Wendt. who was born in Kurgess 
Townshiji. Hoiid ('ount.\-. III., but was reared in 
Kiple.v Township. She was born May 11. 1S(17, 
and was tlie ado|itcd daughter of Jacol) Wendt. 
She knew not a motlier's love, her mother dyln.g 
when she was but two years old, and slie was 
then adojited b.v Jacob Wendt. with whom she 
made her home until his death in ISTti. Mrs. 
Wendt then nnirried a Mr. Anton riilUiiisen. of 
IJipley, and there she continued to live until 
her marriage to Mr. File. After their marriage. 
Mr. and Mrs. File came to his farm on Section 
24, Shoal Creek Township, on which was located 
a small frame building. This has since been 
replaced by a comfortable six-room residence, 
with modern conveniences, and barns and out- 
buildings have been erected for the shelter of 
Mr. File's grain, tine stock and iuilH'oved ma- 
chinery. He has a tive-acre orchard, which he 
has cultivated for many years, and at this 
writing (lilKl) has about twenty varietb's "f 
apples. Tn jiddltion to the 120 acres in the 
home farm he has thirt.v-nine acres ad.ioluing. 
and ;ill of tliis projierty is In a high state of 
cultivation and yields lar.ge crojis. Mr. File 
has given a good deal of attention to the rais- 
ing of stock, is an excellent .iudge of cattle, 
and prefers the Jersey breed. For the past ten 
years Mrs. File has devoted the ma.ior ]i,-irl of 
her attention to the i;ilslng of Han-ed I'lymontli 
Kock chickens, thinking they are the best for 
laying qualities a]]d table use. and now has Hill 
hens in her yard, the year 1!)1.'! pi'oduclug L'.'iH 
spring chickens, all ]iure breed. These will al- 
ways bring top-notch prices in the markets. 
while the eggs are large in size and favorites 
for l)reeding pnrpo.ses. Mrs. File Is a good bus- 
iness woman iiml has made a ilecided success 
of her ventures. 

To Mr. and ^^rs. File there li.-ivc been liorn 
the following children: f'nrtls. born April 21, 
1SSS. 11 gra(lu:ite of the liigh school, later a 
e 



teacher, and now a f:irmer in old Kipley Town- 
ship: Ralph Xelson. born April 11. isiil. a gra<l- 
uate of the high sihool, (Jreenville College anil 
Charleston Normal School, who taught two 
years In Hond County and one year in Madl.son 
County, and In l!il.3 was engaged as superinten- 
dent of Itethalto schools, and whose future is 
assured If his past achievements may be taken 
•as Indicative of the manner in which he will 
h.andle his coming oppoi'tnnltlcs : \lctor .\.. born 
September 11. IMM. a graduate of I'in Oak Dis- 
ti-ict School and Iteno High School and also took 
a business course in (ireenville College, and 
is now holding a position as senate eonnnittee 
clerk, .it Springfield, 111.: and Clyde Jasper, 
burn November lt», 1902, and now a student in 
the I'ln Oak school. Mr. and Mrs. File have 
taken a special pride in educating their sons 
and in Htting them for whatever positions in th(> 
world they may be called u])on to occupy. The 
boys have appreciated the efforts made in their 
behalf, and all are doing well, proving them- 
selves worthy I'epresentatives of the honored 
name they bear. 

In his political belief Mr. File exercises his 
prerogative In voting for the man he deems 
best lifted for the office, lrres]iectlve of part.v 
atliliations. He has been a member of the board 
of school directors for more than a quarter of a 
century, has been town clerk for a long iieriod, 
and for four years has served as .iustiee of the 
lieace. He lias never solicited public oflice, but 
has been nominated and elected solely on his 
own merits and abilities. The confidence thus 
plaied In him has never been betrayed for in 
every public connection he has shown the same 
conscientious devotion to dnt.v that has made 
him smcessfnl in his own affairs. With his 
family, he is connected with the I'resbyterian 
Church of Iteno, III., and for more than a half 
of a century has been true to its faith. A man 
of public spirit, with the best interests of his 
community at heart; a man of the highest in- 
tegrity, who has the unbounded confidence of 
his associates, and a stanch and loy:il friend, 
ever ready to help those who have been less 
fortun;ite (ban himself. Mr. File Is Indeed 
worthy of the title of represent.atlve citizen. 

FILE, John W. l''oi- more tliaii a half a ecn- 
tui'y John W. File has been connected with the 
agricultural and mercantile Interests of Bond 
County. III., and during this time has succeeded 
not alone in acciniinlallng a handsome compe- 
tency, but in gaining for himself the good will 
and respect of all with whom he has (lune into 
iont;ict. He is now I'onducting extensive farm- 
ing openitions in Old Kipley Townshi|) and has 
other large and v;irieil interests which make 
him widely known In business circles of tliis 
section of the state. .Mr. File was born on n 
f.irm on .Section 20. Old Kiple.v Township, Bond 
County, III., December is. ls,"in, and Is a sou of 
Thomas B. and Mary F. (Oillespie) File. .V 
comiilete review of the history of this family 



698 



BOND COUNTY. 



will lie fduntl in the sketch of Benjamin M. File 
in this work. 

The srhooldays of John W. File were passed 
In Monnt Vernon district, in Old Ripley Town- 
shiji, althon},'h he was only allowed to attend 
dnrini; the winter months. .Vt the aw of eight 
years he lietran to do his fnll share of the farm 
work, lipini: then hirse enough to reach the plow 
handles, his lirother Ren riding the liorse. If 
.Tohn did not think that his lirother was fulfill- 
ing his jiart of the task in a jn'oper manner, 
the latter was likely to receive a thump from a 
heavy clod hetween his slioulders. Wlien Ben 
l)ecanie old enough to plow. .Tohn had no driver, 
but lidth lads were given horses, the oxen having 
been juit out of i-ommissioii. Thus Mr. File 
grew to sturdy young manhood, and when twen- 
ty vears of age. December IS. 1870. he was mar- 
ried to Martha A. Plog. daughter of John H. 
Plog, one of Bond County's pioneers, and a well- 
to-do farmer of Old Ripley Township. Mrs. 
File was born Pecemlier .5. 18fi3. .\fter their 
marriage Jlr. and Mrs. File went to housekeep- 
ing in a log cabin on Shoal ("reek, but in Ma.v, 
18S0, they moved to a farm near the old honie- 
.stead, on Section IS. Old Ripley Township, where 
they made their home until 1900. In that .vear 
Mr. File dis)iosed of his projierty and engaged 
in the mercantile business, but on Februar.v Ifi, 
liifl". his place of business was attacked by fire 
and his entire stock of goods destroyed. After 
a short jieriod of rest. Mr. File again embarked 
in business, and by lus straightforward and 
honorable dealing succeeded in building up a 
large tr.-ide among the people of this region. 
Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. File: 
Mary, born October 1(1. 1881, married January 
2."i, i'.lOC. to George Sanner; Lela E.. horn April 
• ;. 18S.-,, di(>d February 2r.. 1009; and Blaine 
McKinley. born October Ifi. 1801. a farmer of 
Section 1',. Old Ripley Townshiii. married Mary 
Rachow. of Moline. ill., and has had two chil- 
dren. Viola and one who died in inf.-uicy. 

In October. 1000. Mr. File sold his last stock 
of goods to a Mr. Nance, and for short time 
lived in retirement. In the winter of that .vear, 
however, he Imilt a store building in Old Rip- 
ley, .'lOxliO feet, two stories in height, with Ijase- 
ment under the entire building, and here his 
son-in-law entered business. At the present 
time Mr. File is engaged in farming 1(!0 acres 
of land, and in addition, with his son-in-law. is 
engage<l in .-i dairy and creamery business, tak- 
hig in about live thousand pounds of milk a day 
and shipiiing his |iroduct to St. Louis, this enter- 
prise being considered quite a large one for an 
iidand city. Mr. File is a valued member of 
the Modern Woodmen of America, in which he 
has nnmerous friends, as he has, indeeil. in all 
walks of life. 

(ieorge Sanner. son-in-law of Mr. File, was born 
on a farm near Old Ripley Township. 111.. June 
14, INSL'. and is a son of Samuel .Sanner. now 
deceased, a native of (iermany who became one 
of the prominent men of Bond County. In the 
winter of 1000. Mr. S;inner entered into a part- 



nership with Mr. Bean, under the firm style of 
Bean & Sainier. this being successfully con- 
ducted until August 1. 1010. On March 1, 1911. 
Mr. Sanner opened a hardware, implement and 
carriage business, of which he has been the pro- 
prietor to the ]iresent time, the enterprise hav- 
ing increased each year in all departments. He 
has never found it necessary to misrepresent 
his goods in order to sell them, and as a result 
he stands high in the confidence of the citizens 
of this section. (Joods are )iurchased by the 
car-load lot. and in this wa.v the concern is al)le 
to meet the fierce competition of this .section. 
In February. 1014. Mr. Sanner purchased the 
interest of his partner and is successfully car- 
rying on the extensive Imsiness. He is a Re- 
publican, while his father and grandfather 
were active in Democratic councils. He takes 
great interest in the success and principles ad- 
vocated b.v Abraham Lincoln and is an active 
member of the Repuldican County Central Com- 
mittee. Jlr. Sanner is a member of the Masons 
and Odd Fellows, and of the Modern Woodmen 
of America. In .-ill of which he is decid'Hll.v 
pojiular. 

FILE, Richard Tobias. Many of the most sub- 
stantial men of Bond Count.v are farmers, who 
have successfully iii'oven that they can secure 
a good living from the soil if it is properly 
cultivated, and who are the owners of magnifi- 
cent jiroperties located i,n the several townships. 
One who lias liec(nne well known as a prosper- 
ims agricultiH'ist is Richard Tobias File, for- 
merly of I'ierron Township. He was liorn in 
Burgess Township. Xoveniber 1. Is71, a son of 
George Asa and Anna .Maria (Kllis) File. Both 
were born in Burgess Townsliip. and there the 
father was extensively engaged in farndng until 
100s, when he retired to Greenville, where he is 
residing at jnesent. He lielongs to the Court 
of Honor at Greenville, and is ver.v nuich in- 
terested in lodge work. The paternal grand- 
father was born in reniisylvaiiia and dieil near 
Pocahontas, aged nearly ninety years, he having 
been one of the pioneers of Bond Count.v. 

Richard Tobias File went to school in Millers- 
burg. Baden and Pocahontas, and at the same 
time assisted his father. Leaving home, he be- 
gan farming and has conliinied that occupation 
ever since. On June 14. ls;);i. occurred his mar- 
I'iage to Ros.-i Indermill. born in P.urgess Town- 
ship. February 14. 1s7.".. a d.-iugbter of .lolin and 
Theressa (Petersi Indermill. Mr. and .Mrs. 
File have had the following children : Kllis 
Honier. born in Madison County. September l!7. 
1804; Mabel Irene, born in Madison County. 
November 9. I.so."); Myrtle Janette, born in 
Madison County. Jinie 2, 1897, as were the re- 
maining two children. Pearl Anna, born August 
4. 10(M). and Syhia M.aria. born November 10. 
10(11'. 

.Mr. File is a member of the .Mutual .Metliodist 
Church, toward which be contributes liberall.v. 
lie belongs to the Court of lloifor. the German 
Registry and tlie I. I >. < >. F.. and hears his ]iarl 



BOND COUNTY. 



699 



in liidgo wdil;. In all the relations of life, 
Mr. File has done his full dnt.v and demon- 
strated his ahilit.v to overcome ol)sta(Ies and to 
whi success from his work. Mrs. File's father 
was born in Oermany and came to America in 
about 18-17. when he was but a bo,v of eight 
sunnners and went to work in his adopted coun- 
tr.v. Later he married Theressa Peters, born in 
Rond ("ount.v. After his marriage he rented 
land and in later .Years, he bdught a farm 
in IJurgess Townshi]!. where he has for a half 
<-enturv made his home. Tliere the wife died 
when Mrs. File was liut nine months old. She 
has no recollection and no picture to .give her 
an idea of lier mother. She was reared in the 
Catholic faith. Imt is a member of the (ierman 
laitlieran Church. Mr. and Mrs. File maile their 
luime on the farm, containing .'[(iO acres under 
a high state of cultivation, until llilo, wlien tlie.v 
rented it. Mr. File has been all his .years a 
stauncli Ueimblican. and wliile he has never 
sought otfice he takes a livel.v interest in the 
success of the Keliulilican part.v. The Green- 
ville home is located on tlie corner of Locust 
:ind .lohn streets. 

FILE, Thomas S, It would be dillicult to 
discciver a famil.v which has been more closel.v 
cDunccted witli the actual growth and develoii- 
ment <if r.imd Connt.v than lias that bearing the 
name oi File. Five generations of this famil.v 
liave contributed to the advancement of this 
.section of the I'rairie State, its memliers hav- 
ing lieen identitied with agricultural, commer- 
cial, industrial and tinancial life, and with iioli- 
tics. .society and iirofessioual aff.-iirs. and all 
have upheld the high reputation tliat has ever 
been attacl)e<l ti> the name. .V worthy represen- 
tative of this old and honored family is found in 
tlie per.son of Thomas S. File, now living some- 
what retired from agricultural pursuits, al- 
though still residing on his farm on Section 
4, Old liipley Township, lie was born Novem- 
ber 111, ]m;0, and is a .son of .Tohn .\. and ,Tulia 
A. (Cruthist File. 

The mother of -Mr. File was born .\pril ii. 
]S:'.]. on Section S. Shoal ('r(>ek Towiishi]i. near 
Sorcuto. I'.oud County. III., a daugliter of .lobn 
and .Milberr.N dtedfern* Cruthis. .Mr. Cruthis 
was born in Cuilford County. X. C., in 17!tll, and 
was of Scotch ancestry, his father being an 
early settler of the Old .Nortli State, fi-oni 
whence he fought as a soldier during tlie Itevo- 
lutionary war. Mr. Cruthis m;irried Milberry 
Itedfern. also a native of Cuilford County. N. <'., 
and of S<-otcb ancestry, born in 17b2. In the 
year 1M7. they traveled overland to Illinois, be- 
fore its admission as a state, and settled in 
Shoal Creek Township. I'.oiid County, wliere 
they became well-to-do citizens, tlie projiert.v on 
which they settled still lieloiiging to the File 
family. Mr. Cruthis died in 1S(i2, w;hile his wife 
passed away in December, 1.S.S4, at the advanced 
age of ninety-two years, 

Moses File, t lie paternal grandfather of 
Tliomas S. File, was born in Tennessee-, and 



"•ame to Illinois in isit; with his father. Henry 
O. File, settling in Old Uijiley Township, wliere 
tile great-granilfather died in ls3ti. Thus this 
family is oiu- of the oldest in Bond County 
and all its members have been men of high 
standing, tlie later generations following in the 
footsteps of tile honored old ijioneers. When 
Henry O. File first came to Hond County, it was 
till' custom to serve a little toddy to visitors, and 
be ei'i'itcd a small distillery, in which lii' made 
the lirst wliisky manufactured in I'.ond ( 'ounty. 
it being his custom to trade a gallon of spirits 
for a bushel of corn. He was a man of )iublic 
spirit and charitable impulse, and donated laud 
for the cemetery known as File Cenieter,v, in 
Old Kiiile.v Towiishiii. :ind was the first to be 
laid to rest there in lS:!(i. 

.Tohn N. File was born .Inly 21, ISl'.S, on Sec- 
tion l.'i. Old Uipley Township, Bond County, 111., 
and there grew to manhood and was married. 
In bis family were the following children: .1. .L, 
a farmer in Shoal Creek Townshiic Thomas S. ; 
William M., a farrher of C)ld Ripley Township; 
Henry W., carrying on operations (Ui the old 
home place in Old Ripley Townslii|i: Edward 
It., a merchant of I'ocahontas. 111. ; Mattie A., 
wife of Oscar Redding, a farmer of Shoal Creek 
Township, on the land which her grandfather 
Cruthis entered from the Government in IsJ.'J; 
Ida ,M.. on the old home place, in Old Rijiley 
Townshi]!. .Tohn .\. File was a home-loving man 
of (piiet and geni;il disposition and was content 
with his agricultural labors, never seeking 
lueferinent in public life. A hard-working, in- 
dustrious and thrifty laborer, his operations 
prospered, and he became one of the large land 
holders of his jiart of the state, having over 
eleven hundred acres of highly improveil proper- 
ty in Old Itijiley and Shoal Creek townslii]is. In 
religious faith be was a deviait member of the 
.Methodist Cliunli at l'oc;ihontas. Politically, he 
was originally a Wliig ami l.-iter became a stal- 
wart Republican. .Mr. File was honored and re- 
spected liy all who knew him, as a type of the 
sturdy pioneers to whom Bond County is in- 
di'bted for its present jirosperity. In his youth 
it was no uncommon occurrence to be comjielled 
to drive the wolves from the little liome"s door. 
He drove an o.x-team to turn over the virgin 
soil and the same team hauled the products 
of his l.-ibors to St. Louis, yet he lived to see 
and use the self binder and otlier modern ma- 
c liinery. and to see the wilderness of pioneer 
days turned into a center of commercial and 
intellectual activity. He was a constant and 
liberal contributor to the cause of education, 
religion and charity, and no imin in the town- 
ship w;is a better friend to morality and good 
citizenship. In bis youtli he used the sickle in 
the liarvesting of bis grain, and was also an 
expert with the cradle, his services being in 
great demand in tlie liarvest fields because of 
bis ambitious industry, tliis lieing a trait char- 
acteristic of him throughout his life. When he 
ilied. in 1s<)4, Ills, community lost a citizen who 



7UU 



BONO COUNTY. 



in imiiicrous wnys liafl cuiiti-ilnitpcl iireatly to 

its MtlVMllcI'llU'llt. 

Thdiiias S. File |i;iss(m1 liis Imi.vIkmkI (Im.vs in 
atton<lini; tlie district scliools and assistini; liis 
fatlier and hrotluM-s in tlic woiij of tin- Imnu' 
farm, and grew up to sturdy yonn;; manliood. 
sound in body and alert in mind. On Ortolipv 
27, ]8S(i. lie was married to Mary .J. Williford. 
who was liorn in Old lti]iley Townslii|i. Itimd 
<'onnty. III.. Octolior 4. isds, a dangliter of 
Willis Williford. a history of whose career will 
lie found on jincither paire of this work, .\fter 
their marriase. Mv. and Mrs. Kile moved to the 
farm on which tliey have resided since Novem- 
ber 10. ISSC. on Section 4. Old Kipley Townshi]i. 
This land was partly under cultivation, and Mr. 
File has continued to aild impi'ovements. enrich 
and cnltiv.-ite his land .-ind (>rect bnildinsis. until 
today he has one of the linest country est.-ites 
in tile county. This coiniirises 12;t acres, al- 
thouiih .Mr. File owns additional land in Shoal 
I 'reel; Township, which makes his comiilete 
holdiiiits amount to 2'M a<res. The family res- 
idence, situated on an elevated spot overlook- 
inj; Shoal Creek bottoms is surrounded by fruit 
.•ind (U-namental trees, and the whole appearance 
of the property denotes the presence of jiros- 
perity and good in.inagemeiit. In addition to 
general fanning. Mr. File breeds a good grade 
of all kinds of stock, and his ventures have 
proven niiiforinly su<-<-essruI. 

|)niing more than half a century. .Mr. File 
has d<me all in his power to advance the inter- 
ests of his section and its iieojile. lie is a Re- 
publican in his political tendencies, although 
lie has never e.Kpressed an aspiration for |iublic 
olfice. .Mthough a memlier of no especial relig- 
ious denumination. he gives liberally of his 
ample means In beh;ilf of church and charitable 
movements. lOilucalion Hnds in him a stanch 
.ind tried sup]iorter. .Vltlioiigh now living prac- 
tically retired from the activities of life, his in- 
terest in agricultural matters remains unabated, 
and his keen and intelligent attention is given to 
the various advancements being constantly 
made In the science to which he has devoted 
the best yeai-s of his life. His a<-<|uaint.-\iice 
is e.xtensive and his friends numer<ais. Mrs. 
File, who like her husband is widely known 
and very ]iopnlar. is an active member of the 
\cw \elio longregation of the I'rimitive liap- 
tisl Churcli. 

FOLLETT, Uzziel Eralbon, a i. tired Iniiiicr 
who (H-cupies his exceedingly comfortable resi- 
lience on Fast Harris Street, (ireenville. and is 
interested in all thai concerns the well being 
of this liltle city, is a man well known in I'.ond 
County, where many years of his busy life have 
been spent and where he yet owns 4<;() acres of 
well im|iroved land. lie was born in Delaware 
I'ounty. \. Y.. .Mav 2. 1S42. and is a sou of 
Italph and .Mary Ktta (Strong) Follett. I'.otb 
parents of .Mr. Follett were of Scotch ancestry. 
The father was born in Xi'w York in 1S(l(l and 
die(l in Ins", .-ind the mother, born in the same 



state in ISKS. died at the age of seventy-seveu 
years. They had the following <liildreii : Oscar, 
who (lied at Oswego. X. Y.. left one son. (Jrant. 
of Shar(Mi. I'a. Orson, who came to liond County 
and here enlisted f(U' service in the Civil war, 
entering Company C, Twenty-sixth Illinois Vol- 
unteer Infantr.v, and <lied in an army hospital, 
at Hannibal. JIo. Orin die(l in infancy. (Jeorge 
came early to Hond ('(umty and during the Civil 
War was a member of the Twelfth Illinois Cav- 
alry, afterward for many years living at Han- 
ford. Calif., where he died in .lune. 1!»]1. He 
was married lirst to I.ydia AYoo(lruff and their 
children were: Millie. Kurton. .lohn. Xellie, Ftta 
and Cora. His second wife was Laura I'artton 
and they had two children. Stella and Clara. 

fzziel K. F<dlett. the youngest born of his 
parents" children, is the only survivor. .Vfter 
attending school he became a newsboy on the 
New York & Frie Kailroad and was thus earn- 
ing his living when he received a letter from 
his cousin. Silas Follett. wlio was living on a 
rented farm in Hoiid County. 111., and the offer 
was made him to cmiie West and work on the 
farm. This offer was accepted and on April 0. 
l.N.-i.s. young Follett landed in the village of 
• ireenville. III., consisting then of a few log 
and frame buildings which looked very ]irimi- 
tive to the youth accustomed to the thickly set- 
tled sections and the civili/.atiim of the Fast. 
He confessed, however, that he was disaiiiiointed 
in not Hnding Indians, but very few yet remained 
in Hond County. He so<mi made mutual satisfac- 
tory arrangements with his cousin, including 
winter schooling and a certain salary, and at 
the end of three years had about enough money 
saved to buy a team, wagon, harness and farm 
implements ami for one year worked rented 
l.-iiid. In 1S(!2 he took charge of UiO acres on 
sliares with ,Iohn .\llen and was so suc<-essfnl 
that in isiiti he was able to buy eighty acres 
from the Illinois Centra! Railroad, paying seven 
ilollars an acre, and on his land lie jiiit uji a 
house, and thus he reached what had been his 
ambition when he left his native state. 

On October 12, 1S(14, Mr. Follett was in:irried 
to Miss Minerva McXiel, who was born in Clin- 
l(m County, 111., .Inne 14. 1.^44. a daughter of 
Xeily McXiel. who was born in Irel.-ind and 
came t<i Illinois when he was twenty-tive years 
old. He eam(> to lioiid County in is.'id and be- 
came one of the well-to-do men of the count.v 
,■111(1 died here in ISSS. He married Minerva 
Mills, daughter of .Vndrew (i. .Mills, whoso 
father. I'.enjamin Mills, was a soldier in the 
Revolutionary war. Mrs. Follett is one of a 
f;imily of seven daughters ;ind two sons, four 
dau'-'hters and one son yet li\ing: W, .\. McXiel. 
of Wisetown. Hoiid County: .Mary, widow of 
.lonathan Sharp, lives at (ireenville: Xancy, 
wife of Tlieron Dewey, of Greenville: and Dicie, 
wife of I'eler Tate of Creenville: Mrs. Follett 
being the fourth. Mr. and Mrs. Follett have 
three children: Reverel. who was born before 
his iiarents settled on the farm. .Inly ;il. ls(;,"i, 
;iiid now o]ier,-ites the old home farm, m,'irried 










PI 
w 




HOXI) COUNTY. 



701 



Afrnes Enilirie and tlio.v havo <in«' iliild. V:\v ; 
I)\vii;ht, wlio was liorii .\\is;iist ;;. IsTil, is a 
farmer in Roiul ('mint.v. niarricd ICva ri'.iisnn; 
Dcna. who was liorn Manli 21. 1ss."p, is the wile 
iif Leslie JIcKee. a fanner near (ireenville, and 
they have two children. Dale and Karl. Hard 
work and stead.v effort lironuht Mr. Follett in- 
dependence and frt)ui time to time he added to 
his first tract of land and now has 4(M) ii<-res in 
one liody and sixt.v acres in Mills Townsliip. all 
this land havins been im|iro\ed. While an ac- 
tive ai^riculturist he kept all kinds of stock and 
each year sold several car loads of cattle aii<l 
the same of hogs. He remained on tlie liona' 
farm until 100." and then turned the heavy 
responsibilities over to his son and imrdiased 
a sulistantial residence at Greenville. Here 
he lias found congenial friends and surround- 
ings and is looked upon as one of the representa- 
tive citizens. From manhood until lOl'J he 
voted with the Republican iiarty but. feeling 
no Itmger in unity with that organization, he 
.ioined tlie progressive party and takes a keen 
interest in the development of imblii' affairs. 
He has long lieen a mendier of tlie order of 
Modern Woodmen of America. 

FOX, Hennan, a lifelong resident of Bond 
County, liaving important bu.siness interests at 
Ilookdale and owning a large amount of val- 
uable land in this section, was horn at Pleasant 
Mound. HI.. May 27. IStiO. and is a scm of IJr. 
Julius Caesar and Marie (Borner) Fox. F(U' many 
years tlie late Dr. Fox was a value<l physician 
and substantial citizen of Bond County. He 
was born in Lauban. in the southwestern part 
of Prussia, in June ls">7, where lie was given 
educational op]iortunities and studied, in a pre- 
liminary way. the iirinci]ilcs of nie(iiciiio, having 
determined to become a physician. When he 
landed in the l"nited States in IsCili it was with 
no knowledge of the ICnglish language and with 
practically empty jjockets. He found a ]iositiou 
as clerk in a drug store at Cincinnati. Ohio, 
thereby being able to support himself and set 
about learning the language, in wliicli he was 
assisted by his knowledge of I.,atin and Creek, 
and soon was able to derive benefit from the 
lectures in the Ohio Medical College, which he 
made every effort to attend. 

Finally Dr. Fox secured papers which entitled 
him to engage in the practice of medicine and 
by that time had also made friends and they 
lent him enougli money to bring him to Pleasant 
Mound, Bond County. It was not long before 
his medical skill was recognized and his jirai'- 
tice grew and exiianded until Ills name became 
known all over the state in medical science. 
He was a man of jilain and unassuming de- 
meanor although his knowledge along every line. 
Including medicine, far exceeded those with 
whom he was associated. He remained en- 
gaged in medical jiractice at Pleasant .Mound 
until ISTOanil then moved to Keyes[ioit, situat(>d 
on tlie s<^)uth line of Piond County and about 
this time began to invest in l;ind .ind in 1s7."i 



removed to one of his farms, on which he liveil 
until ISDL'. when he returned to Keyes]iort. While 
attending to the m.-inagement <d" his farm he had 
not rclinipiislicd practice but after going back 
to Keyes|iort be devoted himself entirely to his 
]]rofession until within six months of his death, 
wliich occurred March Id. lilll.'!, and his burial 
was in tile old .Nolfsinger Cemetery, not far dis- 
tant from his first home at I'leasant Mound. He 
was a strong man menfall.v and iihysii-ally and 
took a deep and intelligent interest in public 
affairs. Politically he w.-is a Iteiuiblican but 
the only pulilii- ollice he would ever consent to 
aiceiit was tli.-it of school direct(U-. .Vlthougli 
Doctor Fox reached Bond County in debt and 
with all of his effects carried in a h,-indkerchief. 
he left, at death, more than eight hundred 
acres of land. 

On Afay 3(1, ]S1I4, at Pleasant .Mound. 111.. 
Doctor Fox was united in marriage with .Marie 
I'.orner. who survives and resides at Ke.vespoi't. 
They had the following children: Herman; 
I'.-iuline. wlio is the wife <d' Itns.scll Duconipt. 
a farmer in Clinton County. III., and they have 
one (laughter. Itutli : Frwin D.. who is in a gen- 
<'ral niercantile business at Keyesixirt. married 
and has two children. Hubert and Frwin D.. Jr. ; 
;ind Edith, who resides with lier mother at 
Keyesport. 

Herman Fox secured a public school educa- 
tion, always being given encouragement liy his 
f.-ither. and when the latter returned from the 
I'arni to Keyesiiort. the .young m.-in was placed in 
charge of over five hundred acres of land and 
continued until the father's death, when lie jiur- 
cliased a tract of 120 acres, on which he carried 
on agricultural industries until lUOS, when he 
removed to Ilookdale. Here he embarked in 
a hardware and farm implement liusiness and 
has built U]j a large trade, carrying a first class 
stock and aiming to make only a fair jirofit on 
the same. He long acted with the Itepublican 
party but in 1012 identified liiiuself witli the 
Progressive movement. He lias never sought 
political honors but has lieeii elected to tin? 
office of township trustee. 

.Mr. Fox was married December 2!1, 1804, to 
.Miss Emma Myei', a daughter of William and 
Susan (Ilaster) Myer, extended mention of the 
.Myer family being found in this volume. They 
have four children: Willi;im, who was horii 
October 2(!, 180(i; Lois, who was born August 
111. 1800; and Fern, who was born March 7. 
1!K)1; and Julius Caesar, born .Tanuary 7, lOOti. 
.Mr. Fox owns -i:!."i acres of highlv cultivated 
land. 

FREY, Peter. One of tlic important features 
of many of the smaller cities of Illinois, is the 
loc:ilion in tlicm of f.irniers who have retired 
from their .-igiiciiltural labors, ;ind are now pre- 
p.ared to take life more easily and to enjoy 
what their efforts have produced. Peter Prey 
n( Highland belongs to this class, and since he 
h,is located here he has made his influence felt 
in civic atTairs. He w;is born on a fai'in in Se- 



702 



BOND COUNTY. 



liiie Tiiwiisliip. .Miidisiiii ('mmty. 111.. .Time 
5, 1N."7, lioiiifi a sDii of Joliii and Elizabeth 
(Grellt Frey. the foniier horn In .Tnne. 182:2. in 
BadeTi, Germany, and the latter horn in (Jer- 
lUauy in 18S2. .John Frey was a farmer all his 
life, and liecame (|Uite jirosperous. From ISfill 
to 1S77 he liyed at Ili^'liland. His death oc- 
curred Decenilier 14. Issii. and he is Imried in 
the Hiiihhind Cemetery. 

The education of Peter Frey was obtained in 
the schools of Kyle. Madison County, hut in 
1872, be lienan farming with his father. In 
1880. Mr. Frey bej;an farming on his own ac- 
count. Later he moved to Pierson where he 
remained a year, then was near Greenville for 
live years, hut for the past twenty-one years 
he has been in Pocahontas, owninf; a magnifi- 
cent farm of 4tK) aei'es on sections li and 7. luit 
moved to Highland, December 18, l!)ia. 

On October 1?>, lss."i, Mr. Frey married P.ertha 
Knebel. born in Madison County. October 14. 
]8(i5. a daughter of Leopold and Caroline (Wal- 
ter) Knebel. the former of whom was born in 
Baden Baden, Germany. Xovember 20. 1841. 
He was a grain and lumber dealer, and also 
largely interested in real estate transactions 
but is now retired. He is a Catholic as was 
John Frey. Mr. and Mrs. Frey ha\e a family 
as follows: Ida Ilelene, Iiorn August 1."., 1880, 
married to .Joseph Seitz of Highland, has two 
children, Hilaria and I^eonard ; Edward, born 
.June 7, 1800, married November 18. 1913. to 
Matilda I,uber : Alvin and Alvina, twins, born 
August 23, 1893, Alvina married George J>uber, 
.Jr.; William, born October 23, 1890; and Hil- 
dag.irt. born January is, 1904. 

Mr. Frey was school directcu- for three terms, 
or until 1910. He is a sound, reliable man. and 
one who likes to do his own thinking. While 
not one to advocate any needless expense, he 
believes in progress, and supports heartily what 
he believes will be for the best for the com- 
munity in the end. 

FRITZ, Frederick William (deceased). <>nc of 
the best known law lirms of J^.ond County. 111., 
for years was that of Fritz & Iloilcs, which 
did :i large law, abstract and farm loan busi- 
ness at Greenville, of which Frederick William 
Fritz was the senior member. Mr. Fritz did 
not confine his activities to his business, how- 
ever, hut was before the public as an official 
for vears. He was born April 21. 1802. in St. 
J>oui"s. Mo., a son of Jacob T-. and Catherine 
(Wittcmeyer) l-^ritz. natives of Germany, where 
the former was born M.'ircb 1."i, is:'.2, and the lat- 
ter I'"cbruary l.'i. ls4(l. Jacob I,. Fritz, who was a 
painter by occupation, came to the Fnited States 
in iv.i:!. locating in Missouri, from whence he 
answered the first call of President T.incolu for 
volunteers, becoming a member of the Second 
Missouri TJegiment. On April 0. IMU!. he came 
to Old Kipley. 111., and during the nmiainder of 
bis lil'i> be .-iccumulatcd considerable iimperty 
in Pond County. He die<l October 14, Iss.",. in 
the faith of the German Lutheran Church, and 



was buried at P.rown cemetery, near Old Rip- 
ley. He was a stanch I{e]iublican in politics. 
Frederick William Fritz began to go to school 
at Old Ripley at the age of six years, and when 
twenty-one years of age took a course at Bry- 
.int & Stratton's Business College. St. Louis, 
.after which he taught the Round Grove Scliool 
for three terms, the Ray School west of Ripley, 
an<l finally the Rijiley School fm- three terms. 
In 1NV9 he was admitted to the bar. an<l became 
a member of the law firm of Xorthcott iV Fritz, 
which has eventually become Fritz & Holies. 
Mr. Fritz is a Republican in politics, and in 
1890 lie was elected abstractor of the census, in 
the r^ighteenth C<mgressional District of Illi- 
nois. In November. 1S92, he became state's 
attorney for Bond County, was re-elected in 
1S90, and again in 1900, serving twelve years 
in tlnit office. He was a candidate for .imlge 
ill April, 1909. in the Third District of Illinois, 
but met defeat. On September 10. 1909. he was 
aiiiiointed ma.ster in chancery of Bond Count.v. 
Socially, he was connected with the Masons, 
the Odd Fellows, the Red Men and the ICnights 
of Pythias. He was a member of the Presby- 
terian Cliurch. to which lie was a liberal con- 
tributor, was always a<lniired for his public 
spirit, and in every phase of life's activities 
was named a leader among men. His death 
occurred April 19. 1911. 

On October 7. 1897. Mr. Fritz was married to 
Lucy Smith Kellar, daughter of John and Sarah 
(Smith) Kellar, the former a native of Switz- 
erland and the latter of Greenville, 111. Mr. 
Kellar was a prominent Democrat of his lo- 
c.-ilit.v. and served as a member of tlie board of 
supervisors of Madison County. Mr. and Mr.s. 
Fritz became the parents of one child. Jule Wil- 
li.-uii. !>oi-n at (Jreenville. August 11. I'.MtS. 

GARRETT, James, who, for sixty-two j'ears 
has had his fortunes identified with the growth 
.'111(1 progress of Bond County. III., and has cheer- 
fully borne his responsibilities in tlie upbuild- 
ing of this fine part of one of the greatest states 
of the I'nioii. now lives in comfortable retire- 
ment in his pleasant home at No. 419 East 
Winter Street, (Jreenville. He was born at Dor- 
chester. England. June 7. 1N.38. and is a son of 
John and Maria (Alford) Garrett. John Gar- 
rett was born in Wales and iiossibly he re-- 
mained there until old enough to learn a trade, 
when he went to England, where he served an 
apprciiticeshi|i of seven years, at the end of 
which time he was declared an expert in all 
work pcrtainini; to this traile. that of blacksmith 
and borseshoei'. He then married Marl.a .\1- 
ford. who was born in Dorchester. England, and 
they continued to live there until 1S49. when 
they determined to seek a home in -Vmerica and 
began their prep.aration.s. .\s it turned out 
this was an unwise move to make just ;it that 
time although they were ignorant of the fact 
that cholera was r.-iging at the very point where 
they ha<l dechled to make a home, St. Louis. 
Mo., which they reached from New Orleans, 



BOND COUNTY. 



703 



May 1. 1^411. Mr. Garrett iiniiUMliatoly fdiind 
einployiiH'nt at his trade but on the eisihth of 
the month he was seized witli cholera and died 
on the following day. leavini; an almost lielp- 
less faniil.v. Tlie mother l^ejit her cliildren to- 
gether, althousxh several died with cholera, as 
best she could, until her own death, in 1851. 
William died in .Tune. 1S4".1. Alfred came to 
Bond County, where he died in ^X'.y2. for many 
years having followed the cariienter tr.-ide. P.en- 
.iamin died in l!t(Mi. at Bolivar. Mo. .lames was 
the next in order of hirth. Sarah became the 
wife of Samuel Ma.vfield and both are now 
deceased. He served two years in tlie Inion 
army during the Civil war. Tliomas and .\lbert 
were parted in chlldliood and have never been 
heard from. The parents of this family were 
members of the Methodist EiiiscojiMl Chnrcli. 
They did the best they could for their children 
and the mother bore up bravely under her mis- 
fortunes. 

James Garrett started to school when he was 
six years old. each Monday morning carrying a 
penny to the teacher to i)ay for a week's tui- 
tion, and kept on attending school pretty regu- 
larly until he was ten years old. when he ac- 
comiianied his people to America. When his 
mother died the children separated and in 1^^.^2 
.Tames Garrett came to Greenville. Til., to make 
his home with William Stubidefield. At that 
time the entire section of the town where he 
now lives was a wheat field and was the Samuel 
White Farm, on the northwest corner of which 
stcxid a brick house which an attorney, by the 
name of Shields, had erected. In those days 
tlie iniblic stages carried the mails over the 
Cincinnati and St. I.ouis State Itoad, serving 
about one hundred people, that being the poini- 
lation at that time. He was only a boy when 
he went to live with Mr. Stubblefield and he 
worked faitlifully and continue<l at any kind of 
honest labor that he could find to do and was 
working by the month when the call came for 
vohuiteers. in lS;i;i. lie was ready to respond 
and enlisted in Company T). Third Illinois Vol- 
unteer Cavalry, contracting for three years. 
This company was organized at (Jreenville anil 
was sent to Camp Butler at Springfield, each 
volunteer furnishing Ills own horse and ecpiip- 
ment. On tlie day that the volunteers were re- 
viewed b.v the governor, his hor.se liecame frac- 
tious and threw him and in.iured him so se- 
verely that ho h:id to be sent to a hospit.al. .\fter 
one week <if treatment be insisted on velnrning 
to camp and shortly afterward his regiment was 
sent to the front. Mr. (Jarrett |iarti'cipateil in 
the battle of I'ea Itidge. and accompanied bis 
comrades to Helena. .\rk.. to Cliickasaw Bayou. 
and on to Vicksburg. the Third Itegiment being 
under (Jeneral Sherman in the first Vicksliurg 
battle. For forty days this regiment was on 
boats on the Mississippi, then went up the 
Yazoo River three days ami then went after re- 
tre.at on to .Vrkansas I'ost. where it assisted in 
capturing li.dOo prisoners after a fight of three 
days. The regiment was then ordered back to 



Vicksburg and Company D became the bodyguard 
of (Jeneral Steel, while the otlier nine companies 
of the Third Iteginient were sent to guard the 
cajitured railroad lines. General Steel went on 
with his forces to .Taekson. Miss., and that hard 
fight followed, when the regiment was placed 
on detached duty in Tennessee. When the Con- 
federate raider (General Morgan reached Mos- 
cow. Tenn.. is was liecause of the Third Regi- 
ment backing th(> picket line that he was driven 
back and much loss of life ;ind property pre- 
vented. Tlie regiment went then to Memphis 
and from there to Helena and engaged in the 
desperate battle in the Sabine River liottoms. 
The ne.xt point I'eached by the tired out but 
brave and loyal Third was Little Rock, Ark., 
and the next order was to .Memphis, Tenn., at 
which place the regiment was mustered out 
and sent to Springfield and there Mr. Garrett 
was hononibly discharged after a service of 
three years and one month. As an old soldier 
with memories of many victorious battlefields. 
Mr. Garrett recalls those days with pardonable 
II ride. 

.\fter his discharge from military life. Mr. 
(Jarrett returned to Bond County and in the 
winter of isi;4 bought ninety acres of land 
lying seven miles southeast of Greenville in 
Tamalco Township. With his brother Bcn1a- 
niin and his wife he made his liome on the 
farm. Beii.iamin Garrett being tlie first barber 
to open a shop at Greenville. He made im- 
provements on his farm, which he purchased 
from the money he had saved while in the 
army, and when ready to marry had a com- 
fortable home to which to bring a wife. To 
his first ninety acres lie has continued to add 
and now owns ISO Mcres in T.uiialco and Mills 
townships together with his comfortable resi- 
dence at Greenville. He has witnessed many 
changes on every side since lJ<."ii at (Jreenville 
and can recall many interesting events. He re- 
members when the second county courthouse 
was |iut up. a small frame building on the same 
site on which he later watched the erection of 
the present stately edifice. Tie well remembers 

the advent of the first lo notive at Greenville 

and the introduction <if electricity into tr.-inspor- 
tation and business life generally and like other 
intelligent jieople can but wonder wh.-it further 
discoveries can come to benefit the human race 
ei|nal to those now in daily use. 

On October 1.",. 1S70. Mr. Garrett was married 
(o Miss S.-irali McCullah. a daughter of Clinton 
and l.nl.-iris ((Jodd.ard) McCullah. both now 
dece.-ised. Mrs. (I.-irrett was born in .Teffersou 
County. Feliruary 22, 1845. Ten children were 
born to Mr. .-ind .Mrs. Garrett, four of whom died 
in Infancy. Of those who reached maturity: 
Walter married Lena Shaw and they live on 
the homestead and have two children. Edward 
and Theodore. Lucy is the wife of Theodore J. 
Knight. ;i f.ariiier in McKenzie County, N. Dak., 
ami their children ;ire Delia, Francis, Flmer 
.and Ernest. T,illie is the widow of TIenr.v 
Higgins .Miid with her son Harvey, lives with 



704 



BOND COUNTY. 



her parents. Ma.v i.-s the wife of Maine.v Iler- 
ni.iu. who is a farmer in TaniaUo Townshiii 
and the.v have five iliildren, Bhinthe. Florence. 
William, (Jraee. and Alice. Lnella is the wife 
of Oscar Peterson, a farmer and rancher in 
McKenzie Coiint.v, X. Dak., and the.v have two 
children. Irwin and Elva. Mr. Carrett cast 
his first presidential vote in IsOO for Abraham 
Lin<i)ln. 

GASKINS, Enrico V. In a work devoted to 
the portrayal of the lives of representative citi- 
zens, it is a pleasant and interesting task to 
make extended mention of such men as Enrico 
V. Gaskins. an honored resident of Greenville, 
who en.io.vs the distinction of heins the oldest 
native born citizen. He was born November 20. 
1S41. in the very heart of the jiresent city, the 
old home on the north side of the public s(piare 
having long since given way to a business hon.se. 
His parents were Enrico and Sarah Ann (Hall) 
Gaskins. 

Enrico (laskins was born at Norfolk, ^'irginia, 
and was a son of Spencer and Mary (iaskins. 
and a brother of William Spencer Gaskins. The 
latter located at Alton, Illinois, married there 
and his two sons. Frederick and Eugene Gas- 
kins, still live at Alton, the former being a ma- 
chinist and the latter a jninter. Enrico Gaskins 
learned the hatter's trade and foUowinl the same 
at Greenville. Illinois, after locating here in 
1S35, continuing in the same busine.ss initil 
184H. He was a man who thoroughly under- 
stood his trade and the steady demand for his 
hats enabled him to acquire a modest com- 
petency. Recognized as a man of high char- 
acter by his fellow citizens, he soon was im- 
portuned to acceiit offices of responsibility 
and subsequently was elected county clerk of 
Bond Covinty and served as such, first on 
the Whig ticket and later on the Repnljlican 
ticket until 1S65. In that year he was elected 
to the othce of county .I'udge and served con- 
tinuously on the liench until 1S;73. retiring from 
liublic life honored and esteemed. In 1S72 he 
lionglit Cdd acres of land in Mullierry Grove 
Townshi]) an<l established his residence there 
and passed a peaceful jiastoral life until the end 
of his days, his death occurring February IS. 
l,S7a For many years he was identified with 
the Masons and the Gdd Fellows. At Green- 
ville be was united in marriage with Sarah Ann 
Hall, who was born at Harper's Ferry, Mrginla. 
a daughter of .Joshua Hall. She was on her way 
to (jreenville at the time of the remarkable 
meteoric display of is:!;! and always remem- 
bered it. The long triii was made by wagon and 
it was while the travelers were resting in Ohio 
that they witnessed the nunsual illnminatiou of 
the skies. Three <hil<lren were born to Enrico 
and Sarah .\nn (Hall) Gaskins. one sou. Enrico 
v.. and twin daughters, the latter of whom died 
in infancy. The mother of these children sur- 
vived until February 14. 1SSS. They were 
worthy peojile in every relatiiui of life anil Iheir 



names are preserved among the honored pio- 
neers of Bond County. 

Enrico V. Gaskins had the educational ad- 
vantages offered b.v the district schools and aft- 
erward sjient one year as a student in McKen- 
dree College at Lebanon, Illinoi.s. He then 
devoted himself to farm pursuits near Mulberry 
Grove and in the following year, on April 8, 
1803, was married to Miss Charlotte Hall, Mr. 
and Mrs. Gaskins both being grandchildren of 
.Toshua Hall, who was bm-n February 1. 1780. 
The parents of Mrs. (Jaskins were .Tohn S. and 
Jane M. (Smith) Hall, the former of whom was 
born at Harper's Ferry .January 17, 1813, an.l 
died November 27. 1S08. The mother of Mrs. 
Gaskins was born in Loudoun County, Virginia, 
October 11, 1815. and died December 17. 180,-). 
They came to Illiiiois in 1833 and settled in 
what is now Pleasant Mound Township, on the 
Vandalia road east of Greenville. The old Hall 
residence is still standing, having been con- 
structed from hnnber brought from St. Louis. 
Missouri. To Mr. and Mrs. Hall the following 
children were born : Sarah V.. born December 
23. 1837. married Eugene Seymour, born on the 
same dtite. and both are now decea.sed : Mar.v 
O.. who became the wife of E. 1'. McMurran, of 
Snnthboro. Illinois: Charlotte, who was born 
February 27, 1843, became the wife of Mr. Gas- 
kins ; .John S., who was born April 23, l.S4.">. 
lives at Hillsboro, Illinois ; Ellen A., who was 
born November 23, 1847, is the wife of Thomas 
.T. Wilton, of Hillsboro, Illinois: Charles Wil- 
liam, who was born March 21, IS."!!, is a resi- 
lient of Kock I.sland : Emma E.. who was born 
February 11, 18.53, is the widow of Oscar E. 
Bennett and lives at Smithboro; and Frances 
Ida, who was born February 17. 1850, is tlie 
widow of (iilbert (luller and is a resident of 
Smithboro. Illinois. 

Immediately after marriage, with the i)rac- 
tical good sense that has always been a marked 
characteristic of Mr. (iaskins, he lost no time 
in starting improvements un his pro]]ert.v in 
Mulberry (irove Townshiii. Within a year his 
commodious liarn was built, his increasing crop 
raising and stock breeding making larger ai- 
connnodations necessar.v. and in 1872 was com- 
pleted the hand.soniest farm residence to be 
found in Bond County. He early became in- 
telligently interested in the breeding of fine 
stock and he was the first breeder in the county 
to receive the big |irice of .');2(l(( for a pure lu'ed 
bull. It must be remembered that he liad IMN) 
acres of land and stock raising became a large 
feat\ire of his activities and he always ke|it at 
least fifty head of cattle and was credited with 
having the finest herd of Shorthorns in the 
county. In 1S".I2 .Mr. (Jaskins retired from the 
farm and went into the furuilnre business in 
the vill.\ge of M\dlierry (Jrove. where be con- 
tinued until r.l(i5. in which year he purchase<l 
a beautifully situated honu' on the corner of 
Spring .Vvenue and Prairie Street. (Jreenville. 
He still owns his extensive farm, but since com- 
ing to (Jreenville has lived retired. 



BOND COUNTY. 



705 



Mr. iiiul Mrs. Oaskiiis have had two cliildren : 
Im(n.'pii, who was liorn Dfoeiiilicr ll.'i, isd;;, died 
when a>;ed throe months and tliree da.vs; and 
Lena Hall, who wa.s born Aui;ust 20. 1S(!.">. This 
heantifnl .vonns dans-'hter was carefull.v reared 
and after coniiilctinK the pnlilic sriiool course 
became a student at Elmira College, now known 
as Oreonville College. At the time of gradua- 
tion both she and her i-oomniate received the 
highest possible class marks, which was tinall.v 
settled b.v Miss (Jaskin.s retiring to second place 
in favor of her friend. For two .vears afterward 
she was a member of the facult.v of tlie college 
as instructor in Latin, and is widely known as 
a lad.v of high educational attainments and 
nian.v accomiilishments. On Seiitember 19. 18f)."i, 
she was married to James C. Brouse. The.v 
have one daughter. Charlotte .lanet. who was 
torn August 0. li)01. Mrs. Brouse and daugh- 
ter re.side with Mr. and Mrs. Gaskins. giving 
tender care to the latter, the granddaughter be- 
ing a source of .lustifiable pride. Like her mother, 
she is nientall.v gifted and on several occasions 
in ediK-ational contests in the high school, has 
won jirizes and been victor over ever.v other 
student, a recent contest of this kind, si.xth 
grade of all schools in the count.v, having been 
conducted b.v Prof. H. A. Meyer, county super- 
intendent of Bond Count.v. 

Mr. and Mrs. Oaskins have a wide circle of 
friends and have always been interested in the 
I)leasant social life in the communities in which 
they have lived, ever being good, kind neighbors 
and sn|)])orters of all moral movement of every 
kind. While they have never identified them- 
selves with any |iarticular religious body, they 
have contriliuted to every faith and their chari- 
ties have been .iudiciously bestowed, never with 
any effort at dis|ilay, but quietly and etticiently. 
Mr. Gaskins has never been desirous of filling 
])ublic office but he con.sented to serve for twelve 
years as school director in his district while 
living on the farm, and for five .vears before 
moving to (Jreenviile. had been township treas- 
urer, an oltice he then resigned. For ver.v many 
.years he has been a valued mendier of Mul- 
berry Grove Lodge Xo. Sil.s, Odd Fellows, at 
Greenville. 

GENRE, L. E., owner and proprietor of a 
pliotographic studio at Greenville, Illinois, is 
one of the reiiresentative business men of this 
cit.v where he has been established for twenty- 
seven years. .Mr. Genre was born in 1S47. in 
Clinton County, Illinois, and is a son of .\ugust 
and I^ydia (Ma Ian) (Jenre. 

.\ngnst (Jenre, the father, was born hi France 
and silent his childhood there, afterward 
coming to the Cnited .St.ites and reaching Illi- 
nois at the age of fifteen years, lie married 
Lydia .M.-ilan, who was born in riednionl. Italy, 
and was brought to ,\meric;i ii] childhood and 
grew to womanhood at Highland, Illinois. .\u- 
gust (ienre and wife had six (-hildren, namely: 
Theodore .\.. .Vugu.st .1., Leo E., Jyi'tticia. Lydia 
I), and Cl.-iriic M. 



L. E. (Jenre attended the country schools in 
Clinton County in early boyhood and afterward 
went to school in Madison Coimty. He became 
interested in photography long iiefore the art 
had reached its present state of iierfection, and 
has kept well informed concerning its remark- 
able development. He established his studio in 
(Jrecnville in IssT and is probably the oldest 
contimious business man in this line in the city. 

In 1N!I7 Mr. Genre was m.-irried at (Jreenville 
to .Miss .Vlice Blanchard, a daughter of L. I). 
Blanchard. and they have one son, nayniond A. 
.Mr. (Jenre has one of the most complete studios 
in the state, none being better with regard to 
floor sjiace, e(|niiii)ed with all the latest iihoto 
ai)i)liances, etc., for he kee|)s well up wilh all 
the latest improvements. 

GERKE, Edward Lincoln, police iiiiigistrate and 
a notary ]iuli|ic. at (Jrecnville, Illinois, has been 
engaged in the real estate, loan, insurance and 
collection business here for some years and 
stands high in public esteem, belonging to that 
class of reliable business men who conscien- 
tiously endeavor to live uin-ightly and do .iusti<'e 
to all men. He was born on a farm in Mills 
Townshi]!. Bond County, Illinois, Xov(>mber 1(», 
1S(!7, and is a son of Henry and Catherine 
(Hoffman) (Jerke. Tracing the paternal line 
it is found that William and Marie C. Gerke, 
the grandparents, were born in Germany, where 
the former dieil. The latter came to the T'nited 
States and died in Mills Townshiji, Bond Coun- 
ty, Illinois, in February, 1S9.^, at the age of 
eighty-four years. Two of their children are 
living: Henry and Anna Gerke. 

Henry (Jerke was born in Hanover, Germany, 
November 2H, 183(5, and in his native land 
learned the shoemaking trade. In IS.jO he came 
to Illinois, walking the entire distance from 
St. Louis. Missouri, to Mills Township, Bond 
County, and reached here with but thirty cents 
III his pocket. He was luinest, industrious and 
frugal and thus accumul.-ited property which 
he wisely iuijiroved and is yet surviving and 
able to en.ioy life as he desires, owning a farm 
of 200 acres. He married Miss Catherine Hoff- 
man, who was born in the Canton of St. Gallien. 
Switzerland. November 4, 1.'<."jS, and .yet sur- 
vives. Her ]iarents were Mathias and Anna 
Hoffman, both of whom were born in Switzer- 
land. The father died in Mills Township. Bond 
County, in 1S77, and the mother died in Wheat- 
lield Townshi|i, Clinton County, Illinois. Mrs. 
(Jerke hail three brothers, .Jacob, Mathias and 
Henry, all of whom are deceased, and a half 
brother, .Tolin ,T. Tloffman, who Is living. 

I'Idward Lincoln (Jerke was reared on the 
f.'irm and h;id the usual farm duties to perform 
while attending school. The latter was never a 
liardslii|i. in fact the boy loved to go to school 
and spent all his siiare time in re.-iding solid 
books whenever he could secure them. With a 
real desire foi' learning he sought in every way 
for opportunities to increase his knowledge an<l 
after attending the rural school in .Mills Town- 



706 



BOND COUNTY. 



ship he siieut mic year in the Central Wesleyan 
College, in Missouri; ime term in Almira Col- 
lege, at Oreenville, Illinois, and the Fairfield 
Collegiate Institute, at Fairfield, Illinois, and 
Southern Collegiate Institute, Alliion, Illinois. 
He also took a course In the International Cor- 
respondence Institute, of Washington, D. C, and 
a course in the American Correspondence School 
of Law. Chicago. Illinois, and. as he finds time, 
is continuing his law studies. After leaving col- 
lege Mr. (Jerke taught school for a considerable 
period, teaching in tlie grade schools of High- 
land, Illinois, from ISO.') until 18!I7 ; from 1897 
until IS9S a rural school south of St. Jacob, 
Illinois ;■ from 1S9S until 1901, a rural school 
south of Trenton, Illinois, his final period of 
teaching being the winters of 190(1 and 1907, 
when he was engaged in the suburlis of East .St. 
Louis. From .January 1, 1902. until .Tinio 1. 
1902. Mr. (ierke was emi)loyed as a railway mail 
clerk on the C. I'.. & Q. liailroad. In .Tune, 1901. 
he moved hack to Hoiid County, which he had 
left in lN9."i. and taught in this county continu- 
ously from 1902 until 1907. with the interims 
above noted. From boyhood he has believed in 
the princijiles of the Iteinililican party, has sup- 
ported its candidates and has. himself, been 
elected to offices of responsibility on that ticket. 
In 190ri he was an unsuccessful can<lidate for 
the nomination for suiierintendent of schools 
for the county. In 1NN9 he was elected tax col- 
lector of Mills Township: in 19011 was elected 
police magistrate of the city of (Jreenville. in 
Octolier, 1907, having become a notary public. 
During 1909 Mr. (Jerke was active in giving en- 
couragement to the development of oil and gas 
in Bond County, having estalilished himself at 
Greenville in the previous year in the real estate, 
loan and insurance business. 

At Pocahontas, Illinois, Septenilier 20, 1S94, 
Mr. (Jerke was united in marriage with Miss 
Emma Helle Harlan, who was born there. No- 
vember 1. 1.874. The Harlan family came to 
Illinois from Tennessee. Kentucky and Virginia, 
and has a very large connection. Mr. and Mrs. 
(ierke have two children : Roscoe Harlan Gerke, 
born December 1, 189.^i; and Catherine Irene 
(Jerke. born Xovenilier .".. 189S. Mr. Gerke is a 
member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of 
Greenville. Illinois. He is fraternally identified 
with several insurance orders, including the 
Modern Woodmen of America, of which he was 
the first venerable ronsul of Focahontas Camp 
No. 192.5, at Focahontas, Illinois. He is al.so a 
luember of Garden Lodge Xo. 47^!. -V. F. & A. M.. 
Focahontas. Illinois. 

GLASGOW, Edward A., M. D., a physician who 
lias won recognition and a prosperous practice 
through the force of individu.il merit, is known 
as one of the leading citizens of Mulberry Grove, 
where ho is vice president of the First National 
Rank. He was born in a log house on a farm 
in Mulberry Grove Townshiii. F.ond County. 
Illinois, I''ebrnary 4. 1^70. and is a son of Wil- 
liam II. and Vasiiti (Goodson) Glasgow, natives 



of North Carolina, wlio were married in the 
Old North State and came at an early day to 
F>ond County. Coming to Illinois in a wagon, 
in true pioneer style. Mr. and Mrs. Glasgow 
settled down to agricultural pursuits. At the 
outbreak of the war between the North and the 
South. Mr. Glasgow cast his fortunes with the 
Confederacy, and was with General Hest's di- 
vision in the army of General Lee. He was a 
brave and gallant soldier and participated in 
numerous great battles, among which was Get- 
t.vsburg. where he was wounded during the first 
day's fighting, in the left shoulder, but remained 
in action until the retreat of the army. .Vfter 
somewhat recovering from his wound he re- 
.ioined his command in time to participate in the 
battle of Spott.sylvania Court IIou.se. where lie 
received a second wound in the same shoulder, 
but later took part in the Wilderness battles 
and innnerous others. In all of which he con- 
ducted himself in a manner to win the admira- 
tion of his comrades and the respect of his 
o*ficprs. He is still an honored resident of 
Mulberry Grove, and at the recent grand re- 
union of the veterans. North and South, held at 
Gett.vsburg. he received his transportation, but 
on account of age and failing health was unable 
to attend. By his first marriage he had three 
d;iugbtcrs and one son, and in 1879 the family 
moved to .Siiliihur Springs, Texas, where Mr. 
Glasgow engaged in farming. His daughter. 
Lilla. married W. T. Ansley. a photographer of 
El I'aso. Texas: his daiighter, Laura, became 
the wife of L. P. Cain, formerly general fore- 
man of the Missouri Pacific Itailroad at St. 
Louis. Missouri, now traveling instructor in the 
railway department of the International Cor- 
respondence Schools of Scranton. Pennsylvania : 
his daughter. Nona, married W. .1. Bolton, of 
Denison. Texas, a passenger engineer on the 
M. K. & T. Railroad for the past twent.v-flve 
yea rs. 

Edward A. Glasgow was nine .vears of age 
when the family went to Texas, and there he 
attended the public schools of I'aris. Suhse- 
((ueidly he took a business course in ' ni?ht 
scluKil. .and in the meantime worked in a jirint- 
ing ottice in Denison. When a large Eastern 
syndicate bought up Denison and established 
the Deuist)n Herald, he accepted a position with 
that newspaper, rising through meritorious serv- 
ice to the jioslfion of foreman of the ollice. For 
six years lie liad charge of the mechanical de- 
1 artment, and in the meantime studied so 
assiduously that he passed the examination for 
the postal service. He was given jin appoint- 
ment and was called to Fort Worth. Texas, but 
decided to give \ip this ])0.sition in order to 
]irosecute his medical studies. It having always 
lieen his desire to become a |)hysician. .Vccord- 
ingly. in ls9(!. he became a student in Marion 
Sims Medical C<illege at St. Louis, and paid for 
bis tuition with money he had earned himself. 
.\fter bis graduation, with the class of 1N99. he 
ent(>red upon the iiractice of medicine with Dr. 
E. W. Oliver, of .Mulberry Grove, then one of 



BOND COUNTY. 



707 



tlie leading; |ih.vsiciiins and stii-f:oons of fhis soc- 
tioil. Siiu-o the doath ol' Ddctor Oliver, in lOOll. 
Doctor (Jlas^'dw lias practicfMl alone. He lias 
won IX repntatinn that extends lieyond tlie limits 
of his immediate field of inaetice. and anion;; 
his iirofessional hrethren he is highly regarded 
for his strict oliservaiice of the unwritten ethics 
of his calling. lie kei'ps liiniself well abreast of 
the various advancements made in medicine and 
sursrery tlirou;.'li the peiusal of the le.-iding jour- 
nals of his professiiui. and his meilical lihrary 
is one of the finest in the count.v. r)octor (Jlas- 
gow is a valued memlier of the Bond County 
Medical Society, and was iire.sident of said so- 
ciety in 1014. the Illinois State Medical Society 
and the American Medical Association. His fra- 
ternal ccunu'ctions im-lude memhership in the 
.Masons and the Kiiii;hts of I'ythia.s. .\ stanch 
and consistent Democrat, he has served as 
mayor of Muliierry (irove. and was one of the 
original Wilson men in 1!)12. lie has lieen suc- 
cessful finauciall.v. being a director and heav.v 
stockholder in the First National Bank of .Mul- 
berry Grove, and in .Tanuary. 1!113. was elected 
its vice president. This is known as one of the 
strong and conservative bankinir houses of Bond 
County, .and has deposits of $12.").0<XI. with a 
cash capital of .'<;2.".(XHl. Personally the doctor 
is a geni.-il. i-onipanionalile man. and his popu- 
larity is attested by his wide circle of sincere 
friends. 

Doctor Glasgow was married in October, ISOfi. 
to Miss Mildred D. Mattinly. who was born at 
Greenville. Illinois, and whose parents were pio- 
neers of Bond County, while her jiaternal grand- 
father. Doctor Mattinly. was for years one of 
the leading specialists of this county. David 
Mattinly. father of Mrs. Glasgow, served gal- 
lantly during the Civil war as a soldier in the 
Federal army, jiarticipating in a number of 
hard-fougbt engagements, .-ind is now a resident 
of Mulberry Grove. Mrs. Glasgow is an active 
member of the Methodist Church. While the 
doctor has not connected himself with any spe- 
cial denoniination. he is ever ready to give his 
support to all movements which make for edu- 
cation, morality and good citizenship. 

GORDON, John H., M. D. Pocahontas is one of 
the thriving little cities of Bcaid Comity, and its 
professional men fully sustain the ch.'iracter of 
the neighborhood for eiiterpri.se and good man- 
agement. .Vmong the iirofessional men liei-e who 
are widely and favorably known is .lohii II. (ior- 
don. a southern gentU'inan. born in Huntsvillc. 
.\l:iliama. ()<tolier 211. is 12. a son of Dr. .lami's 
and .Mary (Sanderson) Gordon. Doctor Gordon 
was born in .North Carolina. January 17. IMS, 
and his wife was a native of the same state. 
Mrs. Gord<iii <lied .T;inuary 2. 11107. Septeinlier 
1. 1008. Doct(n' Gordon married again. By his 
first marriage, he had fourteen children, but 
onlv four survive, many dying in infancy. 

John II. Gordon was educated in the best 
schools of Itusscllville. .\rk;insas. and licgan the 
study of his profession in that state, and in the 



Missouri .Medical College, from whi<-li he was 
gr.-iduated in 1s7l. Following this he began 
practicing in Arkansas, hut after three years 
come to Millersliurg. eventually, however, iocat- 
ing at Pocahontas, which has since been his 
home. He became associated with his brother 
under the firm name of J. H. Gordon & Bro.. 
which continued until 1870. when he purchased 
his ill-other's interest, and coiitinui>d alone until 
ls7.'!. when he took another brother. W. P. (ior- 
don, into partnership with him. In 1S7S. this 
associ.-ition was discontinued, and subseqnentl.v 
Doctor Gordon was connected with Dr. A. R. 
Clinton. The partnership continued until ISOO, 
when it was dissolved, and since then Doctor 
Gordon has continued alone. 

Dn December l."i. isiil. Doctor (Jordoii married 
Kmily TorriMice. .-i daughter of John T. and Jane 
(Lynch) Torrence. ;ind the following children 
were born: Bufus P... October .10. ISC;',; Ed- 
ward W.. .Vugust 28, 18(1."') ; Nannie J., Septem- 
ber 10, 18(17; Charles C. February 4, 1870: 
Walter J., November 1.3, 1871: Nina B., March 
22, 1S73: Louis J., March 16. 1S74; Alva K., 
January 2(i, 187(1: Henry W., November 21, 
1877: George D.. May 10." 1.870: Nellie. March 
2:5, 1881; Albert. July 7. 1882: Clarence. July 
IS. 1S84: and Lillie .M.. October 1.3, 18,v.-,. Mrs. 
Gordon died January 2. 1007. In September, 
1007, Doctor Gt>rdon married Mary Elizabeth 
Britt, horn in Bond County, April IS, 1S66, 
daughter of Zacharias and Caroline Britt, the 
former born July 21. 1841. and the latter born 
in 1X42. Doctor and Mrs. Gordon have had one 
child, aiary Emily, horn October 7, 1000. 

For a number of years Doctor Gordon has 
made a specialty of female and all chronic dis- 
eases, and has been very successful. He is an 
excellent ]iliysician. and en.joys universal con- 
fidence. He is a Metho<list in religious faith. 
His affiliations fraternally are with the A. F. 
& .V. M. Lodge of Pocahontas. 

GRAFF, Peter. In naming the progressive and 
enterprising agriculturists of Bond Count.v. Illi- 
nois, nieiitidii should be made of Peter Graff, 
an excellent young agriculturist of Section .34. 
Centr.-il Township, where he was born April 
10. 1S74. son of Peter and Eb'anor (Yoss) Graff. 
The fa'ther was horn December 2.'>. 1821. in 
Itochenliousen, Gerniaiiy, a^id the mother was 
also a native of that countrv. being born in 
Stuttgart, February 21, 1N42. The father, who 
was a farmer, came to the I'nited States when 
nineteen years of age. and the mother was 
twelve ye.-irs of age when, she made the trip, 
being fift.v-two days on the ocean, during which 
time a terrific storm .-irose. which carried awa,v 
the mast of the vessel, and the vessel then 
drifted st\award and around into the Gulf of 
.Me.vico. On the trip up the Mississippi an epi- 
demic of cholera broke out. and six or seven 
people were buried e;ich evening in one grave 
dug along the river's banks. Five children were 
born to Peter and Eleanor I Yoss) Graff, namely: 
Liiiiisa. .Mareice. Edward. Henry and Peter. 



708 



BOND COUNTY. 



The father had four lirothers: Henry, Mitfhell. 
Fred and Daniel, all deceased, of whom Henry 
died recently at the age of eisrhty-four years. 

Peter Graff, .Tr.. wa.s educated in the schools 
of his native vicinity, and his life has tieen 
rfven over to agricultural )iursuits. He in- 
herited the i)ro]ierty of his uncle. Henry G.. a 
larire farm on Section ",4, of 2CCi acres in Cen- 
tral Township, and this he has lirought up to a 
high state of cultivation. He is known to be u 
Kood .ludae of asricultural conditions, and his 
standing among his fellow townsmen is that of 
a public-spirited citizen and excellent business 
man. 

GRIGG, Absalom Linch, wlio resides on his 
valuable farm of i:i8 acres, which is situated 
on Section '.), Mulberry Grove Townshi)i. is one 
of the well known men of Bond County, where 
his family has been held in great esteem for 
many years. He was born on this farm March 
l.S. 184.5, and is a son of Rev. Sanuiel and Mar- 
garet (Moore) Grigg. and a grandson of Burrell 
(irigg, who brought his family to Bond County 
in 1S2S and settled in Mulberry Township on 
what was called the Enloe branch. Samuel 
(Jrigg was born in North Carolina, .Tune 1-1. 
1810. and accompanied his father to Bond 
(^ounty and resided at home until his marriage 
in 1832, when he entered 100 acres of land, the 
nucleus of the present home farm of his son. 
.Vbsalom Linch Grigg. It was covered with a 
heavy growth of timlier at that time. He built 
■•i log house and with industry and good .ludg- 
inent soon made his land tit for cultivation and 
on this farm reared his family and lived until 
his death. For many years he was a class leader 
in the Methodist Church, being of sedate mind 
and virtuous inclination from youth. After- 
ward he united with the Liberty Ba]>tist Church, 
of which organization he was the tirst to be 
bajitized and ..was ordained a minister In the 
same, and for many years was active in this 
connection and many, under his teaching and 
exhortation, were brought into the fold. He 
was of kind and charitable disposition and he 
was never too busy or tired to visit the sick or 
succor those in need. In 1832 he married Mar- 
garet Moore, who died June 21, 1880. His sec- 
ond marriage was to Elizabeth Xeathery, who 
died .\ugust 8. IsOtl. After the death of his 
second wife he becani(> a member of the house- 
bold of his son. .Misalom Linch. where he died 
May IS. T.Mi:!, at the age of ninety-two years. 
His ten children were born to his first marriage 
.■md three survive: Absalom Linch; Margaret, 
who is the wife of .John Elam. a resident of 
Cofl'een. Illinois: and George W.. who is a resi- 
dent of San Diego. California. The others were: 
.lames Y.. who died in IS.'O: Mary -V.. who was 
born March 21. \KU. married Wilson Shives 
and died in INTO: Martha .1.. who was born 
Xovember Itl. ls:!il. died at the age of fourteen 
years: Burrell 1!.. who was born Dctober IS. 
is.^0. married Lizzie Cofl'ee, <lied in VMtO. leav- 
ing widow and one child, .\nnis: .John M.. who 



was born .Time 1. 1S42. died February 24. 1010. 
having been blind from childhood from an at- 
tack of mea.sles ; Francis M.. who was born 
Xovember 22. 1S.50. died in ISfifi: Samuel M.. 
who died in inf.mcy : and Sarah L.. who mar- 
ried Sanuiel Roberts and died in ISSO. at the 
age of twenty-two years, leaving one daughter. 
Louisa. 

Absalom Linch Grigg attended the district 
.school in his home neighborhood during boy- 
hood and afterward assisted his father in 
breaking up the virgin soil and in cultivating 
the land. When he married his father gave 
him eighty acres of the farm, a jiart of which 
was cleared, and for sixteen years he and wife 
lived in a log cabin, which, in 18S2. was re- 
I)laced with a couifortabli^ six-rooni cottage. In 
clearing his land Mr. <Trigg followed the ad- 
mirable plan of removing the forest trees and 
in their jHace setting fruit trees, so that lie has 
had a fine orchard for many years. He retains 
1.33 acres of the 2."3 acres lie once owned, hav- 
ing given forty acres to one of his sons and 
eighty acres to another and substantial help to 
all his children. 

On .\ugust .30. 180(1. Mr. Grigg was married 
to Miss Charlotte Walker, who died .Tune 18. 
1013. She was a daughter of Andrew and Maria 
(Mayfield) Walker, both of whom were born 
in Tennessee. They were young when their 
parents moved to Bond County and were mar- 
ried and died here. They \^ere the parents of 
fourteen children. Both were inemhers of the 
Liberty Baptist Church. The following chil- 
dren were born to Mr. .md .Mrs. Grigg: Laura 
E., who was born .Tuly 30. 1S07, married .lauies 
T. Elam, who, in 1010, bought a farm in Okla- 
homa, have had eleven children, the survivors 
being: Serena. .Tane. Elina. Rosa, Vena, Faithy. 
Charles and Samuel; Thomas S.. who was liorn 
.Tuly 10. 1800. is a farmer in Mulberry Grove 
Township, married Mary Iloyle and the.v have 
children: Ona D.. Alvin and .Mtha, twins, and 
.To.vce; OUie S.. who was born .Vpril 2. 1871. 
married .Tesse Prater, a farmer in this town- 
ship, and they have three children : Des.sie. Eva 
and Lilla : Martha, who was born October 3. 
1872. died September 10, 1873: .Tames F., who 
was born August 2. 1874, married and his wife, 
at death, left four children: Harry. Walter. 
Loren and Grace: William TI., who was born 
November 30, 1870, married .Vniy Watson, is a 
farmer in Mulberry Townslii]i and they have 
three children: Dana, Forest and Nina: iind 
Samuel R.. who was born September 24, ISSO. 
He was married first to Martha White, who 
died .Vpril 13, 1907. leaving two children. Earl 
and Pearl. His second marriage was to r>essie 
Gold, a n.itive of North Carolina, and they have 
two children. Wendell R. and Hazel. 

Both Mr. Grigg and his late wife united with 
(he Bajitist Church on the s:ime day. .Tanuary 
10, 1802, his fatlK-r. at that time, adding thirty 
members to the church as a result of a revival 
he had been conducting. For sixty-eight years 
>Ir. (Jrigg has Ihmmi identitieil with this section 



BOND COUNTY. 



709 



iif Bond fiiuiify and is justly naiiUMl as one of 
its if|irpseiitntiv(> men. For twonty-ono years 
lie served as a director in the (Jrifis school dis- 
trict, earnestly endeavorinjr at all times to 
secure competent teachers. In name he has al- 
ways lieen a Democrat. Init there have been oc- 
i-aslons when he u.sed his own .indsment entirely 
in castinjr his vote. For some time in his earlier 
years he served as constalile, Init has never heen 
.a seeker for jMilitical office. All over the county 
when his name is mentioneil there will he those 
ready to testify to his integrity and ^ood citi- 
zenship. 

GRIGG, George Washington. .\n old ami hon- 
ored citizen of r.ond County. Illinois, a native 
son of this county, a veteran of the sreat strn;:- 
.gle between the North and the South, and a 
successful f.-irmer and skilled stock raiser, 
(ieortce Wa.sTiin,i;ton (;ri.a:i; needs no introduction 
to the people of his connnnnity. lie was born 
February (i. 1N41, on a farm three miles north- 
ea.st of (Jreenville. Hond County, Illinois, and is 
a son of .lesse and Susannah (Ta,vlor) Grigs, 
.Tesse (JrisR. the ureat-.srandfather of George 
Washinston Gri;.';.'. was of Scotch-Irish descent. 
.Vmonir his children was a son. P>urrel Grisifr. 
who ni;irricd Sabray Klani. who was born in 
A'iri;;inia. and who. accordini; to the first census 
and state enumerations, between tht> years 17N2 
and ITN.'i, was the owner of sixteen slaves, the 
names and numbers of whom nia.v l>e found in 
the state enumerations of Virginia. In IsOo 
liurrel tirii;.;; miiirated from A'irRinia to Ituther- 
ford C(nint,v, North Carolina, and in IS.'JO trav- 
eled overland to Illinois and settled in Bond 
County. In his later years he met with severe 
tinancial reverses, and died a poor man. at his 
liome. two miles northeast of Greenville. lie 
had three brothers and one sister: Woodford 
and Lewis, who were soldiers in the Itevolutioii- 
ary war, t1',:htin;; under "la.sht Horse Harry" 
r,ee: Fredericj^ and Frances. 

There were sixteen children in the family of 
liurrel Gri.i;^', anions them beins .Tesse (hiss, 
tile father of George Washinsrtoii (Jriir;;, He 
was born in (Jreensville Count.v. Virgini.i. .Tul.v 
■J!t. 17!).". and was a farmer and c;irrienter. voca- 
tions whicli he followed Ihidugliout his life. 
He married I,i/,zie Carpenter, who was born in 
171I7. in I'eniis.vlvania. .lesse (Jrigi; fought in 
the War of 1S1L'-14. as a soldier in the .Vmerican 
.•iriny. as did also his brother, Daniel (irigg, 

(Jeorge Wasliington Grigg received his early 
cducalioii in a I'ommon countr.v school in .Mul- 
berry Grove Township, siibseipiently attended a 
like institution in I.alirange Township, and com- 
[ileted Ills schooling ,-it .McKi'lidree College. 
Lebanon, Illinois. He h:is never really <-easeil 
stnd,ving, however, .'ind his close observation, 
his keen analysis of human nature and his 
knowledge of mi'ii and ;iffairs make him one of 
the best informed men of his cominnnity. His 
early e.\perience with the hard slab benches, 
which were devoid of backs, made him a life- 
long friend of ]irogress in our schools, and he 



has constantly endeavored to secure improve- 
ments for the chililren of this and former gen- 
erations. To use his own language. Mr. (Jrigg 
"liked to carry a i)o|i-gun, to hunt sipiirrels and 
rabbits and to ,go fishing. Have learned since 
that I was a proselyte of Nimrod and Walton," 
This shows that he was ,iust a normal, active 
country lad, full of the .ioy of living. Like other 
fanners' sons of his day and locality, his time 
was by no means all given over to pleasure, for 
he w.-is expected to ]ierform his full share of the 
farm duties, and he thus grew to sturdy inan- 
liood. He passed four y(>ars in Henry and St. 
Clair counties, his time being about ecpially di- 
vided between there anil Missouri, and then 
came to Mulberry (Jrove Township, Bond Coun- 
ty, where he has since been engaged in farming. 
He now has control of se\enty-five acres of good 
land located In sections .30 and I'.l, township (i. 
range 2 W., ?.rd P. M., north of the base line, 
his residence lieing on Section V,0. 

Mr. Grigg served his country faithfull.v when 
secession threatened the stability of the Gov- 
ernment, and in the Civil war fought gallantl.v 
in the command of Gen, P, Sidney Post, under 
Generals Wood, Stanley and Thomas. His regi- 
ment was in the front line of the fierce charge 
which culminated in the capture of Montgomer.v 
Hill, Iieceinber 15. 18(14, In this connection, 
Jlr, (Jrigg has in his jiossession a letter from 
(Jen. Charles (Jrosvenor. ex-member of Congress 
from Gliio, who, in part, wrote: "I can but 
give your lu'igade the highest praise for its 
valor in tlie taking of Montgomery Hill," An- 
other charge in which Mr, (irigg participated, 
and of which hist(n\v tells much, was the volun- 
tary charge by consent of General Wood, at 
Overton Hill, Nashville, Tennessee, December 
Ki, lS(i4. Mr. (Jrigg is possibly the only sur- 
vivor of that famous engagement. Of his war 
services, Mr. (Jrigg modestl.v says : "I was 
never wounded nor taken a prisonei' — but I was 
a good runner, especially in the sixties. T think 
I ran well from Pulaski to Nashville. Tennessee, 
along with 18.0(1(1 other fellows. I regret to 
state that tliere I lost a pretty neck-tie. It is 
probable that it was found b.v (Jen. Frank Cock- 
erell's Confederate boys, along tills side of 
Spring Hill, Tennessee." In regard to the ofhces 
held by members of his family. .Mr. (irigg fur- 
ther says: "I think' our family has not had 
many offices thrust upon it. I know tluit I have 
never held an.v of pecuniary interest. Perhaps 
it is because I am not of the plutocratic ele- 
ment." He has. however, served as school 
trustee ,ind school director, and while so occu- 
pied was successful in securing the adoption of 
llie P.arnes' histories now used in the township, 
which was a very helpful achievement, as up 
to that time the pupils had li;id no reliable 
history. He li.as been a member of the Method- 
ist and Presbyterian cliurches, iind in the latter 
has served as elder. He has been for .years a 
member of the Platonian Literary Society, His 
connection with the Grand .\rmy of tlie Repub- 
lic b.'is covered .-i long period of years, but at 



710 



BOND COUNTY. 



present he is on a transfer, which shows that 
he was in Rood stanrlins. .\t the last rennion 
of his reiriiuent. lie and Caiitain Crantlall "cap- 
tured the oltices witho\it firinir a gnn or drawing 
a sword from its sheath." In his iiolitical oon- 
victions. he is inolined to thinl; that Denioeracy 
Is rii:ht. but he has often east his vote for a 
Re]iulilican or I'rohiliitionist. voting rather for 
the man than the iiart.v. or. to use Ids own 
words: "I do not like to uphold a dynasty, a 
plutocrat or a drnnUard." 

Mr. Grigg has been married three times. On 
August 7. 1S70. at Clinton. Missouri, he married 
Addie K. Bell, who was horn near Wilkes I'.arre. 
Pennsylvania. .January 20, lsr,4. dan^'hter of 
Leonard and Harriet Elizabeth (Swarthout) 
liell. Mr. Bell was an honest, hard-working 
lilacksmitli. and one of her progenitors was a 
victim of the Wyoming Massacre. Mr. Grigg 
was married (second) at .St. Ixniis. Missouri, 
.July 24, 1SN4. to Frances Kebecea Ilamjiton. 
who was born near Donnellson, Illinois. .Tune 
4. ISCO. daughter of Kev. .Toseph .Vlexander and 
.Tane (I)esart) Hamilton, the former a Meth- 
odist minister, who accpiii'ed I'onsideralile proii- 
erty and was a veteran of the Civil war. Mr. 
(Jrigg was married (third) at St. Louis. Mis- 
souri, .Vugust 27. V.»n. to Mary Stanley, liorn 
in Octobei-. 18.";4, at Xashvilli , Tennessee, daugh- 
ter of a southern ))lanter who owned slaves 
prior to the war between the North and the 
South. Mr. <jrigg has had five children, as fol- 
lows: Bertha Leal Wright, a widow, living at 
St. Louis. Missouri, iiorii Xovember 7. Is72; 
.lesse Maurice, born December IL ISSd. an elec- 
trical engineer; Harry .Iose|ih. born Seiiteiiiber 
•24. isss. c(iniie<-ted with the Chicago & .\lton 
Uailroad, now fanning on tlie homestead: \'iola 
Marie, born August '.». 1N'.»:1 a successful school 
teacher of Bond County. Illinois; and Frances 
Beatrice, born Xovember 1. ISKo. who was grad- 
uated as a county graduate and matriculated in 
(Jreenville College in lUlo. .Mr. Crigg is of a 
literary bent, and possesses much poetical tal- 
ent. His career has been a king and honorable 
one. and now. in the evening of life, he may 
look back over a record whiili, in war or in 
peace. Is marred by no stain or bleniisb, 

HALL, John Strider (deceased), was one of the 
pioneers of Bond County. He was born in .Tef- 
fer.son County, now West Virginia, four miles 
west of Harper's Ferry. .laiiuary 17. lsl.3. a son 
iif .Toshua and Charlotte (Strider) Hall, The 
Halls were very early settlers in Virginia, th( 
first of the name coming from F/Ugland, B.v 
trade Joshua Hall was a weaver, but subse- 
quently lie became interested in operating ves- 
sels in the coasting trade, sometimes being a 
jiilot and at other times commanding the ships 
himself. This was a life of much ex|iosure ami 
thereby he contracted i-heumatisni. from which 
affliction he died Marcli !(. IS2(;. having been 
born in Virginia February L 17^4. On .Tune L 
180S. he married Charlotte Strider. who was 



b(M'n March 21, 17S.'3. and died in Bond County. 
to which she came in IS.S.3. Seiitember ?.. 1S4L 

.Tohn Strider Hall came first to Bond (^ninty 
in 1N.31. but returned to Virginia after purchas- 
ing a tract of land. or. to be more exact, enter- 
ing land for which he jiaid .$1.2.") jier acre. In 
In;!.'! he returned and settled, in what is now 
Pleasant Mound Township, being accomjianied 
li.v his widowed mother and the following sis- 
ters and lirothers: Fli/.abeth. who became the 
wife of Thomas White, and they are survived 
b.v two sons. Tom and Claude; .Vnian<la M.. 
who married William S. Smith, has one daugh- 
ter. Mrs. JIary Wham ; Sarah .\.. who became 
the wife of Kiirico CJnskin. Sr.. li.-is one son. 
Enrico A'. ; Christiana ('., who was the wife of 
Itobert White. lUie of the ]iinneers of this coun- 
ty. Issue. Emm.-i. who is the wife of Richard 
Smith, of South Hakota, Charlotte. Harvey and 
.Toshua : and .Toshua M.. .Tr., who left home for 
California au<l was not beard from, for inan.v 
years. 

The Halls found their new home in Bond 
Count.v a wild, uncleared land, with man.v pos- 
sibilities <if develoianent. but, at that time, nn- 
hospitable in appearance and there is no doubt 
but that, many times before the conifortable 
Iwo-story frame house was coni]iletc(l, the lone- 
some ]iioiieers remembered with soiue replniugs, 
the forsaken home In the Old I>omiiiion. This 
house, built in is:*,;!, in what Is yet i-alled Hall's 
(irove. is still staiKliiig. being locatcil on the 
lireseiit farm of .Tose|ih Watts. 

.Toliii s. Hall then turned his attention to the 
cultivation of his land as fast as clearing w;is 
accouiplislied ;ind in his work was assisted by 
the labor of Unw slaves brought witli the family 
from \'ir^inia. These slaves, men and women, 
were well tri'ated and the women remained with 
the Hall family as Ioul' as they lived, but the 
men, in the course of time, left and their fate 
is not known. In the service of Mr. Hall they 
were treated as free men. for he was opposed to 
slavery and in large part it was that system 
that caused hini to leave Vlrginl;i. .Tohn S. 
Hall was married February 14, 1n.'!7. to .Tane 
Maria Smith, wlio was born In Jlcu-gau County. 
\'irgliil;i. October 11. Is1."i. a daughter of .Mid- 
dleton and Leah (Wlllianis) Smith. The Smiths 
came to Bond County In is:!.'! and settled in 
what is now Central Township, near Green- 
ville, on the old Xationa! road. To this mar- 
riage nine children were born, as follows : Sarah 
\'., who was born December 2:!. Is:i7. married 
IOug(>ne Seymour, who died May 211, l'.tll2. her 
death occurring February ."i. 1S74. no issue: 
Joshua .M.. who was biu-n October :!1. ls:«t. died 
February 27, 1S4(»; Mary O.. who Is the wife 
of E. P. McMurran. of Smitliboro. was bmii 
January :T(I, 1S41, has two sons, William and 
Charles: Charlotte, who was born February 
27, ls4:i. Is the wife of Eiu'ico V, Gaskin, has 
one daughter, Lena Br(aise : John S., who was 
iKirn .Vpril 2.'!, ls4.''>. lives at HillsbiM-o. married 
Eunice Powell and they have three children, 
llarrv <)., Edith .ind Irnia: Ellen A., who was 



BOND COUNTY. 



711 



horn Novoiiilipi- 22. 1S47. is the wife of T. J. 
Wilton, of Hillsboro. iuid the.v hiive one son. 
Ren.JMniin II.: Charles William, who was lioni 
Manh 21. ls."(l. resides at Itock Isianil. married 
Margaret Stewart and they have one daniihter, 
Mrs, Clara O^'den; Kmma F... who was Imrn 
Felirnary 11. is.":j. married O. K. Rennelt. a 
traveling salesman, wlio died Decemlier Ti, 1!l02, 
and she lives at Sniithhoro. lieing a Kradnate of 
(Treenville Cnllese: and Ida F. She was horn 
Felirnary 17. Is.'iC. and was married Xovenilier 
22. 1SN2! to (Jilliert (Jnller. who died December 
25. inti:^, at Sniithlioro. He was born on a farm 
near Ithaca. \ew York, and f<n- thirty years 
was in the emphiy of the I'nion I>airy Company 
of Hond l^onnty. Mr. and Mrs. Culler had one 
child, Enuna E., who died in infancy. Mr. 
GiiUer was a well known man and was a mem- 
ber of the M. W. A. and the Masoiuc fraternity. 
Tlirouirhont his long and honorable life. .Tohn 
S. Hall gave attention to agricnltnral matters 
and for a time during the Civil war bought 
stock for tlie (tovernment. He became the 
owner of stHi acres of land in P.ond County. .\t 
all times he was liberal to schools and i-hurches 
and pontributed to jjublie imiirovements. In 
l.^.^fi he cast his vote for Oen. William Henry 
Hari'ison and in later .years identified himself 
with the I!epubli<-an part.v. He lost his beloved 
wife on Decendier 17. 1S!I.">. and his own death 
followed. November 27. I.SOS. His daughter, 
Mrs. Bennett, cared for her father in his de- 
clining years and she now resides with her 
sister, Mrs. (Jidler. Both ladies are highly es- 
teemed at Smithboro and take part in the jileas- 
ant social life of the town. 

HARLAN, George Floyd (deceased). Among the 
pioneer families of Bmid County, one whose 
iiistory is very interesting is that of Harlan, 
and this family has been established in Illinois 
since 1N2(). It may he traced m.-iny generations 
backward, but ;i late reiiresentative. (Jeorge 
Floyd Harlan, was born .May 2i;. 1.S42, in what 
is now Mills Township, Bond County. Illinois. 
He was a son of William Harlan, who was born 
on I )nck River, in Middle Tennessee, in IMts. 
and a grandson of lionhani Harlan, .a descend- 
ant of (Jeorge Harlan. The tirst of the Harlan 
name of which the family has knowledge was 
.lames Harlan, who w;is born in County I)ur- 
ham. England. He had four sons : .lames, 
(Jeorge, Michael and Henry. In their day re- 
ligions persecution, ;is they were (Quakers, drove 
many a good and worthy man from the land 
of his birth and it was tVu' this cause that 
the four sons of .Tames Harlan embarked for 
.Vnierica, Storms ■ so beset their vessel that 
they were compelled to seek h.arbor on the 
<'oast of Ireland, wln're all lived for a time 
and .lames remained jierm.-inentl.v. The othei' 
brothers in the course of .-i few years, again 
embarked for .\merica and were safely landed 
and Henry located in .New York, (ieorge and 
Michael found homes at .Newcastle, now in the 
Stale of Delaware, but at that time a part of 



the province of I'ennsylvaTiia. From what is 
now Ceiiterville, Del., the brothers afterward 
went to the Brandywine Uiver and inirchased 
land on its banks, near what is now rennsburg, 
and there they remained through life. (Jecu'ge 
Harlan becjiuie a ni.Mii of consci|uence. in 1712 
being a member of the (Jeneral .\ssembly. He 
had si.\ sons and live daughters and from these 
sons have descended the Ilarlans of the T'nited 
States and it is :in easy matter for every school 
boy to recall representatives of this name who 
have been bonoi'ed in the |inhlic affairs of the 
nation. 

I'.oiiliam Harlan, the grandfather of (Ieorge 
Floyd Harlan, was born in rennsylv;ini;i and 
went to Tennessee where he married Elizabeth 
Baxter. In ls2(l they came to St. Louis, Mo., 
and Later settled in Mills Township, their son, 
William, being flien a lad of eight year.s. He 
was old enough to remember the horseback 
ride over the long distance, which took thi^ee 
months and of the crossing of the stream where 
there were no bi'idges, and over land where 
there was nothing Imt an Indian tr,iil to mark 
the way, there being many Indians in that sec- 
tion. Altluiugh peace had been declared and 
a treaty signed on the previous year, there 
were several murderous attacks made on white 
men. The grandfather built a log hon.se and 
entered land on which both he and wife died, 
the fornuM- in 1S3.'> and the latter in 1S4.5. 
They had the following children : .\bner, who 
died in Wayne county in 1M"!: Mary, who be- 
came the wife of S. .\. Keavis. a prominent 
newspajier man of St. I.ouis at a later date: 
William, who married Xaney H. Flo.vd. She 
was a daughter of .lohn and Elizabeth Floyd, 
natives of Kentucky who came to Bond County 
in 1N2(i. Elizabeth married .lames Hooper. 

Captain Willi.am Harlan w.-is a soldier in the 
Black Hawk war and in those days became 
ac(|uainted with .\braham IJni-oln. .\fterward 
be came to Bond County again and settled u]i 
.about IKM) aeres of lami. In lMi2 he enlisted 
for service in the Civil war, entering Compan.v 
E, i;}Oth Illinois Volunteer Infantry as tirst 
lieutenant, and died February 1."i, isti,'!, at Fort 
Pickering, Meni|ihis, Tenn., from sickness 
caused by eX|Misnre. His body was brought 
home and in Inn.'! the faithful wife w.-is laid 
by his side in the Beaver Creek ceuu'tery. They 
wi're f.ailhrul members of the Cundierland Pres- 
byterian Church. He was a Whig in early days 
and afterward a strong Itepublican. His chil- 
dren were: ,i siai that <lied in infancy: .Iidin B., 
who was a iirominent man in Bond County, 
reared a lamily, one son bj-ing William T.. who 
for eight years was county sn]ierintendent. 
.lohn Harlan live<l on the old home iilace in 
Mills Township. Nellie, wlio was the wife of 
,losc| h .Chilton of Mills Township: Miriam E.. 
who married tirst Henry Drake who was kille<l 
,it Vicksbnrg, and (secomli Thomas A. Smith, 
of Madison. 111., had two sons, Edward and 
Charles: Mamie N,, decea.sed. was the wife of a 
Mt'. Hess: Ceolge Floyd: Ileurv M., who mar- 



712 



BOND COUNTY. 



ried Mrs. .Martha lionuu', ilied in IMl.'i ; .Mar.v, 
who is the widow of John W. Tucker, of JIc- 
Ciine. Kan.s.. ha.s four iliildreu : Sarah 
.Vrniinda, who is the wife of I'. M. Ro.ver, 
lives on the old farm in Jlills Towusliip ; 
Tlioiiias W.. who is a resident of MeCune. Kans., 
married I'aiiline Cosjiin. and tlie.v liave one 
son, Dr. Warren Harlan, St. I.oiiis. Mo. : .Tames 
M„ a former dru2;;ist of Madison, 111., married 
(first) Alice Enslisli, and (second) Addie Eng- 
lish, Pearl Kate heing born to the first union 
and Doctor Harr.v of South Dakota, :uid Doctor 
Lee, of Madison, 111,, where .lames Monroe Har- 
lan died, to the second; married (third) Eliza- 
beth Dicke.v : William S„ of Dudle.vville, 111., 
married ("arrie I'aine. wlio is survived by 
children ; Flo.vd. Ilarlan and Ernest, the latter 
of ISillinns, Mont.; Jesse, who lives in Ilenr.v 
Count.v, 111.; Wesle.v, who lives at Dudleyville: 
-Vlfred M„ wlio lives at Billings, Mont. ; I^lsie. 
who lives at Mcfune. Kans. ; and (Jordon. who 
lives at Dudle.vville : and Flo.vd of Mills Town- 
shiji. 

George Flo.vd Harlan was born in a liewn 
log cabin tliat was considered fine for that 
da.v and attended a subscription school in an 
old fashioned building that liad none of the 
conveniences or comforts of the jiresent. As 
soon a.s old enough he started to help his father 
on the farm and wlien the Civil war broke out 
he was ready to offer his services to liis coun- 
try, coming of jiatriotic ancestry. In August, 
ISiil, he eidisted in Company C, Twent.v-sixth 
Illinois Volunteer Infantry for three years; 
was nuistered in at Cam]) Rutler. Springfield, 
was later .sent to C^uincy. then to H.-umibal. Mo., 
and afterward his regiment reached New Ma- 
drid, Mo. The first fight in which he took part 
was at Island Xo. 1(1, then Corinth, was in the 
siege of Vicksburg, went then to Jackson, Miss,, 
Ills captain, James Dugger, being killed there. 
The regiment was tlien sent to reinforce (Jen- 
eral Thomas at Chattanooga and on Xovemlier 
2.", 1S(;4, he was wounded at Jlissionary Ridge 
in the left arm. He was sent Imnie on ,-i fur- 
lough of sixty ilays and afterward was with his 
regiment at .Xasliville and started on the march 
to the sea tinder General Sherman. When at 
.\tlanta his time of enlistment expired and on 
.Vugust 2."), 1S(i4, he was honorably discharged 
and returned to Bond County where he 
lived until his death July 14, 1914, and was 
one of the county's substantial and valued citi- 
zens. 

On September ^'■'<. isd.". he was imited in mar- 
riage wifli Miss .Mai'y Ellen I'.aldridge, who 
was born in Washington County, near Nash- 
ville, 111., Aiiril 10. 1N47. a daughter of Ira and 
r.,ucinda (King) Baldridge, he a native of Ten- 
nessee and she of Wasliington County, 111. 
She died April .'), 1914, The grandfatlier. 
James Baldridge, was a native of Ire- 
bmd. The father of Mrs. Hardin died in 
1s."i4 in Clinton (^'ounty, and the mother at 
Greenville, In i;)(i2, at tliat time being the wife 
of William Blizz.aril. .\fter marriage (leorge 



F. Ilarlan and wife settled in a little log cabin 
on Section ,'{, Mills Township, the surrounding 
land lieing .vet covered with brusli and tindier, 
and hei'e, for fifty years tliey lived, over- 
coming many difficulties and making a fine 
home. The children liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Har- 
lan have been as follows : three, who died in 
infancy ; Ilattie Jane, wlio died at the age of 
twenty-two years; Miriam .\lice. who is the 
wife of Cliarles Nau. a nativp of .Mills Town- 
ship, and they have four cliildren. Helma, wife 
of Joel Lagaiit, and Minnie, (ieorge and Bessie: 
Charles, who lives in tlie State of Washin,gton; 
T.ucinda and Nancy, twins, the latter the wife 
of James Reynolds of Oklahoma, three children, 
Mary, William and (Gladys, and the former, 
laicinda, for twenty years one of the valued 
educators of Bond County ; (ieorge Meade, wlio 
assists his father; I'laude II.. a carpenter, 
living at Santa .Vnna. Calif., married Sarah 
Riplogle of Iowa : William Monroe, a concrete 
contractor, living at Greenville, who married 
Ilattie Audell ; Gammon; Mary .M.. who is the 
wife of Evin Mills, a farmer in Central Town- 
ship, and they have one child, Martha Edna ; 
and Lois B., who is the wife of I'. W. Ro.ver. 
who is a farmer in Mills Township, and they 
have three children. Hazel. Helen G., and Paul 
Clifton. Mr. Harlan witnessed many changes 
in this section since liis youth and took part 
in much that has resulted in the improvement 
and develoimient. He always worked politi- 
cally with the ReiHiblican party. For sixteen 
.years he served as justice of the peace and for 
eleven years as highway commissioner. He 
was a valued member of Colby Post No. ."iOl, 
<;. A. R.. of (Jreeiiville. F<ir forty-one years 
Mr. Harlan was an elder in (he Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church, while Mrs. Harlan .'ind 
daughters bel<inged to the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

HARNETIAUX, Emile, one of the rcpioscnta- 
tive men of Bond County, a practical and suc- 
cessful farmer and intelligent and law abiding 
citizen, was born in France, July 2s, ls,")ii. a 
son of Louis and Virginia (Cronbaux) Ilarne- 
tiaux. In ls,"7 the family came to the Fiiited 
States and landed at St, Louis, JIo. As a 
friend had settled in Clinton County, 111., they 
made a short visit there, tlien moved to Bond 
Count.v. but in l.S(i4 moved to Belleville, and for 
two years the f;itlier and two sons, Leonard 
and Louis, worked in the co.-il mines. In 1S(!('i 
the family moved ba(l< to Bond County to live, 
having jweviously bought a small tract in Mills 
Township, They lived in a log bouse and the 
father and sons went to farming, and their fir,st 
cro|i of wheat was a good yield and brought .$3 
a bushel in the market. All were industrious 
and no doubt the good father worked too hard, 
first in file mines and later on his fields. He 
was born in 1S2(I and died in 1S7!». In his 
own hand he bad been reared in the Roman 
Catholic faith, .\boiit file y(>ar 1S72 he was 
converted, was liaptized, and united with the 



BOND COUNTY. 



713 



Baptist Church. During the whole of liis life 
as an American citizen he was loyal to the 
land of his adojition and had many noble traits 
of character. To his family he was able to 
leave at death an estate of 210 acres. His 
estinialile widow survived until ISflO, havinj; 
lived to see all her children comfortably settled 
in life and members of the Baptist Church. 
The children were as follows: Leonard, who is 
a retired farmer living at Wisetown. Bond 
County; Louis, who is a retired farmer liviuK 
at Greenville: Virginia, who is the wife of 
.lames Deckeral of Greenville; I'hilomaine. 
who is the widow of a Mr. Wiley, lives in Cali- 
fornia ; Emlle, of Bond County ; Salina, who 
is the wife of Gabe Blacet, a farmer in Mills 
Township ; Leah, wlio is the wife of Fred 
Scheele, a retired farmer of Greenville; Al- 
phonso, who lives on the old homestead in Mills 
Township; Leon, who lives at Wisetown: and 
Melvina, who is the wife of Ernest Sohn, a car- 
penter, of California. 

Emile Ilarnetiaux was but one year old when 
his iiarents brought him to America and he 
commenced to go to school at Belleville, and 
after the family moved back to Bond County 
he attended the district schools in Mills Town- 
ship, lie remained at home and worked for his 
father until he was twenty-two years of age. 
.\fter his marriage he and wife began house- 
kee|iing on a part of the old home farm and 
remained until Iss.". when he rented land in 
Clinton County for three .years and tlien le- 
turned to Mills Township, renting land for one 
.year and in IS'.Mi taking under rental what was 
known as the old Badoux Farm situated on 
Section 2.S, Mills Townshi]i. For several yeai's 
he ojierated that farm and then bought 1<1() 
acres to which lie has added luitil he now h.-is 
in that place 2-10 acres, M his marriage with 
a cash capital of iflTO he started out, paying 
.$1.50 for his team. He has so wisely managed 
Ills affairs that prosperity has ever attended 
him and he is numbered with the substantial 
men of this section. For fourteen years he 
ran a threshing machine and alwa.vs has given 
attention to his stock interests, lieing very I'nr- 
ticular as to the grade of his liorses, cattle, 
slieeii and hogs and for some years has been en- 
gaged somewhat extensivel.v in buying and 
shipjiing stock. In addition to his 240 acres in 
Mills 'I'ownship he owns 2S0 acres in Clinton 
Count.v, all his farms being under ,i tine state 
of cultivation. 

On .March 1.'!, 1N7^, he was ni.-irried to Miss 
Mary (Jodell, who was born in Clinton County. 
111., in Is.V.l, a daughter of (Jeorge (lodell. To 
Mr. and Mrs. Ilarnetiaux the following chil- 
dren were born : Emile. who is a farmer in 
Mills Township, married Louise Barndt ; Vir- 
ginia, who is the wife of Emil I'tlaub. of Wise- 
town and they have one child. Harold; Salina, 
wlio is the wife of Charles Chiderson, a f.irmer 
in Mills Township, and they have live daugli- 
ters, Fredia, Mildred, Ethel. Ordella and Doro- 



thy; .Mary, who is the wife of Kev, E, H. Zip- 
prodt, of the B.iptist Church, and they have a 
daughter and .son, .Xadine and Edwin E, ; Mel- 
vina, who is the wife of B. W. Ba.ss, of Wise- 
town, and they liave three sons, Laverne, Ger- 
ald and Benton; .Vugust. who lives at home; 
Lulu, who is the wife of (ieorge Easier, of Wise- 
town : Clarence, who lives at home; Archie, 
who died at the age of thirteen years, was al- 
ready an unusual vocalist; Marvin, Willis and 
Olen, all of whom assist at home; and a babe 
that died. .\ll the children have lieen given 
educational advantages and the family is un- 
usually intelligent and interesting: for seven- 
teen years Mr. Ilarnetiaux .served as school di- 
rector and in politics has always been a Re- 
imblican. For five years he served as high- 
way commissioner and four times was elected 
as supervisor of .Mills Township, during one 
year of the eight being chairMiaii of the iioard. 
In the spring of V.ns he was a|ipointed by the 
county .iudge a member of the board of review 
and has the credit of discovering more lost 
tax li.sts than any member of the commission 
since tlie Iward of review was created. With 
his wife and daughters he belongs to the Bap- 
tist Church and is a lilieral contributor to relig- 
ious and charitable enterprises, 

HINES, George E. Experiences of dillVrpnt 
men seem to teach that it is more profitable 
to concentrate energy and endeavor ahuig one 
line, rather than to waste endeavor in futile 
attemiits to better existing conditions. George 
E. Hines, of Greenville, proprietor of the Iliues 
Printing Company, of that city, is one of the 
men who has been engaged in the same line 
sinci> liis initial entry into the business world, 
lie was born at Greenville, Feliruary If), 187S, 
a son of William and Sarah Hines," After at- 
tending tlie public schools of his native place 
until fifteen .years old, he entered upon an ap- 
prenticeship to the printing trade, and after 
completing it, worked as a journeyman iirinter 
in various cities, until the fiill of IflOO when 
he returned to Greenville and became an em- 
jiloye of the Greenville Advocate, In .Vugust, 
HI09. he left this .iournni to become the owner 
of tlu" |ilant which had lieen operated as the 
I'log I'rinting Company, which be has since 
conducted as the Hines Printing Company. In 
.Tanuary, 1014, he. with C. O. Drayton, organ- 
ized the .iournal known as the Farmer.s' Equity 
Exchange, which tlie partners are now issuing. 

In lilOl, Mr. nines married Miss Mable E, 
Hickman, second daughter of G, W. and Sarah 
Ilickm:in. of (Ireenville. Mr. Hines served as 
first lieutenant in flu> Illinois Xafituial Guard. 
He belongs to the .Masonic <ir(lcr and the order 
of Odd Fellows, as well as several other fra- 
ternal organizations, and en.lo.vs his connections 
with them, .\ man of progress he has borne his 
part in the development of Greenville since at- 
taining to mature years, and is in the best 
sense of the word, a true .American citizen. 



714 



BOND COUNTY. 



HOILES, Charles Douglas, who, for over forty- 
five years h;is Ijeen in tlie liaukins business at 
Greenville, 111., is one of Bond County's hon- 
ored and representative men. He was liorn 
December 1. 1S44. in wbat was then the little 
village of Greenville and here bis life has been 
nsefully passed and as he nears his seventieth 
liirthday he realizes that be is one of a popula- 
tion of 4,000 people, and that with this growth 
and development lie has been, through his judg- 
ment and business ability, largely identified. 
He has lent his influence to all substantial 
movements that have served to make Green- 
ville a desirable business point as well as a 
choice place of residence, and has supported 
measures which have brought capital to be in- 
vested here. His jiarents were Charles and 
Elizabeth (Morse) Holies, and his grand-par- 
ents were Charles and Martha Holies. Grand- 
father Hoiles died in his .son's infancy and his 
widow, Martha, subsequently married Robert 
Hilton. 

Charles Hoiles, son of Charles and father of 
Charles Douglas Hoiles, was born at Burling- 
ton, X. J., March 28, ISIO. Perhaps about 1S37 
he left Xew Jersey and went to Ohio, locating 
at Salem, where he remained long enough to 
learn the tailor's trade, in 1840 coming to the 
village of Greenville. Here he worked for two 
years at his trade and then embarked in a 
mercantile business in which enterprise he was 
iiuite successful and was ranked with the lead- 
ing business men of the county, this substantial 
reputation iieing furthered when, in 18(;0, he 
went into the banking business, which he con- 
tinued until his retirement in ISSI. This bank, 
for many .\ears known under the style of Hoiles 
and Sons, has continued as a business ever 
since, a slight change of name resulting from 
the death of members of the firm but the name 
of Hoiles, like the Hoiles capital, never being 
eliminated. Charles Hoiles belonged to that 
stirring group of men who helped to make state 
history, served as a member of the State As- 
sembly, on the Democratic ticket and assisted, 
by his vote, the election of his friend, Stephen 
A. Douglas, to the I'nited States Senate. While 
in the Legislature he represented both Bond and 
Clinton counties and carefully looked after their 
interests. His death occurred May 14, 18s4. and 
its manner caused great grief to bis wide circle 
of friends. While awaiting a railroad train, in 
company with his wife, at the union station. 
St. Louis, the summons came and he passed 
away. Charles Hoiles was united in marriage, 
November 24, 1842, to Miss Elizabeth Morse, 
who was born in what is now the city of Lowell, 
Mass., in 1812, a daughter of Stephen and Susan 
(Barker) Morse. Thoy were natives of New 
Hampshire. Stephen Morse died in Massa- 
chusetts, but Susa)i came to Illinois with her 
sons and daughters and died in Greenville, 
111., in ^sr,•2. To Charles and Elizabeth Hoiles 
five children were born, three of whom died 
in infancy, two sons surviving to become use- 
ful members of society: Charles Douglas and 



Stephen. The latter was born April 18. 1852. 
and was associated with his father and brother 
in the banking business until his death, in Janu- 
ary, 1901. 

Charles Douglas Hoiles attended both pulilic 
and private schools at Greenrtlle and subse- 
quently spent two years in Mount Union College, 
at Mount Union, Ohio, and on his return became 
a clerk in his father's store, going from there 
to Edwardsville, where he engaged in the study 
of law until 18G9. In the meantime his father 
had gone into the lianking business and took 
his two sons as his partners, under the name 
of Hoiles and Sons, the name continuing until 
the incorporation in ]s9."i, under the state bank- 
ing laws, becoming the State Bank of Hoiles 
and Sons, the present officials being: Charles I). 
Hoiles, president ; C. E. Hoiles, vice president : 
J. M. Daniels, vice president: Guy B. Hoiles, 
cashier ; and Lee Wait, assistant cashier. This 
bank, established in / 18(i9, is now considered 
one of the strongest institutions of the state, 
its present capital being $1(K\000, surplus .$3(1,- 
000, I)uring this long period of banking expe- 
rience, covering many panics in the business 
world, Mr. Hoiles has never lost the confidence 
of the community and his depositors, directors 
and stockholders have approved of his careful, 
conservative polic.v. 

On January 7, 18G7, Mr. Hoiles was married 
to Miss Saraii F. Weir, a daughter of Dr. John 
Weir, of Edwardsville. Mrs. Hoiles died June 
30, 1874, survived by a daughter and a son, 
the former, lone H., being a widow residing 
with her father; and the latter, Charles, who is 
a resident of San Diego, Cal, Mr. Hoiles' sec- 
ond marriage was to Miss Juliette W. White, 
born in Xorth Carolina, who accompanied her 
parents in childhood to Bond County. Her 
father, John B. White, established Almira Col- 
lege and was one of the leading educators of 
this section. To this marriage two children 
were born: Guy B.. at Greenville, September 
10, 1877, who is cashier and stockholder in the 
above named banking business, and he is a 
member of the Executive Council of the Illinois 
Banking Association and is regarded as a young 
man with exceptional banking ability. Guy B. 
Hoiles was married in Isilil to Alice Baum- 
berger. a daughter of John Baumberger. and 
they have childi'en : Elizabeth. Juliette, Vir- 
ginia, Charles, and Douglas, Ji'. Anna H., the 
second child, was born October 20, ISSl, and 
is the wife of Dr. A. M. Keith, mayor of Green- 
ville and a prominent citizen and physician. 
They have one son, Allan H. Keith. Charles 
D. Hoiles has always been a strong Democrat 
and has many times been honored by his party. 
He was a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- 
eral Assembly in 1872, the first .session after the 
adoption of the new constitution in 1870 : four 
times has served Greenville as ma.vor, and was 
a member for eight years of the Democratic 
State Central Committee, and several times has 
been a delegate to the Democratic Xational 
Convention. 



1i 



BOND COUNTY. 



715 



HOILES, Clarence Eugene. Tn ii;iinins the 
ivin'osi'iitMtive iiii'ii (if any comiiiniiity. tlio rp- 
vit'wer invariably tiiids anioiif; tluMii one wlio 
from the very start nl" Iiis can'cr exliiliilcil 
traits that iirophesieil liis iiltiinato smccss. Sucli 
has been the case witli ClareiK-e KiiKeno Iloilos, 
of the late law firm of Fritz & lloiles, at Green- 
ville, 111., and vice jiresideut of the State Bank 
of Holies & Son. which was fonnded by his 
srandfather. Charles lloiles. A[r. Holies was 
born August 17, 187.5. in Greenville. 111., anil is a 
.son of Stephen Mor.se and Wilmn (''. (.Stontzen- 
berg) Holies, natives of Greenville and Madi- 
son County, 111., respectively. 

Stephen Morse lloiles was the second son of 
Charles Holies, who came to Illinois in 1S3S, 
and from 1S72 until the time of his death he 
was a member of the banking house of lloiles 
& Sons, becoming one of the substantial men 
of this community and having large landed in- 
terests. He was a Democrat in politics. Ills 
death occurred .lanuary 3, 1001, and that of 
his wife April 22. 1902. 

Clarence Kugene Holies was graduated May 
29. is'.il. at the age of fifteen yeais from the 
Kreenvllle public schools, and later he com- 
pleted the business coiu'se nt (ireenville Col- 
lege. He studied law with tlie firm of Xorth- 
cott & Fritz from ls'.l4 until IMIC. in .\ugust of 
which year he was admitted to the bar. being 
then just twenty-one years of age. In the fol- 
lowing fall he was taken into the firm as a 
partner, the style continuing X'ortheott, Fritz & 
Holies until June, ].s!»!l. when the senior jiart- 
ner retired from active imrsuits. and the othce 
was then continued under the style of Fritz & 
Hoiles, doing a general law and iil)stract busi- 
ness and conducting an extensive farm loan 
department. Jlr. Fritz's death occurred .\pril 
19, 1911. since which time the Imsiness has been 
conducted solely by Mr. Hoiles. In additit)n to 
being the vice iiresldent of the banking institu- 
tion already referred to. Mr. Hoiles owns con- 
siderable farm and town property, and is looked 
upon as one of the most substantial of the 
.vouuger generation of business men in this sec- 
tion of the county. His politics are those of 
the Democratic party, while he is fr.iternally 
connected with the Masons. Knights of I'ythiMs. 
Woodmen of the World, and the Modern Wood- 
men of .\merica. He and Mrs. Hoiles attend the 
Episcojial Church. 

On October 20, 1S97, at Greenville, III., Mr. 
Holies was married to Lena Kthel Moss, daugh- 
ter of James H. and Elizabeth C. (Jay) Moss. 
.Tames II. Moss was born February 11, IS.T!, 
on a farm near Edwardsville, III., and was one 
of the sturdy old phineers of Bond County, 
coming here early in the fifties, and dying in 
the same county June 17, 190(). in the faitli of 
the .Methodist Church. His widow, who w:is 
born near Shelbyville. still survives. .Mr. and 
Mrs. Hoiles have had three children, viz. : 
one daughter. Dorothy Eizabeth. born March 
_24. 1904. who died ftclolier 2.3. 190s ; and two 



sons, James Moss. January (5. 1911. and Clar- 
ence Eugene (Jr. 1. .November 13, 1912. 

HOILES, Guy Brown, cashier of the State 
r.ank of lloiles Sons at (ireenville, is one of 
the progressive yotnig business men of that 
place, and one who st.-inds very high in public 
esteem. He was born at (Jreenville, Bond 
tJtmnty. 111.. September 10. is77. a son of Charles 
D. aiKl Juliette P. (White) Hoile.s. The plaee 
of his birth was an estate which has been in the 
Hoiles family lor nearly fifty years. The p.iter- 
nal uirandniiithci' of (iuy Brown Hoiles was born 
in Massachusetts, and w.is a cousin of inventor 
Morse. The maternal grandfather. Itev. John 
B. White, was born iu .\'ew Hampshire, and 
was a graduate of Brown Cniversity. being at 
that institution when it was under the charge 
of Dr. Francis W.iyland. In 1,S.")(;. Mr. White 
moved from N<u-th Carolina to Illinois, and was 
president of .\lmira College, an institution for 
young women located at fJreenville. for twenty 
years. During the Civil War. he served as a 
i-haiilain in the Cnion army. Charles D. Hoiles. 
a sketch of whose family appears elsewhere in 
this work, is president of th(> State Bank of 
Hoiles Srms. 

• iuy Brown Hoiles was graduated with honors 
from the Greenville public schools in 1S93. fol- 
lowing which he attended Morg.in Park Acad- 
einy. then alfili.-ited with the Chicago University. 
.Vfter leaving high school. Mi-. Hoiles sjient his 
vacations assisting in tlH> bank. ;\nd when seven- 
teen years old. he entered upon regular work 
there and has continued his connections with 
the hank ever since. Diu-ing that period, the 
bank's capitalization has been increased from 
•fi.i.OOO to .$1.30.000, and its deposits from 
.'<12.5.00(t to .+i;.W.OOO. Mr. Hoiles has had flat- 
tering offers of liaifi;ing positions in larger 
cities, but has iireferred to remain with the 
institution cst.-ililished by his father, and to 
maintain its prestige and broaden its infiuence 
and usefulness. 

.Mr. Hoiles has been secretary of the public 
library since its organization in 1,S9(!, and for 
one term was president of th(> school board and 
is now in his second term as a member of that 
board. He is chairman of Gnmp 9 of the Illi- 
nois Bankers' .Vssociation — 1913; is .-i member 
of the executive c(unniittee of the Illinois Bank- 
ers' .Vssociation. and chairm.-in of the Bond 
County Soil Improvement .Vssociation. Since 

1912. he has 1 n .-i Mason. The Baiitist Church 

holds his membership and profits by his services 
as ti-easurer and trustee. .V Deniocr.it in po- 
litical belief, he has decided view's on nationaT 
and political issues, .and strong preferences foi- 
nien and measures, but his efforts have been 
more active toward the advancement of local 
interests. 

The marriage of Mr. Holies occurred at Chi- 
c.igo. March 29. 1S99. to Miss .Mice Baumberger. 
born at Greenville, October 11. 1.S79. a d.iughter 
of John and Louise Baumberger. natives of 
Lon;.'enth:il .-nid Tlium, Switzerland, respective- 



716 



IJOXU COUNTY. 



ly. Mr. and Mrs. Hoik's luivt- luid the fDllmv- 
ing children ; Eliy.iilietli lionise, who was l)oiii 
N'oveinl>er li'.i. KMH : Juliette White, wlio was 
born Septeniher ITi, l!Mi;! : Alice Viriiinia. who 
was born January 2. Ifid": .and t'harles Douglas. 
who was born April 12. llilu. 

HOLLIDAY, Cliarles E., a representative busi- 
ness man of Sorento. a member of the village 
board and a publie spirited citizen, was born on 
a farm in Walshville Townshij). Montgonier.v 
Couut.v. 111.. March 2(1. ]S(11. in a log cabin erect- 
ed b.v an earl.v iiioneer of that count.v. His 
parents were Daviil 1!. and Sina ( Finle.v ) Hol- 
liday, and a grandson of Elliott HoUiday. Elliot 
Holliday was a very early jiioneer in Mont- 
gomery Count.v and became a prominent and 
influential man there and one of the early sup- 
porters of the Presliyterian C'hurcb. His son. 
David IJ. Holliday. was born in Jlontgomery 
County. September S, 1S2.", and died November 
13, ISD'.l. In his native county he married 8iu;i 
Finley. who was l)oru near Nashville, Tenu.. a 
daughter of I!ev. Joseph Finley, a pioneer min- 
ister in the Presbyterian Church. David It. 
Holliday remained on his father's farm until 
after tlie death of his wife. September 23. IssO. 
She was tbe second wife, the first having been 
Augeline Barlow and to that marriage was born 
a son. John William, now of Litchfield. 111. 
To his second marriage two children were born: 
Charles E. and I'ha-be Ellen. She was tbe wife 
of James Sutton, of New Douglas. Montgomery 
County, and left two children, Italpli and Hazel 
Sutton, the latter of whom kee|is house for 
her father. David K. Ht>lliday helped to build 
the I'resbyterian Church which is still in use 
at Walshville. By trade he was a carpenter 
and gave his work to help the ihurch in which 
for many years he was an elder .md one of 
the tru.stees and also was Sunday-schix)l su)icr- 
intendent. He was a great admirer of Abrah:im 
Lincoln and a firm believer in the jirinciples of 
the Itepublican party. No finer man ever lived 
in his section of the state. 

Charles E. Holliday learned the lilastering. 
decorating and carpenter trades with his fathei-. 
beginning to work when sixteen years of age. 
after his school days were over, continuing to 
live on the farm. On April IT. Isss. he was 
united in marriage with Miss Clara E. Chap- 
man, who was a native of Walshville. born 
February Hi. ls74, a daughter of John A. and 
Amanda' (Harlow) Cha|)man. Mrs. Chapman 
was born in Montgomery County and died Sep- 
tember 22, lIltMI. He was born in Tennessee 
and now resides with a daughter, Mrs. James 
n. Criffith. at Sorento. 

After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Holliday lived 
on the old Holliilay farm, the father residing 
with them until his death. For thirteen years 
Mr. Holliday operated tl\e farm and also fol- 
lowed his trades l>ut finally realizing that he 
and his wife could t.ike life easier, sold the 
farm in lilOl and came to S(uento and boughl 
a home in the northwestern part. Since coming 



here he has continued to work as a plasterer 
and decorator, and is entruste<l witli many fine 
.iobs as his skill is known. Mr. and Mrs. Holli- 
da.v have had four ibildren ; one who died in 
infancy; (Jthniar, who died ^vllen aged six 
years and was buried in the Mt. Pleasant Cem- 
etery, and Wyona and Olin McKinley. both sur- 
viving. Wyon.-i was born August 3(1, ls!»l, and 
as she developed great musical talent, was given 
a nuisical education. On June I'.i. IIUI, she 
was married to Kendall Fink, a IcM-omotive 
engineer formerly a resident of Stewardson. 111. 
After moving to Spokane, Wash., he was an 
engineer there for one year and then went with 
the o. W. R. & No. liailroad. and is .stationed 
at Teko.i, AVash. 

Olin McKinley Holliday was born November 
1. ]S!l."i. and was educated in the Sorento 
schools. On April 21), lllll. he left home for 
Waterloo. Iowa, and worked there in an auto- 
mobile factory until the following Jidy. when 
he went to Ce<lar Itapids and in that city on 
July 24, ion. he enlisted in the T'. S. Navy. 
He was sent to the Naval Training School at 
Chicago for four months and then, with his 
comiiany. proceeded to San Francisco and be- 
came part of the naval equipment of the great 
war vessel, the Maryland. He is in the .gun- 
nery scpnid and has become such an expert 
that he won the tro|>hy at Santiago In target 
liractice. making the W(jnderful record of hitting 
the target eight times in eight shots. By his 
skill he thus won .$2(1 in gold and an additional 
■Ss in every month's jiay for one year. He has 
been with his vessel every since he boarded her 
at San Francisco and is very proud of her. It 
was on the Maryland that Secretary Knox 
went on the voyage to attend the obsequies of 
the late Mikado of Japan. Had it been brought 
to his attenion no public man would have more 
highly comiilimented Gunner Holliday than he. 
for he would have known that no young man 
could have so excelled without being of the 
best ty|ie that American homes give to the 
comitr.v. 

In politics Mr. Holliday has always been a 
Uepifiilican and is a solid, substantial man tak- 
ing a hearty interest in all that means progress 
and good government. The family belongs to 
the Presliyterian Church. 

HUBBARD, Henry Arthur, one of thr promi- 
nent men of (ireenville. III., and a mendier of 
a family of nulitary distinction, was born in 
Pleasant Mound Township, Bond County. 111.. 
April -I. IS-'m. His parents were Thomas S. and 
Ann Eliza (Saunders) Hubbard. Mr. Hubbard 
conies of Pevolutionary stock, his great-gnind- 
father, Peter llidib;ird. enlisting from the State 
of North Carolina and surviving to accoiuiiany 
the fanuly to Bond County, HI., dying in ex- 
treme old age and is one of the few Itevolu- 
tionary soldiers who had burial here. In the 
llubbanl f.indly Peter was a favorite name 
and for five generations each had a Peter in the 
records. Peter Hubbard, son of Peter, was the 



1 



r.oxi) corxTV. 



717 



graiidfatlioi- of Ilcnvy Arthur Iluliliard. He 
was liorn in North ('arnlina and from that stato 
enlisteil tor service in the War of 1^12. He 
married Martlia (Jillani. slie hearin;; a Nortli 
Carolina name still fonnd in many seitlons of 
tile <Hd \orth State. 

In 1S17 I'eter Iluliliard started I'or the new 
country of the Illini or Illinois, hrinuins; with 
liim his family, makinjr the trip over a iiathless 
wilderness, ridin;; on horsehai'k ahead of the 
wa;rons in order to lay their course. Throiiiih 
what dangers and ditiicnlties the ])ioiieers passed 
can only lie s\irmise<l and it is remarUahle thai 
they finally reached (heir destination. On ac 
count of the tinfrieiidly attitude of the Indians 
they often, after settU'iaent. had to hasten to ;i 
fort for i)rotectiiiii. the site of which was the 
present one of Keyesport. Peter Ilnhhard was 
a natural meclv.-inie and fortunate it was when 
the jiioneer head of the house could handily 
turn his skill to account in any direction. lie 
linally entered It'O acres of laud and in the 
course of time became a Iarj;e owner i>f land in 
this count.v. Mainly on account of the evils of 
slavery he had left his native state, and after' 
the formation of the Uepulilican party united 
with it as it was founded on the ]irinci]iles in 
wliich he believed. His death occurred in iscs 
and liis burial was on Thank.sfrivlni; Day of 
that year ou his old home farm on whiih he 
had settled in 1S17, and with his are nungled 
the a.shes of his wife and those of three of his 
sons. 

Thomas Sidne.v Ilubbaril. son of I'eter and 
father of Henry Arthur Ilublianl. was lioru In 
Madison County. 111., ls1."i. and was brou^'ht 
to Bond County when two years old and was 
reared ou his father's farm in Central Town- 
ship. In boyhood he attended the suiiscription 
schools in the iieijiliborhood and later took a 
course In the .Ia<-ksonville schools. altlioUi;h it 
entailed, for two years, a daily walk of many 
miles to and from that city. He liecame well 
educated an<l after his marriaijc. freipieiitl.N 
tau};ht sessions in the local schools In his ills 
trict. His home throuuhout life was on the 
old family jilace. He married Ann Kli/.a S.aun 
ders in February, lS-};{, who accompanied her 
peo|ile from Virjiiuia, Penn., to Central Town- 
shi)!. Hond County, III. She was born in 1M!1 
and died In Pond County In ls07. In 1N!l.'! 
.Air. and Mrs. Hubli;ird celebrated their Coldeii 
Weddliii; and it uas ,-iu occasion that will lorn; 
be rememliered. Tliey had a family conslstiuLi 
of three daughters and live sous. Lewis Saun 
ders llubb.ird was a soldier in the Civil War. 
a niendier of Company E. Tliird Illinois Cavalr.x. 
eidlstiuf; in ISIU and at the close of the war 
was honorably discharged and returned home. 
He married Frances Se.iman, and a son. Farl S.. 
survives, being a resident of Mlssissljipi. ICm- 
ma V. died iu Itond County. .Tullan Sidne.v. 
educMted at .lacksonville College, is a resldeni 
of Hutchinson. Kans. He marrlecl K. II. .\dams 
and they have five datighters and one son. 
Harriet I.avenia marrleil .1. F. .McDowell, of 



Chicago, and they have one sou, Lawrence. 
Henry Arthur was the next in order of birth, 
(leorge C. is a business man of Ida Orove. Iowa. 
He married Ida Colcord of Pond County and 
they have two children. Homer and Ethel. 
.\lfred Clayton still lives on file old home place 
In Pleasant .Monnil Township, married Nettie 
Hi|iburn and they had three children, Rosa, 
Carroll and Melvln. .Mary .Tulla. who umrried 
Ell Armstrong of Ceiitralia. III., a hardware 
merchant, and tlie,v have one daughter, .Maude. 

For many years Thomas Sidney Hulibard was 
count.v supervisor and highwa.v couMulssloner. 
always being an active factor in politics and 
loyal to the Itepublic-in part.v. Ifoth he and 
wife were members of the Congregational 
Church. When if was proposed to build the 
first Congregational church here. (Jraiullafber 
.Saunders was much Interested as a member and 
made a trip to the East to solicit funds for 
this worth.v imriiose and thus the societ.v was 
able to erect the (ireen\ille church edifice in 
Is;!!)-1N4.'!. Puilding operations were startecl 
after (Jr.-indf'.-ilber Saunders h.-id completed his 
trip, the whole ilist.-ince ou foot, and the cliurch 
was dedicated in .Tanuary, 1S4.'!. For sixty 
years it occuiiied the site of the |iresent lilirary 
building. 

Henry .\rthui- llulibaid was reared In Pleas- 
ant Mound Townslii]) and attended the district 
schools in boyhood at Hall's Crove. He early 
learned the practical duties of a farmer boy 
and at tlie age of eleven years, on account of 
his older brother becoming a soldier, had to 
assume many responsibilities. He remained at 
home until he was twenty-two ye.ars of age. 
and then, with his brother Sidney, took ch.arge 
of :iL'l) acres wliich tliey o]ierated together until 
ISMi when Sidney sold his interest, Mr. Hub- 
bard continuing until issii. when he moved to 
(;i-eenville. For two years he was connected 
with the h;ir<lware store of .T. Seaman and then 
sold his interest iu that business and bought 
.1 meat ni.-irket wlibh he carried on with satis- 
factory residfs. He now Is interested In farm- 
ing and in the handling of hay and during the 
season operates a ha.v lialer. 

Mr. Hubbard married Miss Lillian Marie 
Ilofmeister, who was born at St. Louis, Mo.. 
.Inly L'l, 1S.")!I, n daughter of Caspar C. and 
Martha P.. ((!ee) llol'meister. The moflu'r w.as 
born on a farm In lOrie County. Ohio. In 1S44 
the family mov<'d to St. Louis and the mother 
<if Mrs. liubliard makes her home with her son- 
ln-l;iw. The father lived In St. Louis ami there 
die(l in IsCd. Mrs. Hubbard is the only sur- 
vivor of ,-1 family of two sons and two daugh- 
ters. Mr. and Mrs. lliibli;ird have had two 
children: Leroy Ilofmeister. who was born 
.VugusI 7. iss;!. died .Ianuar.\ IJl. I'.iiis: ;ind 
Henry .\rthur. who w.-is born .lime PI. IN'.KI. 
lives at home. In politics .Mr. Ilubliard has al- 
ways been ,-1 y.c.-ilous Uepubllcan and lias fre- 
(pieutl.v served In publii' <'apaiitl(>s. On three 
occ.-isions be has lieiai elected a member of the 
ilrceiiville ('Ifv ('ouiicil. Inis also served as 



718 



BOND COUNTY. 



i-olU'i-tor. iind in lOll was oU'ctoil supervisor 
trom tViitral Towiisliip. with an assistant from 
tlie townsliip and in T.)i:! was elcctcrt aiiain and 
1(.v II nnnh larsicr majority, lie lias also bcon 
a monilior of tlic poor larni hoard and has 
liiHMi <-li;iirnian of important <'omniittei's rela- 
tive to the i-ounty luiildini: and grounds and 
nuich credit is due liini for his e.xoellent man- 
asoment wherehy tine improvements have heen 
made there with the least possilile expenditure. 
While not a memher ot any ehnreh he is lilieral 
to all denonunations and is ever ready to fur- 
ther the wishes of ilrs. lluhltard, who is aetive 
in the work of the I'resliyterian Chnreh. and a 
teacher in the Sunday school. Itoth .Mr. and 
Mrs. Ilulihard are social in their temperaments 
and l>oth enjoy their membership in the Court 
of Honor. 

HUBBARD, William H. One of tlu- inoniinciit 
public officials of Bond County. 111., is William 
H. Ihdibard. who is cajialily tilling the ollice of 
State's .\ttorney. and who was for uumy years 
eniiaized in newsjiaper work. Mr. Hubbard was 
born .lone -'.>. is^il. at Carlisle. >.'. Y.. son of 
William 11. and Kva V. (Wellsi Hubbard. The 
father was born in Canandai.i;ua. t)ntario Cimn- 
ty. X. Y.. and the mother in Hopewell, in the 
same county. He followed various occupations. 
Iteiii^ at different tiuu>s a farmer, a travelini; 
aj;ent. and airent for C. C. Uradley & Sons, 
ilealers in a^'ricnlttiral implements, and owned 
considerable farmiiii: property in different jiarts 
of the co\nitry. He came to South Evanston. 
HI., in iss.-i. and died in I'.Kio. in Wis<onsin. 
his wife passing away in I'.Mi.'p, in Kin;;man. 
K.'ins. 

William 11. Hubbard attended school at 
I'helps. X. Y.. until the aiie of eighteen years, 
and then went to Syrainse. the s:ime state, 
where he studied until INTO, sivin;: special at- 
tention to the study of law. He first tMn;aired 
iu lU'.ictice a( Syracuse, but subseipiently went 
to Mii-liiiran. and from 1>>7." until IMH acted 
in the capacity of Slate's .\ttorncy there. In 
the latter year he returned to Syracuse, where 
he eiiijau'ed iu practice until fssil. in which 
year he went to Centerville. Mich., and pur- 
chased a newsiiaper which he eoniiucted for 
one year. From there he romoveil to Carbon- 
dale. 111., where he piililishi'd the Jackson Coun- 
ty Kepul'li'an. which in is'.rj he merged with 
the l!e|iublican Free I'ress. and conduited this 
until the fall of 1S".)7. when on acco\nit of jwor 
healtli he went to Seattle. Wash. In .laiuiary. 
liMM. he came to (ireenville. 111., and eiitraspd 
in a law practice, .and in 1!H)n was elected 
State's .\ttorney. havim; previously served for 
some time as justice of the peace. His politics 
are those of the Kepnblican party, and he is 
fraternally coiniected with the Masons ami is a 
Kiiiuht Templar. lie is a member of the Pres- 
byterian Church. 

In istis. Mr. Ilnbb.ird w.is married to Imo- 
iiene Ide. damihter of Darius and .Mary ( Col- 
biirni Ide. the former of wlmm died about 



ISd.' at I'helps. X. Y.. and the latter in Syra- 
cu.se. that state, in 1!t(M. .Mrs. Hublmrd passed 
away Au;;ust 1. 1><SS. havin>: been the mother 
of two children: .Mrs. I'raidc E. Watson, and 
C. E. Hubbard, of Seattle. Wash. 

HUFFMANN, John. Tlicic are still a number 
of the honored veterans of the Civil War left 
on whom the nytion can lavish its appreciation 
of their bravery and heroic jiatriotisni iu facing 
the enemy that the T'nion be preserved. One 
who is well known throuirhout liond County is 
.lohn Huffmann, born .\i)ril Ki. 1S4.'!. in High- 
land. 111. He is a son of .Tacob and Katherine 
iSladle) Hutfuumn. bofh born in Switzerland, 
the former in isii:'. and the latter in IM'L'. The 
father was educated in his native land, where 
he married. He came to lliijhland. til., upon 
arrival in .\merica. anil there he worked at 
the carpenter trade, which he had learned in 
Switzerland. Eater he inove<l to Pocahontas, 
where he was a millwright. He was a Presby- 
terian in religious faith. 

.lohn llnffniann was eduiated in the school 
at lliiihland. .uid worked under his father at 
the carpenter trade, tintil his eidistment in the 
army. .Tune 17, IMIl. in Company B. Fifteenth 
Jlissouri \'olnnteer Infantry, at St. .Joseph. Mo. 
He was nnistered into the .service at St. IvOuis, 
one of (Jen. Freeman's ImmIv .guard. After a 
long and honorable service, he was discharged 
in IsiTi. and returned to his old home in High- 
land, which he had left ]uior to his enlistment. 

In Issi:. Mr. HufTmaiHi married Catherine 
Wilde, born in Bond County. Hecember 2S. 1S42. 
a daughter of Christ Wilde, of .Switzerland anil 
his wife .Marguette Spitz. For a year after his 
marriage Mr. Hnffmami farmed, then went to 
.\rkansas County. .Vrk.. and farmeil for some 
years. Mr. and Jlrs. Iluft'maini have had four 
children, namely: Mary. Katie. Ferdinand and 
Itosie. Mr. llutfm.iiui is a man widely known 
and deefily respected, for his many excellent 
traits of character. Notwithstandimr the fact 
that he served as a soldier, he has worked hard, 
and invested well the nionej- he earned. It is 
such men as he that are the solid, conservative 
ilemeiit in any connnunity in which they reside. 

HUNTER, Marshall (deceased). Tlic life of a 
good man and the memory of his kindly deeds 
are. in themselves, his true biography. The 
citizens of P.ond Comity need no introduction to 
the name of .M.irshall Hunter, whose death oe- 
i-urred February •J7. I!l1i!. for through a long 
and useful life he so performed the duties of 
citizenship and manhood that he won the uni- 
versal love and esteem of all with whom he 
came into contact. .Mr. Hunter was born on 
Section 24, Old Kipley Township. Bond County. 
111.. March 1. IM'O, "the oldest sou of .loseph 
and Elizabeth (.Mabeni Hunter. 

The Hunter family is an old and honored one, 
originating in this country in John Hunter, 
who was born in Ireland in 1747, the son of 
Thomas Iliniter. a wealthy landholder of Erin. 



1 



BOND COUNTY. 



719 



.Tiihii Hunter fiilistfil in tlic I'.ritisli army and 
rami' to Amcrit-a in ITTii. hnt at llic first (iii- 
liDrtunity left tlie ranlis and made liis way tii 
Nortli Carolina. There he married Elizal)eth 
.Malien. and they liecame the iiarents of seven 
iliildren : Thomas, who married Peggy Mahen. 
and had the following children. Nelson, who 
married .Tinsey (irigg. .Tolin. who married (first) 
Xancy .Tay and (second) .lane Smitli ; William, 
who marrie<l Xancy Gillesiiie; .Tames, who mar- 
ried Mary (irigg: Sanmel. who maiTle<l .Mar.v 
Smith: Nellie, who niarrie<l .Tamos (!illesi)ie: 
I'olly. who married William Grigg. and second 
William Skelton : Peggy, who married Aaron 
(Jower; lietsey. .Tane and .Toseph. .Tames ITun- 
ter, the second .son of .Tohn Hunter, married 
Isahella Mc.Vdow. daughter of Rev. Samuel 
Mc.Vdow. one of the founders of the fumlier- 
land Preshyterian Cluirch. Of his sev^'u chil- 
ilren. Susan married I^arkin .la<kson. and is 
living with her son A. H. .Tacl<son. of Renn : 
William married Harriet Kdwards. and is liv- 
ing with his son. the Rev. Allison Hunter, 
northwest of Greenville; David F.. who married 
Isalielle Plant, residing in Colorado; Samuel 
M.. who married Mary Ann McAdow ; Martha 
Ann, married .Toseph Camel ; Trolly, who mar- 
ried Ilavid McAdow; Betsey, who married 
Sanniel (Jower. William Hunter, tlie third son 
of .Tohn Hunter, was a Methodist minister and 
married P.etsy I'owers. Their childn'ii were: 
Samuel, a .Methodist Ejiiscopal minister, who 
married Nancy Shired ; Nelson, a Methodist di- 
vine, married Catherine Howard, and second 
Fannie Oliver: Mary, who married (first ) .Tames 
Bradford and (second) Owen Brailf'ord ; Mar- 
tha, wlio married (first I Carroll McDavid an<l 
(second) .Toseph Smith; Nancy, who married 
Zopher Foster. .Tohn Hunter (II), the fourtli 
son of .Tohn Hunter, married Pegg.v Powers. 
His son William known as "Black Bill." married 
I'olly Watson: Rehecc.1 married .lames .Meyer: 
Taicinda married .Tames ('louse; Patsy marrieil 
.Tames Hunter, no relation, of Ohio; Susan mar- 
ried .John Foster. .loseph Ilimter. fifth son of 
.lohn H\inter. fatlier of ^larshall Hunter, tnar- 
ried Klizalieth Malien. and their <hildren were: 
Susan, who died at the age of sixteen years: 
Marshall; Polly, who married l>avi<l Grigg: 
.Tohn, who married Elizalieth Foster .and (sec- 
ond) Nanc.v Clemens; William .McIJn, who mar- 
ried Nancy Glenn; Betsy Aim. and Stewart, who 
never married. .Tohn Hiniter of this family 
died in Texas, in Octolier. 1S!(!», aged seventy- 
four years, liaving lived in the Lone Star State 
for fiirty-fi\e years; .-ind William .Mel. in, dieil 
in Feliruary. isfis. at the age of seventy years. 
Samuel Hunter, sixth son of .Tohn Hunter, mar- 
ried TIsther Powers and (second) Lucy Geer, 
:(n<I their children were: .Tolm Ha rvey. who niar- 
lied .Nancy Meyer; I>ncinda. wlio married .lohn 
Williams; 'I'homas. who married Malissa P.;ills: 
and Polly. .Malinda. P.etsy .Tane. .Matild.i. I (avid. 
l>aviil Hunter, seventh son of .Tolin Ilnnfer. 
ni.'irrieil Betsy Boweii. .•ind. their children were: 
.lohn B., living near .Springfield. HI., married 



Martha Young. .Mary .\nn Roliinson and Mrs. 
White, nee .lolmson : .lelfersun. who married 
Sarali Young, and now lives in Greenville. 111., 
aged sevetity-four .years; Thomas N.. who mar- 
ried Sarali Cushin ; Rebecca, who married .Tesse 
Bird, and otlior cliildren were William, Sela, 
.\ini, Susan. (Jeorge and .Tackson. 

The parents of Marshall Hunter <ame to Old 
Kiple.v Townshiii. P.ond County, III., from Ten- 
nessee, in IMi), and here lioth passed away in 
Decomlier, ix.'il. 

Marshall Hunter was married (first) in 1842 
to Sarah Meyers, who died ten month.s later, 
in 1S4(! he was married (second) to Elizabeth 
(Jlonii. a native of .North Carolina and a daugh- 
ter of Alexander (ilenn. and she died Februar.v 
17. 188.3. at the :ige of fifty-si.\ .vears. , After 
her death Mr. Hunter made his home with his 
children, four of whom still survive, while 
three died in infancy. The survivors are as 
follows: .Toseph W.. born Ajiril "i. 1.849, and 
February 1, 187li, was married to Harriet .Sy- 
bert, by whom he had three cliildren, Alice, 
Henry and Russell ; Mary, born February 2. 
1.8ri2, married November 28. 1S72, William 
C. Ward, and had four children. Corda. Ora. 
Florence and Walter; Sarah F... liorn March 22. 
l.S.")!l. married Se|itend]er 1". 1877. John H. 
Willeford and has two children. Polly A., and 
Ruth M. .T. : and Alice, born Ajiril 27, 18(13. 
married Septemlier ."., 18,S.'p, William Cochran, 
a farmer of Old Ripley Township, has one son, 
.Tames. 

Joseph Hunter, the father of Marshall Hunter, 
with his two brothers. Thomas and Samuel 
Hunter, served in the .Vnuuican army luring 
the War of 1812. Thomas Hunter the oldesr 
son of John Hunter an<l,an uncle of Marshall 
Hunter, for several years after c<iming to Bond 
Count.v, 111., cotiducted an old horse mill about 
si.x miles northwest of (Jreenville, this being 
patronized by the jiioneers of this .section. 

Marshall llunter .if tended the old subscrip- 
tion school of his neighborhood, one of his 
early teachers being an old pioneer Primitive 
P.a|itist elder, Peter Long, wlio was known as 
one of file grand old men of Southern Illinois. 
When a young man Marshall Hunter professed 
religion and uniled witli the Cumlierland Pres- 
byterian Churcli of Mount (Jileail. four miles 
west of (irecnvilli'. and was a faithful member 
of that church unlil his death. In |iolitics he 
was a lieniocrat. and voted for every Ilemo- 
crafic president i.il candidate from James K. 
Polk to William .Icnnings Bryan. He was an 
indusfrious. energetic farmer, and succeeded 
through the fori-c of liis own merit, at the time 
of his death being the owner of 240 acres of 
good land in old itipley Township, a part of 
which he liad entered m;iny years before from 
the Government. .\ true Christian, a [latriotic 
and pulilic spirited citizen .ind a loyal and 
faithful friend, lie was honored and respccfe.l 
tliroughoul Ills commiinit.v. and when he pas.sed 
away he left many sincere friends to mourn 
his loss. 



720 



BOND COUNTY 



HUTCHINSON, William B., M. D. Foi- more 
than forty .ve.irs. Dr. Willi.im B. liutchinsoii. of 
Mnllierr.v (Jrovc. 111., has been engaired in tlie 
lirnctiee of iiu'dieinp aiul surfiory, and diirini; 
this time has risen to a liitrli place in the ranks 
of his honored callini; and in the esteem and 
contidenee of the people of his eonnnunity. A 
man of marked inherent aliility. hi.s services to 
his fellow-citizens in the alleviation of man- 
kind's sufferings have IironiSthf him materi.al re- 
ward and jirofessional recoj;nition, and his life 
record stands today without stain or blemish. 
Dr. Hutchinson is a Kentuckian. and of Uevo- 
lutionary ancestry. He was liorn on a farm 
near Maysvllle, Mason County, Kentucky, in 
lS4!t. and is a son of Alexander and Soiihia 
(Bradford) Hutchinson. 

■\Villi;im Hutchinson, the grandfather of Dr. 
W. B. Hutchinson, was a native of Fauquier 
County, Va., of f>cotch descent. He served as 
a soldier during the Revolutionary war, and 
as one of the "Whisky Boys" floated down to 
rittsl)urf,'h. I'a., on the Ohio Itiver. Later he 
continued on down to Limestone, now known 
as Maysville, Ky., the men taking nothing with 
them hut their rifles and their dogs. The great 
grandfather of Dr. Hutchinson on his mother's 
side was also a Revolutionary .soldier, and lived 
to he nearly one hundred years of age, Wil- 
liam Bradford, the grandfather, was an early 
Whig, and prosjierous trader, and on one occa- 
sion his lioat load of jiroduce which he had 
taken to New Orleans, was captured not long 
before (loneral .Tackson fought his memorable 
battle at that iilace. He and his iiartner were 
compelled to walk hack to their home in Mays- 
ville. Ky., and there the grandfather continued 
to live during the i-emain<ler of his life, ]iassing 
away in 18(11, at the remark.-ilile age of TOO 
years. He was a man of prodigious strength 
;ind giant stature, six feet, four Inches in height, 
with nniscles of iron and nerves of steel. Ills 
children wer(> : Sophia, who married Mr. Hutch- 
inson and died at Paris, 111., at the age of 
eighty-six years; I^ewis A., a leading merchant 
(if I'arls; an<l Fannie, residing on the old home 
,il I'aris. 

Alex.Muder Hutchinson was born in Fleming 
County. Ky., and was reared to agricultural pur- 
suits. In which he continued to he engaged 
throughout his life, his death occurring at 
Maysville. Ho and his wife were the parents 
of four children ; .lames, who died of measles 
at the age of sixteen years; Margaret, deceased, 
who was buried In the cemetery at Flemings- 
burg, Ky. ; Lorinda. who was the wife of Row- 
land Mooi-e, moved to near I'arls, III,, where 
bdtli died; and William B. 

William I!. Hut<-hluson w;is reared nc.-ir 
Maysville, Ky.. ;ind there received his ]irellmi- 
uai-y educational training. Subseipiently he at- 
leniled the Ohio I'niversity for one .rear, and 
then took up his medical stu<lles in the Cin- 
cinnati Medical Sdiool of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, now known as the Cincinnati I'uiver- 
sitv of Physicians ,'ind Surgeons. I'pon gradu- 



ating from this institution, he returned to his 
home and was married to Miss Charlotte E. 
.Schwartz, a native of Fleming County. Ky.. 
and .-1 griindd:iughter fif a Revolutionary soldier 
who fought under "Light Iloi-se Harry" Lee. 
After their marriage, Dr, and Mrs, Hutchinson 
went to Shelby County. Ill,, where he o]iened 
an office and engaged in the practice of his 
profession. Subsecpiently he went to Mulberry 
drove Townslilp and imrchased a farm, but 
became dissatisfied. an(l In INTO sold his ofhce 
and land and went to Bear Crove Townshl|i. 
Fa.vette Count.v. Later, however, he came to 
the village of Mulberry Grove and purchased 
six lots where he now lives, building an office 
and residence and engaging in his i)rofession. 
He has since built up a large and representa- 
tive practice, and his standing in his vocation 
is unquestioned. His devotion to his i)rofes- 
slon has been remarkable and his iiatients' in- 
terests have ever been placed before his own. 
No weather has been too stiu'my, no hour too 
late, for him to fare f.irth to place himself 
at the disposal of those needing his services. 
He has alwa.vs compounded his own preseriji- 
tions, but has kept fully abreast of the discov- 
eries and advancements of his profession, having 
been a constant and careful student, and an 
interested member of the Bond County Medical 
Society. Socially he belongs tt) the JIasons. 
having joined this fraternity at Mayslick. 
Ma.son County, Ky., about lS(i8, and demltted 
from that lodge to the one at Shelbyville, III. 
For long years he has been an ardent and stal- 
wart supporter of the principles and candi- 
dates of the Democratic party, and on several 
occasions has been tendered office, which he has 
refused, 

Jlrs. Hutchinson died in liHIT. in the f.ufb 
of the Christian Church. She and her husband 
had four children : one who died in infancy ; 
Malcolm, who is the owner of a large farm near 
Foss, Okla. ; Bernice. who since tile death of 
her mother has tenderly cared f<)r her father 
and the household duties, and is popular in the 
social circles of Mulberry Onive, lieing a Daugh- 
ter of the American Revolufion ; and liewis P>.. 
assistant chief train despatcher of the Fri.seo 
Railway, stationed at Elmo. Scott Comity, -Mo. 

INGOLD, Joel (deceased). During a long and 
useful life the late .loel Ingold so lived, so 
lierformed his duties and so bore his resjwn- 
sibilitles that his memor.v is held In the high- 
est respect and those inherit his name, bear 
it with iiride. He was born on a f;irin situ- 
ated five miles north of Indianapolis. Ind.. 
Xovemlier 1!>, IKiO. and died at Wisefown, 
III., August is, 1011, His parents \v<'re ,Tona- 
tlian and Mary Ellen (.Michael) Ingold. .loiia- 
than Ingold was born in (Juilford County. 
N. C. His parents were natives of Ingoldstadt. 
Bavaria, CJermany, and it is jirobable tliat 
they died in America, .lonathan Ingold be- 
came a mason and engaged in contracting in 
his latei- years. From Ncu-th Carolin.-\ he 




Mcx^t, ^ nv^^^iAu^. 



BOND COUNTY. 



721 



moved to Iiuliaiia nnd honslit TGO acres of 
liiiul near Iniliaiiapolis. In is.'iii he moved with 
his t'aniily to Illinois, wlieie his wife died in 
1S54, and lie in 184-4. Of their seventeen cliil- 
dren twelve srew to niatnrity ;ind had fami- 
lies of their own. 

.Toel Inirold attended tlie snl)s<ription sehools 
in hoyliood Imt had better opiKirtnnities for 
improvement than many, for his father could 
lay claim to lieins a well educated man and 
a numlier nf his sons hecame well known for 
their sehnlarshi]). One of these, Prof. Lewis 
Ingold. tills the chair of mathematics in the 
Missouri State I'niversity: Kev. Oscar Insold 
is a noted evanselist in the Christian Church: 
Rev. Byron Injiold is iiresident of Canton Tni- 
versity. Canton. Mo., and both Warren and 
Clarence lugold. bewime college professors. 
Joel Ingiild, however, cho.se the Held of agricul- 
ture and fdlliiwed farming and stock r.-iising 
throughout life. He was married in l.S.">4 and 
he and wife lived in what was known as the 
American P.ottom until the fall of 1850, when 
they moved to near St. Paul. Minu. In 1857 
the.v returned to the American Bottom, but. in 
.January. 1858, they loaded \ii) their household 
effects and removed to near Greenville, 111., 
and he worked for Ostrum & Lansing. Mr. In- 
gold broke up the 100 acres of wild land with au 
o.\-teani. That same season in 1858 he har- 
vested .300 acres nf wheat for Ostrum & Lan- 
sing, which is now known as the Lindle.v Farm. 
He continued on that farm until 1800 when 
he bought 40 aci'es of land two miles south 
of Beaver Creek in Clinton County and car- 
ried on his farm industries there until 18,88. 
when he retired to Wisetown. where, as noted 
above, his death occurred. 

.Joel Ingold was married on March 23. 1854. 
to Miss Ueliecca liobinson. who was born near 
CoUinsville. in Madison County. October 20. 
18.3a She is a daughter of William Robin- 
son, who died In the year of her birth and she 
was his only child. B.v trade he was a carpen- 
ter and became a contractor and an Kpiscopal 
Church building yet stands that was erected by 
him. lie was not only a man of considerable 
education but was something of a poet and fre- 
cpientl.v would write his verses on the white 
leaves in the books owned by the family. The 
mother of Mrs. Ingold married for her second 
husband. .Tohn Lucas, a native of Ohio, and 
they had three .sons: William and George 
Washington, lioth of whom died in infancy: and 
.Tackson, who died in service during the Civil 
war, being a nuMuber of the Third Illinois C;iv- 
.■ilry. .\11 the family has belonged to the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church except the grandparents, 
who were Presbyterians. The fallowing chil- 
dren were born to Mr. .•ind Mrs. Ingold: Kllen, 
who was born April 25, is.50. married Lewis 
Lagant. a farmer in Clinton Cimnty and they 
have three children: Harry. .Ies.se and Wil- 
fred: .Tosephine. who was born .March 27. ISOI. 
married (Jeorge McCullongh. a f.-irmer in Bond 
Coimtv ;uid thev have scxcn iliiMi'cn : Xora. 



Laiira, Oscar, Klmer Lee, Mary K., Leonard and 
Illsie : .\mos. who was born March 23. 180:'.. 
married Knuna Bond, a de.'<cen<lant of Gover- 
nor Bond, and they live at Taylorsville, III., 
and have six children: Joel P., Orrin. Anms. 
.Maude. .Marion aiid Alice: Andrew Jackson, who 
was born January 8, 1.871. is a carpenter and 
contractor at Taylorsville. 111., married Agnes 
Kthridge and they have an adopted daughter, 
Flossie: iind James Thomas, who was born in 
Wheatl;ind Township, Clinton County, 111.. Feb- 
ruary 20. 1873. The youngest s<]n remains with 
his mother, carefully attending to her busi- 
ness affairs and giving her affection and com- 
panionship. He, like his father, has always 
been interested In agricultural pursuits al- 
though, like some of his other ancestors, he 
has literary leanings and fre(piently contrib- 
utes articles to the newsiia]iers. In politics he 
Is a Democrat an<l fraternallv belongs to Camp 
Xo. 1302. M. W. .V. at Beaver Creek. He is 
highly respected in his community and has a 
wide circle of jiersonal friends. 

INGRAM, William M. One of the loading 
business enterprises of Mulberry Grove. 111., is 
that of Ingram & Son, dealers in poultry and 
eggs, a venture that has been developed from 
small beginnings into one of the largest con- 
cerns of its kind in the country. The senior 
member of this tirm and founder of the Imsi- 
ness. William M. Ingram, was born on a farm 
southwest of Mulberry Grove, Bond County, 
111., April 10, 1800, and is a son of John and 
Louisa (Sawrey) Ingram. The paternal gran<l- 
father of William M. Ingram was a native of 
England, and in his earl.v ye.ars followed the 
vocation of sailor. He emigrated to the I'nited 
States on a sailing vessel, and finally settled in 
Indiana, where it is thought that he followed 
farming. He died when his son. John, was a 
small bo.v. John Ingram was born in Indiana. 
Xov. 6, 1837, and after the death of his 
father went to live with his sister, Xancy, who 
was the wife of William Redding, with whom 
he made his home in his youth and young man- 
hood, attending the district schools and work- 
ing at milling. In 1858 he came to Bond Coun- 
ty. 111., and went to work in a mill at (ireen- 
ville. owned by a Mr. Ostrum. which is still 
standing. He snbserpiently jiurchased a saw- 
mill, which was o]ier.ited by a tread mill an<l 
horse, and fo"r some years sawed wood aroun<l 
the town. At this time the Civil war broke 
aci'oss the country, and Jlr. Ingram showeil 
his patriotism by etdisting at Mnlberry <;rove. 
111., in Comiiany l>, 154th Illinois \dlnnteer In- 
fantry, February 0, 1S(;5, for one year. He re- 
ceived his honorable discharge .September 1.'^, 
1805, his .services being no longer needed. He 
I)roved a brave and faithful soldier, and upon 
returning to the duties of peace took up grist 
milling and wool-carding. His mills supi'lieil 
jiroducts for the men engaged in the construe 
tion of what is now the \'an(lalia Railroad, 
then being built into the village nC M\itberry 



722 



BOND COUNTY. 



• Jrovo. Ill his later years lie eoiiclucted a ped- 
(Uliif; watroii f(ir II. W. Zdok. and was so en- 
Wiged iiutil forced to retire on aceount of fail- 
ing liealtli. His deatli oeenrred .TanuaiY 24. 
1010. For uian.v .years Mr. Ingram was a valued 
nieniber of the local post of the Grand Arm.v 
of the Kepnblic. Originally a Whig, he be- 
came one of the organizers of the Republican 
liart.v in his count.v, and was active in work- 
ing in its interests, although he was never a 
seeker after public hoiior.s. With his family, 
he attended the Methodist Church. Mr. In- 
gram was married to Miss Louisa Sawrey. in 
IS.'iS, she born in Bond County. 111.. May 10, 
1838, and died March 17. 1008. They became 
the parents of two daughters and five sons, 
of whom William M. is the only survivor. One 
of tlie daughters became the wife of W. G. 
Xeely, and died at the age of thirty years, 
following which her husband and their three 
children. Charles, Lettie and Nanua. moved to 
Rrazil. Ind. 

William M. Ingram was born on a farm, and 
when still a small boy his fatlier moved to 
Hagarstowii and established a mill, the lad be- 
ing sent to school at Vandalia. He was there 
graduated with the class of 1S78, following 
which he secured emplo.vment as a clerk in the 
general store at Hagarstown, and after a short 
time became clerk in the postoflice and drug 
store, under .7. B. Miller, at Mulberry Orove, 
being paid a salary of fifteen dollars a month. 
While there. .Taiiu.-iry 24, 1882. he was married 
to Miss Ellen L. Kingsburv. who was born near 
Collinsville. 111., in November ?,. Is.'iO, daughter 
of William and liizzie (Withers! Kingsbury. 
The father was born at Patten Garden. Hol- 
born. England, February 11. 1S.S4. and came to 
America as a boy, tlie family settling near 
Collinsville, 111., where the grandfather of .Mrs. 
Ingram manufactured the old "Clipper" brak- 
ing i)low. The grandfather had come to this 
country from England with Henry Shaw, who 
establlslie<l Shaw"s (Jarden. at St. I.ouis. Mo. 

After his marriage. Mr. Ingram accepted a 
clerkship with George Perryman at Greenville, 
but in 1S8.S returned to Mulberry Grove and es- 
talilished himself in the grocer.v business. On 
.Tuly 4. 1887, he was aiipointed b.T President 
Grover Cleveland to the postmastership of Mul- 
berry Grove, and for three years discharged 
the duties of that iiosition to the entire sat- 
isfaction of the jieople of the village, .\fter 
the expiration of his term of office, he continued 
in the grocery business, siibseiiuently iiutting 
in a large stock of fine dry goods, and through 
fair and honorable dealing firmly established 
himself in the confidence of the iieople of the 
community. About the year 1800 he disposed 
of his Interests in this enterprise and turned 
his attention to the poultry business. For two 
years he was associated with .Vrtliur .Ionian, 
then entered the employ of William Kawcliff. 
in the same line, and in 180.T entered the iioul- 
try and egg business on his own account, his 
first shi|iiiiciil ciinsistiiig of three liarrels of 



poultry sent to New York. From this modest 
start grew a business which has en.ioyed con- 
stantly increasing prosperity, and in April. 
1007. liis shipments for the month appro.viinated 
.$10,000. In lOtMS he admitted his son. .John W., 
to partnership, the latter being succeeded b.v 
another son. .James A. T.. although the father 
still continues as general manager of the en- 
tire business. The father and sons thoroughly 
understand every detail of this industry, and 
the e.xcellence of their goods make them well 
sold in all the eastern .markets. In lOlM. 
for the month of .June, the shijiments aggre- 
gated .f;i.j,fHiO. and for the past ten years the 
annual shipments have averaged .$7.").000. For 
more than a half a century William M. Ingram 
has closely identified himself with the best in- 
terests of Mulberry Grove. A Democrat in poli- 
tics, he served twenty-one .vears as i)olice mag- 
istrate, twenty-eight years as .iustice of the 
peace and one term as mayor of the village, 
and in each official cajiacity gave his fellow- 
citizens the entire benefit of liis wide knowledge 
and e.xeeufive ability. His fraternal connec- 
tions are with the Knights of P.vthias and the 
Modern WtKidineii of America. He has ahvays 
taken a keen and helpful interest in religious 
matters and for fort.v .vears has been a member 
of the Methodist Church. During a long pe- 
riod of years he has been a class leader, and 
for two years has been teacher of the Young 
Men's Sunday school class, and on Mother's 
Day. 1013. had 102 members in his class. In 
every relation of life he has shown himself to 
he an earnest, con.scientious, industrious and 
public-spirited man, whose activities would ben- 
efit an.v coniiininity in wliidi he resided. 

Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Ingram. .lohn W. Ingram was born at flreen- 
ville. 111., October 28. 1882, and in 1000 joined 
Ills father in the poultr.v business. He was 
married Februar.v 1."). 100."). to Miss lailn B. 
Carroll, and died December T,. 1012. leaving, 
besides his widow, two children. Carroll and 
Elsie, who reside with their mother at Mul- 
berr.v Grove. Harry K. Ingram was born .lanu- 
ary 12. 188.5, and is connected with the poul- 
try liusiness as an expert packer and picker, 
James .Vlbert Yates Ingram, of the firm of In- 
gram & Son, was born .Tuly 4. 1887, the da.v 
that his father received the ap]iointnient to 
the postmastershi]) of Mulberry (Jrove. He 
received his education in the iiublic schools of 
the village, and when a .voung man learned the 
barber trade, in which lie was engaged first as 
a .iourneynian and suliseiiuently as a partner 
with Frank Creswlck. In 1012 he disposed of 
his interest in the toiisorial parlors and pur- 
chased the Interest of his brother, .lohn W., 
in the poultry luisliiess. He was married No- 
vember 28. 1012. to Miss Elsie JI. McKean. 
daughter id' Itoland McKean. tuie of the lead- 
ing merchants of .Mullierry (Jrove. Teddie In- 
gram, the youngest child of Mr. and Mrs. Wil- 
liam Ingram, was born Au.gust 10, lOOO, and 
died ill intaiicy. 



P.ONI) COUNTY. 



723 



JOHNSTON, George W., was an Iioiiored vet- 
iTau of the Civil War, and also a well known 
resWent of (ireenville. 111. He was liorn at 
West Milton. O.. In 184:i. ami was a son of Wil- 
liam antl Snsan (Wise) .Tolmston. His grand- 
father was a man of military distinction, serv- 
ing in the War of ISli; and tool; i)art in the 
l)attle of Lake Champlain. He died at his home 
in the northeastern ]mrt of Oliio. 

.Vfter the death of his wife, William .Tolm- 
ston moved liy team to Illinois and followed 
farming as long as active, dying at the age of 
eighty-eight years. George W. .Johnston did 
not come to Bond Connty initil after his long 
lieriod of service in the Civil War. For some 
years he followed farming and then came to 
Greenville and ever afterward resided in his 
comfortable home on South Elm Street. 

On December 7. ISOl. at West Milton. O.. 
Oeorge W. .Johnston enlisted to serve three 
.years or during the war as the contract then 
read. On the same day he was mustered into 
the T'. S. service as a private in Company 
E. 4Sth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, his othcers be- 
ing Capt. .John .T. Ireland, and Col. I'eter .J. 
Sullivan. Uis first honorable discharge was at 
Berwick. I.a.. February 2S, ls<;4. on account 
of his re-cnlisting on the same day as a veteran 
in the .same coni|iany and regiment, under Capt. 
.James Sowery and Col. .Joseph JJ. Parker. On 
.Tanuary 17. lS(i.^>. he was transferred to Com- 
Iiany E. S3d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, under 
Col. Daniel OnnsauUus. from which he was 
again transferred, on .July 24. 1S(;."i. to Com- 
jiany D. 4Stli Ohio Infantry, inider C.-ipt. Michael 
McCaffrey. In which he remained until he was 
nnistered out of the service. In February. 
lSfi'2, the company left Cam]) Dennison, where it 
had lieen drilled, and reported to Oen. W. T. 
Sherman, at I'aducah. Ky. Shortly afterward 
the regiment embarked on the steamer Empress 
and moved up the Tennessee River and dis- 
embarked at Pittsburg Landing on March 10. 
1S02. Captain Ireland having die<l on the lUth 
and was buried after the landing was re.-iched. 
The regiment served first with Buckland's bri- 
gade. Sherman's division, later being trans- 
ferred to A. .T. .Smiths divisiou. l.lth .-irmy corps 
and participated in the following engagements: 
Shiloli or Pittsburg I^anding. Corinth. Chicka- 
saw Bayou, .\rkansas Post. .M.agndli.i Hills or 
Port (Jibson, .Jackson, Champion's Hill. Big 
Black Kiver. siege of Vicksbui-g. I'.ayou Teche. 
• '.-irrion Crow Bayciu. Sabine cross roads or 
Mansfield. La., and the siege of Mobile, imlud 
ing the capture of Fort Blakely and Spanish 
Fort and a number of minor engagements, .Vft- 
er the fall of Mobile an<l the surrender of the 
Confederate forces, the 4stli regimen! piM'formi'd 
duty in Texas imtil oi-der<>d home for final mus- 
tering out. He was confined In a hospital at 
Shiloh. Tenn., for three weeks but with this 
exception was with his comniaTid during all its 
dangerous campaigns until he was i-.iptured by 
the enemy, with nian.v of his companions at the 
b.attle of Mansfield .ind was im|>risonc(l ,it Ty- 



ler. Te.\,, until October 14. l.'^tU. when he was 
exchanged. Mr. .Johnston received his final hon- 
orable discharge on April 14. 18(i(>. at Wash- 
ington. D. ('., by reason of service no longer 
required. 

In 1S(;4. while at home on furlough, Mr. 
.Johnston was married to Miss Martha .\nn 
Williamson, of Crab Orchard. Ky,, .i daughter 
of .Tames E. and Virginia L. Williamson. Mrs, 
.Johnston died August 2!t. ISNd, They had six 
children born to them, of whom there is but 
one survivor : .John T'.. who is a resident of 
St. Louis. Mo. Mr. .Tohnston was a member of 
Colby Post, No. liOI. Department of Illinois. 
(Jrand Army of tlie Kepublic in which he 
served in his third term as otiicer of the day, 
.Vt times he filled almost all the other ofllees. 
having been senicn- vice commander for three 
terms, junior vice commander for four terms 
and officer of the guard for three terms. 

JOHNSTON, James Finis. Tin- public oflHoials 
of Bond County are characterized by certain 
sterling ([ualities which have made them so 
valuable to their corruuunit.v. and able in the 
discharge of their duties. They are honest 
and industrious, ever striving to work for g<iod 
government and the betterment of the people. 
.Tames Finis .Johnston, circuit clerk, residing 
at Greenville, is an exiionent of the best class 
of pulilic men. He was Iiorn at Miltonvale, 
Ivas., February 20. lS7n. being a .son of Wil- 
liam H. and Lenora K. (Reeves) .Tohnston. the 
former born near Greenville, and the latter on 
a farm near Pleasant Mound, both of this coun- 
ty, William H, .Tohnston attended school in 
Bond Comity and then worked on a farm until 
his enlistment on Felirnary 20. l,S(i4, going out 
as corporal, in the Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry. He received his discharge December 
l."i, ISfil, In ISfl.s. he went to Kansas, where 
he farmed until IsSO. in Cloud County, and 
then moved to Miltonval<> in the same count.v. 
Here he embarked in a mercantile business and 
continued it until his death in isss. He was 
an elder in the Cinnberland I'resbyterian 
Church, and a member of the G, A, R, His 
wife was a daughter of William B, Reeves, the 
latter being a son of .lohn and Xancy Reeves. 
The Reeves family located in Bond County as 
early as 1828. 

.Tames Finis .Tohnston was educated in the 
schools of Miltonvale and (ireciiville. and was 
graduated from the business department of the 
Greenville College in IstlS, He with his nmth- 
er. two brotliers and two sisters had come to 
Greenville after the father's death, t'ollowing 
this be secured employment in the grocery 
store of .McLaiii & Cable as a clerk. Here he 
continued for three years then was with the 
Weise & Bradford general merchandise store 
until I!i04, Folltiwing this, for two years he 
conducted the news stand in tlie postolhce : in 
the year 1!M>7. he formed a partnership with E, 
E, Mitchell, and they conducted a real estate 
.•ind loan business, liut dissolved their iiartner- 



724 



I^>0\D . COUNTY. 



i^hip Deoemliei- 1. lOOS. Ou Xoveniber 3. liHlS. 
he was elected circuit clerk and recorder of 
deeds, and was re-elected in 1012. He has also 
served as city clerk, havinj: tieen elected iu IWl.") 
and re-elected in 1007. Mr. .Tobnston also lie- 
lonaed to the \olunteer fire company. 

Ou October Hi. lOlKi. .Mr. .Johnston married 
Georgia A. I'errynian. liorn at Greenville, Bond 
County, 111., daughter of George A. and Alice 
E. Ferryman, natives of Moultrie and Bond 
counties." resiiectively. Mr. iUid Mrs. .Johnston 
have children as follows: William Carl, born 
August .~i. 1002: I'lo.vd Perrynian. born Febru- 
ary 5, lOO.'i. and Marguerite Elizabeth, born 
May 2. 1007. died November :i. 100s. and .Mice 
Leiiore. born I<\-lirnary .'>. 1011. Jlr. .Johnston 
belongs to tlu' .\ni-ient. P'ree and .\ccepted Ma- 
sons. ICinghts of I'ythias. Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows, Modern America, and Maccabee 
lodges, and for four years he held the office of 
finance keejier in the Maccabee order. He be- 
longs to the Christian Church, and is generous 
in his donations to it. I'lirigbt. progressive, a 
good citizen and zealous puldic official. Mr. 
.Johnston en.ioys a well-merited iiopularity. 

KEITH, Archibald M., M. D., one of the Icailing 
ph.vsicians and surgeons of this part of the 
state, who. for twelve .vears has been practicing 
his profession in Greenville, was born in La- 
grange. Mo.. .Vpril 7, 1870. and is a son of Allen 
r. and Mary (Ednunidson) Keith. His father 
was of Scotch descent and his mother of Irish 
ancestry. Doctor Keith's father, .Vllen Fierce 
Keith, born in Hardin County. Ky.. was one 
of the first settlers of Adams County. 111., and 
was a f.irmer and merchant. He enlisted iu 
the One H\uidred and Xineteenth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infantry from Adams County, for service 
during the Civil War and was in the army three 
.years and nine months. During the entire time 
of his enlisfment he remained with his regiment 
participating in all of its long marches and 
hard fouglit liattles and near the close of the 
war w.as honoralily discharged and returned 
to his home in the vicinity of Quincy. 111. He 
(lied in Cumii Point. 111.. Sept. 10. lOOS, at the 
.ige of eighty-eight years, and the mother is 
making her home with a daughter in Miuite 
Vista, Colo. 

Being only an infant when bis father's fam- 
ily moved from Jlissouri to Illinois, Doctor 
Keith spent his ihildhood and received his pub- 
lic school education iu the latter state. In 1S00 
after completing a thorough connnercial course 
in the Smith Business College at Kirksville. 
Mo., he accepted a jKisition with the Best Flumb- 
ing Co., in Quincy. 111., and soon worked his way 
up to a partnership in that firm. He remained 
with them for a niunber of years and later went 
to Macomb. 111., where he established a very 
successful pluml>ing business, executing some 
o£ the largest contracts of that city. Doctor 
Keith then dciided that be would rirefer a pro- 
fessional life and in 1000. entered the Osteo- 
pafliic College .-it Kirksville. Mo. .\fter bis grad- 



\uition in .Tune, 1002, he ojiened an office in 
Greenville and has since been treating diseases 
according to the osteopathic method and has 
effected some remarkable cures. His success in 
treating nervous and blood diseases has been 
marked and he has built up an excellent prac- 
tice. Being andiitions to broaden his knowled-.'e 
and abilit.v in overcoming human ills, he at- 
tended the Homeopathic Medical College in Kan- 
sas City, Mo., and was graduated from there 
in lOOfi. Later he entered and was graduated 
from the St. Louis Colle£e of Physicians and 
Surgeons in lOOS. In 1014 he also took post- 
graduate work in Chicaso. thus makinn him 
well qualified for the jirofession he has chosen, 
I>nring the entire time that Doctor Keith has 
been in Greenville he has taken an active in- 
terest in local affairs and the betterment of the 
city. He was elected alderman iu 1007. Tb 
1011 he was chosen by the anti-saloon element, 
candidate for nuiyor and was elected by a 
large ma.lority. In 101.3 he was airain elected 
and is now the jiresent chief executive of Green- 
ville. During the time he has held the office 
of mayor many needed imiu'ovements have lieen 
made, including the Installation of a comitletc 
electric lighting system, waterworks extension, 
the paving of streets and he is now endeavor- 
ing to improve the sanitary conditions of Green- 
ville by a much needed sewage system, and he 
has tried during the four years of his admin- 
istration to serve Greenville |o the best of hi-; 
abilit.v. 

In 1004. Doctor Keith was \initcd in marnaire 
with Miss Anne L. Iloiles, a daughter of Hon. 
and Mrs. C. D. Iloiles of Greenville. 111. Dm-- 
tor and Mrs. Keith are the parents of one child, 
a son. Allan Iloiles Keith. Professionally Doc- 
tor Keith belongs to the Bond County Medi- 
cal Society and the Illinois State Medical So- 
ciety: fraternally he is a Mas(Ui. being a mem- 
ber "of a commandery. and is also connected with 
the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of 
America, and the Court of Honor. 

Doctor and Mrs. Keith are members of the 
Baptist Church. Doctor Keith is an active, 
public spirited citizen who always identities 
himself with the best interests of the couunu- 
uity in which he resides. 

KERSCH, Henry, a prosperous general farnuT 
.md stockman of Section 2, Tamalco Township, 
was born in Cassel, (Jermany, .lanuary 20, 1S(!0. 
so is one of the reliable representatives of the 
German-.VuKU-icans who have contributed to- 
wards the advancement of Bond County so 
generously. Jlr. Kersch is a son of .laiob and 
Barbara '(Hoffsomer) Kersch, both natives of 
Cassel, Germany, where they were reared and 
married. They had five <hildren as follows: 
Henry. F.lizab"eth. Lewis. Katie .-md <ieorge. 
The parents were in limited circmnstances. .•uid 
the father worked at anything honest that of- 
fered, but there did not seem nnuh future for 
his childien iu the old W(U-ld. In isso, Henry 
Kersch came to the Cuifed States hoping to 



I'.OND COUNTY. 



725 



act a better ili.iiice tli.iii iit lidiiie. Ho ciinie di- 
rect to (Jret'iivillc. 111., and secured work on 
.•I farm owned li.v .Mitchell Kavold. Continuitiir 
with him for four .venr.s he was jiaid lil'tcen 
dollars per month, and then left to sn with 
I'eter Salie. wtio paid him twent.v-tive dollars 
per month. .\s he was a tnistworth.v. hard- 
working .vouni; man, he soon found that there 
was no ditticult.v in his securinj; enijilo.vment. 
and eonseqiientl.v sent hack to (Jerman.v for 
liis parents, sister and lirothers. i)a.vini: tlieir 
passaire to tlie new lionie. I.andini; at New 
York Cit.v tliey made their way to (Jreenville. 
The father olitaint>d work with a Mr. McXeil. 
lint later returned to CreenviUe. where he made 
his home until liis death in 1001. Ilis excel- 
lent wife died in T.tOO. The dauKliter, Eliza- 
lieth. married Christ Berokstock of ("astle Kock. 
Wash. Lewis married Sarah r>eLay. a farmer 
of Mills Townsliip, Komi County: Katie mar- 
ried -Vugust Keclifeldter of Creenville: and 
(ieorfie is a farmer of Orp!;on. 

As all of his first money went to defray 
the passase of his relatives to the new home. 
Henry Kerscli ct)ntinned to work for others 
hy the month until 1S8S. when he rented 112 
acres of land from a Mr. McNeil. .Vfter sue- 
I'essfull.v operatini; this iiroperty for a time. 
Mr. Kersch rented land to the extent of IfiO 
acres in Mills Township fr(Hn Nathaniel Dress- 
er. Tn 1S07, he rented 4(!4 acres of lan<l from 
Henry Livinsston in Central Townshiji. and for 
six years he o|>erated it. makins; the land yield 
hountiful crops of corn, oats and hay. receiv- 
ing the highest market prices for his grain. 
He was an extensive feeder of hogs, cattle and 
sheep. By 100.3 he was ahle to gratify his ambi- 
tion to become a land owner in his adojited 
country and liought 200 acres of laud on Sec- 
tion 2. 'r.-imalco Township, for which he paid 
.SO.OOO. The buildings on it were in poor shaiie. 
but as soon as he came into possession of the 
jiropert.v he began to rebuild and repair and 
now has a spacious residence, immense cow and 
sheep barn, 44x04 feet, with a capacit.v for six- 
teen cows and 300 sheep. He often buys as 
many as 300 sheej) from western growers, fat- 
tens them jinil sells in the St. Louis markets, 
and continues to operate upon a large scale with 
relation to sheep, being one of the most suc- 
cessful men in this line in the county. Mr. 
Kersch also has a granary and machine barn 
32x40 feet, an<l when tlie winter comes, ever.v 
plow and piece of machinery is put under shel- 
ter. .Ml of his work is carried on according 
to modern ideas, and he is admittedly one of 
the most progressive agrii/ulturists of the 
county. All of his fields .-ind iiasture land are 
well t'enced, and he t.'ikes a pride in his farm 
and home. 

Henry Kersch was married .Tune 1, 1SS2. to 
.\nnie Kaell)orn who was born in Germany, 
but came to the Vnited States, in comiiany 
with the Kersch famil.v, she having lost her 
jiarents. Tn T.'OO. Mrs. Kersch was called away 
liy death, having bfUTie her husband the fol- 



lowing children : Liz/.l<'. who was born .Tanu- 
;iry 1."i. Is,s4, marrie<l .lolm Wernk, a farmer of 
I'le.'isant Mound Township: Louis, who was 
Inirn March 10, TSN.'i, is .-i coiMhKtor :ind resides 
at Oakland. Calif., having married .Nora I'otts: 
Hertha, who was born Decendier 24, 18S(1, is 
residing with her father: .Toseph. who was born 
.Novemlier 3, isxi). is a farmer of Montana ; 
Henry, who was born August 3, 1S!)T, is assist- 
ing his father in operating the farm: I^ena. 
who was born September 27. isii.": Lu<ile, who 
was Ixirn .\ugust 24. ISO": ;incl Christine, who 
was born .Tune 2.'!, IMIO. Sophia died aged four- 
teen years. The last three living are in charge 
of domestic affairs. .\11 the children were born 
in Bond (\iunty. Mr. ICersch is a man wlio is 
held in highest esteem in Bond Count.v, and is 
also recognized l>.v the St. Louis Stock Connnis- 
sion as one of the best shee|i men of his sei'- 
tion, his jiroducts .always conunanding the high- 
est prices. 

LAMMERS, Henry Quincy, avIio is one of tlio 
lirominent men of Mills Township, one who is 
widely known and universally respected, was 
born at Breese, in Clinton County, 111., July 2(i, 
1852. His father, William Lammers, was born 
in <Terman.v, a .son of a teacher and a man of 
letters, also a proficient nuisician. William was 
given educational advantages in pre|iar;itiiui for 
a teacher's life but. after .serving in tlie Oer- 
nian arm.v, during three years of which period 
he was stationed in the city of Berlin, he 
leai'ued the blacksmith trade, combining it with 
carriage making. TTe married in Cermany and 
with wife and two children came to the T'nited 
States, settling first at Bree.se, 111. He pros- 
pered because he was a fine mechanic and soon 
secured the confidence of his fellow-citizens 
through Ills superioi' c(lucation and personal fine 
character and was elected to the office of .ius- 
tice of the peace, in which he served continu- 
ously for sixteen .years. Tn 1870 he removed 
with his famil.v to Bond Count.v and located two 
miles soufh of the ru'esent blacksmith shop of 
his son, Henry Q. Lammers. It was in 1881 
that he and this son established the business 
in Mills Township and soon afterward William 
Lammers was appointed postmaster. He was 
active in many ways almost to the time of his 
death, in lllOl. when he was aged eighty-four 
.vears. He was a stanch r)emocr;it but was 
loyal to the T'nion during the Civil war an<l 
had he not been somewhat crippled, luidinibtedly 
would have enlisted in the service. As it was 
he drilled a <-ompany, according to the Cer- 
man ilrlll methods, and later receivecl a letter 
from Washington. O. ('.. complimenting him 
upon this well drilled company. His first wife 
died i?i is.'i!) and two sons and two daughters 
wei'e born to that utiion : Dinah, who is the 
widow of .Tohn I'^ritz, now lives at Breese: 
Bicka, who is the wife of C^harles Dorris, a busi- 
ness man at Breese: Krnest. who died in in- 
lanc.v: and Henr.v (Juincy. William Lanuners 
married (second), Luzetta Dotlieger. and to 



726 



BOND COUNTY. 



that luarriajrc the following cliiklren wevo born : 
Lizzie, avIio is tlie wife of Fred Ecliert. of St. 
Txmis, Mn. : Lydia. who is the widow of Ed- 
ward E. Ijrlnirs, lives at St. Louis; Edward, aud 
two tliat died in infancy. 

Edward I^amniers served in the Spanish- 
American war and for one year was under Gen- 
eral Wood in Cuba. Later he accompanied his 
regiment to the Philippine Islands and assisted 
in the cai>ture of Aguinaldo. He suffered from 
two injuries, receiving one ball in the arm and 
another in the lireast and when extracted one 
ball proved to be of brass. After the end of his 
period of enlistment he returned to Breese and 
afterward became a caiT>enter and builder in 
the city of St. Louis. 

Henry Q. Lammers attended the public 
schools in Illinois and for two years in Ohio, 
following which he took a course of two years 
in Nelson College. In 1S6S he went to St. 
Louis, where he became a clerk in a wholesale 
grocery house, where he remained for two 
years, returning then to Breese, where he com- 
pleted his trade with his father and has fol- 
lowed the same ever since. He came to Mills 
Townshii) in ISSl and with his father Iwught 
land on Section IS and they erected ii shop with 
dimensions of 40x20 feet. They erected a com- 
fortable residence and surrounding it are shade 
and ornamental trees that the sons set out when 
they were but twigs. 

Mr. Lammers was married first to Emily 
Ilauck of Missouri, who died in 1S8C. Tliey had 
the following children : Quincy, who is a fore- 
man with the American Car and Foundry Com- 
Itany at St. Louis, married Annie Rober and 
the.v have three children : Chester, who is a 
contractor and builder with the Merryweather 
Real Estate and Trust Company, St. Louis, 
married Caroline Schumaker; Ramsey, who is 
a foreman with the St. Charles Car Shops, mar- 
ried (iertrude Wellborn, and they have three 
children. Mr. Lanuners was married (second), 
Septendier IM, 1S87, to Miss Sophia Tauner, who 
was liorn in Clinton County, 111., January 9, 
ISGtt. a daughter of John and Susan (Stocking) 
Tanner, natives of Switzerland. .Mr. Tanner 
came to .Vmerica in ISG" and after be had se- 
cured work his wife and children joined him 
and they spent the rest of their lives on a 
farm in Clinton County, where Jlrs. Tanner 
died in 187s and Mr. Tanner in 1900. Mrs. 
I.ammers has three sisters: Mary, who is the 
wife of M. Suess, lives at Saline, 111.; Lizzie, 
who is the wife of William Flack, of Granite 
City. 111.; and .\nnie, who is the wife of Joseph 
Spit tier. 

Mr. and Mrs. Lammers have two children : 
Valloe, who was born -Vugust 22. 1888, Is a 
draftsman in the car shops at St. Charles. Mo, ; 
and Dena, who was l)orn April 28, 1892. She 
is well educated and for four years has been 
a suc<essful teacher and is gifted musically, 
conducting a music <-lass and having pu]iils 
from distant points. AVhile always maintaining 
a good citizen's interest in ]iublic matters. .Mr. 



Lammers has never pennitted it to interfere 
with his liusiness, always being ready to accom- 
modate customers and treating them with hon- 
est attention. For si.xteen years he has been 
a school director in District No. (12 and the Totts 
School building, where Miss Dena Lammers is 
principal, is one of the best in Mills Town- 
ship. In the spring of 1913, unknown to him, 
his Democratic friends in Mills Township, nom- 
inated him for the office of supervisor and he 
was elected by a good majority over his Repub- 
lican competitors. For twenty-five years he has 
been connected with the Bond County Mutual 
Insurance Company. Mrs. Lammers is an ac- 
tive member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

LEHN, Joseph B., bears a family name that 
has been held in higli regard in Bond ("ounty 
for nian.v years, representing as it does the 
highest class of citizenship and of financial sta- 
bilit.v secured throu.gh persevering industry and 
wise and honest management. He was liorn 
at .\viston. in Clinton County. 111.. November ."i, 
18(51, and is a son of Louis and .Vnna Helen.a 
(Kramer) Lehn. Louis I.,ehn was born in 1832. 
in Lorhine. Germany, and there the name was 
jironounced as if spelled Lahu. His father 
died in German.v when he \\as a bo.v and his 
mother subsequently married a farmer by the 
name of Eck. In 18.50 the family came to the 
I'nited States and until 18.5.'! lived at St. Louis, 
Mo., removing then to (I'linton County. 111., 
where Jlr. Eck engaged in farming and Louis 
and his brother, Joseph Lehn. started a brick 
manufacturing business at Aviston. They did 
an excellent Imsiness and some of the buildings 
for which they sup))lied the brick yet stand, 
the Breeze Catholic Church being one of these. 
Louis Lehn assisted in the construction of the 
(5hio and Mississi|ipi Railroad, in ]8.5(i work- 
ing as a section hand. This was a jierilous 
time in Illinois as there a cholera eiiidemic 
was carrying off many victims, but fortunatel.v 
none of his people vrere stricken. He worked 
very hard and was thrifty but in that sec- 
tion land rents were very high and he felt that 
he could neither bu.v nor rent land there. He 
came then on a venture to Bond County, where 
he entered into an agreement with the Illinois 
Central Railway to purchase 1.54 aires on Sec- 
tion 4, Tanialco Township, for seven dollars an 
acre, all to be paid for in seven years. He 
then returned to Clinton Count.v for his wife 
and infant son, Josei)h B., iind rented a small 
bouse near his land and that was the family 
home until he succeeded in building a log 
caliin of his own. which he completed in 1803. 
This land he broke up with three ox-teams and 
success rewarded his industry, .\bout IsTO he 
bought KiO acres moi-e, to which he moved, aud 
in order to get rails with which to build a 
house there, bought forty acres of timber in 
Fayette Count.v. Very early he realized tliat 
there was money to be nuide in feeding cattle 
and therefore bought cattle and, as did his 
neighbors, let them run wild, each owner having 



BOND COUNTY 



727 



a special mark of lirandin?. First he sold about 
two oar loads a year and rontiniied until he 
became the laruest stotk trader in this part 
of the state and kept on addini; to his land un- 
til he had 1.320 acres in Bond County and ISO 
acres in Fayette County. This remarkable in- 
crease in liis fortunes came about honestly, he 
being a shrewd and careful business man. He 
was liberal minded and lilieral handed. He 
gave the old Southeastern Railroad twelve acres 
and laid out the village that then bore his name 
but was subse(iuently changed to Hookdale. 
and was instrumental in having the railroad 
.station estatili.shed there and in the platting of 
the town in 1S8.S. The change in the name 
from Lehnsville to Hookdale was made because 
a town in Sangamon Connt.v bore the former 
name. He was an active member of the Cath- 
olic Church and was one of the original mem- 
bers of the church in this section whicli was 
founded in ISSl. He was one of the first to 
approve of the introduction of the telephone 
and showed public spirit in other ways. In 
1000 Mr. I.chn liegan to apportion his estate as 
he thought best among his children, giving 
each a farm of 200 acres on which improve- 
ments had been made but requiring rent on 
the same to be paid until his death. He passed 
away on May 0. 1908. 

Louis Lehn married Anna Helena Kramer, 
who died on the farm January 0, 1900. They 
had twelve children, seven of whom died in in- 
fancy, the survivors being : .Joseph B. ; Ben- 
.iamin R.. a retired farmer at Oreenville ; .Vnnie 
Margaret, wife of Ben.iamln Tombrink : John 
H.. a farmer in Bond County: and Henry B.. 
who owns 280 acres in Tamalco Township and 
additional land in Montana. 

.Joseph B. I^ehn came to Bond County with 
his parents in the spring of 18G2. attended 
school in the Cart Hill district and in the win- 
ter of 187i"i-7('> attended a Oerman school at 
Avlston. After his school days were over he 
began work on his father's land and has devoted 
the larger part of his life to farming and stock 
raising, for fifty years having resided on Sec- 
tion 4. Tamalco Township and now owns 210 
acres of land and five town lots in Hookdale 
and at i)resent is the largest taxpayer in the 
township. He has always been progressive in 
his ideas and his work and kee])s first-class 
stock and Holstein cattle. Mr. Jiehn has filled 
various township offices, for nine consecutive 
years being a school director of Cart Hill dis- 
trict and in 101.'! was elected a member of the 
school board of H<iokdale. 

On .June 7. ]S02. Mr. J.ehn was married to 
Miss Mary Bruggeman, who was born in Clin- 
ton County. 111.. .July 20. 180.".. a daughter of 
Benjamin Bruggeman. and his wife, wliose 
maiden name was .Vgnes Bank.v, l)ot!i of (Jerman 
birth. They came to the I'nited States in 18.")" 
and were married here and became farming 
people. Of their children all live except one 
who died in infancy: Benjamin. Bessie, Henr.v, 
Mrs. Lehn, .\nnie and J,easetta. Mr. and Mrs. 



Lehn have five children: Agnes, who was born 
Xovember 2.':>. 1803: Edward, who was born No- 
vember 10, 1897: Lawrence Herman, who was 
l«)rn April 2i). 1900: Ajigust !>., who was born 
.\ugust IS, 190.3: and Verna A., who was born 
October 17. YMK .Mr. Lehn settled up his 
father's estate to the satisfaction of all. He 
is a wide awake man and one quite disposed 
to keep \ip with the times, he and family tak- 
ing much pleasure in the handsome five-jias- 
senger autoujobile car that carries them swiftly 
to business or entertainment. A few words 
concerning the t]eautiful hosiiitality offered by 
Mrs. Lehn ma.v be permitted, for both friend 
and casual visitor receive a hearty welcome 
and the memory of a visit to this charming 
home lingers long with the one fortunate 
enough to have been made welcome here. 

LEIDEL, Albert 'WiUiam, who is one 

of Greenville's well known citizens iiud one 
who has been identified with public office as 
well as with private business enterprises, was 
born near Rijiley. Bond County, 111., .\iuil :!0. 
18(n. and is a son of the late John William 
J-eidol, who, for many years was one of Bond 
County's representative men. 

Albert William liCidel attended Mt. Vernon 
School in Bond Connt.v. his parents having 
moved on a farm and afterward, continued in 
school at Ripley. In 1S7S the family home 
was transferred to Greenville and the youth 
then made himself useful to his father on the 
farm and also in his farm implement store. 
Some years later he determined to comiilete 
his education along business lines and wltli this 
end in view became a student in the Mound 
City Commercial College, at St. Louis, Mo., 
where he took a course of two years. Thus 
equipped he accepted a i)osition as traveling reji- 
resentative of the Walter A. Wood Mower and 
Reaper Compan.v. and in this capacit.v visited 
almost every state in the I'nion and took part 
in the competitive contests which the repre- 
sentatives of different firms bring about in or- 
der to publicly exhibit the superior advantages 
of their machinery, each one is trying to sell, 
and it may be truthfully declared that Mr. Lei- 
del never lost in any contest. He was inter- 
ested also for some time witli his father, in 
the bu.ving and shipjiing of apples and poul- 
try, a large business being carried on up to tlie 
death of the older partner. Mr. Leidel .short- 
ly afterward was apiKiinted a guard at the 
Chester Penitentiary and served faithful to 
the trust imi)osed in him during three adnnn- 
istrations. those of Governors Tanner, Yates 
and neneen. His official duties in this direc- 
tion were terminated when he met with a se- 
v('i-(> a<-cident whicli caused liini to spend an 
entire year on crutches. .Vfter recovery lie was 
appointed street commissionei' under M.-iyor I>e 
Moulin, serving two years, and one year under 
his successor. Mayor (Julick. when he resigned. 
He then bought the news stand in the post- 
otlicc lobby, at Greenville, wlilcli be conducted 



728 



BO\D COUNTY. 



imtil 1911. when he sold to R. .1. Keppler. Mr. 
Leidel then vL^tited Chicago where lie investi- 
gated various Imsiness proiK>sitions. liut as none 
met the approval of his judgment, he decided 
to remain a resident of (ireenville. where his 
friends are legion. He is associated with his 
nephew. Mr. Dixon, in conducting the l>ixon 
garage, being agents for automobile firms, and 
the busine.ss is so rapidly expanding that soon 
more space will be needed and plans are un- 
der way for various im]n'Ovements. 

On Deremlier IS, 1000. Mr. T^idel was mar- 
ried to Miss Emma C. Wolf, who comes of one 
of the prominent families of Randolph County. 
111., her parents being natives of Germany. 
Mr. and Mrs. Leidel are hospitable people and 
their home is often the gathering place of 
their wide social circle. 

LEIDEL, John WiUiam (deceased). Xo com- 
munity can prosper unless it has among its citi- 
zens men of energy, enterprise, honor and char- 
ity, and it is but .lustice to recall the memory 
of these when the town or cit.v in whicli they 
lived is mentioned, even if they have passed 
across the liorder of life. It is thus that the 
name of .John William Leidel is brought for- 
ward in the jiresent record, and there are few 
residents of Greenville who do not recall him 
with the respect that was liis due. lie was born 
in Xambnrg, I'russia, .Tune 17. 1834. and came 
to the T'nited States in 1S4S. 

The fir.st home of Mr. Leidel was at Milwau- 
kee, Wis., where he remained long enough to 
learn the liaUer's trade. In 18.51 he went to St. 
Louis, Mo., and for some years following was 
a clerk in mercantile establishments and formed 
many pleasant accpiaintances. On .Tanuary 1. 
1854, he was united in marriage with Miss 
Elizabeth Iluduilli, who was born at Ratlmau. 
Switzerland, a daughter of John and Barbara 
(Whitmer) Iluchulli. natives of Switzerland. 
who came to America in 18.52, landing at New 
Orleans. They came up the Mississippi River 
as far as St. Louis, having endured great suf- 
fering on the vo.vage across the ocean, and 
finding cholera epidemic when they reached 
New Orleans. They had with them their eight 
children, and. as soon as i)Ossible. they left 
the plague city and safel.v arrived at St. Louis, 
although seven refugees died on the river boat 
during its i>assage. The father of Mrs. Leidel 
died in 1853, but the mother lived until 188.5, 
and these members of the family of children 
yet survive : Mrs. Leidel ; Fannie, wlio is the 
wjfe of Christoi>her M<iehrlc; Samuel, who 
lives at St. Louis, and Bariiara. who married 
George Moehrle of St. Louis. ChristojOier 
Moehrle and George Moehrle married sister.*. 
The other brothers and sisters of Mrs. 
Leidel were: Charmion, who was younger 
than Mrs. Leidel: .lohn, who is now de- 
ceased, married Lena Ilerzog and his widow 
and family live at St, Louis: Mary, who 
married William .Tustie at the same time 
Mrs. Leidel married, is deceased as is Mr. 



.lustie. but their children live at Pocahontas, 
111. : Fred. Katie. Ennna, Ida, Albert and Wil- 
liam. Fred is deceased. Katie married John 
Itobinson of St. Louis, Mo. ; Ida married John 
Hurle. of St. Louis : Emma niarlied John Ear- 
ley, of New Dougla.s, 111. Mr. Earley is de- 
cea.sed and his widow lives at Pocahontas, 111. 
They had two children, a daughter who died 
.voung, and a son. Justice. 

In 185.5 Mr. and Mrs. Leidel moved to Mil- 
waukee but later returned to St. Louis and 
from there, in 18(15, removed to Old Ripley, in 
Bond Count.v. 111., where he followed farming 
until 1870. In that .vear Mr. Leidel and fam- 
ily settled in (Jreenville, where he embarked in 
the hotel business and also dealt in agricul- 
tural implements, and still later was a well- 
known business man in liandling coal, ice and 
apples, and continued active until the time of 
his death. During the Civil war he enlisted 
from Old Ripley, entering Company <;. Third 
Illinois Cavalry, and after serving one year 
was honorably discharged. As a resident of 
Greenville he was always interested in all mat- 
ters that iiromised to be of advantage to the 
Iilace. was liberal in siipjiorting public measures 
and was noted for his many acts of charity. In 
politics he was a Democrat and fraternally was 
an Odd Fellow. With his family he belonged 
to the Lutheran Church. 

The following is the family record: Minnie, 
who lives at Greenville, is the widow of George 
.Alathis. Matilda married I^ewis Micheler and 
both deceased, their children being: Rosa; 
William, who is a farmer in Livingstone Coun- 
ty : Louis, who is a farmer near Pocahontas: 
Fred, who is a farmer near Livingstone: I,aura. 
who is the wife of Theodore Heim. a farmer In 
Bond County: and Elizabeth, who is the wife 
of Myrem Mitchell, a telegraph oiierator at Ef- 
fingham. 111. The next children of Mr. aniJ 
Mrs. Leidel were twin daughters, who died in- 
fants, and the next birth was a son who also 
died in infancy, .\lbert and William Leidel, 
twins, were born next. Fred was the next 
birth, but he did not survive. Elizabeth mar- 
ried a Mr. Dixon, and they had two sons, .\lliert, 
who is a carjienter and builder, living at Miami. 
Fla., and Arthur Iiixon, who is proprietor of 
the Dixon garage at Greenville. Mrs. Dixon 
resides with her aged mother as does her next 
sister, Barbara. Fred (2) was the next liorn 
in the family and he is in the .iewelry business 
at Troy, Tll.l married Letha Ray and they have 
one daughter. George died at the age of four 
months and two babes died soon after birth. 

LEIDEL, WiUiam A., a reprpscntativo of one 
of the pi<ineer families of Bond Co\nity, now 
living in his comfortable residence on Vine 
Street, (ireenville. 111., retired to a large degree 
from active business pursuits, was born near 
Old Riiiley, 111., April 30, 18(13, a son of William 
and Elizabeth Leidel. the former of whom was 
born in Germany and the latter in Switzer- 
land. Extended mention of the Leidel family 



4 



BOND COUNTY. 



729 



will lie fuiiiid on aiiuther pafre of this work. 
I'p to 1,S72 William A. I.oirtol resided near 
and attended school at Old liijiley. and after 
inovinj; to St. Louis, took a course In the Mound 
I'it.v Commercial College before he became asso- 
ciated with his father in the hardware and ini- 
|)lenient business at Greenville. III. In 1S.S2 
he eniliaiked in the ice business at this place 
and continued that line for three .vears, when 
he married and then went to Desoto. Mo., as 
foreman in railroad construction work, re- 
maining for one .rear. He then came back to 
Greenville and resumed dealing in ice and 
added coal to his conunodities handled and 
al.so became interested in breeding fine horses 
and for a number of years made this busi- 
ness ))rofitable. turning out some notable racers. 
.\fter retiring from that line he continued his 
other activities until ITtll. when be disposed 
of all his business, after a long period of heavy 
responsibility. Although nominally a Demo- 
crat he has never desired any office at his 
•I'.irty's hands and has often cast his vote for a 
man rather than a party candidate. 

On October S. 1SS5, Mr. Leidel was married 
to Miss Ennna Bruschand. who was born at 
Greenville. 111.. March 30. ISC", a daughter 
of Mark and .Jennie (Brandt) Bruschand. Both 
were born in .Swltzerlan<l and came to .\mer- 
ica with their parents, he in Is-t.-p. when aged 
seventeen years, and died at Greenville Decem- 
ber 21. 1912. at the age of eighty years. The 
mother of Mrs. Leidel yet resides at Greenville. 
where .she was married in .Tanuary. is."iri. her 
birth having taken place March 2S. .ls:i4. three 
.vears after that of her husband. They had six 
daughters and one son born to them as fol- 
lows: Eleanore. born February ].'i. 1s."i(i. is the 
wife of William Ta.vlor. of Chicago; Eliza- 
beth B.. who died in l!»l:!. while on a visit to 
her sister, ilrs. Leidel. was the wife of Carl 
Verbeck : Lo\iisa B., who was born October l.'i. 
INOl. is the widow of William Stuart, and lives 
at Grinnell. la. : Emma B. ; Annie B.. who was 
born November r.». 1S71. is the wife of Charles 
Harris, a dealer in real estate at I'ilot roinl. 
Tex.: and Charles B.. who was born Septeniber 
22. ISTii. who is head bookkeeper for the firm 
of Loftis Brothers, jewelers. Chicago. 

To Mr. and Mrs. Leidel the following children 
were born: Oscar William. I'auline and Sin- 
clair. Oscar William was born Iiecendier 12. 
1.S.S8, and iluring his early school da.vs ju'oveil 
an apt p\ipil and carried off honors both in 
his studies and in athletics, at Greenville Col- 
lege and also .-it (Jrinnell College. Grinnell. la. 
.\fter passing the competitive examination re- 
ipiired, he entered the T'. S. Naval .\cademy at 
.\nnapoIis, Maryland, through appointment of 
lion. W. A. Itodenberg, in IflOT. and was grad- 
uated with the class of Itlll. To win honors 
in a class of such fine ycmng men as are grad- 
uated from the Naval Academy, means a great 
deal and Cadet T^idel carried off honors, 
.■iniong these being first prize in rifie (iractice 
in a national contest. Later he resigned liis 



government position to accejit the management 
of the Dupont I'owder Company's I'lant at 
Newark, N. ,1., when, six months later he was 
appointed a navy jiaymaster with the rank of 
ensign, and under order of former President 
Taft, spent two months at Washington and then 
was sent to the Sandwich Islands Station, 
Pauline Leidel, the only daughter, was born 
February 2S, 18!)0. She married Cecil Mc- 
Cracken, who is a contractor and builder at 
Kingsville, Tex., and they have one child, Evan- 
geline. Sinclair, the youngest of the famil.v, 
was born February 2!), 1S!I2, and is learning 
the railroad business, being a fireman on the 
Vandali.i Kailroad. .\11 the children have been 
given educational and other advantages and all 
are credits to family and community. For a 
number of years Mrs. Leidel has been an active 
member of the Christian Church. Being ex- 
ceedingly talented in music she has largely 
directed the Sunday-school choir and many 
musical gatherings are held at the Leidel home, 
which is known as one of great hospitality. She 
is also interested in the auxiliary society of 
the Odd Fellows, the Rebekahs, and belongs to 
the Court of Honor, 

LILLIGH, Elder Henry, For nearly a half a 
century Elder Henry Lilligh has been a resi- 
<lent of Bond County, and during the greater 
portion of this time has ministered to the 
spiritual needs of the Mulberry Grove congre- 
gation of the Church of the Brethren. He is a 
I'ennsylvanian, and was born in Clarion County. 
May 1, 1840, a son of .Tacob ,1. Lilligh. a review 
of whose long and useful c.-ireer will be found 
in the sketch of ,Tames P. Lilligh. in another 
jiart of this work. Elder H. Lilligh rec-eived the 
usual educational advantages offered to farm- 
ers" sous of his day. bis tuition being secured 
during the winter terms, while the summer 
months were sjient in work on the home farm, 
where he began to do his share of duties as 
soon as he was large enough to reach the plow 
handles. In is<!."i he accomjianied bis parents 
to Bond Coiuit.v. and here for ten years con- 
tinued to be engagecl in agricultural pursuits, 
liut in 1S7.") his father opened a general store 
,it Mulberry Grove. He started as a clerk, then 
had full charge of the store for two years, and 
was finally admitted to an equal partnership, 
being thus engaged until 1877, in which year ho 
disiiosed of his interest to his br<itber, .lames 
P., and returned to the farm in Mulberry Grove 
Town.ship. In the meantime. .March 17, 1S72. he 
was nuirricd to .Miss llai'ricl .Morey. daughter 
of IIir;im .Morey, .-in honored pioneer of Bond 
Connt.v, whose review will be found on another 
page. .Mrs. Lilligh was born in Mulberry Grove 
Township. Fcbru.-iry 2li. Is.-pl. While <-onducfing 
tbeii- farm in that township, both Mr. and Mrs. 
Lilligh united with the Church of the Brethren, 
in 1S7S, andiu the fall of that year Mr. Lilligh 
was elected a minister. .'<uliseipientl.v he was ad- 
v.-niced to the eldership. aii<l for all of the fol- 
lowing years has continued to faithfully per- 



730 



BOND COUNTY. 



form the duties of his hi^rh trust. In the mean- 
time he has succeeded in his farmini; operations, 
beins at tliis time the owner of .320 acres of 
valuable land. In ISOs he and his wife moved 
to Mulberry Grove, where Elder H. Lillis;!! pur- 
chased an interest in a lumber business, but in 
1900 he disposed of his holdings therein and re- 
turned to the farm. In 1003 ilT. and Mrs. 
IJllich made a trip to California, and in the 
fall of that .vear returned to Mulberry Grove. 
In 100.") he purchased a third interest in a hard- 
ware store, but in 1007 sold this and invested 
his eapital in a general merchandise stock. 
In tlie s|irin!r of 1011 a business block was 
purchased by him, but later he disjxised of his 
iiusiness interests to A. ,T. 8chrader. who is 
now the ]iartner of his son. E. E. Lilligh. under 
the firm name of Lilligh & Sehrader. Since this 
time he has devoted his attention to his church 
work, and in 1012 was placed in charge of two 
Mulberry Grove congresxations and the one at 
Hurricane Creek. He has been devoted abso- 
lutely to tiie trust placed in him. and has won 
the affection and respect of all with whom he 
has come into contact in this connection. 

To Elder H. Lilligh and wife there have been 
liorn the following children : Ida M., born May 
23. 1.S73, the wife of A. C, Kesler, of .Mount 
Morris, 111., a jilasterer and brick mason, has 
three children, Edna. Vera and Henry ; Mary 
L., born February IS, 187."). the wife of .T, .T. 
Corrish, operating the old Lilligh home.stead 
farm, has three children. Velma Hattie. Cov- 
entry (named after the town in which .she 
was born in Colorado) and Vera May; Earl E.. 
born Febniary 20. 1S81. a merchant of Mul- 
berry Grove, who married Daisy Dooley. born 
in Fa.vette County, 111., and has one child. Flovd 
Roxie; and William H.. born March :!. 1S03. 
living with his parents. 

LILLIGH, James P. One oi Mulberry (irove's 
venerable citizens. .Tames P. Lilligh, who with 
tirni step and unclouded mind still walks the 
.streets and attends faithfully to his daily rou- 
tine of affairs, has. during the forty-nine years 
of his residence in Rond Count.v, witnessed 
almost its entire development and borne an ini- 
])ortant part in the startling course of its prog- 
ress. For years he was a c-ogent factor in 
its agricultural life; later he drifted into mer- 
cantile jiursuits, in which he won a full meas- 
ure of success, and eventually he entered the 
financial field, where as president of the First 
National Bank of Mulberry (Jrove. he wields a 
wide influence and has gained high standing 
.•iniong Illinois bankers. His activities, how- 
ever, have not been confined to the material 
tilings of life, for at all times he has manifested 
a commendable zeal in luonioting measures and 
iMovements for the jiublic welfare, especially 
along the lines of religion and eliarit.v. and few 
tnen have so gained the confidence of their fel- 
low <-itizens. Mr. Lilligh was born in , Clarion 
Co\inty, I'a.. Febnniry 20, 1S40. and is a son of 
.Tacob ;uid C;itberin(> (.Mable) I.illlgh. 



Jacob Lilligh, Sr., the grandfather of James 
P. Lilligh. was born in Germany, and as a 
young man left the Fatherland and emigrated 
to the T'nited States, settling in Westmoreland 
County. I'a. The family has lieen an agricul- 
tural one for generations, and its members have 
ever been iironiinent in church work in what- 
ever section they have found themselves. The 
grandfather was originally a Lutheran. 

Jacob Lilligh, Jr., father of James P. Lilligh, 
was born in Westmoreland Cimnty, Pa., in 1811, 
and was there educated in the i>ublic schools 
and reared to the vocation of fai'ming. There 
he was married to Miss Catherine JIahle, who 
was born in German.v and came with her par- 
ents to the T'nited States. In ISO.-, Mi-, and Mr.s. 
Lilligh c-ame to Bond County. III., and settled 
in what is now Mulberry Grove Township, the 
father buying 320 acres of land. Here he i)assed 
the remainder of his jlife. developing a goo.l 
farm and making a comfortable home for his 
family. He was a very devout man. and for 
many years was a deacon in the Church of llie 
Brethren, in the faith of which he died in 1802. 
His wife passed awny in 187(i, having been the 
mother of six children : James I'., of this re- 
view : liichard, who enlisted in a Pennsylvania 
regiment of volunteers during the Civil war and 
died while serving his country; Percilla, who 
is the wife of Henry H. .Mull, a well known 
retired farmer of Mulberry (Jrove Townshi]); 
and Elder Henry Lilligh. also a resident of Mul- 
berry Grove Township; Jacob, who died aged 
twenty-two years; and Mary \.. who is de- 
ceased. 

James P. Lilligh grew uji jin the home farm, 
and received his education in the district 
schools of Clarion County. Pa. He was mar- 
ried there in January. ]8(!."). to .Miss TTannah 
Cornish, a daughter of Henry and Susan ("Or- 
nish, and in the following .\pril the young 
couple came to Illinois and settled in JIulberi-y 
Grove Township, Mr. Lilligh iiurchasing lOo 
acres of land. On this was located a small four- 
rooi.i log cabin, which at that time was con 
sidered a very comfortable home, in that it had 
been weather-boarded. Here the yovuig people 
began life in the "Far West," and ^Ir. Lilligh 
devoted himself assiduously to the cultivation 
of the land and the r.iising of i-orn and wheat. 
That he proved an alile and energetic agricul- 
turist is shown by the fact that from 100 acres 
put into wheat, he harvested 2,."oo bushels and 
sold his product for .$2,800. His agricultural 
ventures proved successful, and from time to 
time he added to his land, until he owned otMl 
acres. From this land came the first clover 
.seed that was threshed in Bond County. Twice 
he rai.sed 100 bushels of clover and .s;ived the 
whole crop to be threshed for seed. lie also 
engaged in buying and selling farms in Bond 
and ad.iaient counties, and in this wa.v became 
widely known in business circles. From his 
original farm, he donated two acres of land. 
in addition to $KW) in cash, to build the first 
church of the P.rethren denouiination erected 




^ 




^ 



^ 



H^Hk^ 






^^B t ^^^^^Br J^^^^l 







I'.0\I) COUNTY 



731 



in till* c-ciuiity. ,ui(l in that section tlio nieinliors 
of thi>< faith lipt'an to settle. That they \ver<' 
earnest, industrions and eneriietic people is 
shown liy tlie fart tliat tliis lias lie<(iiiie nne of 
the most ]iroilnctive n.^'iicnltural sections in 
Hond Connty. 

Mi\ I-illish's first wife, a devout Christian 
woman, dieil in ls7:i. liavini; lieen tlie mother 
of two children: Kate, wlio married (ieorire 
Stanffer. a prominent farmer of Midlierry 
(;rove Townsliip: and Addison, wlio died in 
.voniii; manhood. On Ma.v 11. 1S73. Mr. IJlliirh 
was in.-irried (second i to Jlrs. Nancy Xowlan. 
who was horn Marcli (i. 1S44. in Bond Connty. 
111., a dauiihter of .lolui and Eleanor ( I.on;.' i 
Bnclianan. the latter a sister of lOlder I'eter 
Long, who was long one of the leadini; men 
of this part of tlie state and a jiroininent lignre 
in the Bajitist Church. Mrs. Lilligh was mar- 
ried ( first » to Henry Xowlan, who was horn 
in Dulilin, Ireland, and came to the I'liited 
States in ls4s. settllni; in Bond County. 111., 
prior to the Civil War. Duriiiir that struixijlc 
he enlisted as a soldier in the Twent.v-second 
Illinois Volunteer Infantr.v. and after the close 
of his term returned to Bond Count.v. where he 
passed the remainder of his life, dying Oi-toher 
3, 1S71. .Mr. and Jlrs. Xowlan had three chil- 
dren: Nellie, who is the wife of T. .7. Fink, of 
San Francisco. Cal. : .Tolin II.. a leading in- 
structor of Bimd County: and .Tennie. who • 
married Wilfcu-d .Miller, and died in lillO, in 
Clilahoma. To Mr. and Mrs. IJUigh there liavi' 
heen liorii three children : Minnie, who is the 
wife of Isaac Harris and resides on the old 
homestead place; (irace, who married Clarence 
Wells, is now credit manager for the Cole- 
man Lamp Company, of Wichita. Kans. : and 
Flma. the wife of C. .\. Sensenhangh, of I)ec;i- 
tnr. 111. .\11 of the children have been given 
guild educational advantages. ;ind li;ive |iroven 
themselves a credit to their rearing ainl their 
coinmunit.v. .Mrs. Lilligh is a woman of many 
attainments and social graces. Her charities 
are many, and in the church she is active in all 
manner of religious movements calcnl;ited lo 
promote moralit.v. education and religion. .\ 
hn.siness woman of marked ability, she li.-is been 
able to assist her husband materially, and lo 
her wise C(jun.sel and assistance Ii<' adributes 
much of his success. 

In IS!I() -Mr. Lilli.gh left his farm and c-anic 
to Mnllierry (Jrove, here engaging in a nicr 
cantile business in a store building wliicli be 
had erected, the upper story heiiii; used as .i 
meeting place fen- I he meinbers of the Church 
of the Brethren. In the spring of I'.tdl he sold 
his intei'est in the commercial enterprise, and 
in .September of the same year, with others, 
organized the First N;itional Bank of .Mnl 
berry (;rov(>, with ;i capital of .'fl!."!,! H 10, the lirsl 
otli<-ers being It, II, Osliorn, president: .Tames 
r. Lilligh. vice president. Two .years later .Mr, 
Lilligh bought .Mr. Osborn's interest in the bank 
and was elected president, an otlice which be 
has contiinicd to bold to the present time. Ilir 



other ollicei's being l>r. K. A. Glasgow, vice 
president, ami K. .7, Stauffer, cashier. The First 
.National, with deposits of .$127.(^10. is known 
as one of the most llonrishing b;inking institu- 
tions in I'.oiid Count.v. and under Mr. Lilligll's 
able manageinent is doing a s;ife, conservative 
linsiness, lie h.-'s the reipiisite traits uf the 
successful banker, and his capable guidance 
of the affairs of the institution lias gained him 
the iiatron.'i^e .and conliiliMue of the peojile of 
the <((mmunity. 

.Vll through his cireer, it will be seen that 
Mr. I>illigli has been zealous in his supjiort of 
religion. A\'itli his wife he has donated to the 
missionary wcn'kers of the Church of the Breth- 
ren the sum of .$1.(MMI, to be used as an endow- 
ment, the income going as a missionary fund. 
In 100,"), when it was decided to erect a 
church in JIulbei'ry (irove, the piece of 
ground ujion which tlii> hotel and church stand 
was bought, it being necessary to buy both to 
get the ground for the church, and .Mr. I>illigh 
built the church at ;i cost of ,f;2,.'10O and pre- 
sented it to the congregation. .V man who.se 
sympathies and religions faith incline him to 
participate in all movements which have for 
their juirpose the binding together of mankind 
in true fraternity, he has been active in enter- 
prises, striking at .abuses in civic government, 
tile welfare of his cianmunity being very dear 
to his heart. His long residence in Mulberry 
Drove ami his connection with large enter|irises. 
li.-ive given him a wide accpi.aint.ance, and wher- 
ever he is known he commands tli(> universal 
res]iect and esteem of all, Mr, Lilligh is the 
birgest tax jiayer in Mulberry (Jrove Townshiii. 
••ind one of the largest in the county. In llil I 
his taxes were .1:700. 

LINDER, Frederick Eugene, D. D. S., whose 
m.iny interests have c.irried his name all over 
IlliiKjis, has been iir<d'cssionally established at 
Creenville, III., since ,March 12, l!Mi!), and en.joys 
a practice sec<ind to no other dental surgeon in 
this p.irt of the state. Dr. Lindei; is also a siic- 
c<'ssfnl bi-eeder of fancy poultry and is jiro- 
inietor of the Yellow <tl(nv Buff Kock Poultry 
Yard, at (ireenville. from which have been sent 
some of the linest birds of this strain that have 
ever been exhibited .-inywliere. Dr. lander was 
liorn at Litchlield. .Montgomery County. 111., 
.lime 2(1, 1S77, an<l is ;i son of (Jeorge \V. Lind(>r, 
extended mention of whom will he found in this 
work. Frederick K. Liiider was two years old 
when his fathei- sohl the old farm and moved to 
.•mother, situated one mile west of the former 
one. in in'der to provide better school facilities 
for his children. :ind that coiitinue<l to he the 
family home until issl, when the lather rented 
••I farm in .Monlgoniery ('onidy of <'onsiderable 
extent. Frederick altemb'd the public scliools 
at ICasI Kay nd until Is'.ll and in the fol- 
lowing ye.-ir ;iccoinpanied his father when the 
I.'ilter rented and moved on what was known as 
Ihe old I'.arrett farni, ;i tract of 2<K) acres. To- 
-'ctlicr llicy endiarked extensively ill stock rais- 



ISi 



BOND COUNTY. 



in;: and cairied on a laiw Inisines in tliis line 
I'roni IMIL' until IWXi. wlien tliey sold out and 
moved to Bond County, rurolia.se was made of 
the old Kimlini farm near Woliurn. containinK 
5(52 acres, a ]ihice noted for its lu'oductive or- 
chards, and there the father still lives, the 
mother having iias.sed away. 

Frederick Kugene Linder attended school with 
regularity and while a student at Greenville 
i 'olle.;;e. where he took a Xornial course he 
jilso lie^ran his studies in dentistry in the office 
of X. ir. .Tackson. following: which he entered 
the dental de|iartnient of Washiufiton Tniver- 
sity Dental Collew. at St. I.ouis. JIo.. and ;;rad- 
uated with the clas.s of 1002. r|)on his return 
he liought the praetice and office fixtures of 
the late Dr. Rawson. who was a dentist <if 
Troy. 111., and sulise(|uently erected a hands<inie 
residence in that town. It was while residing 
there that he first liecame interested in the 
poultry Imsiness. hesinnin;; with a view to rec- 
reation but very soon reco^jnizin;; the profit 
.MS well as interest tliat a properly conducted 
liusiness alonj: this line mi,i:ht brin;: out. In- 
duced to .send seven of his finest liirds to he ex- 
hibited at St. Louis, in 1007. he received five 
premiums for his P.ufl" Kocks and ever since 
he has contin\ied to exhibit and on every occa- 
sion has won first prize. At tlie ^reat St. Louis 
show in Xovemlier. ions, in the strongest com- 
]ietition tlie Buff itocks ever went liefore. he 
won many prizes, an especially fine cockerel, 
that also won the first prize .-if the Illinois .State 
Show in .January. lOOSi. at Bloominston and 
later at Sprin;;lield. Illinois State Fair. beiuR 
named "Solid (!old." I'oultry journals were 
hi2;h in their iiraises of these beautiful birds 
and some fanciers went so far as to ileclave 
nothin.i; ecpial to them had ever liefore lieen 
seen in the Initcd States. Dr. Linder lon- 
finnes to take prizes and blue ribbons and sells 
his birds from two iloll.irs to fifty dollars. He 
is recoj;nized as an ■•luthority on poultry aiul 
while, for fancy breeding he prefers the Buff 
Uocks on account of their nian.v fine points, 
includini; their exceeding beaut.v. lu> lias a pref- 
erence for the riyiiKiuth IIocU strain iiefoi-e all 
others. His Yellow (ilow Buff Kock Yai<l at 
(Jreenville is well worth a visit. 

other lines of activity have also claimcil Doc- 
tor Linder's .•ittention and many larire under 
takincrs have been successfully <'arried out. In 
1010 he and his brother lioufrht 140 acres ot 
the Bradfiu'd St<ick Farm, situated one mile 
east of (Ireenville. which was platted and put 
on the market in five and ten-acre lots, all of 
which h;ive bei'U sold except twenty acres on 
Kock Koad east of the city and these a re 
known as the Linder out lots addition to (Jreeii- 
ville. In 1011 Doiior Linder bou^rht the ('.viiiiS 
tract of three acres which has been laid out in 
city lots. He owns also ('(Ki acres in Lane anil 
Wichit.i louiities. Kans.. ICO acres in cultiva- 
tion, and he is. at present, also considering the 
.idvisability of ^oin^ into the business of iirow- 
inir ;ill'alfa on his western land. 



On .Tune 2. 1004. Doctor Linder was married 
to Miss Crace Daniels, who was born in Bond 
County. 111.. June s. Is's. a dau;;hter of .Tames 
W. Daniels, extended mention of the family be- 
injr found in this work. Doctor and Mrs. Lin- 
der have one .son. Kldon KuKene. who was born 
July 2S. lOOIi. They own a beautiful home at 
X<i. :!21 West Main Street. (Jreenville. in which 
Dr. Linder maintains his ofhce. where he has 
every modern ei|uipnient made use of in his 
profession. He keel's in close touch with his 
chosen science, bein;; a member of the Illinois 
State Dental Association and the Southern Illi- 
nois Dental Association. Temperate in all his 
habits. Doctor Linder has ;,'iven iiolitical support 
at times to the Prohibition party and always 
has claimed the ri^ht to cast his vote for a can- 
didate of whose intentions and aliility to handle 
yrave situaticms. he has been reasonably sure. 
His only fraternal connection is with the Mac- 
cabees. Both he anil wife are very active in 
tlie work of the Christian Church, with which 
he united when a youth of seventeen .years and 
is a teacher in the Sunday school, Mrs. Liiider 
lieiiis an interested and efficient member of the 
Endeavor Societ.v. 

LONG, Benjamin. Amoiij; the pioneers of Bond 
('ounty there is no more hishl.v respected and 
iicneraly esteemed resident than Benjamin Long, 
who has lived on his farm in Shoal Creek Town- 
ship since ISC". He was born May 2. ls2li. in 
Berkshire. England, a son of Isaac Long, and 
a grandson of Benjamin Long. (Irandfather 
Benjaiuin Long was born in 17.">2. in England, 
married a Miss Wise, and they had ten children. 
Isaac being the youngest. Isaac Long, son of 
Benjamin and father of Benjamin Long, Jr. 
was born in 1707. In ls:!2 Isaac Long and 
faniil.v left LiverpiMil. England, on the sailing 
vessel Jubilee, and after a vo.vage of four weeks, 
landed in the harbor of Xew York, and from 
there went to Philadelphia. There Isaac Long 
worked at his trade of brickmaking until 
.\ugust. ls:;(i, when he came to Illinois and 
stopped for a short time at .Vlton and then 
moved to Woodburn. in Maeouiiin Ciiunty, where 
he engaged in the brick business. He died Feb- 
ruary 21!. 1S7.'!. when aged seventy-six years. 
In England the family belonged to the Church 
ol' Ijigland. but later accepted the doctrines of 
tlie liajitist Church, and subseiiueiitly Isaac 
Long became a leading member of that religious 
body and a deacon of the church. He was three 
times married, first to Martha Wakefield, .iiid 
second to Mary Dean, no children being !iorn 
li the second union. His first wife died at 
I'liil.iilclpbia. in is;!:;, and her burial w.-is not 
far from t;iraril College. His third wife was 
.Mrs. Harriet Cole. The following children 
were born to the first marriage: David, 
who was bom in laigl.ind. .Xovemlier 24. 1S;24. 
deceased: Benjamin: and Elizabeth, who was 
born May .'ll. Is2s. became the wife of Sanford 
Phillips and both died in California, she reach- 
ing the age of eight V years. 



BOND COUNTY. 



-.r.i 



Beii.iniiiin Long wns young when tlio family 
made the long water voyage and the I'nitlier 
extended tri]) to Illinois. Init memory serves 
liim well and he can reeall many interesting 
experiences of that time and also the sad death 
of liis mother just after reaching the new home. 
He started to go to scliool on Walnnt Street. 
I'hiladeliihia, the school Imilding then lieing 
witliin sight of Independence Ilall, in whicli 
swung the old Liberty Bell. The family came 
to Alton. August. is."',i;. and lived tliere for 
thirteen months and then moved to Macoujiiii 
County, in each place his lather sending him to 
scliool. lie learned the l)rick l)usiness with his 
father and remained at home until he was 
twenty-one years of age and then, with his 
hrother David, hought a tract of land in Ma- 
coupin County. David settled on the farm but 
Ren.jamin went to work at his trade in Carlin- 
ville. and on November 2, ls4S, he was married 
to Jliss France.* S. Vollintine. She was born 
in Bond County. .July 11, lS2(i. a daughter of 
William Vollintine. a native of Tennessee and 
a veteran of the War of 1812. 

For several .vears Mr. and Mrs. Long lived 
in Macou|iln Comit.v. but on Marcli 12. 1851. 
they moved to Hond Count.v. He rented a small 
tract of land and burned bricli for several years. 
In INoT he bought eight.v acres, for the tract 
paying .fl.'O. on which he ])ut up a log caliin, 
the logs c<isting him .fl."i. He did the most of 
the work himself, splitting and shaving the 
shingles for his liouse sixteen feet si|uare. He 
then dug a well twenty-two feet deep and walled 
it with brick and gradually made everything 
snug and comfortable about his jilace. Fach 
.year he burned brick and often built chimneys 
.and cellars and in this way liel|)ed make a liv- 
ing. Mr. Long sold liis first eight.v acres for 
$l.-")fiO and then bought forty acres on Section 
11. Shoal Creek Townshiii, on which he h,-is lived 
e\er since and is now surrounded with every 
material comfort that can be desired. 

'l"o his first marriage five children were born, 
Martha S.. became the wife of Warren 
W.itson. a farmer in Bond County. She was 
born .Tune 24. 18."iO. Her mother dieil March 
1.3, 18('(). the otlier four daughters being also 
decea.sed. Klizabeth Ami died October 2. lsi'i2. 
Mary F.. born .Vjiril '.I. is.".'!, was the wife of 
John M. .lones and died in W.voming. Flsle .\.. 
born February (i. 18.5<!. died .Vpril ^'■'t, 1804, wife 
of William Lamb, also deceased : Ou.ssie, born 
Ai)ril m. 18.-,8, died August 4, 1878, wife of 
Itobert Sturgeon, also deceased. 

Dii March 10, 18(11, Mr. Long was married 
(second) to Margaret (.Miir|ihy) Smith, who 
was liorn in (I'liester County. I'a.. .Tuly ;!1. 1n2.'!. 
Three children were liorn to this union : Ben.ia- 
niin .Tohn. Septemlier 24. 1S(;2 ; William 1.. 
born Xovember 0. 18tjo, for many years worked 
on the railroad but is now owner of a ranch in 
<'olorado: and Malachl M., born October '■'•, 
18(;0, died April l."i. 1874. Mrs. Long died Oc- 
tober l."i. ISOO, aged sevent.v-six .vears anil two 
months. She was a devout Christian wom.-iii 



and was faithful in every relation of life. When 
Mr. Long came to I!ond County he found no 
Baptist Cliurch In his section and he inune- 
'liately set about the organization of one and 
largely through liis elTorts grew the Hrst church 
at -New Douglas. He has outlived all the other 
organizers and Ihl.s church has been very near 
hi.s heart all these years. When .seven t.v-seven 
.vears old he was ordained to jireach and has 
exercised this privilege for the good of the peo- 
ple at large, being faithful in his ministrations 
under all circumsfances. 

LONG, Benjamin J., gcncnil fanner and .stock 
raiser, residing mi his father's farm, situated 
on Section 11, shual Creek Township, Boml 
County, was born in this townsliiii, September 
24. 1S(;2. and is a son of Ben.ianiin and .Mar- 
garet (.Murphy) Long, exten(led mention of 
whom will be found in this work. Ben.iamin 
.L Long obtained his education in the Willess 
School District, in which district he yet lives, 
and among his schoolmates yet surviving is the 
lady who beitinie his wife! II. M. :\I((;ilvary 
and .\mos Dove. While farming has been his 
life work, in his younger years he helped his 
father make brick and understands tliat busi- 
ness very thoroughly, .\fter his marriage he 
took chai'ge of the homestead and since the 
death of his mother his father lias also resided 
on_ the old jilacc and is well cared foi- by his 
children. .Mr. Long carries on .-i .general agri- 
<-ultui-al line, following methods which he has 
proved protitable and is one of the .successful 
and prosperous farmers of this section. 

(»n December !). 1,801, Mr. Long was united in 
marriage with Miss Lnona Codfrev, who was 
born in :\Iacoupin County, III.. October 7. IHCr,, 
a daughter of Hugh B. and Flizabeth (Snell) 
CTodfrey. The lather of Mrs. Long was born in 
Xorth Carolina. His father died when he was 
Iwelve years old and he was bound out to an 
un.lust man whom he loft and then went on 
board a sliij) at Baltimore and followed a sea- 
faring life until 18.-,7. when he came to Ma- 
cimpiii County, 111. There he married and lived 
until 1888, when he moved to .lohnson Countv. 
Mo., where his wife died .May 22, 10O4. To 
Mr. and .Mrs. Godfrey (he following children 
were born: Flla. who is the widow of Charles 
Hall, of .lohnson County, .Afo., and they have 
nine children; Lill.v, of Warreiisbnrg: Mrs. 
Long: Allie. who is the wife of Iladen Sut- 
ton, of .lohnson County, Mo. ; and Frank, who 
(iieil May i:!. 1!)(»4. The (Jodfrev familv was 
reared in the Methodist Cliunli. 

Mr. and Mrs. Long have had four children: 
•■'rank W.. born .Inly 14, ISO.'!, who died in in- 
l';incy; Orah. who was born .\ugust 4. Isiii;: 
Ilia, who was born May 2.-.. 1001 ; and .lohii 
Lester. Iicnn .Inly 17, l!l()4, who died in infancy. 
.Mr. Long has been a member of the Baptist 
Church since Iss!) and for four years has been 
i-hurch clerk. Although Mrs. Long had been 
reared a Methodist, after marriage she united 
with her liiisbaiids ihiirch and has always been 



734 



nOSD COUNTY. 



active in its many benevolent as^encies. For 
eigliteen years Mr. Long has been a school direc- 
tor and served one term as scliool trnstee. For 
many years he was i<lentitied with the Itepnlili- 
lan party but latterly has voted with the I'ro- 
hibitionists. 

MARTIN, Thomas L., of the firm of Story & 
Martin, dealers in hardware, lumber, farm im- 
plements and furniture, and undertakers, at 
Sniithlioro. is one of the representative men of 
this part of Bond County, one who has been snc- 
cessful in business and has long enjoyed imblir 
confidence as an official of I'leasant Plains 
Township, of which he is suiiervisor. lie was 
born in Kockinshani County, X. C.. .Tuly ii, 185'*, 
and is a son of Isaac II. and Itachel (Proctor) 
.Martin. Isaac II. Martin was Iwrn in Koeklng- 
hani County, N. C. a son of William Martin, who 
was also lioru iii that county, his father having 
settled there when he came in early days from 
Ireland. By trade Isaac II. .Martin was a black- 
smith but he was a n;itural mechanic and could 
use the tools of other trades. He served in the 
Confederate army through the Civil War and at 
its close decided to move to Illinois. He reached 
Ilillsboro on December 24, 18(i.">, and remained 
there until the siiring of 186(1. when he opened 
a blacksmitli shop at Cofifeen, 111., where he 
liuilt up a fair business as a blacksmith and 
wagonniaker. -Vfter awhile he sold out and 
went liack to Ilillsboro, but later returned to 
roftfi'u. where he remained until 1s7;!, when he 
nuived to .Mulberry CJrove. There he worked 
for two years at" the carpenter trade, after 
which he rented land of Kufus Miller and fol- 
lowed farming for several years and then moved 
to tJreenville and again worked as a carpenter. 
In ISS." he went to California and while there 
followed the carpenter trade, liut in lss7 came 
liack to Greenville and there his death occurred 
in ISDN. He was a Democrat in his political 
convictions and was a strong advocate of tem- 
jierance. He belonged, as did his wife, to the 
Methodist Chtuch. It was while living at Litch- 
field that he joined the Odd Fellows and con- 
tiiuied a member in good standing as long as 
he lived. He married Itachel Proctor, who was 
also born in Uockiugham County. X. I'., and 
died in 18!l(!. They had ten children: Elizabeth, 
who is the wife of Samuel Knloe. of .MiUberry 
Grove; Martha Ann, who is the wife of Solon 
P.arr. of .Mulberry Grove: Sarah .lane Irene, 
who died in 1«»T. was the wife of William In- 
gels, now of Mulberry (irove: Thomas L. ; Ma- 
tilda, who is the wife of Frank Ui)ton, of 
Texas; Henry L., who is a contractor and 
builder at Greenville, 111.: William C. who Is 
also a contractor and builder; Alice, who is 
the wife of Fdward .lones. of Mulberry (irove; 
and .Nora KUeii and ini.-i, both of whom dii'd in 
infaiu-y. 

Thomas L. .Martin acrompanied his parents 
to Illinois in isd.j, and remembers when his 
father started his blacksmith shop at what is 
now Coffeen, there being no town yet laid old. 



He was sent to a subscri]itioM school siin»> dis- 
tance from his home and afterward, during the 
numerous removals of the fanuly. went to school 
whenever opportunity offered, and when his 
father located at (;reen\ille, he entered the 
high school, where he studied for two years. 
He remained at home until he was twenty-one 
years of age, assisting his father and having 
a share in the i)roceeds of the farm. After his 
marriage in Iss], he and wife went to Eureka 
Springs. Ark., but returned to Bond Ccamty in 
the following year and then rented ii farm near 
Wisetown until ISs.'!. For the next five years 
Jlr. .Martin lived at Smithboro and then re- 
sumed farming and for .seven years successfully 
carried on general farming, stockraising and 
dairying on the farm of KJO acres which he had 
purchased near this borough. He then rented 
ills property to a satisfactory tenant and came 
back to Smithboro, where he bought a hard- 
ware and farm implement stock and since l!i()9 
-Mr. Story has been associated with him. the 
stock being originally owned by Elam Brothers. 
Sir. Story is a practical undertaker and attends 
to that branch of the business. The firm han- 
dles a very large tra<le and carries a heavy 
stock of first class goods. 

On October 10, ISS]. Mr. Martin was married 
to Miss Emma Smith, who was born near Smith- 
boro and died in 18!l2. She was a daughter of 
Tison C. Smith, an early settler in Bond County. 
Mr. Smith subsequently becoming the leading 
meriliant at Mulberry Grove. Mr. and Mrs. 
.Martin had three children: lyilly. who died in 
1!»02, was the wife of Xoah Akers : Enuna 
(Jrace. who was a.ssistant cashier of the Bank 
of Siin'thboro. died aged twent.v-five .years. .Vjiril 
17. 11114. and is buried in the Odd Fellows Cem- 
etery ; and Fred E.. who is a traveling sales- 
man, representing the Majestic Stove Company, 
of St. Louis. JIo. 

On December 20, 1.897. Mr. Martin was mar- 
ried (second) to Xancy (Morrow) Smith, a 
daughter of Thomas Morrow, who was a ])ioneer 
in Bond County. Mr. and Mrs. Martin have 
two children : Dewey, who is assistant cashier 
of the Bank of Smithboro: and Vera, who is 
assistant postmaster and resides at home. Mr. 
Martin is postmaster. Mr. Martin and f.imily 
belong to the Christian Church. They have 
many pleasant social c<inneitions. for their hos- 
pitality is hearty and their friendliness geiniine. 
In politics he is a Democrat and when, in 1!K)8, 
he was elected supervisor of I'leasant Jlound 
Township he was the first representative of his 
party so honored in twenty years. He served 
until T.)1(i and in 1!»12 was reelected with an 
overwhelnung majority, overcoming a large nor- 
mal Uepublican majority, but was coni]ielled to 
resign when he accepted the postniastership. 
He belongs to the Knights of Pythias at Mul- 
berry Grove, to the M. P. L., and to Lodge Xo. 
:!, Odd Fellows, at (Jreenville. This lodge on 
.Inly 1.".. l!li:!, celebrateil its sevent.v-Hfth anni- 
versary. 



i 



BOiND COUNTY. 



735 



MARTIN, William Charles. Tlio travokT to 
Jlulberiy Gi'ove, 111., will make iu> mistake in 
stopping at the new hotel which has been re- 
cently erected by William Charles Martin, and 
which i.s being conducted l)y Jlr. Martin and 
his capable wife. .Mr. Martin needs no intro- 
duction to the citizens of this community, for 
the many years that he has spent in conti'acting 
and building here have given him acknowledged 
prestige among business men. and as a leader 
of movements calculateil to advance the wel- 
fare of the coninnmity he is known as one of 
the cogent factors in this section's development. 
Born November 17, 1S()0, he is a son of Isaac 
K. and Rachel (I'roctor) Jlartin. a review of 
whose lives will be found in the sketch of 
Thomas L. Martin, in another part of this 
work. 

Mr. Martin was two years old wlieu he was 
brought to Illinois by his parents, the family 
tirst locating at Ilillsboro. and later moving 
to Mulberry Grove, where the yontli attended 
the public schools. In 1878 the father pur- 
chased a farm and for eight years Mr. Martin 
followed an agricultural life, succeeding which 
he secured employment in a mill, and also 
worked with liis father at the carpenter trade. 
On December 21, 18S.5, he was married to Miss 
Hester Smith, who was born at Mulberry Grove. 
December 21. 180G. a daughter of Tysan and 
Elizabeth (Perkins) Snuth, the former a native 
of Tennessee and the latter of St. Clair County, 
111. Mr. Smith, a farmer by occuiiation, spent 
his last .years at Smithboro. 111., where be died 
in November, ISO.'i. the mother having dieil in 
188;!. He was une of the leading I)i>mocrats of 
his locality, and he and his wife were prom- 
inent in the work of the Christian Church. His 
niau.v friends throughout the comnunnt.v sin- 
cerel.v mourned his death. He and his wife 
were the iiarents of three .sons and five daugh- 
ters, of whom two daughters survive: Mrs. 
Martin, and -Vmanda. who is the wife of .Tohn 
.V. \Vi<lger. a retired farmer of Mulberry Grov(>. 
Those deceased were: Nancy, who was tlu' 
wife of A. N. McKean : ('(unelia. wlm was the 
wife of .James Rodecker ; Eunua. who was the 
wife of L. L. Martin ; and George. William ami 
.lohn. I?y a former marriage, with Emma .Vni- 
nions, Mr. Smith had two daughters: 'Sin-.i. the 
widow of I'eter Bilyen. now a resiih-nt of .Mul- 
berry Grove; and Mary, deceased, who was the 
wife (if the late Samuel King. 

.\fler their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Jlartin 
resided on a rented farm in I'leasant Mount 
Townsliiii. Bond County, until INSS. wMien they 
removed to Smitliboro. Mr. Mai-tin first follow- 
ing the carpenter trade and subse(|uently buying 
.1 restaurant, which he soUl in 1S!I2. From the 
spring of IWK! until llXKl, h(> followed farndng. 
and then came back to Mulberry (irove and 
rented a hotel which be conducted two years. 
He again entered the restaurant business and 
also followed mer<aidile pursuits until lilll. 
then following farming for two incu'e years. In 
the meantime, Mr. Martin had been almost con- 



staidly engaged in contracting and building and 
many of the best biuldings in Sndthboro and 
Mulberry Grove testify to his skill and good 
workmanshi]). In the summer of 191:^ he com- 
menced work upon the new hotel at the latter 
place, and this has become one of the most 
favored homes of the traveling jaiblic in Bond 
Comity. A genial, entertaining host, with a 
wealth of experience, he is ably assisted by his 
wife, who cares for the domestic duties with 
consummate skill, and both have made and re- 
tained a wide circle of friends here. They have 
been the parents of six children : Milo, born 
.Tune 20, 1880, a carpenter of Greenville, 111., 
married Nellie Tii)ple, and has one son. Arnold; 
Alvin. born .Tune 7, 1.S.8S. at home: Erma, born 
October 21. ISliI, the wife of Roy Davis, of Mul- 
berry Grove; Esther, born May 11. ],SfK>; 
Amanda, liorn .July 28. 18*.>8. and Noel, who 
died at the age of eight months. 

Mr. Martin is a valued mendier of the Odd 
Fellows, having .ioined the Mulberry Grove 
Lodge at its inception. lie is a Democrat and 
has worked hard in the ranks of his party, hut 
has not asked for public position. With his 
wide experience, his energetic nature and 
wealth of progressive ideas, his success in his 
new venture is assured. 

MATTINGLY, David R. One of the oldest 
native residents of Mulberry Grove. 111., is 
David R. Mattingly, who has resided here dur- 
ing his entire life, with the exception of the 
time he spent in the Union service during the 
Civil War. He was born in the little village, 
as it was then. Sejitember 27. 1840. and is a 
son of Dr. .Teidxins and Mar.v .\nn (Hubbard) 
Mattingly, the latter a daughter of David and 
Mllly Hubbard, natives of Virginia, who moved 
from that state to Temiessee. subsequently 
came to the vicinity of Greenville, 111., and fin- 
ally located in Mulberry Grove, where both 
pas.sed away. The paternal grandfather of 
David R. Mattingly was George W. Mattingly. 
who was horn at Cork. Ireland. He was edu- 
cated to beconu' a priest, but his inclinations 
ran in another direction and he accordingly 
learned the trade of hatter, which he followed 
for a number of years in his native lan<l, man- 
ufacturing the finest "plug" hats, and carrying 
them with him from place to jilace. In 18.34 
he came to the I'nited States with his two 
brothers, and l(K-ated in Charleston. S. C, hut 
later removed to Illinois and S(|uatted on land 
near luka, Marion County. He was later ousted 
from his pmpert.v and moved to near the Marion 
County line, where he purchased 120 acres of 
land for ifl.'itt and there spent the remainder 
of his life. 

Dr. .Teidxins Mattingly was born in Lincoln 
County, Teiin.. .Inl.v 7. ISi;^, and as a lad moved 
to .Mabani.i, where be lived mitil ls.'?0. then 
accoinp.-inicd the fainily to .Marion Comity. 111. 
In IS.'!!) be came to .Mulberry Grove and in the 
following year was sent by the A. B. Mills 
Stage Company to carry mall between Vandalia, 



736 



BOND COUNTY. 



111., and St. Lonis, Mo., iind on re.siiining this 
position took np the study of medioine with 
Doctor Bivge. In ls03 he retnrned to MuUierry 
Grove and entered upon the iiractice of his 
profession as an eye and ear specialist, and 
was .so engaj;e<l nntil VMM), when he retired, 
his death oconrrin); .Tune 10. 1903. In 1,S3!) 
he was married to Mary Ann Hubbard, who 
died in 1840, leavini; one son : David R. His 
second wife was .Sarah Tate, who was born in 
.Stokes County, X. C., and there were three chil- 
dren born to this union, namely : Lizzie, the 
widow of John W. Buchanan, with whom Mr. 
Mattiugly was making his home at the time of 
his death : Annie, the wife of G. W. Rockwell, 
of New Douglas, 111. ; and Sarah, who died at 
the age of se\en years. 

David R. Mattingly received his education in 
the district schools of his day and locality at- 
tending whenever he could spare the time from 
his farm duties. His mother having died when 
he was a l)al)e. he made his home with his 
maternal grandfather, who was one of the 
prominent men of the county during an early 
day. After the death of his grandparents, he 
secured work as a brakeman on a railroad, but 
when his fatlier's health failed he returned 
home and went to work on a farm, at the same 
time attending school to suiiplement his meager 
education. At the outbreak of the Civil war 
lie enlisted in the state service and was sent 
to Belleville. 111., later to Casey, 111., then to 
St. Louis, Mo., and Cairo, III., and July 7, 1S61, 
to Bird's Point. Mr, Mattingly was given 
chai'ge of the division mail department, carrying 
mail to and from Cairo, 111., and October 2S, 
18(11. was sent home on a furlough. He re- 
turned to his command in December, and ac- 
companied the regiment to Kentucky, but re- 
tnrned to r.ird's Point and later iiarticipated in 
the engagement at Island No. 10. He was de- 
tailed mail messenger by Gen. I. N. Paine, and 
while thus serving his horse was .shot under him 
and he was injured this causing his honorable 
discharge in August, 1S62. He had no desire 
however, to leave the service and secured an 
apiiointment :is checking clerk, serving as same 
until 1S6.5. He then retnrned home for a short 
time, after which he went to lOvansville, Ind., 
but in April, iscti, came back to MuUierry (irove. 
He was married that same year and for three 
.vears thereafter was in the railway mail ser- 
vice, becoming one of the exiierts in that line, 
lie was shift(>d from point to point on account 
of his ability, and his career in that occupation 
was marked by constant advancement. On re- 
signing from the service. Mr. Mattingly estab- 
lished himself in the mercantile business at .Mul- 
berry Grove, but sold out three years later and 
engaged in farming, but after a like jieriod in 
agricultural pursuits his health failed and he 
came back to Mulberry Grove and finally went 
to work for the elevator company. Here he 
regained his health, and once more took up 
farming, in which he was engaged until De- 
cember 211. ItiO.". when he accepted the oltice of 



rural ixaite carrier, in the I'nited Stati's Mail 
Service, a position which he continued to ac- 
ceptably and conscientiously fill until February 
17, 101-t, when he resigned on account of in 
health. 

On December 20, 1800, Mr. Mattingly was 
married to Miss Itosa Ann Kershner, who was 
born in Frederick County, Md.. January 1. ISl.j, 
daughter of Johan and Catherine E. (McAhn) 
Kershner. who came to Greenville, III., in 18.51. 
In the ne.\t .year they bought a farm south of 
Greenville, and in ISfil the father left home 
and enlisted in Company D, Third Illinois Cav- 
alry, rising to the rank of first lieutenant and 
serving three years. The regiment was then 
sent to .Springfield. 111., where the men received 
their honorable discharge, and Mr. Kershner 
started home, Init was taken sick before reach- 
ing there and died at Greenville, where he was 
buried. His widow then .sold the farm and went 
to Missouri, but subsecpiently returned to Illi- 
nois, and made her home with her daughter. 
Mrs. Mattingly, where she died January 4, 18!i4. 
and was laid to rest at the side of her husband 
at Greenville, 111. There were .seven children in 
the Kershner family, of whom five are still liv- 
ing: John, a resident of Amsterdam, Mo.: Mrs. 
Mattingly; Perry, of Pocahontas, 111.: Mary, the 
wife of John W. Miles, of Pocaluintas: Frank, of 
East St. Louis. The children born to Mr, and 
Mrs, Mattingly are as follows: Bertha C, born 
October 14. 1807, the wife of J. Sherman Ilin- 
ton, an editor; Mary K., born September Vi, 
1869, the wife of George C, Shepard, a music 
dealer of Birmingham. Ala., who has two chil- 
dren, Edith Boyde, of Kiowa, Kans., and 
Dainty, the wife of Uoscoe Gofarth : Mar- 
garet E., born January 20. 1S73, the wife 
of Dr. .T. M. .Tohnson. a well known physi- 
cian of Fi-ankfort. Ind. ; Daisy, born Sep- 
temlier 10. 1875. the wife of Dr. E. A. Glasgow, 
a leading Illinois physician, a review of whose 
career appears on another page of this work; 
Grace, born August 20, 1879, an artistic milli- 
ner, carrying on an extensive business at Mul- 
berry (Jrove: Edgar J., born February 13, 1882, 
station agent and telegraph operator, who mar- 
ried iliss Bessie Norris, of I'heyeinie, Wyo. ; 
Ethel, born July 23, 1,8S4, the wife of Roy Ilaun. 
a general merchant and banker of Burlington, 
Ind.; Lottie P., born December 21. 188.8, at 
home; and Nina M., born March 8, 1893. also 
residing with her [larents. The last two named 
are skilled teleiihone ojierators. and, like the 
other members of the family, have been given 
excellent educational advantages, being fitted 
to capably discharge the duties of any jiosition 
they may be called upon to fill. Mrs. Mattingly 
and the children are consistent members of the 
Methodist Church. He is a member of the local 
liost of the (Jrand Army of the Repnblie. Orig- 
inally a Whig, he was one of the charter mem- 
bers of the Republican jiarty, and on various 
occasions lias served in ottices of trust and re- 
sponsibility. He is .instly regarded as one of 



BOND COUNTY. 



737 



his commuiiit.v's best ami most inihlit-spiritefl 
citizens. 

MAYO, Edward, who now lives in c-omlortablp 
retiiomcut in an attiaitive residenoe stamling 
at Xo. H15 South First Street, Greenville. 111., 
was boru on a farm in Pleasant Mound Town- 
ship. Bond Count.v. 111.. April 17. 1S4!I. and is a 
son of Benjamin Franklin and Levina (Jewett) 
JIayo. and a srandson of Thomas Ma.vo, whose 
father was boru in ("onnt.v Ma.vo. Ireland. 
From Ireland he came to the I'nited States at 
a very early da.v. settling; at Boston. JIass., and 
there his son. Thomas Mayo was Iku'u and died 
there in 18.S4. Benjamin Franklin Mayo w-as 
horn at Boston, July 111. INTO, srew up in his 
native cit.v and there learned painting and 
wagon making. In 1S34 he came to Illinois and 
settled in Bond County, bnyins ](I0 acres of 
land in Pleasant Mound Township, the deed for 
which, issued and signed by Martin Van 
Buren. President of the I'nited States, being 
in the jMissession of Kdward Mayo. This land 
had been improved to the extent of erecting a 
small cabin, its first owner being .lolin Clanton. 
After marriage he continued to live on this 
land, cultivating and improving it. until 1874, 
when he moved to a farm six miles east of 
(Jreenville. where his death occurred Ma.v 21, 
IsOl. He was long looked on as one of the sub- 
stantial and reliable men of the county and 
did his full dut.v at all times in su|iporting the 
cause of education and encoui'aging religion, al- 
though a member of no special chunb body. 
In 1837 he was married to Jliss Levina .lewett, 
who was born In Indiana and died in Bond 
County in 18."k>. In 1S3(! she came to this county 
with .losiah and Anson Bates and families, and 
shortl.v afterward invested in land, buying 240 
acres in Pleasant Mound Township, for which 
she paid $1.20 an acre, showing remark.-ilily 
good judgment in the selection of her ]iro|i(.rty. 
making a choice of prairie land, while others 
had located in the timlier. To the above mar- 
riage the following children were born: Kugenia 
K.. Thomas. Henry. Kdward. Almizo .lewett. and 
two daughters who died in infancy. Kugenia E. 
married .\bsolom Klunip. a native of Ohio, and 
the.v had the following children: Mary. Abso- 
lom. Frank. Wallace. Henry. .lulia. l.avina and 
Hose. Thomas Mayo enlistecl for service in the 
<'ivil war, in the lodth Illinois A'olunteer In- 
fantry, and died from an .-ittack of measles, in 
an army hospital at Menii)his, Tenn., and his 
burial was in the Soldiers' Cemetery there. 
Henry Mayo was born in 184(5 and died April 
13. I'JOl. He married Fredonia Xe.sl)it and they 
bad one daughter. .Janetta. who is the wife of 
Lewis F. Bauer, living at Creenville. .Monzo 
.1. Mayo served in the Spanish-.\nieric;in war, 
and is an inmate of the Soldiers' Home at 
Leavenworth. Kans. 

Kdward .Mayo attended school through boy- 
hood during the winter seasons Imt early 
began to work on the home farm through the 



summers and contiiuied with bis father until 
INTO, in which year he married and then liuilt 
a dwelling on the farm of 240 acres which his 
mother liad bought in 1830. At that time onlv 
eighty aires of the land had been broken. The 
first hou.se, of which he and wife took posses- 
sion on .January 1. 1871, was a rather primitive 
shelter but in 1800 one of the finest residence.s 
in the townshij) was erected here. Mr. JIayo 
inherited si.\ty acres of land and continued "to 
add to the same until he now owns 4G0 acres. 
He was very successful in his business oiK-ra- 
tions. particni.-irly in raising livestock. In 1801 
lie bought si>me registered Ited Polled cattle 
and the increase was such that at one time 
lie had forty head of these valuable cattle. He 
also raised Shroiishire sheep and had other tine 
stock in abundance. On February 1 1013 Mr 
and Mrs. Mayo retired from the farm and'took 
possession of their very comfort.ible residence 
at Greenville. 

On .lune 12, 1.S70, Edward .Mayo was married 
to .AIiss Priscilla -We.-iver. who was born in 
Darke County. Ohio. M:\\rh s. 1848. a dau'bter 
of Thomas and Klizabetb -Weaver. IIer"p-,r- 
ents died in Darke County during her child- 
hood. In ISCO she came to Bond Countv. where 
lived a half-brother, who located lieie alter 
serving in the Civil war. but subsequenUv went 
iiaek to Ohio where he died. The following 
children were iiorn to Kdward Mavo and wife- 
.Minnie K.. who was born .June l.'i. is71. ni:i;-ried 
George E. Perkins, a farmer in Pleasant .Mound 
township, and when she died on .Tanuary '^1 
1804. was survived by one .son, Koscoe Conkliic' 
Perkins who married Rachel Potts, ojieratin"' 
one of his gr.-indfather's farms near Greenville'^ 
Lucy D.. who was born Februarv 11. I.s7;i died 
March 21. 1800; Francis L.. who was " horn 
November l(j. 1870. died October 31. 1800: 
Thomas F., who was born in IssO, was married 
to Cordia Stubblelield. December s. 1012. and 
IS now operating the homestead for his father 
has one spn. Franklin Kdward, born October 
2,1. 1013: George W., who w,is liorn March 1 
1882, died .June 20. lOO.", : and Maggie O.. wh.i 
IS the widow of Volkire Wedekind, who died 
October 3, lOOs. .Mrs. Wodekind and son. For- 
est Mayo 'VV'edekiiKl, reside with Mr. and .Mrs. 
Ma.vo. .Mr. Mayo has always taken an interest 
in school matters and has .served as school di- 
rector for eighteen years and has been school 
treasurer of Pleasant .Mcjund Townsliii>. for 
about twelve years. He has often administered 
and settled uji estates, his fellow citizens hav- 
ing entire confidence in his abilitv and in- 
tegrity, and for si.\teen years served as guar- 
dian and conservator of one estate. Mrs. Ma.vo 
is a member of the .Methodist Episcopal Church, 
which he attends and to which he gives liberal 
support. For twenty-four years he has been a 
member of thi' fraternal order of .M. W. .\. He 
has been more or less active in the councils of 
the Republican party and in I'.IOO was elected 
supervisor of his township, serving for four 



738 



BOND COUNTY. 



years as such and was twice chairman of the 
county board of supervisors. By virtue of liis 
being chairinau of board of supervisors, he was 
also chairman of the board of Keview for two 
.years. He is also a director of the Bradford 
National Bank, at Greenville, and has been 
since its organization. 

McCASLIN, Warren E., one of the leading men 
I if Bond County who has occupied the office of 
i-ouuty clerk, and lieen associated with the 
educational work of his locality for some years, 
is a resident of Greenville. He cames of pio- 
neer ancestry. He was born July 14. IStiT. 
in the old log house erected by his grandfather. 
John Oliver ilcCaslin. as was his father.- the 
late William G. McCaslin. on July 13, ls2fi. 
This house, having passed through many 
changes is still standing, although from out- 
ward appearances, is a modern frame structure. 
James McCaslin. the great-grandfather of War- 
ren E. McCaslin. was born ten miles south of 
Dublin. Ireland, and came to America with his 
parents when he was six .years old. The family 
settled in Xorth Carolina, where the father died 
two years later. James grew to manhood in 
Xorth Carolina, and was united there to a 
Scotch lady, but subsequently removed to South 
Carolina, and still later to Caldwell County. 
K.v. In IS28. he came to B<)nd County, 111., and 
entered the farm on which Warren E. McCaslin 
was horn and grew to manhood, where he died 
at the age of eight.v .years and was buried in 
the Old Camp Ground Cemetery. 

John Oliver McCaslin, the grandfather, was 
the third son of James, and was born about 
1S07, in Caldwell County, Ivy. He was twenty- 
one years old when the famil.y came to Bond 
County. 111. Here he was united in marriage 
with Mary Jlills. a native <if Tennessee, who 
came with her parents. William and Mary 
(Plant) Mills at the same time as the McCaslin 
family made its entrance into Bond County, 
the two parties meeting on the road. William 
Mills was a Methodist minister who in his old 
age moved to Texas, and there died at the age 
of eighty years. John O. McCaslin died on Sep- 
tember 3, IS.'iS. in the old house that is now 
occupied by the mother of Warren E. McCaslin. 
and was laid to rest in the Old Camp (;roun<l 
Cemetery near by. He was a Whig in iiolitics, 
and a I'resbyterion in religious faith. The 
grandmother, Mary (Mills) McCaslin, moved to 
Kan.sas in August, 1807. and died there in Au- 
gust, ]N(!!), aged sixty-six years, being buried 
near McCune. She was of the Methodist faith. 

William G. McCaslin. the father, was the 
eldest of nine children, and was born July l.'l. 
1.S2!). He received a meager educational train- 
ing in the old log house which now oidy serves 
to adorn the landscape of some rural artist. 
On March IS. ls.j2, he married Mary Jane 
Steele, a daughter of Walker and Catherine 
(Russell) Steele, both of whom were members 
of obi and substantial families of JIadison and 
Morgan County, 111. William (J. McCaslin died 



February 13, l!i07. Walker Steele was born 
December 10. 181.5. near Slough Bridge, between 
Edwardsville and East St. Louis, in Madison 
Count.v, 111., and died May 3, 18r>(i. being bur- 
ied in the Old Camp Ground Cemeter.v. His 
wife was buried near Waverly. 111., having 
passed away February 20. 184(;. William G. and 
Mary J. McCaslin were the parents of thirteen 
children, as follows: .Tohn W.. who is of Han- 
ford, Calif. : Catherine I., who is the wife of 
Samuel S. Floyd : C'lara A., who is the wife of 
Cliarles Maddux, deceased, of Seattle. Wash.; 
Harriet M.. who was the wife of A. J. Huff, but 
died at Hanford. Calif., as did her husband ; 
James X.. who is of Gilbert. La. : Casablanca 
and Hannah J., both of whom died in infancy; 
I'retta C, who is the wife of A. C. Rising: War- 
ren E. : William H.. who is of Grow. Okla. ; 
Mary F.. who is deceased, was the wife of R. A. 
Duncan: Alonzo, and Carrah H. Catherine I.. 
Iretta C. Warren E.. .Vlon/.o and Carrah H. 
are residents of Bond Count.v, and Fretta C. 
lives on the old liomestead. 

Warren E. McCaslin received a practical ed- 
ucation in the common branches of learning. 
While a boy on the home farm he was well 
drilled in the agricultural arts and sciences, fol- 
lowing his ancestors, nearl.y all of whom were 
tillers of the soil. Entering upon a professional 
career at the age of twenty years, he taught 
school for two years, after which he took a com- 
mercial course of instruction at the Central 
Normal Business ('ollege. Danville, Ind. Re- 
turning to Bond County. 111., he resumed his 
educational work, teacliing in the coinitr.v 
schools, and for three .rears was principal of 
the Mulberry Grove schools. In 190(>. he was 
elected to the office of county clerk of Bond 
Count.v. and filled the office with su<'h ability 
and fidelity, that at the expiration of his term, 
in liilO. he was reelected without oi>position. 
Religiously he is a member of the Methodist 
Ejiiscopal Church of Mulberry Grove, ami fra- 
ternally he lielougs to the ilodern Woodmen of 
.Vmerica. Knights of the Modern Maccabees, 
Court of Honor and Masons. 

On August 7, 1880. he was married to Gussie 
.V. (ioad. a daughter of William M. and Amanda 
J. (.Vllen) (Joad, both of whom are natives of 
Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. JlcCaslin have three 
daughters and one son, namel.v : Ruby Elsie who 
is the wife of Ralph G. Bowden, of Collins- 
ville. 111. : Glad.vs Annette, who is the wife of 
Harold R. Brice of St. Louis, Mo.; and Coral 
I'earl and James Y.. who are at home. Ruby 
1%. and Gladys A. served as deputy county clerk 
for two years each. Coral Pearl was graduated 
from the (Ireenville High School in 1913, and is 
niiw taking a collegiate course of study in the 
Greenville College. James Y. is four years of 



McCORD, Rev. John W., wlio for many years 
has been a minister in the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, now lives in comfortable circumstances 
on his small, well cultivated fanu in Central 



nOM) COUNTY. 



7:^9 



'I'lPWiisUiii. Bund County. He is iilso a vi'tcnin 
of the jrrent Civil war. He was lioiii .Mariii o. 
1S4T. ill Wa.sliiiiuton Count.v, 111., and is a .son 
of Charles .\. MeCord. who was one of the 
iiloneer preachers of the .Methodist faith in 
Southern Illinois. He was horn in Kentuck.v 
and earae to Illinois in ISID when a ho.v, and 
was educated and reared in Washington Connt.v. 
He was a member ofthe Soiithern Illinois Con- 
ferenee and preached all tlirouiih the southern 
portion of the state. His lirst wife was a Miss 
I'atterson and eii^ht children were lioru to tliem. 
His second niariiaiie was to Mrs. .l.'in(> (Tille.vl 
I.enion, widow of .Tames Lemon. She was horn 
and reared in Washinirton Count.v. 111. Three 
children were l)orn to her first marriage : Wil- 
liam, who died while serving as a soldier, in 
1S61. and Xewton and .Tames both of whom 
died in infane.v. To her marriase with Charles 
A. McCord three children were liorn : .Jane. 
.Tohn W. and Josepli S.. the last named at one 
time lieinsr pastor of the First Methodist Epis- 
copal Church at Iowa Cit.v. Iowa : he die<l March 
30, 1001. Rev. Charles McCord died in his 
fort.v-nintli .vear. born Ma.v 2. isi:!. rolitically 
he was tir.st a Whig and later a Itepnlilicnn 
and he belonjted to the Odd Fellows. 

.John W. McCtu'd was fourteen years old when 
his father died after which he went to live with 
Ids brother and later with an micle. In ISC.'i he 
enlisted for service in tlie Civil war. entering 
Company H. Tlisld.v-first Illinois \'olunteer In- 
fantr.v. in which he served until .\pril 1. IStiii, 
liarticipatins in the battle of Nashville, the siese 
of Spanish Fort and man.v other ensnsements. 
When his military service was over lie returned 
to Illinois, locating; in Rond County, May ti, 
ISfiC. For five years he worked for his brother 
and dnrins this time att(>nded college and pre- 
pared for the ministry, later entering tlie Cen- 
tral Illinois Conference in which he served for 
nineteen years. In Is'.C he was transferred to 
the I'pper Iowa Conference and continued active 
until lilOl. when he wa.s snjierannuated. In the 
spring of I'.tttl he located on his present place 
where he has ten and a half acres. 

Mr. McCord was married September 21, 1871, 
to Alenia Dresser, tlie eldest daughter of Na- 
thaniel Dresser. She was born .Taiiuary 2ii. 
lS4;i. and for a number of years, like her hus- 
band, taught school. .Mr. and Mrs. McConl 
have one son. Charles Krnest, and a niece, Itoxie 
Helle. whom they have adopted. Mr. McCord 
has always found his political sentiments to be 
in accord with tlic Kcpnblican party. 

McCORD, Julian H. .Miiiiy and wonderful linvc 
been till' i-liaiiges that have t;ikeii place in Konil 
County since .Tulian II. SlcCord, one of the 
Iiighly esteemed residents of Shoal Creek Town- 
ship, spent his liapp.v boyhood on his father's 
farm, on Section 11, on which he was born 
November 20. 18;!7. His grandiiarents were 
David and .Tane (Alexander) McCord. who were 
born and married in I'ennsylvania. From there 
they went to Nortli Carolina and subsequently 



to Tennessee and in IS'Jii (anie to 15ond County 
and settled on what is now .Section 11, Shoal 
Creek Township. The thriving village of Reno 
stands on a part of the original larm of David 
.McCord. The children born to the lirst mar- 
riage of David McCord were: .\nn, who was 
lMirn March 2, ISOO, died February 2s, 1840; 
.Tohn Hill, who was born ,Tuly s. istll. was the 
father of Julian H. McCord, and died July 5, 
1870; a balie died in 1S(i:!; Robert F., who was 
born December 24, 1804, died .May 2, 1S(;2 ; Mary, 
who was liorn .May 22, 1807, ilied February 10, 
ls4<i; and David .V.. who was born Februar.v 
18, isllt, died November l.'i, ls.")4. 

John Hill McCord grew to manhood in Rond 
("ount.v, his birth having taken place in Georgia, 
and his death occurred at Vandalia. HI. This 
is an old Presbyterian family and father and 
grandfather as well as uncles of Julian H. Mc- 
Cord, were elders in the I'resbyterian Church, 
the father being an elder in the old Bethel 
Church. Ill March. 1S2.-,. John Hill McCord 
married Mary Scott Alexander, at Bethel, Rond 
County, III. .She was born in Meckleuberg 
County. North Carolina, Septemlier !l, 1801, and 
died .\ugust 1.5, 18.'5."). They had the following 
children: John N.. who was born January 3. 
1820. died at Vandalia, September 21. 1891; 
David C, who was born November 23, 1827, 
died in Vandalia. January 2!t, 1898; Elizabeth 
J., who was born .May 'il, 1.S29, married first 
Rev. Thomas II. Holmes, who died June 4. 
187.3. and (second) Rev. .VIvin Dixon, who died 
December 12, lss7. and she died .Vpril 24, 1907, 
at Vandalia ; t)live. who was liorn August .30, 
18.31. died .Vpril :-,V. ]s4(i; Annette, who was 
born November 18, 18.34, married John L. Davis, 
and died .\ugust 7, 188."i, at Argentine. Kans. ; 
and Julian H.. born November 21). 18.37. 

Julian II. .McCord grew up on the home farm 
and in .youth attended the district school. Farm- 
ing has always lieen his main business but he 
understands .several trades and has built man.v 
cisterns and plastered many buildings in this 
section. On February 18, lN(i2, he was united 
in marriage with Almira (Jould. who was born 
in Edwards County, III.. February (i, 1,S42, and 
was married in her lioiiie there. Since then Mr. 
.McCord has lived in I'.ond County with tlie ex- 
ception of seven years spent in .Minnesota and 
five years near I'ueblo, Colo. In 1!KI4 he re- 
turned witli his family to Bond ('ounty and here 
Mrs. McCord passed away August" 23, 1910. 
The following children were born to them: 
Herbert, who was born December 0, 1S()2, died 
August 29, 1SS7; Zella Electa, who was born 
.Viigust 31. ls(;."p. is the wife of T.eroy K. Alex- 
ander; Winfred \.. who was born November 2. 
lsi;!», died .May 7, 1S9S; Dan.i .\'.. who was born 
Seplember 2(1, 1,S72. died .Vpr-il :;0, 190 J ; Calvin 
tbiuld. who was born March 29. I87."i. resides 
in Colorado; and Melviii II., who was born 
November 29, IS79, is a farmer near Ramah, 
Colo.; and Elroy I.uci.-in. who was born August 
2(1. 1883. is a resident of Houston, Tex. Mr. 
.McCind li;is been a lifelong member of the Tres- 



740 



BOND COUNTY. 



tiyterian CIuu'lIi .is w;is his wife. He rcralls 
many iiiterestinj; matters relatiiij; to early times 
in this section and can ])oint out places ih tields 
now under cnltivation where once flowed streams 
in which he caught many a tine string of flsli 
in boyhood. He helped to clear off the heavy 
timber that once stretched uninterruptedly for 
miles in Shoal Creek Township. At an early 
day he drove teams with freifiht to and from 
St. Louis, Mo., taking dressed hogs for that niar- 
liet, where he sold at .$1.2.5 per hundred pounds. 
It is an interesting experience to pay a visit 
to Mr. MeC'ord and to listen to the story of 
what this section of Bond Connt.v was once and 
of the struggles and privations through whicii 
the pioneers passed to make it wliat it is at 
liresent. 

McCRACKEN, John Wesley, a retired farmer 
and one of the native sons of Bond County, 
was born November 'J, 1841. His parents were 
Kli and Caroline E. (Dimond) McCracken, the 
former of whom was born in Montgomer.v 
County, Tenn., in ISlfi, and in 1832, at the age 
of sixteen years, came with liis parents to Bond 
County, 111. The latter was born in Bond Coun- 
ty in 1822. her parents having come here by 
wagon in 1821, from North Carolina. The four 
grandiiarents of John W. McCracken. are buried 
in Bond County. Kli McCracken was one of a 
family of live children, all of whom have passed 
away. Thomas died in Mississippi ; Ephrah died 
in Bond County: Cynthia A. died in Madison 
( 'ounty. III., wife of William (ilenn ; and one 
never married and died when aged fort.y-four 
years. The McCracken ancestry was Scotch- 
Irish and I'l-otestant in religion, mainly mem- 
bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Early 
in life Eli McCracken was converted while at- 
tending a Cumberland I'resbyterian meeting in 
Tennessee, .\fter coming to Bond ('ounty he 
united with tlie Methodist liody and after his 
marriage was ordained as a minister, for some 
years previously having been a local exhorter 
;ind class leader. For sixteen years he tilled a 
regular aiipointment at Fairview and for six- 
teen .rears never failed to keep it with the ex- 
ception of four oc<asions. He held iirayer meet- 
ings and revivals in other sections of the state 
and he was called long distances to jierform 
marriages and olticiate at funerals. He was 
affectionatel.v known as "Fncle" Eli McCradcen. 
He made his home in Bond County until 187;i 
and then moved to Montgomery ('ounty. 111., 
where he bought a farm. Until within two 
.rears of his death he continued hi.s ministerial 
work, always without salary, and through both 
exam|)le and ]irecept brought man.v to tlii' told. 
His death occurred in IS'.Ki, when he was eighty 
.years of age. 

Ell McCi'acken married Caroline E. Dimond. 
who died December 28, 18.5i), a daughter of 
Robert Dimond, who had, perhaps, served in 
the last year of the Revolutionary war an<l 
some of the family took |iart in the Black Hawk 
war. .\s ncai'ly as kuowu tlu' Dimond family 



record is as follows: Louisa, who died in Mad- 
ison County, 111., was the wife of William Scrog- 
gins ; Jolm, who became a physician, lived in 
Arkan.sas: Stewart, who died in Mississippi: 
Harvey, wlio was wounded in the Mexican war, 
returned home and soon died: C.rnthia, who 
was the wife of Wilson Watson and both died 
in Bond County: Sanuiel, who lived and died 
south of Woburn, 111. : Caroline E., who after- 
ward nmrried K]\ McCracken: Martha, who 
died in .Mississippi, was the wife of William 
Walker, who died while serving in the Civil 
war; and Angeline, who married James Mc- 
Mannis, who conunanded a vessel on the lower 
.Mississipiii liefore tlie Civil war and when the 
lilockade was made he loaded his family on his 
boat and ran up the Yazoo River, where he died, 
she dying in (tcorgia. Six children were bcu'n to 
Eli and Caroline E. McCracken. The lir.st liorn 
died in infanc.v. Sanuiel. the second born 
served in the Civil war and died in Bond County 
when aged forty years. John Wesley was the 
third in order of birth. Ephraim, who is a 
resident of Greenville, 111., was a soldier in the 
Civil war, a member of Cemiian.v 11, Fourteentji 
Hlinois \'<ilnnteer Infantry, under Col. John M. 
rainier. Willard V. died at the age of ton years, 
and Caroline, the youngest of this family, died 
soon ;ifter her marriage with Forlius Ilumblcy, 
who lives at I'ana, 111, The second marriage 
of Eli McCracken was to Mrs. Susan (Nail) 
Francis, widow of Presley Francis, and to 
this marriage the following children were born : 
Thoin.-is. who Is a resident of DonnelLson, 111. : 
Ella, who died in infancy: Jo.seph E.. who is a 
member of the Illinois Conference of the Meth- 
odist Church and is stationed at Lena, III. : 
and William, wlio lives at Kingsville. Tex. The 
mother of the above four children died in 18!l,'<. 
John Wesley Mc(_'racken first .-itteiided what 
was called a subscrijition school, his parents 
subscribing a certain sum to have him instruct- 
ed. As soon as he was old enough he began to 
attend the nearest district school during the 
winter .sea.sons. which was three miles distant. 
He was still young when he began to break 
up the prairie land on the home farm, using 
sometimes two and sometimes three yoke of 
o.xen and proved a ver.v helpful and obedient 
son. (Jn June 1, 18(n. he enlisted for service 
in the Civil war, entering Company H, Four- 
teenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Col. John M. 
I'almer being then in command, and was mus- 
tered out .lust as strong and sound, although 
much more exjierieiKcd and resumed work on 
the home farm in .lune. 18(1-1, just three .years 
from the day when he had left his plow in the 
cornfield in 18(11. The 14tli regiment followed 
(ieneral Price througli Missouri but was sent 
to the hospital at Rennick, Mo., in July, l.sci. 
and remained until -Vugust. 18(il, when he 
.ioined his regiment at Jeffer.son City in Septem- 
ber, l.Sfi.'l, was sfut to Fort Donelson, from 
there to Pittsburg L.-inding an<l participated 
in the b.-ittle of Sliiloh. .\fter the evacuation 
of Corinth liy the Confederates the lltb 



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liOND COUNTY. 



741 



iiianlKMl tliroiifili that city. s(n>n aftor reachinK 
Holivar, Teiiii. In the Ideal history may l)e 
t'ouml the gallant iiiilitai'.x luoveiiient.'; of this 
regiment, the retord of it.s hi-avery when sur- 
rounded liy the enemy. Later Mr. MeCraeken 
was with his regiment at the siege of Viek.s- 
linrg. fighting for forty day.s. From there the 
regiment went to Xatehez. Miss., liy transport, 
then liaek to Viek.shurg. later was engaged at 
.Tackson. It was favorably heard of at man.v 
other jioints and at one time conveyed 2.1'(Mi 
head of cattle to the army of Geni'ral Sher- 
man at Unntsville. Ala. It was there that Mr. 
.McCracken's term of enlistment expired. Some 
of his comrades re-enlisted hut h.v that time 
lie >vas tired of army life, its hardships and 
dangers, anil from Nashville. Tenn.. came on to 
Spriiigtield. 111., where he was honorably dis- 
charged .Tune 2."i. Isti4. 

On .Vugust HI. ISd.l. Mr. McCracken was 
united in marriage with Miss Martha .1. Fran- 
cis, who was born at New Itauisey. HI.. Decem- 
lier !). 1S47. ;i daughter of I'resley and Susan 
iXall) Francis. The father was a native of 
\'irginia and died in ].Sr)2, a blacksmith by 
trade. The mother, Susan Xall, was a daugh- 
ter of Nathan Xall. who was born in South 
Carolina. The great-grandfather of .Mrs. JIc- 
Craeken, Xathaniel Xall, was killed by the 
Rritisli during the W;ir of the Uevolution. Jlrs. 
Mel'racken has one sister. Mary K.. who is 
the widow i>f William White and resides at 
(ireenville. 'l"he jiarents of Jlrs. McCracken 
were of the IJuaker faith. 

The following cliildren were born to .Tohn 
W. McCracken and wife: Mary Susan. Orlando 
Kli. Luther and Caroline. Mary Susan was 
born Xovember 21. ISfis. and became the wife 
• if Key. W. II. I^awson. who, for foiir years 
was presiding elder, while Mrs. Lawson also, 
for a lunnber of .vears has been an evangelist. 
Drlando Kli. who was born .lune 10. 1.S72. eight 
years ago established the Free Methodist 
I'hiircli iit Fargo. X. Dak., and has charge of 
this mission and is charity agent. He is a 
man of remarkable gifts and high Christian 
character. He married Miss Laur.i Caldwell, 
of North Dakota, and tliey have three chil- 
dren: Iva. Wendell and Harold. Lutlier .Mc- 
Cracken, wlio was born .Vpril l.'l. IsTli. died 
April 7. Iss'.l. Caroline, who was born .lanu- 
ary 2."i, ISS-I. is a graduate of Creenville Col- 
lege and is assistant ti'.'icber of nuisic in that 
institution. 

After m;irriage Mr. and .Mrs. McCracken set- 
tled on farming land .•ind in lS7(i he bought 
120 acres of heavily timbered land in .Montgom- 
ery Count.v. After <lc.'uing the land he made 
it into a productive f.-irm and until 1ii(i."i con- 
tinued to engage there in farming and slock 
raising very successfully. He then decided to 
retire and bought a line r<'sidence on the cor- 
ner of St. .lohn and .\lc.\dams Street, (ireen- 
ville. This makes a delightful home for the 
winter season ami when summer comes Mr. and 
Mrs. .McCi'acken arc very likely to visit in 



Xorth Dakota, where they find a hearty and 
loving welcome. For thirty-live years they 
h;ive been identilied with church and Sunda.y 
sclUMil work and their intluence has not onl.v 
been felt in their own home but has extended 
through the commuiuty. They are respected 
and esteemed by all who know them. 

McEWEN, Alonzo F., Jr., was born at Litcb- 
liehl. 111., December .'). 1S71t, a sou of Alonzo F. 
and Maria M. (.\bbott) .McFwcn. P.oth par- 
ents were born at Hillsboro, 111., where they 
were reared and married, Alonzo F. McEwen. 
the father, learned the trade of marble cutting 
and at the present time is superintendent of the 
Litchfield Marble and Granite Company, of 
Litchfield, to which place he came in 1S72. 
Early in the Civil war he enlisted for service, 
entering Company H, Xinth Illinois Volun- 
teer Infaidry, under Col. .lesse ,1. I'hilli|is. and 
after serving out a first enlistment, re-enlisted 
and is one of the country's honored war vet- 
erans. During his three years and six months 
in the army he participated in many battles 
and at the battle of Shiloh alone was thrice 
wounded, once in the leg, once on his scal|i and 
once in tlie neck, either in.1ury being considered 
serious enough for medical attention by an ordi- 
nary man. He continued with his regiment and 
received his honorable discharge in IStifi. He 
sometimes shows to' his children and close 
friends a very jirecious relic of those days, it 
being the Hibie that his mother gave him when 
he went as a soldier, it now being blood-stained 
from a wound that might have caused bis 
death had it not deflected tlie bullet. He mar- 
ried Mari.-i AI. .\bbott. after the war, and the 
following childrei'i were horn to them: (irace. 
now deceased, who was the wife of .lames F. 
Itobinson. left three children ; Hazel, Helen and 
Russell : .Minnie, who is tlie wife of .Tohn .1. 
Monson. of Miinieapolis. and they have two 
( liildren. Marion and .Mice: Matide. who is the 
wife of William Wilks, and they live at Hills- 
boro. and have one .son, William ; Alonzo F. ; 
and Florence, who lives with her parents. Mr. 
,ind .Mrs. JIcEwen are dnirch members. In 
]politics he is a Democrat and has served as 
alderman on several occasions at I,itchfield and 
also as cliief of jiolice. 

.\lonzo F. McEwen, .Tr., was reared at Litch- 
field and attended school there more or less 
regularly until he was eighteen years of age 
and then entered his father's shop to learn, 
tinder his expert direction, the art of cutting 
marble, for an art it is as well as a trade. For 
fourteen years he worked under and with his 
father ;iiid. inheriting the hitter's skill to large 
<legrec. also became an expert in all kinds of 
sioiie and marble work. In December. 1!>10. 
.Mr. .McIOwen moved to (ireenville and bought 
tlie (ireenville Monument Works and eiiuipped 
his plant with all the modern machinery now 
ii.sed in this kind of work. In I'.tKJ he sold 
tlie business and moved to Litchfield. He? de.ilt 
.sipiarcly and honestly with the pulilic and bis 



742 



BOND COUNTY. 



oxcollcnt \V(irkiii;insliii> uiid tasteful designs 
uiaile his stone and niarlile work saleable over 
a \\ide territory. 

On Oetolier T(i. l'.)10. .Mr. McKwen was mar- 
ried to Jliss Minnie Klar, who was l)orn at 
Pana, 111. Mrs. McEwen has one brother. 
Joseph JI.. a merchant of lUllslioro. AVhile 
noniinall.v a Democrat. .Mr. McEwen is disposed 
to lie .somewhat indejiendent in casting his vote, 
freipiently dependini; entirely upon his own 
.jndgment. He and wife are members of the 
Jletliodist Episcopal ("hnrdi. Fraternally he is 
an Odd Fellow and he and wife belong to the 
liebekabs, whib' he is identified also with tlie 
JIaceabee.s and tlie Woodmen of the World. 

McGILVARY, Charles J., one of tlie best known 
and most po]iular men of Slioa! Creek Town- 
sbiji. for tlie |iMst ten years having been the 
faithful mail carrier on Itoute Xo. 1. out from 
Sorento. was born south of Hunker Hill. Macou- 
pin County. HI.. May 1. l.S."l. a .son of Willis 
Mc(iilvary. an e.xtended sket<h of whom will be 
found in this work. He was a native of Ken- 
tucky, moved from there to Macoujiin County. 
111., and from there to Hond Count.v. On both 
sides of his fatlier's family thei'c were soldiers 
sewing during the Civil war. In 1S(;2 Willis 
JlcCJilvary enlisted in the .Ninet.v-seventh Illi- 
nois X'olunteer Infantry an<l was away from 
his family in the arm.v for three years. At the 
battle of .Vrkaiisas I'ost his division captured 
many prisoners and among them was his own 
cousin. 

Charles .T. McCilvary remained on the home 
farm until he was twenty-two years of age. 
While his father was absent in the army the 
nmther kept the children together and bad to 
use many exjiedieiits to keeii them comfoifable. 
Charles .1. was the eldest and she depended 
largely upon him. He remembers how he 
would first shell corn b.v hand and then with 
it in a bag ride to the Rijiley mill to have it 
ground, often having to wait a long time for liis 
turn. AltlKuigh iiuite .voung he was considered 
very reliable and the f.-imily woubl have fared 
badly at that time bad he been otherwise. In 
ls7l! he bought forty aires of land in Sho.-il 
Creek Township, on which he erected a sm.-ill 
frame building and made other improvements. 

On December I'll. lS7(i. Mr. Mc<;ilvary was 
married to Miss Mary E. Mayberry. who was 
born near Buffalo. Mo., in 18r)."i. She died in 
April, Isss. leaving no children. On Novem- 
ber 24, 1S!(7, Mr. McCilvary was married (sec- 
ond) to Miss Ida .May. who was born at Free- 
burg, III., November '-'1. l.sTil, a daughter of 
Martin Van Huren and Margaret (Hutchinson) 
.May. Her father, familiarly known as "Incle 
Van" was born at Sorento, 111., and died .Vpril. 
T.I02. The mother was of Irish descent. Her 
death occurred in September, 1901. They were 
parents of five daughters: Ella, who is the 
wife of .lohn Tisdale, of Pawnee, Okla. ; Eu- 
cinda, deceased, who was the wife of Uobert 
Long, of Sorento: .lulla .\.. who is the wife of 



-Vlonzo Tisdale. a farmer in Oklahoma: Ida, 
who is Jlrs. JlcCJilvary : and Dolly .1.. who is 
the wife of W. .\. Enloe. of Soi-ento. 

.Vfter his second marriage Mr. MctJilvary 
bought forty acres in We.st Shoal Creek Town- 
ship, near his old home, and resided on that 
farm until llill. when he purchased a home in 
East Sorento. In .Tanuar.v. 1!I(I4. he was ap- 
pointed, after a civil service examination, in 
which he made the first graile. a mail carrier 
on 11. V. D. lioute Xo. 1. out of .Sorento. He 
was one of the earliest ap]iointees and when 
he first started he noted many patrons on his 
route to whom he now no longer delivers mail. 
He misses the old veterans of the Civil war 
who then eagerly awaited his coming with their 
favorite newspaiiers. .\s noted above Mr. Mc- 
(iilvar.v has so faithfully iierformed his duties, 
through heat and cold, wind and storm, that 
the people entertain fipr him very friendl.v feel- 
ings and at times, when hi' has had to make 
his route through storms on horseback, he has 
found a hot cnji of coffee and fresh rolls await- 
ing him on the way, a thoughtful recognition 
of his service from .some kind housewife. 

The following children have lieen iMU'n to 
Mr. and Jlrs. MctJilvary : .Vmelia. born .August 
V.K 1S!)S; Itoland. born October 14. IWIll; Charles 
E., born .Itine 17. I'.KH ; ICstella .May. born .\pril 
S. liHC! : Dolly, born May 12. I'.M).", ; Ida Roberta, 
born Xovember IS. l!l(»7. died October 17. 1012: 
and Wilma liuth. born September IS. 11112. The 
family are active in the Methodist Epi.scopal 
Church and Mr. McCilvary is one of the trustees 
and a member of the .Sunday school board. In 
politics he is a IJepublican and for two years 
Inis been a member of the Hoard of iMlncation. 

McGILVARY, Henry Martin, wlin is a rcim- 
sentative of one of the pioneer families of 
I'.ond County, has made his lionie here for over 
a half century and is numbered with the pro.s- 
perous farmers and stock breeders and with the 
useful, jirogressive .and substantial citizens of 
Shoal Creek Township. He was born in .Shoal 
Creek Township, lionil County. III.. .luly I'd. 
1S(iO, and is a son of Willis and .lane (Sutton! 
.McCilvary. extended mention of whom will be 
round in the sktech of Willis McCilv.iry. in 
this volume. The parents of Mr. .Mc(;ilvary 
came to Houd County in 1S.">2 anil settled on sec- 
tion 11. Shoal Creek Township, the father en- 
tering land under a ]iatent issued by President 
.Martin \'an Pureu. this document still remain- 
ing in the family. Pefore he was quite old 
enough to liegin school. Henry Martin McCiil- 
vary jierhaps watched the building of a frame 
schoolhouse not far from his father's primi- 
tive log cabin, and later, with the boys and 
girls of the neighborhood attended school there, 
this being named the Willis School becau.se 
William Willis donated the land. .Mr. McCil- 
vary sadly notes that very few of his school- 
mates of that far back day still remain in this 
neighborhcMid and many have passed out of life. 
He remained at lioinc wilb bis parents until 



liOND COUNTY. 



743 



the fiill of issl. at mII tiiuos assistinsr in oar- 
ryiii;; nil tlio duties of tlic lioiiu- faiiu, and tlicn 
went to Mount Olive, 111. There ho entered the 
telesjrapli office of the Wahash Kailroad and 
while leaniin;; tliis art and |ii'ofessioii. jiaid his 
way l)y attendins; to the switch li^'hts. He 
proved relialile and when lie completed his 
course in telefrraiihy his superiors showed rec- 
ognition of his etliciency by niakini: him train 
operator. He remaineil in the Mt. Olive ollice 
for three years and in iss.-i went to the Clarks- 
ville office and in l^sti liecanie asent and opera- 
tor in the ollice of the Clover Leaf line where 
he remained until 1!MK). Ourins the next few 
years he was at Monience, 111., with the •'. & 

E. I., then at Clint 111., and then at O. C. 

.Tnnction. as awnt and operator. On May 1. 
1902, he resisned his position on the railioad 
and returned to Shoal Creek Township. Here 
he purcha.sed Id.") acres situated on sections 
2 and l!i. on which stood a three-room house 
which later was destroyed liy fire, following 
which he erected a tive-room cottaRe and went 
to work with a will to improve his land. He 
set out ten acres as a fruit orchard and for 
many years the trees then set have heen pro- 
duciui; liounteously. 

Mr. Mc(iilvaiy has always had the right idea 
about successful agriculture ami in stocking his 
farm as well as in cultivating it he has be- 
lieved that the best is none too good. His 
first horses were of exielleiit stock and his 
herd of cows was of the .ler.sey breed. Since 
1903 he has owned standard bred horses, in 
that .vear buying the mare, Oirline and has 
continued until now he owns .some of the finest 
horses and stallions in the county, one of the 
latter. The Oele^ate Xo. 4(i71i(l liavinR a record 
of 2.24, fifth he.if on a half mile track. He now 
owns IS be.id of horses and 12 head are re);is- 
tered. In all his farm operations he has been 
suecessfiil although, in earlier life he did not 
feel attracted toward agriculture. For many 
years he was a strong supporter of the prin- 
ciples of the Uepubllcan party as eiuniclated 
hy Abraham Lincoln, but in late years has not 
felt so well satisfied with the old jiarty and 
is now an ardent Progressive. 

McGILVARY, Willis, wlui lias passed many 
years of a long and useful life in Bond Coinit.v, 
is one of the liest known and most highly es- 
teemed men of .Shoal Creek Town.ship. He was 
born near Hojikinsville, Ky., April 11, 1S24, 
and is a son of .lohn and liuth (Owens) Mc- 
Gilvary. .Tohn Mc(;ilvary was born in Scot- 
land and came to America with his two broth- 
ers. Malcolm and Martin, and a sister, Nancy, 
and they settled in Xorth Carolina. There 
John Mc(;jlvary married Ruth Owens, who was 
of Welsli descent but was born in Xorth Cartv 
Una. Her father was a Tory during the Uevo- 
Intionary war, in which he was wounded. 

Soon "after marriage .lolin .McOilvary and 
wife moved to Hopkinsville. Ky.. their futuce 
home, and there their nianv children were 



born: .Mexander. Camel. Martin. Mary, .\ngus. 
.lohnson. Christina. Willis. Catherine. .Mmir.'i 
.and Lorenzo. Of these. Camel died at .lack- 
son. Miss. Angus died at Cohnnbus, Ky. Mar- 
tin came to Illinois and settled near Wood- 
burn, in 1N38, and -Vlexander. .lohnson. Chris- 
fin.i, Willis, Catherine, .\lmir;i and Lorenzo 
came in 1S40 an<l settled n(>ar Hunker Hill, 
where C.itberine. .\lniira and Lorenzo soon died. 
Mary married .\lexander Cooiier and lived in 
Kentucky until after his death, when, with 
her children, she also came to Illinois. 

On Xovember 2(1. 1s4i;, Willis .McOilvary was 
married to IVrmelia Sutton and they had four 
children, all lint one, Charles, d.ving in infancy. 
I'ermelia Sutton was born near lOdenfon. X. ('., 
.\ugust 12. 1S2S, and was a child when brought 
to Illinois by her parents. She died Septem- 
ber 2.S. l,s.->2. In the fall of \sr,:i Mr. .M((;ilvary 
married Mrs. .lane f Sutton) .Spence and six 
children were born to them : .Tohnson, Almira, 
Henry .Martin. Willis, Luvina and Hicliard. 
Willis died in infancy and .lohnsou at the age 
of sixteen, years. I^uvina became the wife of 
Frank Orten. October Ifi, 1887. and they had 
three children: Harry, Dale and .lessie, the 
mother of whom died of consumiifion. Febru- 
ary .">. ISilT. The second wife of Willis Mc- 
Oilvary died while the family lived near Xew 
Douglas. Xovember 27. 1S(1!». Once more Mr. 
.M<(!ilvary established a domestic hearth, on 
December 2'i. 1^74. being united to .Mrs. Han- 
nah (Heustis) Van Horn. Hei' death occurred 
May 1. 1N98. 

In 1S.-2 Willis .AlcOilvary sold his farm of 
fort.v acres near where the West I'rairie Church 
now stands, and move<l to Bond County, enter- 
ing flu? S. W. X. W. forty acres on section 11. 
Shoal Creek Township, froui the flovernment 
and in 1S.";{ bought his east forty :ii'res from 
Caney West and this has been his home ever 
since and here he is rounding out a life of 
ninety years. During this jieriod he has wit- 
nessed and taken part in many remarkable 
events not the least of the.se being his term 
of service in the Civil war. When the call to 
arms came he was attending to the duties of 
his farm but he put asi.le all jiersonal wishes 
and on .August 7. lMi2. eiMisted in Company .\. 
Xinety-seventh \'olunteer Infantry for three 
years. During that time he never missed a 
roll call nor evaded any militar.v duty, taking 
part in all the battles and marches which fell 
to the soldier's lot. During the siege of X'icks- 
burg the Xinet.v-seventh bore well its part and 
lost man.v of its brave men. .Mr. .McOilvary 
was honorably discharged .\ugust I!i. ls(;."i. ha\- 
lug served twelve days over three .vears. In 
terms of admiration be has often spoken of both 
his brave imnrades .md also of the brave men 
in the Confe<lerate r;ud;s. he being too true a 
Christian to be able to haibor any ill feeling 
for even an enemy. 

After war Mr. Mcfiilvary returned to his 
farm and his wife and little ones and here, 
as stated above, this wife died, in 1Mi9. Slii- 



lU 



BOND COUNTY. 



was lioru in Xcntli Carolina and Iier fatlier was 
James Sutton, wlio bi-ousht his family to Illi- 
nois when slip was a child, .'^he had three 
brothers. Heiir.v. Steve and (Jeorgo and two 
sisters, .\nn and I'riscilla. the last named d.vin;; 
.voiins. James Sutton married Julia Swain and 
Lavina Swain married Johnson MeOilvar.v : 
Bets.v Swain married .lacob Randall ; Nanev 
married Joshua Sutton. The Snttons and 
.Swains moved together from North Carolina 
and there have been numerous marriages be- 
tween the families. 

In .vouns manhood Jlr. McGilvarv united witli 
the Baptist Church Init later became a memlier 
of the Christian Church. No matter what the 
name of the denomination he has lived up 
to every demand of a Christian life, has been 
kind and charitable, just and true and thus 
well merits the universal respect and esteem 
tliat are liis. Although he is American born he 
has always had a certain measure of pride in 
the fact that his ancestry was of the sturdy 
yeomanry of Scotland, man.v of his forefathers 
having marched to battle in kilts to tlie music 
of the bagpiiic. He is one of the two surviving 
charter members of Madison Lodge Xo. .")U(). 
A. F. & A. M.. at Xew Douglas. III., still re- 
taining his inembershi]) card although rarel.v. 
on account of the natural intirmities of age. 
being able to attend, these occasions being 
events of much interest to his fellow members 
of a younger generation. It is tlie fervent 
hope of all who know him that Mr. McOilv.iry 
may long lie spared to family, friends and 
neighborhoiid. 

McMURRAN, Edward P., oiir of the well 
known and highly esteemed residents of Sniith- 
boro. now living in comfortable retirement. 
was born at .Shepherdstown. Jefferson Count.v. 
W. Va., December 7. Is37. His parents were 
William and Elizabeth (Lucas) McMurran. both 
natives of Jefferson County. W. Va. llrand- 
father McMurran was born in Scotland and 
some time after coming to the American colo- 
nies took part in the Ilevolutionary war. after 
which he settled in what is now West Virginia. 
There he reared bis family and jiassed the rest 
of his life. There his son. William Mc.Mnrr.-ui 
was born, reared and married and his death 
occurred in 1S74. One of his brother Josei)h's 
sons. Joseph McMurran. was a man of superior 
education. When the Civil war broke out he 
was teaching in a college in Alabama and from 
there returned to Virginia and enlisted in Com- 
pany F. Fourth \"irginia Infantry. Confederate 
army, was elected ad.iutaiit and served under 
General Lee and tJeneral Jackson. He was 
wounded at the liattle of (iettysburg and at Win- 
ihester was captured and for six months was 
a prisoner in a Federal prison. His father. 
Joseph, was a leading man in West Virginia and 
served (probably 1 as a niendjer of the Virginia 
Legislature. William McMurran w;is twice mar- 
ried and was the father of the following chil- 
dren: Ceorgc \V.. who was living in Missouri 



when he eidisted for service during the Civil 
war in a Missouri regiment, was killed at the 
battle of AVilson Creek: ilargaret F.. who is 
the widow of Frank .Shepard. of Herkle.v Coun- 
t.v. Va.: Edward I'.: and Elizabeth W.. who 
makes her home with Mrs. Shepard. The moth- 
er of the children named died early. She 
and her husband were Ixith members of the 
I'resliyterian Church. In his early political 
life William ilcMurran was a Whig but later 
became a l)enui<-rat. 

Edward I'. McMurran attended excellent 
schools in his youth and when sutliciently pre- 
pared, entered the freshman class of Jefferson 
College, in Washington County. Va.. at the 
same time that his brother. (Jeorge McMurran. 
was a member of the senior class, this being 
when Dr. W. 1'. Brown was president of Jef- 
ferson College. After attending through the 
entire course. Mr. McMurran was graduated in 
]8."i4 and then entered a drug store as a clerk 
and learned the business. In ls.">(i he started 
for Kan.sas with the idea of making that state 
his home, but on the wa.v, when at I'ana. 111., 
he learned of the political troubles in Kan- 
sas and wisely concluded to proceed no further. 
He then found a position with the drug firm 
of Brown. Stewart & Co.. at (rreenville. 111., 
where he continued as a clerk until IS.'S when 
he was appointed deputy county clerk and 
served with Judge Enrico (J. Gaskins until 
1S63. 

On October !l. ISGl. Mr. Mi-.Murran was mar- 
ried to Miss Mary O. Hall, a daughter of John 
S. and Jane JI. (Smith) Hall. She was born 
at Hall tJrove. 111.. Jaimary ."id. 1S41. and they 
have two sons: .lohn W.. who was born Sep- 
tenjlier ]."i. 1S(i:!. and Charles \'.. who was born 
-May li. 1n7."i. The former is a resident of 
(ireetiville. tnarried Ma.v Smith and the.v have 
one daughter. Mary F. The .second son. also 
of (ireenville. married Elizabeth Wisentan and 
they have had six children, the four survivors 
being: Emma B.. Uobert, Eugene and Edward. 
Following their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Mc- 
Muri'au lived at first in (ireenvllle. but in 
IM!:; tuoveil on the (UlO-acre farm in Mulherr.v 
(irove Townshiji. owned by .Tudge Gaskins. but 
in 1S(14 went back to Greenville, where, for a 
short time he was engaged with the general 
mercantile firm of T. W. Smith & Co. In 1860 
Mr. McMurran located on the old Hall home- 
stead which he operated until istis, when he 
returtied to Midberi'.v (Jrove Township and re- 
mained oti the (Jaskins farm until ^s~',. when 
he liought a ]H()|ierty in (Central Townshi]) and 
followed farming tiiere until 1sS4. when he 
sold and can)e to Smithlioro. Mr. McMurran 
for many years has been identified with the 
Uepublican party and under the administra- 
tion of I'resident Harrison served five years 
as iiostniaster and continued for some time after 
I'l-esident Clevel.ind was elected. He has ac- 
ceptably filled other ortices of res|ioiisil)ility, 
having been assessor of Pleasant Mound Town- 
ship, lowtiship clerk, collector and thrice presi- 



BOND COUNTY. 



745 



dent of the village board. Mr. Mc.Miirran was 
one of the <harter iiiemliers of the Odd Fel- 
lows" lodge or;;aiiize<l at Sniithboro. which has 
been consolidated with the Greenville Unlse. 
He attends the Methodist Kpiscopal fluirch with 
his wife, who has been a member since she 
was fourteen years of age. 

McVEY, George R., who has been a public man 
in Bond County for many years, serving his 
fellow citizens in numerous resiionsible posi- 
tions, including that of niay<ir of Sureuto, is 
also widely known in his profession, tliat of 
mine examiner. He was born at Troy, in Madi- 
son County, HI.. August 2!), 1.S.^).3, and is a son 
of John R. McVey and a grandson of Thomas 
McVey. 

Tiiomas McVey was born in Scotland and 
came to the American colonies prior to the 
Revolutionary war, in which lie was a soldier, 
settling afterward in Kentucky, at an early day 
moving with his family to what was called the 
American Bottoms in Madison County, 111. 

John R. McVey was born in Kentucky and 
accompanied his parents to Hlinois. He was 
married to I'ernina Holdaway, who was born 
in East Tennessee and came to Madison County 
with her brother, Marshall Holdaway, who was 
a soldier in the Civil war and died in Madison 
Count.v. Three children were born to John 
R. McVe.y and wife, two daughters and one 
son, the .son alone surviving. Of his father he 
recalls little as he died when George R. was 
four years old. The mother survived for a 
number of years, dying at Collinsville, having 
received the tender care and protection of her 
son from boyhood. She died in 1S!)9, being 
aged seventy-five years. 

George R. Mc^■ey grew up on the home farm 
and attended the district schools but his active 
mind far outran the lessons he learned there 
and he was young in years when he was ad- 
mitted to be well enough qualified to teach 
school. For some years he taught in Illinois 
and also in Missouri and for a time was a trav- 
eling salesman. All the time, however, he kept 
at his books with a definite end in view, his 
natural in<lination leading him to become a ma- 
(!hinist. later being employed in the coal mines 
at Collinsville. The study of mineralogj-, the 
science of minerals, had always interestwl him 
and when he had the opportunity he educated 
himself along this technical line and thus better 
preiiared himself for his jiresent resjionsible 
position. In his extensive library may be found 
every work of note on the subject, together 
with encyclopedias of the latest scientific value. 
In ]M>7 Mr. McVey came to Sorento and in 
VMS lie was made mine examiner, whicli is one 
of the most res|)ect;ililc positions <-oiinected 
with the great mining industry. When, in his 
opinion, a mine is unsafe, no one except the 
state mine inspector can override his decision. 

In 187.5, at Troy. Madison County. Mr. .Mc- 
V(>y was married to Miss Jane Itiggan. who 
died in 1880. Ilis second marriage liMik place 



at Salem, 111., to Miss Rossie I.,. Clayton, who 
was liorn in West Virginia and died at Sorento 
in 1899. She was a daughter of Frank C. 
Clayton, a veteran of the Civil war and now a 
resident of the State of Washington. Mrs. Mc- 
Vey was a lady of nnich artistic ability and 
many of her beautiful paintings adorn the 
walls of the family residence and are cher- 
ished by husband and children, the latter be- 
ing a son and a daughter, John Franklin and 
Dora Blanche. John Franklin McVey is a 
graduate of the Sorento Iligli School and later 
secured a teacher's certilicate. I'erluiiis it was 
but natural that he should have then become 
interested in military matters for the family 
record shows that many before him served in 
military organizations. Two of George R. Mc- 
Vey's uncles served in the Civil war, on the 
Union side, and two were in the Confederate 
army, one of the former dying in Andersonville 
pri.son and one of the latter dying in the Fed- 
eral prison at Alton, III. John Franklin Mc- 
Vey being a natural and trained musician, 
.ioined the band of the Seventeenth United 
States Infantry, which has a membership of 
thirty-eight skilled musicians. In the notable 
parade which formed a part of the inaugural 
ceremonies at Washington. D. C, on March 4, 
191.3, this band occupied the second place, and 
it led the parade at the Forty-seventh Encamp- 
ment, G. A. R., on October l.''., ini.3, at Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn. Dora Blanche McVey is a gradu- 
ate of the Sorento High School and also silent 
two .years in normal work, is a member of the 
faculty of Windsor College and, like her broth- 
er is gifted musically. 

Since locating at Sorento Mr. McVey has 
taken decided interest in iiublic matters and 
has shown public spirit and good judgment in 
many directions. He served as secretary of 
the Iioard of education when the fine school 
building was erected, having long agitated the! 
question and talked with his fellow citizens 
concerning the need of the same. He was elect- 
ed mayor of the village on the no-license ticket 
and remarkable improvements followed includ- 
ing the replacing of the old board walks with 
vitrified brick and also the driving from this 
law abiding and law compelling community a 
number of undesirable characters. In politics 
he is a Republican, but in 1012 cast his presi- 
dential vote with the Progressive party. He 
ser\'ed two years as supervisor of Shoal Creek 
Townshi]!. Since coming to Sorento he has at- 
tended the I'resbyteriaii Church and church 
and Sunday school work have claimed his at- 
tention for more than forty years. 

MEYER, Henry Adam. A native son of Bond 
County to whom the can.se of education owes 
iiuuli. Ilcnry .Vd.im Meyer, county superintend- 
ent of schools, has labored assiduously in his 
cho.sen Held of endeavor, and has done much 
to promote tlie interests of his community along 
the lines of morality and good citizenship. No 
person wields a greater inttuence in the mold- 



746 



BOND COUNTY. 



Ing ami slniiiin^ of cliaiMcter thau the school 
teacher. Tlie capalile. conscieiitiims tea<-her 
stands neaivr to the hearts of those in his 
charge than any other. On enterini; the school 
room the child's mind is as jilastic clay and 
is as readily made to talie sliape in the hands 
of the skillfnl educator. There can l)e no nxire 
noble callini; than that which as.sumes control of 
the lovins, confidini; child, and assists it thronnh 
the varyini; lierplcxitios of child life: there I'an 
he nan;:ht more pleasinjr than to witness the 
intellectual develoiaueut from year to yeai' un- 
til the matni'e man or woman enters upon life's 
strus.s;les alone. An educator since his youth, 
Professor Me.ver is one whom the peo|)le of his 
.section deliiiht to honor, and since I'.lOii he ha.s 
efficiently served in the capacity of superin- 
tendent of schools of Bond Connt.v. 

Henry Adam Meyer was horn near llookdale. 
Bond county. 111., May 21. Is73, and is a son 
of William F. and Susan (Ilarteri .Meyer, the 
former a native of (Jermany. and the l.-itter of 
St. Louis. Mo. The father came to the I'nited 
States as a boy. in lN."i(i. and has spent hi.s 
life here in asricultural ])ursuits, at this time 
beins one of Bond County's most substantial 
farmers and land owners. Henry .V. Meyer se- 
cured his ]ireliminary educational traininu in 
the Cart Hill School, but when he was ten 
years of aae his parents removed to Pleasant 
(Jrove, and there he completed his education. 
This has since been supplemented h.v constant 
study .-ind home reading and close observation, 
and I'rofessor Meyer has a dijiloma bearin,!; the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts from the Chicago 
Correspondence Sebool of Law. as well as a 
diploma from the American Corresjiondence 
School of Law. Although a studious and indus- 
trious lad. he passed his boyho<:)d much the 
same as other farmers' sons of his vicinity, 
en.ioying the pleasures as well as the hard- 
ships of farm life. Innnediately upon leaving 
sch(K)l, he secured his teacher's certificate and 
commenced his career as an educator in the 
country schools. In the winter of 1804 and 
that of 189.5-06, he taught the ■V\'illow Branch 
school; in the winters of lS0()-07 and 1S!)7-0S, 
the Dndleyville school, and in the winter of 
I.SOS-'.IO. the Smith (irove school. During the 
winter of ISOO-lOdO he was employed in a store, 
thus earning the means wherewith to attend 
Greenville College, in ]!UX) and lOdl. and in the 
winter of the latter year resumed his teach- 
ing duties at the .Shawnee school. He was 
then made jirlncipal of the Pocahontas schools, 
a Iiosition which he held from 1002 to 100(1, 
and in the latter .year became the candidate on 
the Republican ticket for the ofHce of connt.v 
superintendent of schools. He had well jiroven 
his wortli and ability to the citi/.ens of this 
section, and he was elected to that otiice by a 
handsome ma.i'ority, and at the e.xpiration of 
his term, in 1910. had made such an excellent 
record, that he was re-elected for another four- 
year term. I'nder his able administration there 
have been made innuerous changes and im|irove- 



ments in the school system here, and his terms 
of ollice have bi'en ilistinguished by steady and 
c(nitinu<ius advancement, all making for better 
and more <-omplete instruction. In the line of 
his iirofession. he is a mendier of the Illinois 
.state Teachers' .\ssocjation and the Southern 
Illinois Tcachei's' .Association, while fraternally 
he is connected with the Masons, the Odd Fel- 
lows and the Modern .Maccabees. He has been 
a consistent member of the First Methodist 
Fliiscnpal Church of Creenville since 1007. I'ro- 
fessor Meyer lives in Creenville. and is the 
owner of his own home at No, 322 East Win- 
ter Street, corner of Kim Street. Mr. .Me.ver 
took the state bar examination at Mt. Vernon, 
Decemlier (1 and 7, lOl.S, and jiassed a satis- 
factory e.xaminatiiin before that board and is 
now a licensed attorney and has already begun 
the practice. an<l at the expiration of his super- 
intcndency, will jiursue the practice of law in 
• ireenville. 

I'rofessor Meyer was married .Inly .3, 1S08, 
in the par.sonage at \'andalia. 111., to Miss Net- 
tie Snow, who was born north of Mulberry 
(irove. Bond County, 111., November 24, 1872, 
daughter of .Tames and Sarah Snow, and a mem- 
ber of a famll.v which located in Bond County 
when Mrs. Meyer's grandi)>a rents were chil- 
dren. Five children were Ijorn to I'rofessor and 
Mrs. .Meyer: Hubert Harter. born .January 2.'5, 
lOiil : Staiifonl Snow, liorn .January 10, 1003: 
(ieorge Washington Irving, born September 14, 
19U4; Augusta Victoria, born August 4, 1906; 
and Foss Deueen, born .July 21, 1908. A great 
sorrow came into the life of Professor Meyer, 
August 27, 191], when his ten-year-old son, 
Hubert H.. died of valvular heart trouble. He 
was a bright, active and lovable lad. easily won 
his wa.v into the affections of all who knew him, 
and his death was mourned by a wide circle 
of playmates. 

MEYER, 'William F. Among tlie prominent 
farmers and highly resfiected citizens of Bond 
County is William F. Meyer, of Tamalco Town- 
ship, who may be accounted one of his local- 
ity's most reliable men, since he has faithfully 
(lone his share in the development of his sec- 
tion of the state, both materially and iutellectu- 
all.v. Such men constitute the mainstay of a 
commonwi'alth. and accordingly it is the duty 
of the biogra]iher to encourage the formation 
of character that builds up the best Interests 
of the state. Mr. Meyer is a native of Ger- 
many, born in tlie luMnciiialit.v of Schaumburg, 
Lippe. .June 21, 1842, and is a son of Henry AV, 
and Caroline (Christina) (Kruekeberg) Meyer. 

Henry W. Jleyer was a native of the Father- 
land, and there learned the trade of a shoe- 
maker, which he followed in his own countr.v 
for a number of yeais. In 1S.")6 he brought his 
family to the I'nited States and settled in 
.Madis(m County. 111., where he plie<l his trade 
for a while but soon began farming, finall.v com- 
ing to Bond Comity where he remained the rest 
of life. In ]s.'>(i William F. Meyer moved to 



liOXl) COUNTY. 



747 



Tanuilcd Towiislii]! (then known as Okaw Trc- 
linitl. Hoiiil lonnr.v. anil siHtlcd <in a farm. 
-Mr. .Mo.vor is known as one of the sniistantial 
anil intelliiient men of his coiiMnunit.v ami has 
lu'en honored li,v election to various township 
offices, iiRluUins su|iervisor for one term, as- 
.sessor for one term, justice of the peace twelve 
.years and school director twenty .years. 

William F. Me.ver was educated i)artl,v in 
the schools of his native land and partl.v in 
the common schools of Illinois, but lu' has 
never ceased to lie a student and still finds great 
en.jo.vnient in good literature of all kinds. lie 
was reared to agricultural jiursuits, and worked 
with his father until Augiist. lS(i2, when he 
offered his services to his conntr.v and was ac- 
cepted as a soldier in the Inion arm.v, with 
which he served until the close of the Civil war. 
He participated in a inimber of h.ird-fought 
engagements, including those of Spriughill, 
Miss.: Helena, .\rk. : I'leasant Hill. Yellow 
Bayou and Marksville I'lains. La.; Chicot, .\rk. ; 
Tupuhi. Miss.: r.ig IJlue and Franklin. .Mo.: 
Xa.shville. Tenn. : and Forts HIakele.v and .Span- 
ish Fort. Ala. He still fraternizes with his old 
comrades in the Grand Army of the Repulilic, 
which he .loined in October. I.SST, and of which 
he has been ad.1utant of liis post since ISSS. 
At the close of his brave and gallant service, 
Mr. Meyer returned to Tamalco Township, 
where he has since been eng.-iged in farming 
with marked success. His industry, enterjirise 
and honorable dealing have been rewarded b.y 
the accumulation of considerable jiroperty. he 
lieing at this time the owner of lliU acres in 
Section Hi. township 4. range 1'. 1(10 acres in 
Section 12, l(l(l acres in Section K!, three acres 
in .section ?,. and fifty-five acres in the Okaw 
I'.ottonis, Fayette County, 111. He is a Republi- 
can. but political life has not attracted him. 
and the only interest he takes in public matters 
is tliat shown by ever.y good citizen. He has 
been a lifelong member of the Fvangelical 
Lutheran Church. 

On November 21. 1871. at (Ireenville, 111., 
Mr. Meyer was married to Miss Susan Ilarter, 
who was born at St. Louis. Mo.. February 10, 
liS,~)2, daughter of Henry and Susan (Becker) 
Ilarter, To this union there have been born 
children as follows: Henry ,\dani, born May 
21, 1N7.S: Enuna Laura, born .lainiary 2(1, ISTfi; 
Henrietta Itosalind, born .lanuary 30, ls77: 
Alice Susan, born September 22, 1,S7.S ; Matilda 
Margaret, born February 14. 1S80; (ieorge 
Washington, born .Inly 3, 1S.»<1 ; and Albert .Tohn, 
born .May 12, 18N.\ The family is widely known 
throughout this part of the county, and its mem- 
bers stand high in the regard of their nuiny 
friends. 

MILLER, Andrew J., is a gciicriil raniicr ami 
stock raiser, residing on his highly improved 
property which is situated on Section :i(i. Mills 
Township, Bond County, and is a man of liigh 
standing in this .section. en.ioying tlie respect 
and esteem of all who know him and being 



closely identified with all the best interests of 
the comity. lie was born in I'erry County, I*a., 
.luly 11. 1N."2. and is a son of Kdward and 
Susann.-i (House) .Miller. 

Kdward Miller, the father was born Novem- 
ber 17, 1707 and died February 27, 188,"). He 
was a member of a leading family of Pennsyl- 
vania and it is said that at one time there were 
five of his near relatives serving as members 
of Congress. Kdward Miller was a farmer and 
a manufacturer of woolen goods ami addition- 
ally be was a millwright and .i natural me- 
chanic For many .vears he led the choir of 
the I'resbyterian Church, of which he was an 
earnest member nearly all his life. He was 
twice married, no children being born to his 
first marriage. His second uniim was with 
Susanna Rouse, who was born at Roseburg. 
I'erry Count.v, Fa., January 0, 1825, and died 
February 22, 18,s,"i, and she and husband were 
buried in one grave in the I'resbyterian Ceme- 
tery north iif Loysville. They were jiarents of 
five sons and two d.iugbters : M;iry Kllen, born 
.May 30. 1S48. bccime the wife of (Jeorge Ritter 
and died in Cumberland County. I'a.. August 
1."). 1N04. leaving two daughters and four sons; 
.Tohn I'., who married Mary ,lacobs, lives in 
Oregon: Maggie B., who is the wife of Robert 
Swartz, a farmer in Mills Township: Milton 
C., who is a prominent lawyer at Wichita, 
Kans. : Kdward, who is a commission merchant 
of St. Louis. Mo. : and Andrew J. 

Andrew .1. Miller attended school at Sandy 
Hill and after his father removed with his 
family to Loysville continued his education in 
the country schools until he was sixteen .vears 
old. His father conducted at this time, a tan- 
ning business at Loysville and he went to work 
in the tan yard, where he helped to grind the 
bark that was used in the tanning of bides. 
-Vfterward he secured farm work for which he 
was paid at the rate of .$!(• per mouth and 
when he had accumulated sufiicient capital he 
entered the Bloomfield Academy, situated at the 
county seat of Perry (bounty and in that in- 
stitution prejiared him.self for teai-hing. -Vft- 
erward he taught two terms in Cumberland 
County and then was elected iiriiicipal of the 
schools of I,oysville, Pa. He thus secured, 
through his experiences, success and scholar- 
shii) and a high grade certificate. 

In the spring of 1872 Mr. .Miller landed at 
Chicago, III., and looked over the ruins left 
from the great fire of the previous year, Inir- 
ing the summer of 1872 he worked on a farm 
In Lake County, Ind., but after the harvesting 
season was over he went to :'linton County, 
111., where, for twenty-four consecutive winters 
he taught school. When he reached that county 
be bad .*2r> in c;ish and a few Jiostage stamyis 
• IS his capital but there was a very different 
showing when he left there, one that is pleas- 
ant to recall. For a number of year.s he en- 
gaged in farming on rented land and in 1804 
he embarked in a general mercantile business 
at Beaver Cicek. in which he continued to lie 



748 



BOND COUNTY. 



intei-osted until lOOS. In 1801 lie located on his 
present farm of 1(50 acres, taking it when it 
was in poor conilition and tliroiii;h his in<lns- 
try and i;ood nianawnient malvin;; it into one 
of the fine farms of the count.v. He has found 
it i)rotltal)le to raise live stoelc, mules, cattle, 
hogs and sheej), each ,vear sellini; many car 
loads. He has made many substantial improve- 
ments on his property, erecting a handsome 
two-story, S-room dwelling, a large harn and a 
100-ton silo. 

Mr. Miller was married February 15, 1877, 
to Jliss KUen Buss, who was born iu Bond 
County, 111., June 4, 18.j8, a daughter of Wil- 
liam and Jane (Baldridge) Bass. Her father 
was one of the well known men of this section, 
a successful farmer and heavy stock dealer. 
Mr. and Mrs. Miller have had thirteen children, 
five of whom died in infancy. Edward Miller, 
born in Clinton County, January l.'i, ls7!». is a 
farmer in Bond County, married Lillian Mun- 
ton and they have two children: Erma and 
Vera. Ada Belle, born November 21. 1880, iu 
Bond County, died July 31, 1887. Stella, born 
August 24, 1882, is the wife of Leslie Royer, a 
farmer in Mills Township and they have three 
children : Dena, Elva and Marvin. Thomas 
C, born in Clinton Count.v, I'V'bruary 14, 1887, 
is a farmer east of Greenville, married Mable 
Blizzard and they have two children : Geraldine 
and Alvin. Alice Viola. Iiorii March 27, 1881, 
is deceased as is Maude May, who was born 
January 5, 189G. The youngest of the sur- 
viving members of the family is Charles Mil- 
ton, who was born Octolier 0, 1892. He is asso- 
ciated with his father in the management of 
the farm and looks after the Beaver Creek 
property. 

Mr. Miller has led a very busy and exceed- 
ingly useful life. In his earlier years he as- 
sisted his brothers to secure an education and 
never forgot his duty to his parents, looking 
after them as long as they lived. He has been 
interested in educational work since early man- 
hood and after he came to Illinois took a two- 
year course in the Southern Illinois Normal 
School at Carbondale. His mathematical tal- 
ents are so well known that many a difficult 
and comjilicated iiroblem has been submitted to 
him by his neighbors and he has never f.-iiled 
to solve them. In politics always a Jeffersonian 
Democrat, he has frecpiently been elected to 
office, serving as township collector and assessor, 
and town clerk and justice of the peace both in 
Clinton and Bond County. For many years 
he has been teacher in the Methodist Episco- 
pal Sunday School, also has been suiieriutend- 
ent and is a member of the board of trustees. 
He is popular with all classes and when he was 
a candidate on tlie ticket of the !•". M. B. A. 
he was dcfeateil by a very small majority. 

MILLER, William E., wlio is not only one of 
Bond Co\inty's most successful iigriculturists 
but also a representative man in other business 
lines, resides on bis well imiimved farm of o08 



acres, situated on Section 2.5 in Shoal Creek 
Township. He was born in Litchfield County, 
Conn., November 0, 1848, and is a son of Wil- 
liam (J. and Julia M. (Phelps) Miller. This 
branch of the Miller family is of Scotch ex- 
traction. William G. Miller was born in Con- 
necticut. December l."i, 1820, and died in Bond 
County, 111., Septeml]er ll"), 1801. His jiarents 
were Timothy and Annie (Judson) Miller. He 
grew to manhcMid in Litchtield County and there, 
in 1847, married Julia M. I'helps, who was 
born in Litchfield County. Decemlier 12, 1820, 
and died in I'.ond County. December 12, 1002. 
She belonged to a distinguished New England 
family and descended from Mayflower stock. 
Her parents were John and Aliliie (Smith) 
I'helps. Many members of the family are known 
in American history. The lirother of Mrs. Mil- 
ler. Hon. Edward John I'helps, was comptroller 
of the I'nited States Trea.sury through Presi- 
dent Fillmore's administration and from 1S8.5 to 
1880 was Minister to England. In 1872 Wil- 
liam (i. Miller sold his farm in Connecticut and 
with his fanuly moved to St. Clair County. Ilii- 
nois, where liis oldest brother, Judson Miller, 
owned a fine farm on which he had settled in 
1810. The latter made a trip overland to Cali- 
foriua in 1840, where he met with success and 
later bought 320 acres iu Washington. He never 
married. William G. Miller removed from St. 
Clair Count.v to Bond County in 1874 and here 
purchased a farm situated on .section 27, Shoal 
Creek Township, and on that proi)ert.v both he 
and wife passed the rest of their lives. They 
had two sons : William E. and Harry J., the 
latter still living on the old homestead. Before 
coming to Illinois the parents attended tlie Con- 
gregational Church but later united with the 
Bethel Presbyterian Church at Ueno, Illinois, 
In ix)lities William G. Miller was a Democrat. 
His standing as an honorable man was so recog- 
nized that his fellow citizens often elected him 
to offices of trust in the townshiji although he 
never solicited a vote from any man. 

William E. Miller attended school at Litch- 
field, Conn., and assisted his father on the farm 
until he was sixteen years of age, when he was 
liired as a clerk in the local store in which was 
located the postoffice. His duties incliuled sleep- 
ing as a guard in the office and while he served 
in that capacity no roblieries ever occurred. A 
change in the administration at Washington 
put in new officials and he resigned rather than 
show a false allegiance to a politic,-il party in 
which he had no faitli. For a time lie then 
worked at the cariienter trade and also engaged 
in a <lrug business but finally decided that an 
outdoor life would suit him best, therefore, in 
18(:0, he joined his uncle, Judson Miller in St. 
('lair County. III. With coiniiicndable ;iiiibition 
he acceiited the hardest kind of tasks, his first 
job being laying out corn gniuiid witli a one- 
liorse jilow and afterw.-ird going over the same 
;ind dropiiing corn by hand. He was so anxious 
to iilease his uncle tliat be overworked, during 
the harvest in the summer beat and was so pros- 



BOND COUNTY. 



749 



tratorl that lie leturned home hut wlieii his 
uncle was taken sicU he came haok in the fall 
of 1S7II. 

Mr. Jliller made one more trip to I^itchfield 
Connty and on November 17. 1S71. was there 
united in marriage with Miss Flora Oilhert, 
who was horn in Conneeticnt in ls.">l. .\ftcr 
marriage Mr. .Miller retnrned to St. Clair 
County with his wife hut she did not loni; sur- 
vive, dying in March. IST.'i. In the meanwhile 
he had rented a f.irm in St. Clair County and 
had pnt in a crop. In ls74 he i-anie to Rond 
County and joined his father on section 27, 
Shoal Creek Township and assisted in the erec- 
tiuM of the new dwelling on the farm. He re- 
mained with his parents until his second mar- 
riage, working rented land and afterward 
rented in Kipley Townshi]) until 18S4, from 
Willis ^Yillford and afterward rented 2(iO acres 
in Shoal Creek Townshi]i. from Nathaniel Dres- 
ser and successfully operated that farm for 
seven years. In 188S he liought K'o acres sit- 
uated on section 11.". Shoal Creek Township, 
his present home farm, to which he did not 
move, however, until IS'Jl. He began to make 
iniiirovenients and .soon replaced the small 
frame dwelling house with a larger and more 
snbstaiiti;il one and also erecteil other excellent 
farm buildings. To his first purchase he added 
until lie now has ;!0s acres, all In one body, a 
valuable properly which he could sell for a 
high figure. He has his place well stocked, 
keeping a high grade of horses, cattle and hogs. 
For a number of years he pr<ispered in the dairy 
business, milking thirty cows for fourteen 
years and his butter receipts have been as 
high as .t;l7N jier month. Mr. Miller is presi- 
<lent and was one of the oi'ganizers. of the 
Iteno Kipiity Exchange, a men-antile enterprise 
of this section. .Mr. Miller owning an interest 
in the company store. One of its side enter- 
prises is the buying of milk from the farmers 
near Reno and ojierating a creamery, dispos- 
ing of a high grade of butter to the surround- 
ing towns. The success of this entei'iirise as 
of others in this section, must largely be cred- 
ited to Mr. Miller's g(X)d business Judgment 
.•md his intelligent and jirogressive methods. 

On Se|itember :!(!. ]NS(i. Mr. Miller ni.'irried 
Miss Xeltie Clanton. who was boi-n on sec- 
tion 2."i. Shoal Creek Township. .Inne 12, 18.5."), 
within one half mile of her jiresent home. Her 
p.irents were AYesley and Nancy (Hrewer) 
Clanton. born resiiectively in North C.irollna 
and Kentucky. They came early to Bond 
('oniity and were married and died here. Of 
their eight children the following survive: 
Rufus. who is a farmer in Shoal Ci-eek Town- 
ship ; .James W.. who is .i resident of Leon- 
ard, Colo.; Candine. who is the wife of S. H. 
Willford, a farmer in IJipley Township: Net- 
tie (Mr.s. Miller) ; .John A., who is a farmer 
in Texas; (Jeorge I)., who lives on the old 
<"lanton homestead; and Mary A., who is the 
wife of .Tames K. Long. Mr. and Mrs. .Miller 
have three children: .Nellie .M.. .Marv K. and 



William. William Miller, Jr., is associated 
with his father in operating the farm. He 
marrieil Miss .\da I). lirowu. a daughter of 
Sanniel Hrown. a sketch of whom ajiiiears in 
this work. William K. .Miller has always sup- 
ported the principles of the Democratic iiarty. 
-Vlthongh in every way iiualilied for imblic 
othce. a man of excellent judgment and broad- 
minded as to all public (piestions, he has never 
sought political honors and has never acce|ited 
any. He is social in nature and for many 
years has been identilied with (iieenville 
Lo<lge No. 24.">, A. V. & A. M. Neither he nor 
wife have united with any particular church 
but they .-ire attendants and liberal sujiporters. 
.\t their hos]iitabl(> home their many friends 
are always welcome and the passing stranger 
is often invited to partake of their good cheer. 

JWOREY, Hiram H. W hat a wonderful period 
of his country's history has been covered b.v 
the lifetime of Hiram Morey who, for more 
than seventy years has been one of Mulberry 
Grove's most esteemed citizens. He is the 
most advanced in .years of any one iil his part 
of the county. He was l)orn .July 3, 1810. at 
(Jranville, lacking County. Ohio, a sou of David 
and Harriet (Ifeynoldsi Morey. His father 
was a native of Itutland Connty, Vt., and his 
mother a native of the State of Connecticut. 
The ancestors of both came early from Eng- 
land, .-md members of the families took part 
in the early Indian wars, the War of the IJevo- 
Intion and' the War of 1S12. Prior to the last 
iiiimed war D.-ivid Morey and wife had located 
in Licking Co\infy. Ohio, where his father, 
.Joseph Morey. had iirevionsly .settled. Eleven 
children were born to David .Morey and wife, 
Hiram being the second and the only one sur- 
viving. Henry A., theii' eldest son when ipiite 
a young man made his way from his home in 
Ohio to Vandalia. Illinois. Later he liecame 
a wagonmakcr. worked at his trade for a while 
in I'ocahontas. 111., then in Mulberry (Jrove. 
In a short time he m.arried Miss Delia Lock- 
wood and they retnined to his old home in the 
Huckeye State, where they remained for a 
munber of ye;irs. .Soon they again turned 
toward the setting sun and settled near Slio- 
bonier, Fayette Cdinity. II!.. where they con- 
tinued to live .-md reai-ed a large family. 

Hiram ha<I learned from his brother Henry 
about the great western prairies and of the 
business opportunities to he found in the great 
frontier State of Illinois, so in the fall of 1840 
he left his father's home in Ohio and wended 
his way into the .state of Iowa. Kemendier- 
Ing what bis brother Henry had told him about 
Illinois he determined to see for himself, hence 
.\pril 1(1. 1s4I. he landed on the ground where 
.Mulberry (irove was afterwards laid out and 
went to work in the wagon shop of his brother 
Heiu'y. He linally purchased the interest of 
his brother in the shop and continued the busi- 
ness for many years. When Mr. ilorey landed 
ill the little settlenu'ut which has since de- 



750 



BOND COUNTY. 



veloiied into tlie present MulbeiTy Crove, 
seventy-three years ago. the poimUition con- 
sisted ' of only si.x adults and eight children, 
but settlers soon liecanie more numerous, he 
prospered in his business and ere long, he was 
able to invest in land and continued to accumu- 
late until at one time he owned 7S0 acres. 

On April IS. l,S4r>, Mr. Morey was marrieil 
to Miss Eliza .1. I'.rown, of Fayette County, 111. 
She was born in Maury County, Teini., May 
4, ]S27, and was brought by her parents, .James 
and Dorcas I'.rown to Bond County in lS2'.t. 
Kight daughters and two sons were born to .Mr. 
and Mrs. Morey, namely : Sarah, the eldest, 
the widow of Thos. M. .^Mwrey. lives in Mul- 
berry (irove: T. 1'. .Morey, the eldest son, re- 
sides in Greenville, 111.: Iiorcas, now deceased, 
was the wife of W. W. Willett : Elizabeth .\nn 
is deceased; Harriet is the wife of Rev. Henry 
Eilligh and they live in Mulberry Grove: Hen- 
rietta married .lohn W. .Tones and resides i;i 
St. Louis, -Mo.. Celestie now deceased, was the 
wife of EranU .Murdock: Laura Bell is the 
wife of Fernian Snodgrass : Dora is the wife 
<if \Vm. A. Davis of Mulberry Grove: and 
Orrin M.. the yonngest is a drtiggist. and re- 
sides i4i Elniwood, I'eoria County, 111. In early 
political life .Mr. .Morey was a Whig. He voted 
for William Henry Harrison in 1S40 hut later 
identitied himself with the Kepublican party. 
In the fall of 1S41 he .i<iined the Methodist 
Church, at a camp meeting held north of Mul- 
fierry (irove and has ever since been consistent 
in his life and profession. He has encouraged 
all educational advancement, and often in his 
demands for tile public welfare was called ex- 
travagant in his ideas, when, in fact, he was 
only public-spirited. He has always been gen- 
erous to his fandly and the conununity. .ind 
still owns i:>." acres of land. His memory is 
remarkable and his physical vigor good for 
one of his years. He is interested in all mat- 
ters of importance aliout him an<l en.ioys a 
friendly discussion with his friends and ac- 
ipiaintances. He has so lived that he has no 
known enemies. 

MORGAN, James Edgar, who is recognized as 
one of the leading eilucators of Bond County, 
was born at Mulberry Grove, Bond County, 111.. 
September 1!>. 1880, a son of .Tames M. and 
Fannie (Ilinsley) Morgan. The mother of Mr. 
Morgan lielonged to one of the old pioneer fami- 
lies of *"ayette County. 111., and was born at 
Walnut 'Hill. She died at Bloomingtou, 111., in 
1!i(i7. having been the mother of three children: 
(ieorge D.. who is a iihysician at Newbem. 
Tenn. : and Edna and .Tames Edgar, twins. 
Edna is head bookkeeper for the commission 
firm of B. P. Iloopes & Son. at Bloomington. 

.Tames M. Morgan, the father of the above 
family, was a marked personality and was well 
;nid widely known. In early m.-mhood he united 
with the Christian Church, in which he was later 
ordained to the ministry. Practically his entire 
subsequent life was devoted to evangelizing 



work ill this connection, and his travels led him 
over Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee and Missouri. 
In many sections he succeeded in establishing 
churches and in every way his labors seemed 
to be blessed. In his family, like in many others, 
.lu early domestic affliction fell, the eldest son, 
when a rebellious youth of twelve years, leaving 
home and for years was lost to the family. The 
father's heart yearned for him and for fifteen 
years he sought for news of the wanderer. In 
the meanwhile the youth had successfully made 
his own way in the world, and, when father and 
son were finally reunited, the latter occupied a 
position of considerable prominence in the city 
of Newhern, Tenn.. where he still is engaged in 
the practice of medicine. Rev. Jlorgan continued 
his religious work until prostrated by age and 
illness, and died in l!Kl!». at the home of his 
brother, Lewis Morgan, near .loplin. Mo., at 
the age of seventy-two years. 

.Tames Edgar Morgan attended schtKjl before 
his parents removed, in IS'.Ci. from Mulberry 
(Jrove to Bloomington. after which he made his 
home until he was si.xteen years of age with 
an aunt in Fayette County. In 1902 he became 
a clei-k in the office of B. F. Hoopes & Son, at 
151oounngt,on. where he continued for two years, 
and then Joined his brother. Dr. George Morgan, 
in southern Louisiana, and assisted him in com- 
lileting a work on zoology. In the fall of 1903 
he returned to Bond County, having determined 
to romplete his education, and, as he was 
(leiiendcnt upon his own resources, he went to 
work <iii a farm and applied his earnings to the 
purchase of useful books. With work and study 
the years passed until 1907. when he became a 
member of the family of Rev. .Tesse Story, near 
Smithboro, and in the public schools there pre- 
))ared for his teacher's examination and secured 
a certificate of the first class. In the fall of 
11MI9 he secured a school in Mills Township 
and taught two years in the Potts district. As 
a teacher he was so satisfactory to the board 
of directors and to all concerned that, in 1911, 
he was appointed jirincipal of the Wisetown 
schools and there, through his efforts, such gen- 
eral interest was aroused that two new rooms 
were added to the scho<il building and many 
improvements were made. At an increased salary 
he was induced to return to the I'otts district. 
Keeidng well informed on all educational mat- 
ters and becoming acipiainted with educators 
from every section. Mr. Morgan has become 
favoral)ly known both personally and profession- 
ally. .\s ]irincipal of the Reno schools he has 
brought educational standards high and has 
conununii'ateil his enthusiasm to those under 
his instruction. Bond County will do well to 
further encourage this persevering young edu- 
cator, for education is the lever that now moves 
the world and the youths of the country need 
leaders of his tyjie. From youth he has taken 
an active and interested part in church and 
Sunday school work and belongs to the Christian 
Church body. Although no politician, he recog- 
nizes the responsibilities of good citizenship and 



BOND COUNTY. 



751 



votes with the political party of his choice. He 
has many pleasant social connections, and fra- 
ternally is a Mason, belonKing to Lodge No. 
245 at Greenville, 111. 

MULFORD, Mrs. Mary H. One of the ex-celleiit 
farms o( Itnud Couiit.v. 111., is the 120-acrc 
tract in rocohnutas Townshiit owned and 
operated b.v Mrs. Mar.v II. Miilford. who was 
liorn April is. Is4'.l. in .Milwaukee. Wis., and 
is a daujjhter of Slocuni and Lminda Wood- 
ard, the former born in P.enninston. Vt., in 
1808, and the latter in Massachusetts in 1814. 

Mrs. Mnlfiird's first marriage was to K. 
Hooper, wlio died in isss. and b.v this niiion 
there were four children, naniel.v : Lena. lOn- 
gene, Kay and .Vita, the latter of wliom is de- 
ceased. On December 21. IMi:'.. she was mar- 
ried to diaries K. Mulford. wlyi was born at 
St. Louis. .Mo.. May 30, l.s.")1. son of Charles 
and Rhoda ( I'arvin ) Mulford, natives of New 
Jersey and New York, resjiectivel.v. Charles 
R. Mulford attended the pulilic .schools of St. 
Louis, from which he was j^raduated, and lie 
then learned the trade of carjienter which he 
followed until 1898, in which year he became a 
salesman, and be has continued the latter occu- 
pation to the inesent time. He and Mrs. Mul- 
ford belong to the Methodist Church, and his 
fraternal connection is witli the Odd Fellows. 
There were four children in the family of his 
parents: Ida Cook, of St. Louis; Carrie Rhine- 
hart, of Kaii.sas City: Minnie Camel, residing 
in Alabama, and Charles R. 

Mrs. Mulford is the owner of a tine piece 
of property in Burgess Township, a tract of 
120 acres of land which she devotes to dairy 
and general farming under the most modern 
methods. She has proven herself an excellent 
agriculturist, and the product of her farm linds 
a ready sale in the nearby markets. Mrs. 
Mulford was the organizer of Marigold Chaii- 
ter of the Order of tlie Eastern Star, in 1904, 
with which she has been prominently connected 
to the present time. She is also a member of 
the White Shrine of .lerusalem, of East St. 
Louis, 111. She is a most estimable lady and 
has hosts of friends throughout the community 
in which she resides, who liave enjoyed the 
hospitalities of her pleasant home. 

NEATHERY, John. .Among the honored old 
families of Illinois, wliieb has been identified 
with several sections ii ml iiarticiilarly with 
Bond County, is that of .\e;i1liery. and a widely 
known and highly esteeiiie<l representative of 
the same is found in .lolin Neathery. proiirietor 
of Michigan Farm, situated in Mulberry 
Grove Township. He was born in this town- 
ship, November <>, 1s41, and is a son of George 
W'. and Tlierzia (Browning) Neathery. The 
Neatherys are of Scotch-Irish ancestry. As 
far as known the first of the name came to 
America about ITSO and located in the Tnited 
States south of tlie Mason and Dixon line, per- 
haps in Kentucky and possibly in Tennessee, 



as the grandmother of .lohn Neathery belonged 
to the Elmore family of that state. 

(ieorge W. Neathery. father of John Neath- 
ery. was born in Russell County, K,v., May 10, 
1M2. and died in Bond County, December 3, 
1902. aged ninety years and si.\ months. On 
July 11), is;!."), he married Therzia I'.rowning, 
who was born in Fayette Count.v. III.. Novem- 
ber I'.P. 1sl4. Ix'fore Illinois was admitted to 
the I'liioii. She died at the advaneed age of 
ninety-si.\ years and si.\ months. Her parents 
were Daniel and Bermelia Browning, the for- 
mer of whom died September 9, ISCO, aged 
eighty-four .years and three days, and the lat- 
ter died July l-"i, iscs, aged over eighty-two 
years. The Browning family ri'cord is as fol- 
lows: Wallace Browning, born Manti 1, 1817, 
died Deeember IM. 19l)s. survived by his widow. 
Miiry (.Matliisi Browning, born Seiitember 10, 
ISL'T.: Willson Browning, died December 10, 
issn, iiged .seventy -si.x vears, married Elizabeth 
E. Neathery. who died May 13. 1873. aged 
si.\ty-tbree .years; Hjirmon Browning, who died 
December ."). ISC"), married Jane Neathery. who 
died in 1SS3; Daniel Browning. Iiorn December 
1. Is-JC), died .March 22. isili!, his wife Margaret, 
born .lune Hi. 1S2(i. died December 30, 1S91 ; 
and John Browning, the only surviving mem- 
ber of the family, and a Civil war veteran, 
was liorn January 18. 1827. 

The Neatherys and Brownings both came 
early to Illinois, the latter family settling in 
F.iyette County. G(>orge W. Neathery had 
three brothers : .\iidrew J.. William Riley and 
.Milliin Franklin, and the following sisters: 
J.iiic. who was the wife of Harmon Browning 
and their descendants still live in Fa.vette 
County: Elizabeth, who married William 
Browning and they left descendants; and 
Sally, who married Pascal Simmons, died in 
Montgomery County, his death occurring in 
Bonil County. Andrew J. Neathery was horn 
January 11. 1820. and died October (!, 1902, 
aged eighty-two years, eight months and 
twenty-five days. He was a veteran of the 
.Mexican war. He married Cisley A. Elam, 
who died September 8, 1885, aged sixty-one 
yea rs. 

(Ieorge W. Neathery came to Bond County 
in 1S;'>0 and settled with his parents on See- 
tion .'!."). in what is now Jiulberry Grove Town- 
ship, where his father died in 1832. aged sev- 
enty-five years. His first honu' was a little 
log cabin <m the lonesome prairie and his first 
croji was corn grown on eighteen acres. He 
had found the prairie sod tiuigh and he had 
nil means of breaking it except witli a wooden 
plough and his one liorse. He became one of 
the thrifty farmers and stockraisers of the 
county, investing in land from time to time 
until he possessed 1,700 acres. When five of 
his children, all who reached maturity, went 
into homes of their own, he was very gener- 
ous, giving to three of them eight.v acres each, 
and to two. ninety acres each as a start. His 
live children were: William, who lives at 



752 



BOND COUNTY. 



Springfield, 111.; Irena, who iiianied Levi 
Wallier, who died while servinjj; in the Civil 
war; John; and Titus, who is a retired farmer 
of Arkadelpha, Ark. : and Elias, who is a large 
farmer near Buffalo, Mo. George W. Neathery 
and wife were members of the religious body 
known as the Hardshell Baptist. He was a 
cheerful giver to religion and found such com- 
fort in spiritual things, that, when death drew 
near, in old age, he had no fear but reaffirmed 
his faith at the very last in a way edifying 
and comforting to all who gathered around his 
bedside and almost with his last breath he 
repeated lines of a favorite hymn. 

.John Xeathery passed his boyhood on his 
father's farm and obtained a district school 
education and owns the old schoolhou.se where 
he learned his first lessons. In his boyhood it 
had a puncheon tloor, a huge fireplace, and a 
plank supported on pins along the wall served 
as a desk. Lessons were just as hard to learn 
then as now, but liy the time he was ready to 
leave school he had conquered the Rule of 
Three, and, well grounded in the fundamen- 
tals of knowledge, was eiptijiped sufficiently 
for a second grade certificate for teaching. In 
place of teaching school, however, Mr. Neatb- 
ery decided to settle on a farm and then marry, 
which plan he carried out. 

On April 1-t, IsfS, Mr. Neathery was united 
in marriage with Miss Susan .Samantha Mer- 
riman, who was sometimes sjioken of as the 
gem of Fayette County, where she was born, 
January 22, 1.S4S, a daughter of Bryant and 
Nancy (Elam) Merriman, natives of Tennes- 
see, who came to Fayette County. 111., in 1832. 
After marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Xeathery went 
to housekeeping on land that he rented from 
his father, on Section 3.j, in the sjiring of 1804 
moving to Section 2G, and in March, 186.^, came 
to w-hat is now known as Michigan Farm, 
.so called, perhaps, because It Is bounteously 
productive of fruit. At that time, however, 
the land was all wild prairie, o'ccasionally 
crossed by water courses. When his father 
handed him the deed for this eighty acres, he 
asked only that the sou should "make good." 
This he certainly has done, and to the original 
tract he has added until he now owns 340 
acres, all under a fine state of cultivation. As 
he en.ioys life under his own vine and fig tree. 
as it were, he can rememljer the days long ago 
when ead) young tree <if his famous orchards 
was .set out, together with the lieantiful orna- 
mental trees and shrulibery which so adorn his 
grounds. On Michigan Farm he has SCM!) bear- 
ing fruit trees, including choice apple, peach, 
pear and plum. 

For forty-nine years Mr. and Mrs. Neathery 
were permitted to remain together, but on 
September IS. 1912. the beloved wife jiassed 
away, after .several years of illness, during 
which jieriod she had exhibited Christian forti- 
tude. To Mr. and Mrs. Neathery the follow- 
ing children were born : Jolin Henry, Febru- 
ary IS, ISCfcS, died October 14, ISSl ; Daniel F., 



May 11, iNdli, married Sallic Tabor, and for 
many years has been a teacher in Bond County: 
Nancy Florence, July 1, 1872, is the wife of 
John H. Nowlan, a farmer and schoolteacher, 
and they have five children, John Henry, Mable 
I.. Nola Irene. Robert K. and Arthur C. : 
Emor.v Kli.is. November 1."), 1873, married first 
Addie Matthew, who died February 20, 1007. 
leaving two children, Ethel Pauline, and Vona 
Agnes, and married (second) Martha Elam, is 
a farmer in .Mullierry Grove Townshi]) and 
the.v have one son, Laurel E. : Orrie Monroe, 
Augu.st 20. 1S7(;, married Ruth Holmes and they 
have two cliildren, Oswald Rolland and Verna, 
and is a member of the hardware firm of 
•White, Neathery & Vaughan, at (ireenville; 
Minnie Maud, also a teacher, born May 
10, 187S, is the wife of O. O. Brown, a farmer 
in Missouri ; Clarissa M., December 8, 1883, is 
the wife of Edgar Bass, a farmer and stock 
feeder at Oconee, 111., and they have four chil- 
dren, Vida M.. Eula, Guilford M. and Warren; 
Irma. born .Vugust !l, 188.'',, died March 2s. 1886; 
Blanche Isaliel. born November 27. 188(1, is the 
wife of E. a. Briggs. with whom Mr. Neathery 
makes his boTue. who rents the homestead; and 
two children dieil in infancy. 

Mr. Neathery has been interested his entire 
life in everything that has jiromised to be 
beneficial to his neighborhiMtd. He united with 
the Baptist Church in 18(l!i and in 1871 was 
elected a deacon. In politiis he is a Democrat 
and served three years as highway eonunis- 
sioner. nine years as school director and for 
tliirty years has been active in educational 
matters. By the late Governor Altgeld he was 
a]ipointeil and still serves as a notary public. 

NORTHCOTT, WiUiam Allen, was born at 
Murfreesboro. Tennessee, on the 28th dav of 
Januar.v, A. D. 18.54. 

At the beginning of the Civil War. his father, 
Robert S. .Northcott, moved to Clarkslmrg, West 
Virginia, and was commissioned iis lieutenant 
colonel in the 12th West Virginia Cnion Vol- 
unteers and afterward became breveted as a 
general. 

William attended the private and public 
schools in Clarksburg until he was fifteen years 
of age when he was ajipointed as a cadet In 
the Vnited States Naval Academy at .\unaii- 
olis, Maryland. He was there four years and 
in 1^7:! went to his home in West Virginia and 
taught school and studieil law and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1S77 and in June, ls70. he 
moved to (Jreenville, Illinois, and i)racticed 
law there until he removed to Springfield, Illi- 
nois, in loori, where he now resides. He served 
three terms as States Attorney of Bond County, 
Illinois; two terms as lieutenant-governor of 
the State of Illinois and two terms as I'nited 
States district attorney for the southern dis- 
trict of Illinois. In ISOO he became head con- 
sul of the Modern Woodmen of .\nierica and 
during his administration the society grew 
from 40,<KKl to (iOO.dOti members. At present 



BOND COUNTY. 



753 



he is i)!ist lit'iid (Miusiil of the sdcicty. lie has 
niiide a ^'reat recdiil in tlie iiismam-e world 
and is an advocate of ade(|nate rales tor fra- 
ternal societies and is an authority on this 
i|uestion. At this time lie is the iiresident of 
the Inter-Ocean Casualty Company of Sprins;- 
tield, Illinois, which company does a health 
and accident Imsincss. 

In ISNO he was married to .lulia .Vgnes Dres- 
sor, who died one year after the niarriaj;e and 
who left one smi. Nathaniel Itrpssor Xorth- 
cott Afterwards Jlr. Ndrthcott married .\da 
R. Stoutzenliers. of Marine, .Madison County, 
Illinois, and the.v have ono daui;liter, .Mrs, 
Amy .Vlpaugh. and one si'fUKltlaufihter, 

Mr. X(n-thcott is president of the Sprin;;- 
tield Commercial .Association and always taUes 
a very active part in the ]iulilic affairs of his 
home city. 

OLSON, Charles, wlio is one oi tin' Imsy. prac- 
tical and sul>stantlal luisiness men of bond 
County, has led a life that, in detail, must 
interest all those who .seek like financial inde- 
pendence and jiersoiial re>;ard and find it 
throu;;h their own lahor and unassistiMl efforts. 
He was liorn in \'arnland, Sweden, May lo, 
IsTll. and is a son of Nils and .\miio (,lohn- 
son I Olson. Nils Olson was liorn on his 
father's farm in Sweden. He served in the 
Swedish arm.v for six .years jirior to coming 
to .Vmerica and held a commission as lieu- 
tenant. In 1S71 he brouiiht his family to the 
rnite<l States and located at (ireenville. 111., 
in the sprins; of INT."? removini; to a fa I'm owned 
by a Mr. McCord, Incited southeast of (!reeu- 
ville. The family lived there until iNST and 
then moved to Beaver Creek, now Wisetowu. 
and Mr. Ol.son carried on farininj; near the 
villase until I'.XC when he removed with his 
family to St. I.ouis. Mo., and hecanie an em- 
idoye of the Kinsella AVholesale Coffee and 
Sjiice Coinpan.v. lioth he and wife are meni- 
liers of the Methodist Kpiscoiial Clinrch. Nine 
children were liorn to them: .\nnie. who mar- 
ried Ira Lawrence, ,'i farmer in Clinton County, 
111., and they have seven children : .\iidrew, 
who resides with his jiarcnts in St. I.ouis: 
Charlotte, deceased, who was the wife of 
(diaries .Tingles, of Wichita, Kans. : .\maiida, 
who is the wife of John Clavey, of St. I>onis : 
.Minnie, who is the wife of .Vrnold Hernreutei', 
a farniei- in Mills Township; Charles; Tillie, 
who moved from St. I.ouis to New York after 
the death of her husband. William Alwood, 
and died there; and two deceased. 

Charles Olson attended school while I he fam- 
ily lived near (Jri^enville and lieiian to assist 
his father as soon as his strenjith permitted, 
and comiileted his iHlucation after tlie family 
moved to Heaver Creek. When he started out 
in life for biniself he learned to operate a trac- 
tion enirine and his .services were in demand 
durinir th(> threshin;; seasons in this section 
until Ixs'.i. when he went to .\dvance. .Mo. 
There he worked on farms ami also ran a 



traction eiiirine in a saw mill until IsilO. when 
be secured a position at Hoiiiplian, Mo. and 
took cllar^'e of the eiif^ine and machinery in 
the Niel Lumber Couiiiany. In the following 
.vear he took charge of two lumber yards at 
Blue Springs. In the meanwhile, in 1NS9, Mr. 
Olson bad married Miss lol.i Bryant, who was 
born in Clinton County, III. They had one 
child that dieil in iiifam \ and Mrs. Olson died 
in IN!)]. 

.Vfter the death of his wife and child Mr. 
Olson returned to Heaver Creek and there 
went to work with the H. W. Hlizy-ard thresh- 
ing outfit, lint in the spring of 1S'.)2 he went to 
r.'iduc.'ib, Ky. In .\iigiist of that year he mar- 
ried Miss Lizzie Hernreutei' who was born in 
.Mills Township, a daughter of George and 
Klizalieth Hernreutei', pioneers of Bond Connt.v. 
.\fter this m.irriagi' .Mr. and .Mrs. Olson set- 
tled in the village of I'.eaver Creek and he 
worked in a saw mill and at threshing until 
IMIJ, and for .Mr. Blizzard worked through 
Minnesota and Indian Territory Until 1807. 
In LSOS .Mr. Ol.son moved to O'Fallon, in St. 
Clair County and took <harge of the box de- 
partment for the Willard Range and Foundry 
Company, where he remained for three years, 
in lliol t.'iking charge of the engine. His 
health failing he left that company in 1!K)3 
and after returning once more to Beaver Creek, 
accepted a position in the creamery of Fred 
I'esehauser. F.ight months later Mr. I'eschauser 
went out of luisiness and Mr. Olson then be- 
came a milk buyer fiu' .'i St. liouis firm. In 
1!)l.j he was .secured by the Helvetia Condens- 
ing Company, manufacturers of the celebrated 
I'et cream, as manager of their ]ilant at Beaver 
Creek. lie has additional business interests 
and has been entrusted with both ijublic and 
private responsibilities. In liio.s .Mr. Olson was 
made general manager of the Beal Telephone 
line through this section. In .Tanuary. lull, 
he was elected a diri'ctor of the Springtield 
Central Illinois Traction Company, the object 
I'l which was the construction of an interur- 
li,'in line from Terre ll.'iute, liid.. to St. Louis. 
Mo. ,'iiid from S]ii'iijgliel(l to Oucpioin, III., and 
Mr. Olson secured more fr.'inchi.ses through 
cities and villages iind right of way than an.v 
other member of the company. This enter- 
prise, under the management of such men as 
Mr, Olson, has every evidence of li(>iiig ulti- 
mately carried to successful coni|iletion. He 
has devoted some time, also to the manage- 
ment and improvement of his farm of TOO 
acres, which adjoins the village. In his politi- 
cal alliliatioii be has .'ilw,'iys liecii :! Republican 
and served six .vears as a member of the board 
of education of Beaver Creek and in \'M2 was 
(•lc( ted registrar of deeds ,'ind transfers. 

.Mr. and .Mrs. Olson li.ive three children: 
Larl. Klla and Alice. Willi bis family he be- 
longs to the .Methodist l':piscopal Church and 
f(U' nine years has been siiiieriutendent of the 
Sunday School. Fiu' a iiiiiiibcr of years Mr. 
Olson li.'is been a member of Camp No. 1302, 



754 



BOND COUNTY. 



M. W. A., at Beaver Creek, and for two years 
has been clerk of his camp. As a man and 
citizen Mr. Olson Is lieltl in his;h esteem by 
his wide circle of acquaintances. 

ORR, Walter Armstrong, a well known mem- 
ber of the S|iriiif;ticlil liar and one of the 
city's substantial residents, was born Febru- 
ary 0, 1S73. at .Jackson ('enter. Mercer County. 
Pa., and is a .son of John .T. and Martha (Arm- 
strong) Orr. For more than sixty years the 
parents of Mr. Orr have lived on the same 
farm, one that was owned orijiinally by Col. 
Henr.v Kosack. who was an otticer in the War 
of 1><12 and used the orchard as his drill 
grounds. Mr. Orr comes of distinguished an- 
cestry, being a direct descendant of John 
Hart, one of the signers of that immortal 
document, the Declaration of Independence, 
who. afterward, was speaker of the New .Jer- 
sey House of Iteprcsontatives. His father. Ed- 
ward Hart, settled in New .Jersey sixty years 
liefore the Ifevolutionar.v war. 

Walter Armstrong Orr passed his early 
youth on his father's farm and in the local 
schools prepared for college. After graduating 
in the scientitic conr.se at Volant College, he 
took a course in philosojihy at Mount Hope 
College, subsequently receiving his degree and 
afterward entered .Mclvendree College, where 
he was graduated from the law department and 
was admitted to practice in IVJO. For two 
years afterward he taught a country school. 
later going to Iowa where he completed a com- 
mercial course and suhsequently in th(> Sioux 
City Normal School and in the Metropolitan 
College at Cedar liapids. was engaged as an 
instructor. Mr. Orr then moved to Greenville, 
III., and there engaged in the ]iractlce of law 
and w;is electeii city attorney and later mayor, 
receiving the largest majority ever given any 
candidate for that office. Still later Mr. Orr 
removeil to .Springlield and ever since has been 
active in professional life and also is interested 
in the insurance business. Mr. Orr has in- 
vested in property at Springfield, where he 
owns an attractive residence and also has a 
tract of fruit land in Florida. 

Mr. Orr was married at Greenville. III.. .lune 
14. ISliil. to Miss Nellie .M. Hogue. who was 
born at .Jamestown. \. Y.. and is a daughter 
of Kisho]> Wilson T. Hogue. of the Free Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church, who. for ten years, was 
president of (ireenville College and for a num- 
ber of years editor of the official paper of his 
church. Mr. and Mrs. Orr have two children : 
Emma Margaret, who was born .Vugust 19. 
lilOl ; and Wilson .\rnistrong. who was born 
.Vugust i;i. V.»}',. the little folks enjoying a 
nuitual birthday celebration. Mr. (»rr is a mem- 
ber of many years standing, of the Methodist 
Episcoiial Church, and is secretary of the offi- 
cial board and the board of trustees of the 
Douglas .\ venue Church at Springfield. He is 
identified fraternally with the .Modern Wood- 
men of .\merica and the Court iif Iloiuir. He 



is in sympathy with that i>olitical organiza- 
tion known as the jirogressive Kepublican. 
Taking an active and sensible interest in pub- 
lic matters, Jlr. (Jrr has always been consid- 
ered a good citizen, while personally his char- 
acteristics are pleasant and agreeable and he 
has many loyal friends. 

PAINE, Emery F. X progressive and enter- 
prising farmer and stockman, Emery F. Paine, 
of Old Ripley Township, is worthily represent- 
ing the agricultural interests of his part of 
I'.ond County. III. He is a native son of this 
township, having been liorn on Section 2. March 
21, 18(15. and is a son of Thomas and Electa 
(Shaul) I'aine. The father was also a native 
of Bond County, and for many years made his 
home on the property, where he died in 1899. 
at the age of fifty-eight year.s. The mother 
survives him and is now seventy-one years of 
age. In their family were the following named 
children : Emery F. : Calvin, who died in in- 
fancy : Xancy Ann, who. with her husband, 
resides in Mills Township. Bond County : Sarah 
F.. who died in young womanhood ; Lucy, the 
wife of Henry Wall, of St. Louis. Mo. : Nellie, 
who died at the age of twelve years : and Minnie, 
who du'd in childh(«:id. 

Elisha Paine, the paternal grandfather of 
Emery F. Paine, was born of English aucestrj'. 
in North Carolina, in 1818. He served as a 
soldier during the Black Hawk war, and after 
its close went to Tennessee, where he was mar- 
ried to Jliss Xancy .Viui Fenton. by whom he 
had two sons: William .John and Thomas. They 
were consistent members of the Primitive Bap- 
tist Church, and were honored and respected by 
all who knew them. The grandfather passed 
away in 1870. and the grandmother followed him 
to the grave five years later. 

The early education of Emery F. Paine was 
secured in the little log schoolhouse in Old 
Rlliley Township, in the Terrapin Ridge District, 
and later enjoyed advantages in the new frame 
building, where his children are now preparing. 
He remained on the ohi home place until reach- 
ing the age of twentj-two years, and was then 
united in marriage, August 11. 1SS7. with Miss 
Malinda J. Wllliford, daughter of Harvey Willi- 
ford. a well-known pioneer of Bond County. 
After their marriage, ilr. and Mrs. Paine set- 
tled on one of Grandfather Paine's farms in 
Center Township, just west of Greenville. 111., 
and there continued to reside until 1892. Mr. 
Paine then purchased fifty acres of land in 
Section 11, OM Rililey Township, on which was 
located a small fiame house. This land was 
in i>oor condition, but Mr. Paine brought it 
under cultivation, and has added to it until he 
now owns ISO acres, all accumulated by well- 
directed effort and good management. The 
buildings on the property are large and sub- 
stantial and the improvements of the most 
modern order. Mr. Paine has met with success 
in his ventures, and is known as a skilled 
breeder of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. He 



BOND COUNTY. 



755 



has twelve head of iniro-hred SlKprtUuni cattle. 
-Mr. Paine is one of the self-made men of his 
county, and may talie a pardonalile desroe of 
Iiride in what he has accomplished. 

Mr. and Mrs. faim; have had the following 
children: Walter, born Ferbnary it. 1SS9, now 
residinj; with his grandmother ; Thomas, born 
September lii. IS'.ll : Dora, born .T.-iiiuary 22. 1894, 
a graduate of the Bond County |)UbIic schools, 
received a teacher's certificate in 1911, and Is 
n<nv successfull.v teaching the school which her 
father attended in bis youth: T.ucy M., born 
(>i-fobi.r 4. ISIm;. who diei'l in 1S9T ; Frank, horn 
.Vpril s, 1.S9S; and James Havcrv, born Febru- 
ary 25. 190n. 

Mr. I'aine is a Democrat in iiolitics, but iu 
bical matters has indeiiendent tendencies. He 
has served as highway conunissioner. being ap- 
pointed two years, and electetl five years, and 
ilischarged his duties in a highly satisfactory 
manner. FTe has also shown his friendship to 
education h.v serving as a member of the school 
board. Ills social connection is with the Inde- 
iiendent Order of Odd Fellows. .V genial and 
likable man. he lumibers among his wide circle 
of acquaintances many appreciative friends. 

PAISLEY, Horace Edwin, one of the .substan- 
tial men of liond Cmnity and a mendier of one 
of the old and intluential families of this 
section of Illinois, was born in the connnodi- 
ous brici; ilwelling that st.-nuls on the home- 
stead farm. September 17. lS(i7. on Section (i. 
Lagrange Township. I'.ond Comity, 111. He is a 
son of Kobert C. and Margaret (I.ibby) I'ai.s- 
ley. The I'aisley family came originally from 
.Scotland and the name is known all over the 
world for from Paisley, Scotland, come the ex- 
<inisite shawls, so fine of texture and beautiful 
in p;ittern tliat even the late (Jueen Victoria 
deemed them tit for hei' own wearing and it 
is said. frc(|uently preseidcd them to ladies 
of her court whom she desired to honor. 

The first of the Paisley family to come to 
Uond County. III., were the gr.indpa rents of 
Horace Edwin Paisley. The grandfather, Wil- 
liam Pai.sle.v, was born in Guilford County, 
X. C. June s, 179.-.. On .Vugust l."!. ISK;. he 
married Nanc.v Xelson. who was also iiorii in 
Xorth Carolina. May .30, 179.".. In 1.S1S they 
came to P.ond County .inil the grandfather, 
with excellent .iudgmcnt. laid claim to favor- 
ably situated land, lying in .section (i. L.igrange 
'I'ownship. Evidently he was a man of enter- 
prise for it is .stated that he not only culti- 
vated his land with success and raised stock 
and cattle, but for many .years he was also 
In the tanning business and much of the leather 
u.sed in this section .-it that time was tanned 
at his tan-yard. He was one of the first post- 
masters and no doubt filled many other local 
olHccs .-ind be and wife were among the foinid- 
ers of the ('umberland Presbyterian Church 
here. He served also as a .soldier throughout 
the Black Hawk war and ever afterward con- 
tinneil to .assist in preserving peace In his coni- 



mmnt.v. From being a Whig lu' became a Ite- 
publicaii anil was personally accpiainted with 
such public characters of his day as .Xbraham 
Lincoln and Stephen .\. Douglas. His death 
occurred .\ugusl 29. 1N7II. bis wife, the mother 
of the following children, having died .Vugust 
:i. 1S47. .Malinda became the wife of .lames 
Potter, afterward one of tlie most successful 
farmers in liond County. Their son, William 
Potter, improved the farms be later sold to 
Di-. W. A. .\llen. He had one daughter. .Vnn, 
who m.-irried Itobei't For.sythe. Wilson Pais- 
ley died in Lee Ciundy. 111. .loel P.. Paisley 
served in an Illinois regiment In the Civil war 
and later for ma?iy years was a dry goods 
merchant at Lincoln. III. William F. Paisley 
dh'd at Fairfield. 111. Mary E. married Clem- 
(Uis Hoyd and they moved to Lincoln, where 
she died an<l where he yet lives. Kobert C. 
Paisley, of this fannl.v. was born on the old 
fannly bomcsteail in linnd County, where his 
parents settled in ls|s. June 21. INMII. .Vfter 
reaching manhood he gave his attention to 
•■igricultural pursuits and continued until lS.-i2 
when he went overland to ('.ilifornia. He 
spent three years in the gold regions and was 
moderately successful and returned to his farm 
iu l.s.-i.''i, resunung farming and stockraising. 
When the Civil war was preci|iitated he en- 
listed iu ('ompany P>. .■>9th Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, contracting for three years but ill 
health brought on tlu' disability which caused 
him to be honorably discharged after serving 
one .year. Again he resumed the liianagement 
of the home farm, having the assistance of his 
sous. He was identified with the Kepublican 
party but was never willing to accept office. 
Both he and wife were members of the Cum- 
berland Presbyterian Church. At the time of 
death, in 1S94. be owned (i2(i acres in Lagrange 
Township. P.ond County. 

On .Vpril 2(1. ls."iS. Robert C. Paisley mar- 
ried Margari't Libby. who was born at Paulet, 
Vt.. October 21, is:;.-., a daughter of Isaac T. 
and Nancy (Frisbee) Libby. He was a cab- 
inetnuiker and carpenter by trade and was 
born iu Vernuint in 1M2. Both he and wife 
(lied iu their native state. ^Mrs. Paisley came 
to P.ond County for the purpose of teaching 
scliool. She siirvived her husband for fifteen 
years, dying .March 2.-.. 190!). Two of the chil- 
dren born to Uol.ert C. Paisley and wife died 
in infancy, the three survivors being: .Vnnie. 
who was born .Vugust 2. 1.SI12, is the wife of 
Theron Stephens, a farmer in Benton County, 
.Vrk., .and they have two children; Frank, 
who was born .Vugust 1, lS(i4, is an extensive 
farmer and stockraiser; and Horace K, 

In the public schools of Lagrange Township. 
Mr. Paisley (.btalncd his early educational 
training and afterward he took a collegiate 
course. During bis father's lifetime he assisted 
in the management of the large estate and 
afterward he took complete charge, develop- 
ing info (me of the nuist .judicious and 
sui'ci'ssful t'armers and sf(.ikr;iisers (.f the 



756 



BOND COUNTY. 



county. For many years he followed the 
most imjiroved in<4ho(l.s as to his stock and 
prodtalily enKaged in Imyinj; and feedin?i calves 
for market. In his home farm he has o71 acres, 
every foot of whicli is tillalile land and under 
a high state of cultivation, and owns 421 acres 
in all. he and his lirothor holdins -"I'ltl ad.join- 
ing acres. He has spent a bu.sy life, has always 
been progressive in his ideas, has used nunlern 
machinery and during: the years that he was a 
heavy shipper of c;ittle and stock, was known 
in the leading markets as a keen, well in- 
formed business man but one whose word could 
lie trusted. 

<Jn December 7, INilT, Mr. Paisley was mar- 
ried to Miss Hattie A. Brooks, who was born 
in Montgomery t'ounty. 111.. October .30. 1877. 
;i daughter of William and Eliza A. (Stephens) 
Brooks. The father of Mrs. Paisley was a na- 
tive of Tennessee and an early settler in 
Montgomery County. Both he and wife live 
retire<l at Dounellson, III. To Mr. and Mrs. 
Paisley the following children have been born : 
Georgia .\.. biu-n Sept. 24. 1808: Mabel L.. born 
August 7, IMi'.i; Itoliert C. Jr.. liorn September 
24. T.MMt; <;ra<e E.. born .Tune l(i. 1902; Har- 
ri.son B.. born .January 7, ]!I04; Bessie O.. horn 
Xnvember 4, llKMi: and Horace E.. .Jr.. born 
April s. llJds. (lied March :!. HHKI. Mrs. Pais- 
ley was reared in the Methodist faith. In 
liolitics Mr. Paisley has always been a Itepub- 
lican and freciuently has been tendered imblic 
otKces but has consistently refu.sed them. He 
belongs to Lodge Xo. 2.-..-,. A. F. & A. M. at 
Doiniellson. and carries a comfortable insur- 
ance in several well known fraternal bodies. 

PALMER, George W., whose many years of 
practical experience as a farmer resulted in 
the accnnnilation of an amiile fortune, aud 
whose courage was tested and fidelity iiroved 
on inany occasions while serving in the Civil 
War, stands among the representative men of 
Bond County. 111., with whom his business and 
social relations have been eciually credit.-ible 
to him as a man. In I'.li).") Mr. Palmer came 
from his farm to (ireenville. |iurchasing his 
handsome residence here and since then he and 
wife have taken life more easily than for- 
merly, have a wide circle of friends aud thor- 
oughly en.joy the recreations and social pleas- 
ures sintalile to their age and position. The 
outline of the life of Mr. and Mrs. Palmer, 
has UHicli to interest the general reader and 
to family anil friends nnist be an absorbing 
story well wi>rth preservation. 

(Jeorge Washington Palmer w;is born at 
Stopferry. County Norfolk. England. Decem- 
ber 10. Is41. and he is a son of (Jeorge and 
Lucy (Kidd) Palmer. On both sides the grand- 
fathers were men of local iironiinence and some 
wealth, (Jrandfather Kidd being a cabinetmaker 
an<l Crandfather Palmer a farmer. (ieorge 
Palmer, f.ither of (ieorge W. Palmer, culti- 
vated land in his native i)lace bvit gave the 
larger part of his attention to raising fine cat- 



tle and Norman horses and one of the live- 
liest recollections of Ceorge W. Palmer of his 
childhood relates to the exhilarating rides he 
took on the backs of these spirited horses. 
From the Palmer farm stock was imported 
to breeders in America. It seems, however, 
that after the death of (Jeiu-ge I'almer, in 1848, 
misfortunes fell (Ui the family and the days 
of plenty were no more. In this strait, the 
widow. Mrs. Palmer, listened to the tales told 
her of the land <>f opjiortunity across the 
ocean, rightly doing so as she ha<l a famil.v 
of nine children to consider. The first to come 
to the Inited States were the two eldest sons, 
William aud JIatliew I'almer, who found em- 
ployment at Troy. X. Y. Mrs. Palmer's sister, 
Ann Kidd. married Xewton .\danis. who came 
of a family of ro|iemakers, and they emigrated 
to America where they prosiiereil. and Mrs. 
.\dams wrote to her sister to leave England 
with the certainty of finding a fine future fiu- 
her children in the Inited States. Therefore, 
in ls40. Mrs. I'almer, with her seven children, 
all of whom had already learned a trade except 
(Jeorge, made the great venture and safely, al- 
though perhaps not very comfortably, crossed 
the wide sea and were lauded in the harbor 
of New York Cit.v. going from there U]i the 
Hudson Itiver as far as Troy, where they all 
lived for several years. In ls."iO the family 
came to Bond County, 111., and bought a farm 
i]i what is now Tamalco Townshiii. Matliew 
and William went on to St. Louis. Mo., where 
both entered the car shops. Mathew being a 
car builder aud William a machinist, and both 
became valued .-ind res]iected men in their lines 
of work. .\ffer William met an accidental 
death in 18(;:^,. at ViiKennes, Ind.. .Mathew re- 
turned to the family home and spent the rest 
of his life in Bond County. Two of the other 
brotliers, ,Jo.-iepli and .John, were well-known 
over the county as capable and reliable builders 
and contractors. Maria, the eldest daughter, 
is also deceased. She was the wife of Henry 
Langham and was survived by a large family. 
Hainiah married William Mills, a man who 
lirospert'd in his business undertakings and 
they moved to California, where both ilied. 
survived by but one child. Lu<y married a 
Parish, who was a son of an Englishman who 
came to the I'nited States during the gold fever 
of 1840. He settled in California and the 
family become wealthy fruit-growers. Eunua, 
the youngest daughter, married .Joseph I^. Mills, 
who is a real estate dealer at East St. Louis, 
where she died. The oidy survivor of the fam- 
ily of nine children and the parents, is Ceorge 
\\'. Palmer, of Greenville. He. like his brothers 
and sisters, was carefully reared in the faith 
of the English Church. 

George W. Palmer was eight years old when 
the family came to .Vmerii'a and was thus old 
enough to take advantage of the excellent edu- 
cational opiiortunities offered by the schools of 
Troy, X. Y.. attending in the winter and work- 
ing in a factoiy in the summer. In 1859 after 



BOND COUNTY. 



757 



reaching Bond Cdunty ho went to work on the 
farm and continuod niitil ]S(iL', when lio en- 
listed for service in the Civil war, entering tlie 
United States Navy, and was attaelied to the 
gunl)oat t'rieliet, nnder the conniiand of Ca]!- 
tiiiu Lanngtliorn. in Admiral David Porter's 
fleet, this department being known as the Mis- 
sissippi flotilla. lie took part in all the en- 
gagements on the Mississippi River including 
the Siege of \'icksburg, and later was in the 
lied Itiver eamiiaign. in which he was on .\d- 
miral Porter's flag ship. He served until the 
surrender of General Lee and was honorabl.v 
discharged and mustered out at Cairo. 111. The 
boat Cricket was torn to pieces in battle on 
lied Itiver. 

After the close of the war, Mr. I'alnier went 
back to the old home and resumed work on the 
farm and on JIarch 15. ISOCi, was married to 
Miss Mary C. ilills. She was liorn in Jlills 
Township, Bond County, 111., the township hav- 
ing been named in honor of her grandfather, 
Judge A. G. Mills, January 2, 1842, and is a 
daughter of Milton and .Mary (Brown) Mills. 
They were natives of Bourbon County, Ky., and 
Murray County, Tenn. The pioneer of the Mills 
family was A. G. Mills, who, in 1S2G, left Ken- 
tucky with only his trusty rifle for compan- 
ionship and protection, and, in search of a de- 
sirable jilace to settle, traveled over a large 
part of Illinois, deciding finally to locate in 
Bond County. He returned to Kentucky, and 
in the above year again lauded in Bond County 
with wife and all possessions, brought in a 
primitive wagon of that day, and lived to be a 
man of much prominence and of large estate. 
It is very interesting to listen to Mrs. Palmer 
as she talks of her early log cabin home in 
which there were no luxuries, but a large 
amomit of comfort, esjiecially when parents 
and children would gather round the great 
lireiilace. and roast apples and sweet potatoes 
and crack hickory nuts and walnuts and listen 
to Judge Mills tell of the adventures of the 
early settlers in the mountains of old "Kain- 
tuck" as he fondly called his native state. Mr. 
Palmer also recalls many entertaining stories 
nf former days and all of these illustrate the 
courage, endurance and cheerful acceptation of 
conditions that could not lie hel]ied. At one 
time he started with his mother for Wisetown 
with an o.xteam to convey produce fnun the 
farm and exchange for other commodities in 
the town. The oxen ran away :nid broke all 
the eggs, a real disaster at that time with their 
slcmlcr resources. Their Iniuse stood in the 
midst of a prairie and fretpU'Utly jieople who 
were lost would see their light and beg shel- 
ter, which never was refused, the only bed 
i(fleu lieiu'.; given up to strangers. 

.\fter their nuirriage Mr. and Mrs. Palmer 
went to the farm that Mr. I'almer had already 
bought in Tamalco Township, where be had 
built a cozy house of two rooms with dimen- 
sions ICxli:. constructed of lumber and the 
Moor was of oak boards laid .just as they came 



from the saw mill. This settlenn^nt was called 
Liverpool as the peojiie were mainly from 
Lngland. When Mr. Palmer came lirst Henry 
Sharp tried to discourage him about setlling 
where there were no neighbors but they soon 
came and the land has become some of the best 
in the county. His first purchase was forty 
acres from the Illinois Central Railroad at 
seven dollars an acre and, although, for a time 
It was a strain to pay for this land, it was 
finally accomplished through the thrift, indus- 
try and iirudence of him and his estimable 
wife. He continued to add to his holdings 
and now owns 120 acres in Tamalco Township 
and forty-five acres in Mills Township. Not 
only have they helped themselves by every 
honest eft'ort but as good people they have 
encouraged educational and religious progress 
in their neighborhood and according to their 
means have donated liberally. 

Mr. and Mrs. Palmer have had three chil- 
dren, two of whom died in infancy, the one 
survivor, Mary Isabella, still remaining with 
her parents and giving them loving care and 
companionship. The family belongs to the 
Ciunberland Presbyterian Church. In polities 
Mr. Palmer has been a Republican for forty 
.xears or more. He served two years as a 
member of the county board of supervisors and 
also for some time was treasurer and trustee 
of the Presbyterian Cemetery, but he has never 
been a man anxious to hold public office. He 
is an honored and esteemed citizen of Bond 
County. 

FERRYMAN, George. It is a well established 
fact that the new.spapers of a community mold 
pulilic opinion to a great extent, and it is 
therefore conceded that in the hands of an 
unscrupulous person a publication can do much 
harm. On the other hand, when conducted by 
one who has the interests of the community at 
heart, it can influence much for good. One 
of Bond County's well known newspa|ier men, 
who belongs in the latter class, is (ieorge Perry- 
man, editor of the Greenville Item, of Green- 
ville, III. .Mr. Perryman was b(U-n at S\illivan. 
Moultrie Cdunty, 111., and is a s<m of John and 
Ann (Davidson) Perryman, natives of North 
Carolina and Ireland, respectively. John Per- 
rynum came to Illinois in an early day, becom- 
ing a merchant at Sullivan, Moultrie County, 
in which count.V he built the first house, and in 
l.siis removed to Greenville, where he became 
po.ssessed of extensive real estate interests, 
and was engaged in a mercantile business until 
his (le:ilh in about IS'.iO, his wife surviving 
about two years. .Mr. Perryman was a Demo- 
crat. 

George Perryman attended a public school 
at Sullivan, and on coming to Greenville was 
educated in a private school. His lirst busi- 
ness chance came in his youth when he secured 
employment in a grocery store and lu-inting 
establishment, and in IMm: he entered lli<> news- 
pa|ier field as the editor of the (ireenville Item, 



758 



BOND COUNTY. 



a Democratic organ, which lie has published 
to the present time, and which now has a large 
circulation, not only in Greenville, but through- 
out Bond County. He has discovered the 
wants of his subscribers and, having natural 
talent for newspaper work, has made his sheet 
an estal>lished success. Mr. Ferryman is a 
Democrat in his political views, and his relig- 
ious connection is with the Christian Church. 

In ISsl, Mr. Ferryman was married to Alice 
Enloe, daughter of Capt. Isaac N. and Sophronia 
(Hensley) Enloe. natives of Bond County and 
Marion County, 111., respectively. Captain Enloe, 
whose title was gained in the Union army dur- 
ing the Civil war, is an Independent in politics, 
a member of the Odd Fellows, and a stanch 
supporter of the Christian Church. Four chil- 
dren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Perry- 
man, namely : Georgia, Margaret, Bessie and 
Van. Mr. Ferryman is always ready to sup- 
port any movement which has for its object 
the betterment of Greenville, whether of a 
business, educational, social or religious nature. 
His new.spaper reflects credit upon himself and 
the community, and does its share in molding 
public opinion in the right direction. 

PFESTER, Fritz. Illinois has no more repre- 
sentative men than those to be found in Bond 
County, which while one of the smallest divi- 
sions of the commonwealth, is certainly one of 
the most important. One of the I'esidents of 
Pocahontas who is interested in farming, stock 
raising and stone quarrying is Fritz Pfester, 
born in Clinton County, 111.. March 4. ISCO, 
a .son of Christ and Mary (Witchie) Pfester, 
natives of Germany. The father came here in 
1852, and became a farmer and quarried stone. 
He was well educated in German, and became 
quite prominent in Pocahontas where he moved 
in ISCS, becoming a school director. He held 
this position until his death which occurred 
in 1879. His widow survived him until 1004, 
when .she, too, died in Clinton Count.v, 111. He 
was a German Lutheran in religious faith. 
Fritz Pfester received a good, connuon school 
education at the school at Jamestown, and after 
graduation he engaged in farming, finally de- 
veloping his present large interests. 

On December 24, 18S6, Mr. Pfester married 
Lizzie .Jacolis, born April 30, ls(i2, daughter 
of Valentine and Mary A. CMeyer) .lacolis, 
natives of Germany, They have children : 
Mary, Fritz. William, Anna, Maggie and Henry. 
Mr. Pfester is a man of extensive Interests, 
and his time is quite actively taken up with 
them, l)ut he can always be depended upon to 
support measures relating to public matters if 
he believes that the best interests of all will be 
conserved. lie owns 280 acres of land and 
handles large quantities of stock, .specializing on 
mules and hor.ses. He has many friends 
throughout the county, _ and his business as.so- 
elates admire his grasp of details and ability 
to make a success of whatever he undertakes. 
He without doiibt inherits some of the sterling 



characteristics of his German parents, and 
uses them to excellent results. 

PHELPS, Solomon A. To some men is given 
the energy a}id virility that carries them into 
the twilight of life with powers uniin|iaired, 
wliile others jiass on early into the otlier land. 
Solomon A. Phelps, a retired farmer of (ireen- 
ville. 111., is one of the veneralile figures in 
Bond County history. He was born near Coop- 
erstown, ,\ew York, .lune 2. IMT. Iieing a son 
of .Toshu.i and Elizal)eth (I'eckl Phelps, the 
former born in Oswego County. X. Y. He was 
a farmer and large land owner, his lu'opert.v 
interests being in Central New Y'ork. In jioli- 
tics he was a Wliig. .ind in religious faith, 
a Presliyteriau. He lived until Ls.JO. when he 
died at Pocahontas. III., but his wife died in 
182(1. at Cooperstown, 

The education of Solomon A. Phelps was ac- 
quired in the schools of New Y'ork. he attend- 
ing what is now known as Tnion I'niversit.v. 
from wliicli he was graduated in l.SMT. After 
leaving college, he taught in a private acad- 
emy at Steubenville. Ohio, during which time 
he studied law. lieginning his jiractice at Wood- 
ville. Miss., in 1842. Two years later, however, 
he came to Bond County, settling in (Jreen- 
ville. For two years he farmed, liut in lS4(i. 
he resuuKMl the law jiractice. and continued 
in it until IMH). wlien he retired. During his 
long period of service in his profession, lie 
was associated ,with some notable jurispru- 
dence, and was a learned lawyer and eloquent 
speaker. After his retirement, he moved to 
his farm, which is used for growing corn, and 
is very valuable. 

Mr. Phelps was married to Miss Caroline 
Buckley, a <laugliter of Michael Buckley. They 
have had cliildreii as follows: .Vlbert *".. an 
attorney of Denver. Col.; (ieorge S., died when 
twenty-three years nld; Frank. Philo F., Charles 
B., .111(1 Caroline 1!.. deceased. 

Mr. Phelps has alwa.vs been a strong Re- 
publican, and in ISSO was elected county judge, 
whidi ottice he held with distinguished dignity 
and learned ability. His religions .-itliliatitms 
are with the I'reslivteran Church. In looking 
back and reviewing his long career of useful 
and successful endeavor. .Mr. Pheljis is fortunate 
in finding nothing In regret in liis actions. 
Kind. true. Imnoralile. he has lived his life, and 
now, surrounded liy his loved ones, he is thor- 
oughly enjoying his declining years in peace 
and comfort. 

PLANT, Lorenzo Dow, now re.siding in Poca- 
hontas, is one of the men who have assisted 
in establishing the prestige of Bond County as 
an agricultural center, be having been for many 
years, a large and prosperous farmer of this 
locality. He was born in Madison Count.v. 111.. 
.Yugust nth in 1844. Iieing a son of I.. B. and 
Uebecca (Duncan) I'lant. I-. B. Plant was 
also born in Madison County. III., and attended 
district scl 1. after which he was a farmer. 



1H).\1) COUNTY. 



759 



i-oiitiiiiiiii;; ill active work until his ilciith at 
the ai;e of sixty-seven. In rcli^-'idiis views he 
was a .Methodist. Fraternallv lie lielonsreil to 
the I. U. O. F.. the Jl. \V. A. "and the K. of P. 

Lorenzo Dow Tlaut attended school for one 
.year, when he began farniin;; on a Burges-s 
|ii(i|iert,v, where he lived thirt.v-seven years and 
in 1!I(I4 located in Pocahontas, where lie is now 
liviiig. Ills home is one of the most lieautiful 
ill the city, and he takes a great ileal of pride 
in its appearance, and the care of the grounds. 

In 1,S(;.">. Mr. Phint was married to I'aroline 
IJorris, horn in Marian County. December 17th. 
IS'47. and her mother's name was Catherine 
(Siiiirii) Dorris, and she was born in Kentucky. 
Tile (hildreu of Mr. and Mrs. Plant are: Julia, 
who married James W. Paine, lives in Poca- 
hontas, and has two clilhlren. — Hazel and 
Malile: and Nora, who married John D. Poin- 
dexter. lives in Greenville and has two chil- 
dren, — Caroline and Lorenzo Dow; and Estella 
E.. married McCune Ward of I'ocahontas. and 
has two children, — Nellie and John Kessner 
from her first marriage to John Kessner. 

Mr. Plant has an honorable war record, he 
having served in Company F, l.'ioth Reg. Vol. 
Inf.. and was discharged at the close of the 
war. Mr. Plant is one of the well-known men 
of Bond County and enjoys the friendship of 
many with whom he has been associated for 
almost a lifetime. He and his wife are very 
hospitable and entertain their visitors with 
old-time cordiality. 

RENCH, Thomas J. Wiilely known in .com- 
Micrci.il rin-les of BoikI County because of his 
i-losc ideiititication with large business inter- 
ests. Thomas J. Rench. proprietor of the iiros- 
perous tlour mill at Mulberry (Jrovc. III., is 
justly accounted one of the substantial citizens 
of his coninuinity. He is a native of Bond 
County, having been born in a little log cabin 
still in u.se on the farm in Pleasant .Mound 
Town.ship. November 12, isr)2. and is a son of 
John and Mary (Dickson) Rench. She was 
born in Tennessee. Her jiarents were natives 
of North Carolina, her grandmother being a 
member of the Stallings, a prominent family 
of Tennessee. 

Joseph Bench, the grandfather of Thomas 
J. Ileiich. was torn in 17N.">, iu Lancaster 
County, Pa., and as a young man went to 
K.astcrn Ohio, where he was married to Miss 
Rhoda Coates, who was born in South Caro- 
lina of Quaker parentage. They settled In 
Darke County, Ohio, and in the year 1S34 left 
that section, and three .vears later settled in 
Pleasant Mound Township, Bond County, III., 
where the grandfather purchased land that is 
still owned b.v the family. Not long thereafter, 
becoming dissatisfied with conditions as they 
foun<l them here, about a dozen families, their 
own children mainly, left for the northern part 
of the state with a drove of cattle, and trav- 
eled as far as Lake Winnebago, Wis., but all 
sub.sec|uently returned to Bond County in the 



fall of 1S47 and .igain settled mi the land which 
they had left. Here Jose|ih Rench carried on 
successful agricultural operations until his 
death, which incurred in Is.'iC, John Rench, 
son of Josejih and lather of Thomas J. Rench, 
was born near Covington, Ohio, .November .5, 
\S2A. and was thirteen years of age when he 
accompanied his jiarents to Illinois. He grew 
up to the work of a farmer, and for many 
years was engaged in cultivating and develop- 
ing the old homestead in Pleasant .Mound Town- 
ship, where his death took iilace December 24, 
ls",)',t. Like bis father, he had been reared in 
the faith of the Dunkard Church, and remained 
true thereto throughout his life. Mr. Rench 
had suffered an accident that made him a 
cripjile for life, yet he was able to serve his 
i-ommunity and its jieople well in many ways. 
He was a man that loved the right, merely 
because it was the right, and was always a 
jiower in advancing morality ,ind ]>robity. In 
young men he took a helpful interest, and was 
ever ready to instruct and aid them in their 
effort to lead ujiright lives. For his numerous 
sterling traits of cliaracter he gained and main- 
tained the most friendly relations with these 
about him. ,ind his charities were wide- 
spread and many. He was reserved in manner, 
yet of a sociable, pleasant nature. His sym- 
pathy was warm, and he was freiiuently known 
to have been moved to tears uiion hearing 
of the distress of others. Like her husband, 
Mrs. Rench was of a kindly. Christian nature, 
a devoted mother, a woman of many charities 
and a loyal friend. She survived her husband 
but seventeen days, iiassing awa.v January 0, 
T.KiO. She was born October 2,">, 1^29. and Was 
twenty .years of age when she married Mr. 
Rench. They became the iiarenls of the fol- 
lowing children : F.velyn. who bec.-ime the wife 
of John S, Iliuiter, who moved to Wintield, Kas., 
and there both died : Almira, who married .Tesse 
H, Baker, of Pasadena, Cal. ; Nirncy, who mar- 
ried William H. Kittering. a farmer of Pleas- 
ant Moinid Township: John L., residing on the 
old homestead, who married (first) Nancy 
Knloe, iind i serond i JIarie .Sajip; Martha E,, 
who married William Cain, of Pope Township, 
Fa.vette County, 111.: Ida, who married Charles 
Cayler, a farmer of Pleasant .Mound Townshi]) : 
Thomas J.; and Lucy, who died at the age of 
seven years. In the family of Joseph Rench, 
the grandfather of Thomas J. Rench, there 
were eight sons and four daughters, all of whom 
came to Illinois during the early days and set- 
tled in Bond County : William, who died in this 
county: Delilah, who was the wife of Dr, David 
Bainter, of La Salle, 111., where both died : 
Peter, who died in Bond Count.v : L>aniel. who 
died at Raymond. 111.: Catherine, who mar- 
ried Abraham W,igner, of Keokuk County, la., 
where both died : John, the father of Thomas 
J. ; David, who died in Pleasant Mound Town- 
ship : Jacob, a farmer, who also died in that 
townshiii : Mary (Polly), who was the wife of 
Jacob CriiK". of Pleasant .Mound Township, 



760 



BOND COUNTY. 



whei-e both dicJ ; Aaron, who married Mary 
Kroucc. who died on the old homestead place; 
and Khoda. who was the wife of Lewis Sntton 
and died at Greenville, 111., in the fall of 1912. 

A lad of industry and ambition, Thomas J. 
Rench early began to discharge his share of 
the work on the home farm, in the meantime 
securing his education in the district schools. 
This was supplemented by attendance at the old 
normal school at Normal, 111., and on leaving 
the latter institution he entered upon a career 
as an educator, which extended over the next 
twenty years from 1872, he becoming known 
as one of the most popular and able educators 
in Bond and Fayette counties, where many of 
his former i)uiiils are now occupying places of 
prominence in the fields of commerce and the 
professions. In the meantime, Mr. Rench had 
spent his summer months in agricultural work, 
and while thus engaged his natural predilection 
for mechanical work was encouraged to de- 
velop. Finally he gave up his teaching activi- 
ties, and, buying a threshing outfit, he enga,ged 
in work along that line. His steam machinery 
and conscientious services were soon in demand 
all over the county and those adjoining and 
he frecpiently added to his income by teach- 
ing schools during his quiet seasons. This 
venture was a decided success, but on account 
of ill health Mr. Rench was compelled to seek 
another occupation, and accordingly conducted 
a sawmill in Pleasant Mound Township for sev- 
eral years. He came to Mulberry Grove in 
1904, and in the following year the flour mill 
at this place was destro.ved by fire, nothing 
being left standing except the foundations. With 
keen foresight and good business .iudgment, he 
recognized the opportunity that thus presented 
itself, and immediately secured a tract of land 
and erected a liuilding, .36x48 feet, which he 
equipped from roof to cellar with the latest 
and most highly Improved machinery and apiiili- 
ances for conducting a first-class flouring mill. 
Here he installed four double stand rolls, this 
giving a capacity of fifty barrels daily,> and 
his ability as a miller has made it possible 
for him to build up a business that demands 
his entire time and attention to handle. In all 
business transactions he has manifested scru- 
pulous integrity and gentlemanly demeanor, 
and by his unassuming and pleasant bearing 
he has gained the confidence, good will and 
friendship of all with whom he has come into 
contact, whether in a business tu' social way. 

On November 2.'i, IS.SO, Mr. Rench was mar- 
ried to Miss 1011a V. Lockett, who was born 
at Walshville, 111., a descend.int of old Virginia 
ancestr.v. To this union there were born the 
following children: Hester E.. born .luly 21, 
IM.SS, a teacher making her home at Fairview, 
111., Robert W., born May 29, ISsn, residing at 
Mulberry Grove, married Miss Elsie Hornu- and 
has one chilil. Robert L. ; and Harold E.. born 
Jul.v 17, 1.S91, a farmer of Pleasant Mt)nnd 
Township, married Miss Dora Smith. The 
mother of these children, a woman of many 



lovable traits of character. i)assed to her re- 
ward September Ki, 1893. Mr. Rench has al- 
ways believed in the P>rethren faith. He is a 
con.servative Republican in his political views, 
with temperance tendencies. He has ever been 
a student of men and affairs, and is rarely 
mistaken in his judgment of individuals or 
issues; is a man of original ideas, iilaciug his 
own interpretation upon all things that come 
under his observance. B.v reason of his large 
success, his unblemished character, his just 
and lilieral life, and the universal esteem which 
ho enjoys, Mr. Rench might, without invidious 
distinction, be called one of the most honored 
and prominent citizens of Mulberry Grove. 

RIXMANN, William F. As a general merchant, 
liostmaster, express agent, owner of an elevator 
and proprietor of a coal and hay business, Wil- 
liam F. Rixmann of Hookdale, Bond County, 
has made himself well known throughout this 
section, and accumulated a comfortable compe- 
tency. He was born March 29, 1S66, in Wash- 
ington County, 111., a .son of Frederick and Eliz- 
abeth (Klein) Rixmann, natives of Germany, 
where he was boi-n in 1S34. At the age of 
seventeen years, Frederick Rixmann came to 
the United States, and in 1851 he located in 
Washington County, 111., where he found em- 
l)loynient at brick laying and plastering. As 
he was a good workman and thrifty in his 
habits, he soon accumulated a sufficient amount 
of money to invest in land. His future wife 
came to this country with her widowed mother, 
her father having died in Germany, and settled 
in Washington County. 111., where the mother 
later died. After marriage Frederick Rixmann 
and wife began their life together in a humble 
wa.v, he working at his trade, hiring someone 
to operate his land which at first consisted of 
forty acres. On it he put uji a two-room frame 
house, and this continued his home for some 
.years. From time to time he added to his hold- 
ings until at the time of his death, Frederick 
Rixmann owned 3G0 acres. In the meanwhile 
his parents had joined him, and a brother, 
Henry Rixmann, also came to Washington 
County, and is still living, making his home 
at Iloyleton, Washington County. The broth- 
ers of Frederick Rixmann were: Henry, Wil- 
liam F., Bernhard and Dietrich, several of whom 
are deceased. During his life, which ended in 
]s9(i, Frederick Rixmann always displayed un- 
usual interest in public affairs, and was asso- 
ciated with many movements which resulted 
in securing further advancement for his county. 
He and his f;imily all lielonged to the Gcrnum 
Evangelical Church. His widow sur\-ives, and 
makes her hl^me with her daughter who lives 
at Oakdale, Washington County, 111., and al- 
though seventy-seven years old, is in the en- 
joyment of excellent health. Frederick Rix- 
mann and wife had the following children: 
Henry and Frederick, twins, the former of 
wlu)m resides on the homestead, and the latter 
tlie owner of another farm of his father's, but 



i- 



^ 




1: 



4 



f 




BOND COUNTY. 



761 



iiipw retired, residiiif; at Centralia where he 
erected a lieautiful residence; Mar.v. wlio is 
the widt>\v i)f Chris Wellpott, resides at St. 
Louis, Mo. ; William F. ; Louis F.. who died in 
1!)11, haviuf; been twice married, his second 
wife lioarina the maiden name of Clara Kolph 
who liore him his children ; Lizzie, who mar- 
ried J. D. Gornrolz of Oakdale, 111., with wliom 
the venerable Mrs. Hi.xmaiui now resides; Ed- 
ward F., who owns and conducts a livery and 
sales stable at Hoyleton, Washington County. 
111. 

William F. Ki.xmann sjrew to manhood upon 
his father's farm and attended the schools of 
his district in the winter months, while from 
childhood lie liore his full part in the work, 
at the age of, twelve being able to keep up 
with any man in binding wheat, a .somewhat 
unusual thing. .\s there were several brothel's 
older th.iu he. William V. Iti.xmann early began 
working for the neighbors during the summers. 
Iiut always spent his winters at home so as 
to resume his .studies. Until he was twenty-six 
years old. he remained at liome. and then in 
liartnershi]) with his uncle. Dietrich Rixmann, 
he embarked in a lumlier business, an<l was very 
successful along that line. In .lanuary. 1S95. 
however, he sold his interest, and come to Hook- 
dale and bought the business block and general 
merchandise stock owned by Henry Krugere 
and W. C. Weigel. Later he built an elevator 
and is handling coal and ha.v upon an exten- 
sive scale, his sagacity and natural business 
alnlity guiding him towards ultimate success. 
Since establishing himself at Ilookdale, Mr. 
Hixmann has established himself in tlie confi- 
dence of the pef)ple here. His methods are hon- 
orable, his stocks up-to-date and complete, and 
he pays the highest prices for home iiroduco. 
On October 21!, 180S Mr. Uixmann married 
.Vlice ;^. Myer. a daughter of the honored pio- 
neer, William Myer, a sketch of whom is found 
elsewhere in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Rix- 
mann liave had these children: Reuben F., 
who was born September 2!), 1899; Ozelnia 
Susan Elizabeth, who was born October 7, 1903; 
and Cleda Enuna Flora, who was born .Tul.v 9, 
1!)()(!. A stanch Republican, Mr. Rixmann has 
given a fvill and hearty support to his party, 
and served for one year as town clerk of Ta- 
malco Township, but otlierwise lias refused 
public office. The family lielong to tlie German 
Evangelical Church. Fraternally he is a mem- 
ber of the Court of Honor and enjoys his asso- 
ciations with that body. A most excellent busi- 
ness man, Mr. Rixmann attributes much of liis 
.success to the fact that he is a good .iudge of 
values, and is thus able to protect himself and 
conserve th(> interests of his customers. 

ROBERTS, James H. A native son of Illinois, 
who has witnessed and participated in the won- 
derful ch.anges which have made Bond County 
one of the most flourishing and prosperous sec- 
tions of the great Prairie State, .Tames II. Rob- 
erts, an enteriirising mer<'hiint of Woburu. 111., 
10 



has contributed in no small degree to the ad- 
vancement through which the present desirable 
conditions have been brought about. He was 
born in Ucuid County, July .30, 1S48, and is a 
son of Richard Stephen Dorsey Roberts, who 
was named after the old family physician in 
Henry County, Ky., Stephen I>orsey. M. D. 
Richard S. I). Roberts married Mary R. White, 
in 1N4.3. when twenty-one years of age. She 
was born in IslT. in Loudoun Count.v. Va., a 
daughter of .lames White, who died in the Old 
Itoniiiiion State, following which his widow 
<ame to .Montgomery County. 111., in 18.33. and 
Liter bought a farm in Bond County, but subse- 
(piently returned to Montgomery County, where 
she made her honu' with her son, Robert White. 
until her death. 

Richard S. I>. Roberts was born in Henry 
County. Ky.. in Se]itember, 1822, one of a fam- 
ily of thirteen children. In 1822 his father, 
Hen.jamin Roberts, brought the family to Mont- 
gomery County, 111., settling in the .southeast 
corner, near Mount Moriah Church, and moving 
til Van I'.urenburg in 1S24. He was engaged in 
farming and in acting as justice of the peace, 
and died in 18-17, while his son. Richard S. D. 
Roberts was at the i'ront as a soldier during 
the Mexican war. The last the latter saw of 
his father was at .\lton. where the elder man 
had taken him to enlist. Richard S. I). Roberts 
served as first corporal and was in the line of 
duty for twelve months, following which he re- 
turned to Bond County and engaged in farming. 
His wife had purchased a piece of land when 
she fir.st came to Illinois with her widowed 
mother, who was one of the first teachers of 
Bond County, and this money was earned by 
teaching in the early schools. It was located 
on Section 3. Mulberry Grove Township, and 
there JIi'. and Mrs. Roberts made their home 
during the rein;iinder of their lives, he passing 
away in 1892, and she in 1902, at the age of 
eighty-seven years. The mother of Richard 
S. D. Itoberts bore the maiden name of Sarah 
Simmons, and was the daughter of Henry Sim- 
mons, a native of Henry County. Ky.. who en- 
listed as a soldier during the Revolutiouar.v 
war. After the ex))iration of his term of en- 
listment he removed to Shelby, Ind.. where he 
lived to reach the lem.'irkable age of ll.j years, 
while his wife was 107 years old at the time of 
her death. The great-grandfather Simmons was 
a native of Virginia, the Roberts were of Welsh 
ancestry, and the Whites of Scotch and English 
descent. 

To Mr. and Mrs. Richard S. D. Roberts there 
were born children as follows: Sarah .\nn, who 
died in infancy ; .Mar.v E., born In Boone (joun- 
t.v, married Harden Elmore, who died in 1913, 
in Mulberry Grove; .Tames II.; .Tulia S., the 
wife of Fred Dure, of Greenville, 111. ; Elizabeth, 
who married Frederick Kimbro, both now de- 
ceased; Harriet, now living in Kansas, who 
married .lames F. Elam ; George, who died at 
the age of twent.v years; Richard Samuel, de- 
cease<l. who married (first) Sanili (irigg and 



762 



BOND COUNTY. 



(second) Mary Crutchely ; and Stephen Doug- 
las, now a resident of Hillsboro, 111. Mr. Rob- 
erts was a radical Democrat, but held no public 
otfioe after he had been page in the state house 
in his young manhood. He and his wife were 
faithful members of the United Baptist Church. 
He was a man of genial and forgiving nature 
and when, on one occasion, he was seriously 
injured by one of his neighbors, who was subse- 
quently placed in jail, he rode forty miles, on 
horseback, to obtain his assailanfs pardon from 
the governor. 

The linyhood days of .James H. Roberts were 
jjassed much the same as other farmers' sons 
of his day and localit.v. his education being se- 
cured in the public schools, while he was secur- 
ing bodily strength in assisting his father in 
the worl-; nf the home farm. Thus he grew up 
and attained liis majority. On October 6, 
1S70. he married Miss Mary E. Isley, who was 
born in Montgomery County, 111., in IS.'iO, daugh- 
ter "( .■Stanford and Elizaljeth (Wright) Isley, 
the former of Xortli Carolina and the latter 
of Kentucky. The Wrights came to Illinois 
about 182."). and the Isle.vs aljout ten years later. 
At this time (101.3) .Mrs. Rolierts has three 
sisters and (me brother living : Joseph, of Wo- 
burn. 111. : Nancy, the widow of Charles Felts, 
of Litchfield. 111. : Rebecca, the wife of .1. P. 
Smith, a farmer in Montgomery Count.v. 111.: 
and .Sarah ('., the widow of S. R. .Vnthony. of 
Greenville. III. 

After his marriage Mr. Roberts purchased a 
farm in Fayette County, and there remained 
fourteen years, in the meantime gaining the 
respect of his fellow-citizens to sucli a degree 
that he was elected tax collector for a long 
period. In ls84 he traded liis farm for a town 
propert.v in Woburn. went back to farming in 
1SS7, and in ISlil came back to town again, 
having traded his farm for a stock of general 
merchandise. In 1805 he solil his store and 
bought an interest in the Woburn Flour and 
Saw Mill, but in 1807 sold the mill and pla<ed 
a stock of goods in the old store liuilding at 
this place. His business increased to such an 
extent that he was comiielled to seek larger 
quarters, and he now occupies the jirincipal 
building in Woliurn. 

Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have liad these chil- 
dren: Armina. who was born .Tune :VK 1N7.3. 
died in 1802. was the wife of William (i. Wright 
and the mother of one child, William C. : Sam- 
uel E.. born .lannary 2. 1n8(!. a graduate of 
(Jreeuville College, who married Marie Cather- 
ine (Jerkin, and now resides at Springfield. 111. : 
and Marie, who is the wife of Artemus Bing- 
ham, a farmer of Mulberry (jrove Township, 
and Richard S.. who was born in ^x~'l. died aged 
nine months. .Mr. and Mrs. Roberts are lou- 
sistent members of the Baptist Chunh. For 
a long period he has lieen a valued memlier of 
the Masons and the JI<Mlern Woodmen of 
America. 

ROSS, John Warren, who. for more than a half 
century has been identified with the best inter- 



ests of Bond County, over the whole extent 
of which he is well and favorably known, was 
liorn on his father's farm situated on Section 
Vi. Shoal Creek Township. Bond County, 111.. 
Septemlier 10, 18.j4. His ancestors may be 
traced far l)ack without a break. His father, 
.John Milton Ro.ss. was boi'n In Maury County, 
Tenn.. June 7. 1823. a son of Thomas Ross, 
who was a son of Andrew Ross, a native of 
Scotland, .\ndrew Ross lived in North Caro- 
lina after coming to the T'nited States and 
served in the Revolutionary war from that 
state, as a blacksmith and iron and steel worker, 
it Ijeing known that he made swords and bayo- 
nets for the soldiers in the field. He died in 
North Carolina. Thomas Ross, son of Andrew 
Ross and grandfather of John Warren Ross, 
was twice married and one son. William, who 
died in Shoal Creek Township, was l)orn to his 
first imiou. In 1822 in Tennessee, he was mar- 
ried to .Sally Arm.strong, who was born in Geor- 
gia, September l-'i. 1705. In 1820. they settled 
in what is now (iresham Township. Montgomery 
County. 111., and there he died in 1835. leav- 
ing three sons: James Thomas, John Milton 
and Andrew B. James Thomas and Andrew 
became well-to-do farmers and the former died 
at Donnellson. 111., and the latter on his farm 
in Lagrange Township. 

John Milton Ross, father of John Warren 
Ross, was twelve .vears old when his father 
died. He attended the district schools as op- 
]iortunity offered: lie then learned the black- 
smith trade. On July 13. 1847. he was mar- 
ried to Ruth Naomi .Tones, who was born in 
Maury County. Tenn.. her ])eo])le Jiving as 
neighbors to the Ross family. Mr. Ross came 
with his parents to Illinois in 1S20 and she 
accompanied her i)a rents here in 18.'?0. They 
were I'leasant and Sallie (Osborn) Jones, 
worthy iieo|)le, who spent the rest of their lives 
in this state and were faithful members of the 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Jones 
left Tennessee mainly on account of that be- 
ing a slave state and throughout his .subsequent 
life gave his jiolitical support to the Whig 
Iiarty. 

.Vfter comjileting his apprenticesliiii with Reu- 
ben .Morrill, in Cottonwood (Jrove. John M. Hoss 
settled, after marriage in a small house on his 
farm of forty acres, on section 13. Shoal Creek 
Townsbiji. He desired to erect a better dwell- 
ing and finally Imught two more acres of land 
whiih lay on a elevation and in 1847 he was 
read.v to put up wliat was a fine house for 
those days. He carefully selected all the lum- 
ber, mainly oak and walnut, and much of the 
same, i)erlmi)s all of it. was prepared by hand. 
Few sucli houses can be found in this land at 
this time and Mr. Ro.-^s. its present owner, pre- 
serves it .IS a family relic. In it he and all 
his brothers and sister were born and the lieau- 
tiful elm trees that now shade it Mr. Ross re- 
mendiers .seeing his father bring from the forest 
and set out, they now measuring two and one- 
half feet in diameter. In INCC the old house 
was moved to a less c<mspicuous position on 



BOND COUNTY. 



16'i 



till' iilace in order that the present comfortable 
resilience lie erected on the same site. .Vfter 
.loim M. Ross located on tlie farm lie luiilt a 
lilacksmith slioji and for about fifteen .vears 
did work at bis trade for his neiglibors. From 
time to time be added to bis acreage until he 
owned JTli aires all in one bod.v. the eiglit.v- 
fonr acres be entered in ]8.").3 being under a 
patent issued when I'ierce was I'resident of the 
I'nited States. During the Civil war be was 
a lo.val supporter of the T'niou and prior to 
the organizing of the Keiiublican part.v was a 
Whig in politics. .Vltbongb often solicited he 
never consented to accept ottice. Hotb be and 
wife were consistent members of the I'resby- 
terian Church, be being a ruling elder and for 
twent.v-Hvc .vears treasurer of the schools in 
Shoal Creek Townshi]). Ills death occurred De- 
cendier 127. 1001. bis devoted wife having passed 
to her sure reward in Heaven, Xovemlier 27. 
1802. Six children were born to .John M. lioss 
and wife. Albert I)., who was born Deceinber 
15, 1848. married Frances ilcKeuzie, who 
survives and lives at (Jreenville. where be died 
.\ngust 18, lilDS. S. .Tenetta Koss was born 
.May v.). 18.-.1. and is the wife of C. li. Wafer, 
a well-known stock raiser and shipper in La- 
grange Township. .Tobn Warren Ross is the 
third born of the fandly. Sprague D. Ross 
was born February s. ls."i7. He married Bertba 
E. Barnes of Cbamiiaign I'ounty, HI., and they 
Wye at (irand Island. Neb., where he is engaged 
in a real estate business and is a feeder and 
slupper of stock. For some years he was as- 
sistant cashier of the First National Bank of 
Grand Island and also was security exanuner 
of that institution. I^. Shermaii Ross was born 
September i\. 18(14. and is jirofessor of natural 
science in I>rake T'niversity at I>es Moines, la. 
He married .Miss .Xellie Bardwell of Champaign, 
III. X'lP second youngest born. Lewis .loues, 
died in infancy. The father in his youth had 
no educational .advantages to s|ieak of and it 
was bis de.-irest wish that his children should 
en.ioy better iip]i(irtunities for development than 
bad been possible for him. Two of his sons are 
graduates of the State I'niversity at Ch.imii.-iigu, 
111. 

.lobn Warren Ross spent bis boyluiod as was 
usual on farms at that day, when there was, 
by far, more work than jilay on the best man- 
ag<"d estates and far fewer chames for I'ea- 
sonable recreation than at present. He attended 
school ill the old Bethel district, afterward for 
two years, the <;reenville High School, tinish- 
ing the course with the class of 1S7(!. For seven 
years afterward he taught scIuhiI during the 
winter seasons and worked on the farm in the 
summers. In 1S81 be bought 140 acres that 
ad.ioined the old home farm and on October 
(I. iss7. was united in marriage with Miss Fmma 
Steele. She was born near Lafayette. Iiid.. May 
."SO, Is.-iS, a daughter of Rev. William .\. and 
.Minerva (Todd I Steele. In iss1 Rev. Steele, 
who was a native of Indiana, took i-barge of 
the Tresbyteriaii Church at Reno and at present 



is a resident of BrcK>klyn. N. Y., bearing well 
the weight of his eighty-nine years. The mother 
of Mrs. Ross died .lanuary 2."i, IsilO. Mr. and 
Mrs. Itoss have one daughter, Margaret L„ 
who was born Ma.v 10, 1S'X\. and is a young 
lady of sujierior e(lucatioii and musical accom- 
plishniciits. .\fter marriage Mr. Ross improved 
Ills farm and continued to reside there until 
his molbei- died when be and wife moved to 
the old Ross homestead and tenderly cared for 
the aged father until his death. Mr. Ross owns 
'XV.i acres, all under a high state of cultivation, 
and. while not making stock raising a sjiecialt.v, 
keeps an excellent grade of the .same. In poli- 
tics he is a Reiiublican and for eight years 
served as school treasurer. Both be and wife 
;ire aclive mcMiibcrs of tlu' Presbyterian ('hurcli, 
be being one of the ruling elders, while Mrs. 
Ross for many years has taught a class in the 
Sunday school and is iiresideiit of the Bethel 
Church .Missionary Society. 

ROSS, Milton Carr. Having ri«'ii to a high 
place in tbi' esteem of bis fellow citizens 
through the exercise of honest.v and integrit.v 
during a long and useful career in the tidd of 
agriculture, Milton Carr Ross, of Shoal Creek 
Townshi]) is eminentl.v worthy of more than 
passing mention in a work reviewing the ac- 
tivities of Bond County's representative men. 
He W'as born on a farm in Section 2ti, Shoal 
Creek Township. Bond County. III., .\ugust 12. 
184."i, first seeing the light of day in a primitive 
log cabin whicli bad been built li\ bis father, 
William B. Ross. 

William B. Ross w.is born .Inly V'<. IsdS. in 
the State of Ohio, was married and in 1829, 
or shortly thereafter came to Bond County, 
III., with his wife, who had been Rebecca Ann- 
strong. The Ross family comes of good old 
Scotch ancestry and was founded in .\merica 
some time jirior to the Revolutionary w;ir, the 
progenitor, .\ndrew Ross, a son <if Scotia, com- 
ing to this country in .voiing manhood and lo- 
cating in .N'orlb C;irolina. He was a black- 
smith by trade and was employed to make 
swords and bayonets for the Cobmial troo|is. 
and for this service received a large land gnint 
in central Tenni'ssee. He was married to Cath- 
erine I'ratt, and they beiame the iiarents of 
three children: Catherine, who married Wil- 
liam Kerr; Thomas, and Nancy, who married 
.lames Kerr. 

Thomas Ross, son of .\iidrcw Koss. was 
born in North Carolin.a. Manh 1(1. 17S(;, and 
was there married to a .Mrs. Stewart, and re- 
moved to Ohio, where his wife died leaving two 
children : William B.. and Sarah M. The 
latter was born .^jiril 11. 1S14. came to Mont- 
gomery County. III., and here married .lames 
Compton, who died in that <(iunty in 1S71. .\ft- 
er the de;ith of his lirst wifi'. Tbom;is Ross mar- 
ried in .Maury County. Tennessee. .May 7. 1S22. 
Sally .Vrmstrong, who was liorii in (Georgia, 
September i:i, 17!l.". a d.ingbter of .lobn and 
I'ollv (Dudley) .\rnislrong. the former a na- 



764 



BOND COUNTY. 



live of Geni-i;ia and the latter of North Caro- 
lina. Thomas Ross removed from Maury Coun- 
t.v. Tenn.. to Montgomery County, 111., in 1829, 
and died in tliat rounty .January 2.5, ]s.3."), his 
widow following: him to the grave May 24, 
18-41. 

William 15. Ross, father of Milton Carr Ross, 
niion coining to Bond County. 111., entered land 
from the Government, and his subseiiuent ac- 
tivities made him one of the large land owners 
of the county. At an early date he liuilt a 
mill on Shoal Creek, and. although the old 
ndll has long since decayed ;ind fallen down, 
the ford is still known as Ross Mill ford. He 
(•ond\icted a saw and grist mill for the pioneer 
.settlers, was one of the leaders in all i>id)lic 
enterjirises. and he and his wife were active 
as members of the Cunilierland I'resh.vterian 
Church. They were the i)arents of the follow- 
ing children: Robert I-., born .Tanuary 20. 182!i. 
died August ."i. Issl ; .lohn Blackburn, born Oc- 
tober 21. 1n;{(». dieil October .". ls."i4 : Nancy 
Jane, born May .'. 18.34. is the wife of A. .7. 
Taylor, of Donncllson. 111.; .Mary Aim. liorn 
.January 7. Is.'Ki. widow of James Caulk, resid- 
ing at Reno. 111.: William G.. who died in in- 
fancy; Martha A., born July 24. 1841. wife of 
Joel Grossman, a resident of Mnlberr.v Grove. 
111.; .Sarah .V.. born June 2!i. lS4;j. who died 
June 2'.l. INC.-,: and Alilton Carr. 

Milton Carr Ross has spent his entire ca- 
reer on the farm which is now his lionie. His 
boyhood (lays were spent in assisting ins lather 
and in obtaining such educational advantages 
as were afforded by the district schools, upon 
leaving which he embarked upon a career of 
his own. .\s early as the age of seven years 
he learned to (ilow. and his entire life has been 
char.icterized by the industry wliich marked 
his boyhood. Mr. Ross was married ."September 
2!i. IMili. to Miss Ellen II. Crail. who was born 
November 22. 1S47. in Germany, and came with 
her parents to America in Is.-il, shortly after 
wliicli the parents, one son and one daughter 
died of cholera near Decatur, 111., the father, 
who \\as a [yrominent man in Germany, being 
supposed to Imve left a large sum of mone.v. 

.Vfter their marriage Mr. and Jlrs. Ross be- 
gan their ni.-irried life in tlie little log cabin in 
which he was born, but in 1870 he built the 
house which has since been liis abode, and here 
all of the children except the eldest were born. 
The children were as follows: Etta .May. born 
August 21. 18711. died Hecendier 2.', 1N8(I: Al- 
bert M., born November 14. 1S71. married Ger- 
trude D. Oliver, has one child. Albert O., and 
is a resident of Spokane, Wash., where he is 
engaged in the real estate and loan business. 
Tlie tirst wife of Milton C. Ross died July 28. 
Issl. in tlie faith of tlie Cumberland Presby- 
terian Church, witli which she bad united Janu- 
ary 11. istil. Mr. Ross's second marriage oc- 
curred November 7. 1883, when he was joined 
with Mis.s Cornelia A. Foster, who was born 
October 23. IN.-iti. iu I.aGrange Tovrnship, Bond 
County. 111., (laughter of Edwin and Elizabeth 



(Norton) Eoster, natives of Vermont and early 
settlers of Greenville. Mrs. Foster came to 
Bond County. III., in 18.35, and was here mar- 
ried March 2<.», 183s, to Mr. Foster, who had 
come to this county with his father. She was 
a charter member of the Baptist Church, and 
died in that faith. To this union there were 
born nine children, of whom but three survive: 
William Foster, born February 21), 1840, died 
November .", Isol, after sickness contracted 
while a soldier in the I'nion army during the 
Civil war: Evelyn, born Ma.v 14, 1842, married 
W. A. Black, of I>oiinellson,' 111., and died Au- 
gust 24. 11107. being followed to the grave by 
her husband March s. 1013: Henry C, born 
January 7, 1844. died January 17. lsfi2, in the 
South, while a member of the I'nion army dur- 
ing the war between the states: Thomas, born 
January 24. I.s4(), now a resident of Greenville, 
111.: Charles Foster, born .lanuary 2(i. 1849. 
residing near I'rotectioii. Kas. ; Julia C, born 
September 10. 18.">1, died October IS, 1870; Al- 
bert, born .Vugust 2, Is.-|4. died June 13, 1S73; 
Edwin, born September 20, ISoS, died August 
17, INCO; and Mr.s. Ross. 

Jlr. and Jlrs. Ross have been the parents 
of four children : \'erne E.. born May 24. 1885. 
jirofessor of chemistry at Covena High School, 
Coveiia. Cal.. married Isabelle Bunigarner. who 
was born near McNabb. Putnam Count.v. III., 
.111(1 has one child. Joseph F.. born November 
11. 1010; Ruby E.. iKU-ii A|iril 30. 1887. wife 
of James H. P.ullard. of Decatur. 111., where he 
is engaged in the dyeing and cleaning business. 
b;is one child. Etta May. liorn September 7. 
1010; <>inar and Ora M., twins, born June 11. 
ISOO. the former of whom died December 31. 
isoo. and the latter January 3. 1801. 

Mr. and Mrs. Ross have given their children 
good educational advantages and have fitted 
them for the positions in life which they ma.v 
b(> called iiiion to till. Mr. Ross has for four- 
teen .vears been a member of the bojird of school 
directors, and lias in many ways done much 
to advance the cause of education. He united 
witli the Cumberland Presbyterian Church on 
I'ebruary 7. 1^02. and for fort.v-ftve .years has 
been an elder of the church at Dontiellson, 
while Mrs. Ross is an active and interested 
member of the Ladies' Aid .'^ociety. She was 
reared in tlie faith of the Baptist denomination, 
but after her marriage to Jlr. Ro.ss .ioiiied the 
Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In political 
matters .Mr. Ro.ss is a stalwart Republican. 
Known among his associates as a skilled and 
|irogressi\'e farmer, he has also gained wide 
reputation as a raiser of all kinds of excellent 
stock, and his Duroc Jersey hogs are .some of 
the finest to be found in Bond County. His 
acreage consists of 280 acres, all in a high 
state of cultivation, and upon it he has erected 
handsome and substantial buildings. He has 
always been a believer in modern methods and 
has applied himself assiduously to his work, 
but has always found time to devote to the 
duties of citizensliip. and his cooperation with 



BOND COUNTY. 



765 



otlicr pjiiiicst iiiid iiul)lic-siiirite<l men lias (lone 
invich to prouiotc the liest interests of his na- 
tive eonnty. 

ROYER, Pleasant May, wlm is one of Uoiul 
Connt.v's iironiinent and nsetiij men. lielonjjs to 
an old pioneer family of this seetion and his 
aiieestors were of Scotch and German birth. 
He was horn in liond Connty. near where the 
present j;love factory stands in the city of 
<;reenvill(>. .Vngnst 2(5. 1s4(j. and is a son of 
Iianiel and Mary (rochlmrn) Koyer. Daniel 
Koyer was liorn in I'ennsylvania in INOO and 
dnrin- tile War of isli' he assisted the women 
of tile family in reaching a iilace of safety when 
a hattle was fought near Pittslmrjrli. the male 
adults of the family probalily beiiiK in the 
army. This was. jierhaiis. an indication of how 
liravely all throuf;h life he acceiited Ki'ave re- 
sponsibilities and to the best of his power 
performed every duty faithfully. He afterward 
reached Memphis. Tenii.. and there was married 
in is:;:; to Mary Cockliurn. who was liorii in 
.North Carolina. .Tune s, ls(i7. 

-Kfter their niarria.i;e Daniel IJoyer and wife 
went up the Mississippi Kiver to St. Louis and 
reached (Ireenville. HI., in islil^, his business in 
the summer time liavinj; been farming and in 
the winter time, shoeniakins. In Bond County 
he bought the farm on which his son. Pleasant 
May Ro.ver. was born, the old home now be- 
ins the property of .James Ward. When the. 
BlacI; IlawU war came on he enlisted and 
served until its close and afterward, when the 
Mexican war again called patriots to take up 
arms, he entered the service and was one of 
(ieneral Scott's most faithful and devoted fol- 
lowers. Once more he returned safely to 
• Jreenville. where he followed his former avoca- 
tions and lived until the time of his death, 
which occurred in Is.'iO. He was a Democrat 
in his |H>litical activities but did not .seek pub- 
lic otHce. After the death of her husband, 
.Mrs. Koyer continued tii live on the farm in 
Mills Township until 1.N71. when, during a visit 
to her sons she fell ill with a congestive chill 
and died at the home of our subject on May 31 
of that year. She was a faithful member of 
the Jlethodist Episco]ial Church ;iik1 as a woman 
was beloved by all who knew her. They havi 
the following children : William, who was born 
in Tennessee, died near Dudleyville, married 
.\iiiclia Xess. who survives and lives at fireen- 
ville ; .Sarah, who married .John I>owler, of Bond 
County ; .John, who is deceased ; Jacob, who 
served three years in the Civil war as a mem- 
ber of the I'Mrst Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 
lived to return to Bond County, where he di(Hl 
in lino, married I,izzie McCulley who still lives 
on the old home farm in Mills Townsliiji; Kd- 
ward, who served over four years during the 
Civil war, was a member of Coni)iany C, 
Twenty-si.xth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; and 
Pleasant May, who was the youngest horn of 
the family. 

I'leasant May Uo.V( r was only four years old 



when his father died. Ills mother was an un- 
usually sensible and resourceful woman and she 
.letei-mined to get her boys init of the village 
.■iiid on a farm and succeeded in this under- 
taking by trading her town pro]ierty for a small 
farm near Dndleyvillc. in .Mills Townsbiji. 
There, under her wise dir(>ction and good man- 
agement the sons grew to res]iecte(l maiihood. 
having first attended the subscription schools 
and later the Hunter school. .\]\ the sons were 
called upon to be industrious and very early 
Pleasant .M. Itoyer learned to manage the |ilow. 
He remained at home after his older bmlliers 
had entered the army when civil war was 
decl.-ireil. but be also became a soldier, enlist- 
ing February ^^2. IS(jT). in Company (J. Third 
Illinois Cavalry. He was with his regiment at 
lOastport, .Miss., where (Ieneral Hatcher had his 
headi|uarters. when the news was received of 
the assassination of I'resident Lincoln and he 
will never forget the grief m.-mifested as Ihe 
soldiers saw the old flag at half mast, telling 
of this disaster. In tlie following May the 
reginieiit was sent to North Dakot.i to quell 
the Indian uprising near Devil's Lake anil in 
the fall was ordered to Springfield, reaching 
there liy way of .St, Paul and Chicago, where 
Mr, Royer was honorably discharged in Octo- 
ber, l.sd."). He returned home, reaching there in 
time to take part in shucking corn and getting 
the farm industries in shape for the winter 
and has since kept uji his interest in agricul- 
tural pursuits, now owning 120 acres of richly 
develoiied laud. Mr, Royer is one of the sub- 
stantial farmers and capitalists of this part 
of Bond County. 

Mr. Royer was married April 12, ISOT, to 
Miss Amiinda Harlan, who was born February 
4, 1S49, in the house in which Mr. and Mrs. 
Royer reside and in the apartment which is 
now their comfortable sitting room. Four chil- 
dren have been liorn to them, namely : Dora 
May. who was born November IS, iscs, is the 
wife of Kdwin Staflilback. a grain dealer at 
(ireenvillc, and they have two children. Leland 
and Mary: Thomas IL. who was born .January 
1, 1S71, married lally I'lant and they have five 
children, Lolla Bessie, who is the wife of Alvin 
Madison of Texas and has two children. Everett 
and Pontilla, and Nellie, Earl and Fern; Mary 
IL. who was bom September 1."), 1S74, is the 
wife of Sailer Scritchfield of Oreeiiville. and 
they have four children. Lucile. Vivian, Tlionias 
and (irace; and Ernest S., who was born March 
2.''i. 1877. is a farmer in Mills Township, married 
Clara .Johnson and they have one child, Marion. 

.Mr. Ito.ver can tell many interesting stories 
of early days in Mills Township, when settlers 
were few and far between in the countr.v and 
when the old log school houses had puncheon 
H(Mirs and slab benches. The religious element 
was strong and a Cumberland Presbyterian 
Clnirch w;is built in 1S7!) about wliicli time Mr. 
and .Mrs, Royer united with the Methodist dp- 
nomination and a church was built in PvSl. 
Wlieii the Free Methodist denomination gained 



766 



BOND COUNTY. 



a hold here tliey accepted its faitli and united 
with that church at Dudleyville. It was or- 
ganized liy Rev. Frank Ashcrat't with I'. JI. 
Royer. Wilfred Ilaikett and .Tames (iarrett as 
trustees and Mr. Royer lias continued a trustee 
until the jjrc.sent. The trustees liei:an to solicit 
for the erection of a church huildiuf; ;ind when 
not enousih nione.v was .suhsCTilied the.y con- 
tributed from their own resources and the 
cliurch wa.s built and at that time was the 
largest of this organization In the state. Mr. 
Royer has been a class leader and for many 
years was superintendent of the Sunday school 
and shows liis interest in every moral movement 
in his neiiiliborhood. Formerly he voted the 
Republican ticket but lately has supported the 
Prohibition party. 

SANNER, George, was born on a farm, Old Rip- 
ley Township, III.. June 14, 1882, and is a son 
of Samuel Sanner, now deceased, a native of 
Germany who became one of the prominent men 
of Bond County. In the winter of 1000, Mr. 
Sanner entered into a jiartnership with Mr. 
Bean, vnider tlie firm style of Bean & Sanner. 
this being successfully conducted until August 
1, 1010. On Miirch 1,' 1011, Mr. Sanner opened 
a hardware, implement and carriage business, 
of which he has been the proprietor to the pres- 
ent time, the enterin-ise having increased each 
year in all departnient.s. He has never found 
it necessary to misrepresent his goods in order 
to sell them, and as a result he stands high in 
the confidence of the citizens of this section. 
Goods are jiurchased by the car-load lot. and in 
this way the concern is able to meet the fierce 
competition of this section. In February, 1014, 
Mr. Sanner purchased the interest of his jiart- 
ner and is successfully carrying on the exten- 
sive business. He is a Republican, while his 
father and grandfather were active in Demo- 
eratle councils. He takes great interest in the 
success and principles advocated by Abraham 
Lincoln and is an active member, of the Repuli- 
licau County Central Committee. Mr. Sanner 
is a mendier of the Masons and Odd Fellows. 
and of the Modern Woodmen of America, in all 
of which he is decidedly popular. .Tanuary 
25, 1001!, Mr. Sanner was jinited in marriage to 
Mi.ss Mary File, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
John W. File, whose family sketch appears else- 
where in this volume. 

SHUTT, John H., farmer, stock brppdcr and 
raiser .-md one <if the representative citizens of 
Lagrange Township, resides on Section ;!L', 
where he owns lilO acres, all in one lio<ly. He 
was born January !), 1807, at Muhlenlmrg. Ky., 
and is a son of Henry and Fllen (Bivins) 
Shiitt. Both parents were born and reared in 
the same place and came from agi'icultural 
families. They married there and Henry Shult 
<-arried on farming in his native sertioii until 
INOO. when he came (o Bond Couidy. 111., with 
his two .vounger children. He ]inrcha,sed eigh- 
ty acres of land in Lagrange Township, situated 



on .section I!, and gave his attention to develop- 
ing it agriculturally during bis active years and 
Ills death occurred there Xovember 7, lOOS. His 
widow yet resides on that farm and is sur- 
rounded with all the comfoi-ts of life. There 
were three children born to Henry Shutt and 
wife: Harrison B.. who is a farmer in La- 
grange Township; Susan, who is the wife of 
James Booher, who is a farmer In this town- 
ship; and John II. In l.soi! the older son, 
Harrison, with his family, .loined the other 
niendiers of the family and has ever since been 
a resident of Bond Count.v. The ancestors on 
the Shutt side came tn Kentucky originally from 
I'cnnsylvania. and fnim there to Illinois, and 
for almost a (juarter of a century the name 
has been known in Illinois. Most of them live 
near Springfield. 111. 

.Tohn H. Shutt was reared on the home farm 
in Kentucky and attended the district schools. 
He remained at home and assisted his father 
as a dutiful son. until he became of age. after 
which he worked for his father by the month, 
until Iso:!. when he married. For five .years 
after marriage Mr.. Shutt rented land and 
worked very diligentl.v in order to bring about 
reasonable success. In isos he bought sixt.v- 
five acres of laud in Lagrange Township, on 
which stood a small house, his cash capital at 
that time lieing !f350. He operated and im- 
proved this jilace besides handling and shipping 
carloads of hay and hogs until lOOii. when he 
sold it to advantage and then purchased 210 
acres situated on sectiiui 32 in Lagrange Town- 
shiii. on which stood a large brick building and 
some old sheds. Before long he had demolished 
all the old landmarks and began to build mod- 
ern structures and now, on the site of the old 
brick house stands his attractive two-story 
modern dwelling containing ten rooms, closets 
and porches and outliuildings and ]iresent-da,v 
comforts. He has also put up connnodions barns 
and other farm buildings made necessary by his 
various industries a leading one being the rais- 
ing of fine mules. These animals, exhibited at 
tlie state fair at Springfield, brought the high- 
est nmrket prices on record. .V lar.ge amount 
of livestock annually goes into market from 
this farm, the average being eighty head of fat 
hogs and a carload of fine cattle. With his two 
sons as partners. Mr. Shutt, in lOi:'.. is ojier- 
ating 400 acres of land. corn, oats and hay be- 
ing the main crops and for fai'in work thirty- 
six head of horses and nudes are kept; also 
has an interest in the elevator business of 
I>oimellson. and holds several shares in the 
State Bank of Donnellson. he being one of the 
directors. 

On October S, 1803, Mr. Shutt was mar- 
ried to Miss Carrie M. Vaughn, who was born 
in .Neosha County. Ivans., on Jiuie 1. 1N74. a 
il.iughter of David and Martha (Wright) 
N'aiighn. Pi'ior to moving to Kansas the 
\aughns and Wrights were ])ioncer people of 
I'lond C'ounty. The gr;in(l]iarents. Cahlwell and 
.Vgnes (Hanlel) Wright, were of Irish and 



BOND COUNTY. 



767 



Scotch ancestry. They were born luul livetl in 
Kentucky until 1S'5.">, when they moved to Miidi- 
son County, 111.. Mrs. Shutf.s mother tieing then 
a bahe of eleven weeks. The Wri.slits lived 
there for a few .vears and then moved to I5ond 
County, where they secured a Imniestead live 
miles north of Greenville. This they improved 
and made into a valuable farm and lived on 
their iiroperty throu.i;hout the remainder of 
their lives and at death were laid to rest in 
a quiet corner of the farm that had been set 
apart b.v Mr. W'rii;ht for a burying ground for 
the family and almost all of tlu-m sleep there. 
Mrs. Shutt's grandparents on the \'aughu side 
were also born in Kentucky and moved froni 
there to Bond County among the early pioneers. 
The farms of the Wrights and Vaughns ad- 
joined. 

On October 5, 1S53, David C. Vaughn and 
Martha Wright were married and afterward 
lived in the little village of Woburn. Mr. 
Vauglm was a blacksmith and had a protitable 
business there until the outbreak of the Civil 
war. At that time he enlisted and served his 
country for one year, returning home on a fur- 
lough, when he was recalled and served six 
months longer. After the end of the war he 
moved with his family to Neo.sha County, Kans., 
where Mrs. Shutt was born. Three years later, 
while on a business trip through Missouri, dur- 
ing the great floods of that year, he was jour- 
neying by boat and in great peril of his life all 
the wa.v', the boat was fuially overturned by 
the swollen waters and his death resulted from 
accidental drowning, on .June 9, 1877. After 
this tragedy Mrs. Vaughn returned with her 
fanuly to her old home in Bond County and 
lived there until within six years of her demise, 
when she moved to Donnellson, 111., where she 
died May ]1, 1904. Her ancestry on the 
Daniel side was the same as was that of Gen- 
eral and I'resident T'lysses S. Grant. 

Of the ten children born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Vaughn, five died in infancy, the others being: 
I-ucy. who is the wife of William Lipjirant, of 
Liberal. Kans. ; Sarah, who is the wife of 
Thomas Thompson, of Baymond, 111. ; George 
D., who lives at Wellington, Kans., married 
Miss I.ydia Buggies : Eunice, who died at .Top- 
lin. Mo., November 2.'!, 1.S9S, was the wife of 
William C. Chamberland, who, with two chil- 
dren. Dclcia May and William Carl, survive; 
and Carrie JI., whf> bec.-ime the wife of .Tohn 
H. Shutt. Mr. and Mrs. Shutt have three 
children : Walter Estelle. born February f>, 
1N9."): Marshall Cloid, born February l-'J, 1S99 ; 
and Vaughn Dorothy, born April 9, 1908. 

Mr. Shutt is a man of very ])rogressive ideas 
and is a strong believer in cooperative" farm- 
ing. Wisely giving his sons an interest in the 
farm and affording them instrin-tion along the 
lines of modern scientitic rescarrb, they are 
well equipped and not only iindcistand the me- 
chanical part of farming but know the com- 
position of their soil an<l the ingredients that 
they nuist su|iply when they note any dcliciency 



of production. In fact they, with others, are 
raising farming to the grade of a trained pro- 
fession. Mr. Shutt like his father before him, 
has always been identified with the Democratic 
party but has never been willing to accept any 
public ollice. He is a man who needs no spur 
to encourage him to be a good citizen. A good 
neighbor, a friend and helper to the poor who 
tries to help himself, by being honest and up- 
right, never turning a deaf ear to the needy, 
and Mr. and Mrs. Shutt feel that by trying 
to live to be real friends to every one, God 
has prospered them. 

SPIES, Charles, who is one of the respected 
and substantial men of Shoal Creek Township, 
owns ItXl acres of well improved land, lying 
on Section 28, where general farming and stock 
raising is carried on. Charles Siiies was born 
in Bavaria, (Jermany, .Tune :50, 1842, a son of 
Henry and Catherine (Daudeman) Spies. Both 
were born in Bavaria and there were married. 
The father was a farmer and carried on his 
agricultural uperations on the farm on which 
his son. Charles, was born. There were five 
children in his family : Catherine, Margaret, 
Philopina, Philip and Charles. In 1S.59 Cath- 
erine and Charles came to the United States, 
landing at New Orleans. From there they 
came ui) the Mississii)]ii liiver to Marion, 111., 
and from there went to Collinsville, where Cath- 
erine married Christ Walker, who died there in 
1881. leaving her with eight children, four 
daughters and four sons. Later she married 
John Miller, who met an accidental death, and 
one child was born to this union, Emma. Mrs. 
Miller is a resident of St. Louis, Mo. Philopina 
came to the United States and married Ferdi- 
nand Graff and both died at St. .Joseph, 111. 
They had five children, four daughters and a 
son, Lewis, who served in the .8]ianish-.\merican 
war. Phili]! Sjiies remained in Germany. 

Charles Spies attended school in Germany 
until fourteen years of age, according to the 
excellent German law, and two years later he 
accompanied his sister to America. His ma- 
ternal uncle was living in Madison County, 111., 
and he met his relatives and took them home 
with him. Later he moved to Bond County 
where he became a substantial farmer during 
the rest of his life remaining in this county. 
He was twice married and became the father 
of nine children, all of whom develojied into 
excellent and thrifty people of this county. 
Charles Spies went to work for his aunt and 
remained on her farm until he enlisted for 
service in the Civil war, on December 28, 1SG3, 
entering Coifipany D, Third Illinois Cavalry, 
contr.-icting for three .years. His troop was 
soon sent to Memphis, Tenn., and he was in 
the engagement there when the Confederate 
(leneral Forest made his midnight raid on 
tliiit city. With seventeen others of his com- 
pany lie was captured although he and two 
others fought desiierately for freedom and spent 
the following nine months in one of the mili- 



768 



BOND COUNTY. 



tarv iirisoiis in Alabama. In MO'ut with his eoni- 
panions he was ]iarole(l and taken to Vicks- 
hurs. beinj; then in such iio(ir liealth that he 
liad to lie t-arriecl to a hospital and a week 
later was sent on to a hospital in St. Louis. 
Mo., where he was keiit until al>le to i;o to 
Sprin.i;tield. 111., where he was honorably dis- 
charged, June 2S, ls().'i. 

Having given three of his best .vears to the 
service of his adopted country, Mr, Spies lias 
the best of reasons for being attached to it 
and for claiming some measure of gratitude 
from those who have been born in peaceful 
days. He returned to Bond County and as soon 
as his health permitted, rented land in Madi- 
son County. On .Tune 10, Isi'iC, he was united 
in marriage with .Miss Margaret Itheinhard. 
who was born at St. Louis, .Mo.. .May 1-, 1^49, 
a daughter of I'eter and Eva Margaret (Erdle) 
Hheinhard. They were immigrants from (ier- 
many, landing in St. I^ouis, Mo., in ls47. where 
the father die<l of cholera when .Mrs. Spies 
was si.x: weeks old. In IN.'iT the mother of Mrs. 
Spies moved to Shoal Creek Township, Bond 
County where she owned li4(> acres in what is 
called lioinid I'rairie. on which iihice she died. 
Mrs. Spies ln'ing with her at the time of demise, 
lieing the only child. .Vfter her mother's death 
she returned to the farm on which she and 
husband now live. 

Mr. and Mrs. Spies settled tirst on the rented 
farm in .Madison County and remained there 
\iutil 1!S70, moving then to land they rented on 
section 27, Shoa! Creek Township, Bond County 
and 1S71 bought eighty acres on this section 
and moved into a little log house on the place 
which bad but a siugle room, this being the 
only building on the place. In 1870 Mr. Spies 
built a hewn log cabin, which was. at that 
time, the best one in the township. The land 
was so heavily timbered that on all sides the 
forest closely surrounded the little house. It 
was a mighty task to clear off this timber but 
it wa.s done "and where it once stood are now 
cultivated productive fields and fruit and shade 
trees. They lost their cabin home by Are and 
tlier erected the present comfortable frame 
dwelling and have all other necessary build- 
ings including couunodious and substantial 
barns. Mr. Spies tells of having to cut down 
giant oak trees in his early days here, trees 4 
feet through and 100 feet high. On one occa- 
sion he sold a pole 7.") feet in length from a 
tree 115 feet in height. lie has much to show 
for his work of tifty-five years in Bond County 
and is entitled to the ease and independence 
he now enjoys. 

To Mr. and Mrs. Spies seventeen children 
were born, twelve of whom are living. Mar- 
garet, who was born in .Madison County, 111., 
May 3, 1S()7, is the wife of .lacob Baltz, of 
St. Louis, Mo., and they have five children: 
Laura, Frederick, Helen. Charles and Sidney. 
.John George, who was born in Bond County. 
October 25, ISUS, is a farmer in Missouri. He 
married Martha Thacker and they have had 



the following children: Eva. Ch.irles. (Jeorge. 
Maude, Lola, IJllian, Kufus, Mary and Elda. 
Christiana, who was born .\pril 25. 1S70, is the 
wife of Samuel Dresser, a farmer in Shoal 
Creek Townshi)!, and they have children: Flor- 
ence, Fida. Sherman and Comednre. I'h'lip. who 
was liorn .la unary 17, l.'~75. is a farmer in 
Lagrange Township, married .\ntha Wybler and 
they have toiu- children: Loretta. Charles. Vir- 
gil and Sarah. Henry, who was born Novem- 
ber 10, 1.S77. is a farmer in Lagrange Township, 
has been twice married, tirst to Mrs. Fannie 
Strong, and second to Hemma Iliuuphries. 
I'eter, who was liorn October 15, ls7!t, who is 
a farmer in .\rkausas. married .Maude Ilensel- 
man. Katie, who was born .Inly 1, issl, is the 
wife of William Wylder, a farmer near Wav- 
ei-ly. III., and they have one daughter, Mar- 
garet Pauline. Fritz, who was born Febru- 
ary 21, is>3, is a farmer near Waverly, He 
married Sarah (icu-don. .John, who was born 
May 1. 1S.S5, is a farmer near (ireenville. 111. 
He married Helen Dale and they have two 
children : .\niy and Bina. Nicholas, who was 
Ixirn February 11, ISMl, resides at home and 
for the past six years has taught school in 
HcMid County, May, who was born .Tuly 10, 
ISOI, and Emma (Jrace, who was born July 1, 
1S03. remain at home and greatly lighten their 
mother's household cares. .\11 the children have 
been given educational advantages and in every 
way they are [irepared to meet the duties of 
life. ■ Tlie faunly belongs to the Presbyterian 
Church. In politics Mr. Spies has always been 
a liepulilican but has never been willing to 
serve in ortice, once, under jn-otest serving out 
an unexpired term as supervisor. He is a fine 
type of citizen, generous and hospitable and 
he and fauuly en.joy univer.sal esteem. 

SPRADLING, Albert M. Lying on Section 35, 
Mulberry Cnive Township. Bond County, 111,, is 
the Spradling Mineral Spring Farm, a sunnner 
resort that has gained widespread popularit.V 
not alone because of its pleasant location, hand- 
some apjiearance and numerous conveniences, 
but because of the wonderful curative proper- 
ties found in the water which conies from the 
wonderful natural spring. The proprietor of 
this resort is .\lbert M. Spradling, a well-known 
agriculturist, business man and traveling sales- 
man of Bond County, who belongs to one of the 
old and honored families of this section. He 
was born on the farm which he now occupies, 
Decemlier 5. 1S50, and is a son of .lames H. and 
Cynthia Ann (.Jackson) Spradling. 

The grandparents of Mr. Siiradling were 
.Tames and Frances Trent (Oliver) Spradling, 
who came to Bond County, 111., from Tennessee 
about the year 1832, and settled on section 25, 
MuUierry (irove Township, a part of this land 
being eutere<l by the grandmother. Mr. Sprad- 
ling of this review now holds the patent to 
the forty acres, issued and signed by President 
Martin Van Buren, August 10, ls:!s. In those 
da.vs the wife could enter land as well as the 



BOND COUNTY. 



769 



liiisluiiKl. under an act of ('oiiiiress passed Aiirll 
20. IMid. entitled An Aft for Further Sale of 
rulilic lands. Together the grandfather and 
■-'r.iniliiiiither entered 240 arres, forty acres at 
.1 time. .IS they could accumulate the money, 
and some of this KOod soil was entered as low 
.IS twehe and one-half cents per ai-re. 

.lames II. .Siiradiin^; was four years of age 
when he a<-conipanied his parents to Illinois, in 
IN.'ili, and is still a resident of .Mulberry Grove. 
Here he grew up in the wild conntry. where 
the game was still abundant and the old flint- 
lock gun was freiinently in demand. He he- 
came a large, robust man, of great activity, and 
was piomincnt in his neighborhood. At his 
house were held log rollings and corn shuek- 
ings. The clonble log cabin was built on the 
toll 'if the hill, by the grandfather, and was 
considered a tine residence for it.s day, having a 
cellar underneath all. Water was .secured from 
the famous spring which is now included in the 
summer resort. Mr. Spradling was a Democrat 
in politics, but did not desire public office. He 
was a kindly, charitable man, a typical South- 
erner, and his hospitality was .shown by his 
latch-string, which was "always out." He and 
his wife were the parents of three children : 
I'aralie. who became the wife of James Kiley 
and both are now deceased; .James H. : and 
Jane, widow of John Segrest, a resident of Mul- 
berr.v (irove Township, and the mother of the 
following cliildren ; James, George, Jesse, Eliza- 
beth, John and Emma. 

.\fter the marriage of James H. Spradling 
and Cynthia -Vnn Jackson they began life on 
the old homestead on section 2.^), and at the 
time of his father's death Mr. Spradling pur- 
chased the interests of the other heirs, and 
became the owner of the original 240 acres. 
Seven children were born to Mr. and Mrs. 
S]iia(lliiig: John, who died at the age of thirty- 
two years; Dora, the wife of Joseph Coll, a 
i-esidcnt of Weakley County, Tenn., engaged in 
fanning; William, of Monseratt, Mo., a station 
agent; -Vlliert M. ; George, city marshal of 
Festiis, Mo.; Laura, the widow of Frank Brown, 
of East St. Louis, 111. ; and Harry. The mother 
of the above children died March ,30, ISSO. The 
father has long since retired from farming 
activities, although he still takes a great inter- 
est in the advancement of the new part of Mul- 
berry Grove, which he purchased and iilatted 
long before the arrival of the railroad. He was 
well and favorably known in business circles, 
having fur many .years conducted a hardware 
and lumber business, and was frequently sought 
to run for public office, but would never ac- 
cept any except that of school director. He 
never joined any lodge nor did he carry any 
insurance, and he never had a fire loss. In his 
early years he was a Whig, but later .ioined 
the I{epubli<an party, with which he cimtinues 
to act. .\lthough now eighty-five years of age, 
his mind is still clear and alert. He has lieen 
a lifelong member of the .Methodist Church. 

The boyhood days of Albert M. Spradling 



were jiassed on the home fai'm. his education 
being secured in the district schools. When 
he was about nine years of age the family 
moved to Mulberry Grove, but he continued to 
be engaged in farming, and remained on the 
homestead until he was twenty years of age. 
On October .">, ISMi. Mr. Spradling was married 
to .Miss Louisa I'igg. daughter nf William N. 
I'igg and Marian (Cnnibsi I'igg. the latter the 
daughter of I >r. John Combs, and granddaughter 
of a primitive Haiitist minister. Dr. John Combs 
was an early physician of Bond County, sought 
out his own roots and herbs with which to 
prepare remedies, and was knuwn as one of the 
noble charactei'S of his day. Mrs. I'igg was a 
child when Immgbt to Bond County from Coles 
County, an<l here married William X. I'igg, a 
native of tliis county, and a farmer and thresh- 
ing machine operator. He died in Bond County 
in Feliruary. 1SU2. while .Mrs. I'igg still sur- 
vives and is a resident of Smithboro. Of their 
seven children, three died in infancy, the oth- 
ers being: Emery A., a resident of Ark.-uisas; 
Mrs. Sjiradliug; Luzetta, who was the wife 
of William .McKean. both being deceased; and 
Nelson, a resident of .Vrkansas. 

.Vfter the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Spradling 
they took charge of the old Spradling farm, and 
there remained three years, the first of their 
four children being born on the old homestead : 
Clive .\.. born March 28. 1883, now a resident 
of Michigan, married Ella Libby, and has two 
children: Leola and .\lberta. The others are: 
OIlie E.. the wife of Itobert A. Dennison, of 
Springfield. 111. ; Mona, wife of B. R. Bruns, 
was a teacher in a business college at Kan.sas 
City. .Mo., but is now of Michigan, being a trav- 
eling teacher for various colleges; and Viola 
A., a music teacher of Litchfield. 111. When Mr. 
and Mrs. Spradling left the homestead, in 1884, 
they went to Kansas, but one year later re- 
turned to Mulberry Grove, and again engaged 
in farming. In 1888 .Mr. Spradling accepted a 
position with the I'lano Harvester Company, 
now with the liumley Products Company, and 
three years later entered the employ of the 
Port liuron Comp.iny, of Port Huron, .Michigan, 
as traveling salesman, then spending six years 
in the same line with A. W. Stevens Company; 
then with Nichols and Shepherd Company. In 
1010 he purchased forty acres of the original 
homestead, which bad been entered by the 
grandpiircnts so many years ago. this purchase 
including thi> famous s|u-ing. The water from 
this spring is known all over the State for its 
curative jiroiierties and medicinal value, being 
especially recommended as a cure for rheu- 
matism and stomach troubles, and marvelous 
results have been obtained. Here .Mr. Sju-ad- 
ling has built a health resort which is rapidly 
becoming one of tile most popular in the State. 
The camiiers are served with all kinds of gar- 
den truck fresh daily, fresh sweetmilk and but- 
termilk and pure country btitt<'r. tine chickens 
and choice I'ggs. Those who visit this resort 
seeking health will not be disappointed. The 



770 



BOND COUNTY. 



locality is a charming ami beautiful one, the 
property bein<: located in a valley, with plenty 
of shade and lovely surroundings. This venture 
has jiroved a most ijrofitalde one, and Mr. 
Spradling is now known as one of the sub- 
stantial nieu of his community. 

STANTON, John Gibson. There are so many 
interestinj: events to recall eoncernin<; the old 
and substantial families of Bond f'ounty. that 
the biographer finds plenty of material and 
can take great pleasure in presenting it to the 
reading world. No nanie.s are, perhaps, more 
familiar in this section than are those of John 
Gibson Stanton and his twice widowed mother, 
Mrs. Elizabeth E. McFarland. .Tohn Gibson 
Stanton, who resides on his well-stocked farm 
of IG.'J acres, lying on section IS, Lagrange Town- 
ship, was born on a farm near Reno, in Shoal 
Creek Township, Xovember 10, 18.50. He is a 
son of William and Elizabeth E. (McKenzie) 
Stanton. 'William Stanton was born in Ireland. 
After coming to the rnitcd States he located 
first in Macoupin County. 111., and in Shoal- 
creek Township, in Bond Connt.v, and on .\pril 
19, lS.o3, married Miss P^lizabetli E. MeKenzie, 
and they had three children : Matthew, who is 
deceased, married Delia George, who now lives 
in Te.xas and has four surviving children: 
George, Irene and Anna May; George, who died 
in infancy: and .lohn (Jibson. Mr. Stanton 
died in lS(iO. He was an honest, upright man 
and was respected b.v all who knew him. 

Elizalieth E. MeKenzie was born in the old 
city of Gla.sgow, Scotland. August 20, 183.'J, a 
daughter of George and Elizabeth (Ellwood) 
MeKenzie, natives of Scotland and members of 
the Protestant faith. The maternal graiidpar. 
ents, the Ellwoo<ls, came with Mr. JIcKenzie 
and his family, to the T'nited States and in 
1840 they all reached Xauvoo. III. At that time 
Xauvoo was the citadel, as it were, of the Mor- 
mons. There the .sect .seemed to be firmly es- 
tablished, there brought their converts and there 
carried on their so-called religious observ- 
ances. They were so greatly in the ma.1ority 
that it was more or less dangerous for peo|iIe 
who were not in sympathy with their strange 
lieliefs to settle among them and this was soon 
discovered by the McKenzies. Before they could 
(piietly slip .-iway the.v found all their goods 
confiscated and she bought a lied with her last 
fift.v cents which was going to be thrown in the 
river from the boat as they were going down to 
St. Louis. Although, under these circumstances, 
Mr. MeKenzie and his family reached St. Louis 
without mone.v, he was nut discouraged because 
he was accustomed to the use of tools and easily 
found work while be was also a fine musician 
and there is alwa.vs a demand for good music. 
Ilis grandson. Mr. Stanton, carefully preserves 
a clarionet, wliicb instrument, with the bag 
Iiipes. his grandtatlier jilayed in Scotland. Mr. 
Stanton also has, with other relics, a cane given 
him by his great-grandfatlier. In the course of 
time Mr. MeKenzie went into the draying busi- 



ness and later moved to Shoal Creek Township, 
Bond County, where he l«iught a small farm 
near .Sorento. in what is now called Pleasant 
I'rairie. Afterward he sold that farm and 
liought another near Reno, and on that farm his 
daughter, Mrs. McFarland. now resides. 

Perhaps ever.v one making use of the bridge 
across the Mi.ssissippi River may not know that 
it was Mr. MeKenzie who suggested the scheme 
before any such idea had assumed shape with 
others. After settling on his second farm he 
started a general store, buying his stock in St. 
Louis, crossing on tlie ferry and hauling the 
same to his destination. On one occasion when 
the ferry was out of order he predicted that 
the time would come when the iniblic would 
demand that a bridge be built and he lived to 
see the completion of the Eads bridge. He was 
the first merchant at Reno and owned 200 acres 
of land at the time of his death in 1870. his 
wife dying in 1870. In many ways he was a 
remarkable man and through his efforts this 
section was greatly improved. His children 
were: Elizabeth E., Agnes and Margaret Ann, 
all born in Scotland ; Isabelle, who was the 
wife of William Ilarned, left one son, George; 
and John, (Jeorge. Gibson and John Gibson, all 
died young. 

Mrs. Stanton's second marriage was with 
Columbus McFarland. who. for many years was 
an honored resident of Bond Connt.v. After 
marriage they lived on the old homestead and 
then inoved to Lagrange Township on the farm 
now owned by John Gibson Stanton. To this 
marriage the following children were born; 
Agnes, who married (first) Charles Brown, and 
( second ) Albert Wade, she is now deceased ; 
Roxybelle. who died in infancy ; Georgiana, who 
is the wife of William King, of Litchfield, 111.; 
Robert, who married Emma I'^Uis ; and Ell- 
wood. who married John Duffy, lives in St. 
Louis, and they have two daughters. Agnes and 
Roxanna. Mr. McFarland is remembered very 
kindly by those who knew him. He was a lead- 
ing member in the Presb.vterian Church and a 
member of the board of timstees of the church 
at Reno. 

.Tohn Gibson Stanton attended school in the 
Lagrange district and remained assisting his 
step-father, on the farm initil he was twenty 
years of age. when he and his brother, the late 
Mattliew Stanton, estalilished a home for them- 
selves as bachelors, but this plan was disturbed 
some time later as. on Xovemlier 8. 1877. be was 
united in marriage with Miss Clara A. Davis. 
She was Itorn in Clay County. Ark., August 20, 
18."i9, a daughter of Francis and Maria (Saw- 
yer) Davis, both of whom weri- born in Ma- 
coupin County. 111. Her grandfather. William 
Davis, was born in Ireland. Her father was 
a merchant and a millright by trade. He was 
Ixiru at Staunton. 111., August 1.5, 183.5. and 
died Marcli 31. 1881. His wife, born Decem- 
ber 2;!. lN:i.3, died JIarcb .5. ls7.5. They were 
members of the Baptist Church. They had 
the following ibildren : Alva Curtis, born 




BOND COUNTY. 



771 



Kt'Cemlnn' 2n, isrifi. is an eiifriiiepr now in Louis- 
iana ; Mrs. Stanton ; Elnier 10., horn Feliruarv 
12, 18(12; Mary Frances, born April 30, 1804, 
i.s the wife of Micliael Kaufman, anil tlie.v have 
one ehiUl. Clarence; and lola Adrienne, born 
in Missouri. .January U, 1872. died May !), 1873. 

.Vfter niarria.w Mr. and Mrs. Stanton lived 
for one ,vear in Macoupin County and then 
hou,s,'ht the farm of 12(t acres, situated on sec- 
tion IS, La?;ran,Lrc Townsliip. For ten years 
they lived in the small house then standing 
and later made the sulistantiiil inipurovenients 
now seen and added land initil the farm now 
contains l(i,"i acres. He carries <in the usual 
asiricultural activities of this section and take.s 
much interest In keeping liis stock up to a high 
grade. He is one of the practical, iiro.sperous 
farmers of the county. 

Mr. and -Mrs. Stanton have had the follow- 
ing children : Ewing Elwood, who was born 
Seiitember 14, 1878, is now deceased, was the 
wife of Fred Root and had three children, two 
surviving. Verne and Chester; Roy Francis, 
who was horn .January 12, 1880, was educated 
in the St. Louis T/niversity and is now a promi- 
nent physician of East St. Louis, married (irace 
Watson and they have one daughter, Ruth A.; 
Ralph v., who was born August 15, 1882, is a 
farmer, married Iris Carroll, and they have 
three children, Bernice C, Varner and Ken- 
neth ; Ethel Josephine, who was born .July 4, 
1884, is the wife of Rev. Ellmore Harris, and 
they have one child, W.yona S. ; Harley Gib- 
son, who was born September 14, 1881!, is a 
medical practitioner at East St. I^ouis, 111., 
married Bessie Collins and they have one son, 
Ro.v D. ; John \V., who was born November 9, 
1891, is at the head of a department with the 
Armour Tacking CYimpany, St. JjOuIs ; and 
Harold V.. who was born November 18, lSt)S. 
Mr. and Mrs. Stanton have been able to give 
their children lioth educational and social ad- 
vantages. They are nieniliers of Bethel I'res- 
byterian Church, in which he has been a Iinling 
Elder for eight .years. In iiolitics Mr. Stanton 
is a Republican and for twenty-five years has 
been a member of the townsliip school board. 

STAUFFER, George. Twenty years ago the 
farm which is now nccuiiied by George Stanf- 
fer, on Section 20. Mulberry Grove Townshiii, 
was considered the least valuable in Bond 
County. At the time of this writing it is one 
of the best. It was not necessary for Mr. 
Stauffer to come and develoji a farm which 
was considered useless; he had inherited prop- 
ert.v. and could, had he wished. I'eniained up<in 
land that was .already productive and paying. 
It was not Ills nature, however, to allow Illi- 
nois soil to go to waste, when he w:is assured 
that his energetic efforts and progressive ide:is 
would bring it back to its fertility, and his 
confidence in his ability has been .iustiliecl in 
the ) rosjierous condition in which his land is 
found at this time. Mr. Stautfer comes of a 
race noted for its industiy. as well as its 



i'.daptability to accept conditions as found, his 
parents coining from Switzerland. Born in 
Allegheny. I'a., July 20, is.")'.), he is a son of 
Benedict Stautfer. His father was a tailor by 
trade, but devoted his active years prii\ci|ially 
to agricultural pursuits. A man of charitable 
intent, he was always known to assist those 
who had been less fortunate than he, and when 
he died, as the result of an accident, he was 
widely mourned by those who had benetited 
by his lienevolence. By his first marriage, Mr. 
Stauffer had six children: Benjamin, still re- 
siding in I'eunsylvania ; Anna 10., tlie wife of 
George Miller, of Clarion County, Pa.; Louisa, 
deceased, who was the wife of Henry A. Dice, 
of Pittsburgh, Pa. ; John, who lives at Alle- 
gheny, Pa. ; Jacob, a resident of Bellview, Pa., 
and clerk in a wholesale house at I'ittshurgh; 
and George. .Vfter the death of his first wife, 
Mr. Stauffer married a Miss Swab, and they 
had two children : Mary and Elizabeth, both 
now deceased. 

George Stauffer was but thirteen months old 
when his mother died, and at that time was 
taken into the home of Jeffries Thompson, a 
farmer of Clarion County, Pa. In ISCo Mr. 
Thompson took the family to Erie County, Pa., 
and there Mr. StauH'er began his schorl days 
and was taught the rudiments of farming. In 
18(>7 he accompanied his foster parents to Mul- 
berry Grove Township, Bond County, 111., and 
here met Miss Kate E. Lilligh, whom lie mar- 
ried July 10, 1NS7. Mrs. Stauffer is a daughter 
of James P. Lilligh, a sketch of whose career 
appears in another part of this work. At the 
time of Mr. Thoin|ison's death, Mr. Stauffer re- 
ceived eighty acres of land, conditional upon 
the payment of .$1,000 to the other heirs of the 
estate, and this condition he fulfilled upon the 
death of Jlrs. Thompson, thus establishing him- 
self as an Illinois land-owner. In 1894 he 
bought the 120-acre farm on which he now re- 
sides, a property at that time considered prac- 
tically worthless, by reason of the neglect and 
mismanagement of its former owners. Covered 
with brush and locust trees, it presented any- 
thing but an attractive sight to the casual ob- 
server, but Mr. Stauffer was able to discern 
the possibilities iire.sented. and by the modern 
methods of rotation of crops, of which he has 
ever lieen an adherent, he has made every acre 
of his land pay him lUO per cent for the labor 
expended upon it, and, in so doing, has been able 
to add ,iust that much to his acreage, his farm 
now comprising 240 acres. 

Ten childr(>ii were horn to .Mr. and Mrs. 
Stauffer: lOlmer J., Imu'ii .Vpril 10, isss. now 
cashier of the First Xaticuial Bank of Mul- 
berry tlrove: Martin E.. born September 8, 1889, 
a sliKlcnt of the college at .Mount .Morris, HI.; 
and Henry .\., born February 2.">, IsOl ; Zetta 
L., born September 14, 1893; Maude E., born 
Xovemlier 1, INOo; Walter -Vlbert, born August 
29, 1S!»7: Mary Blanche, horn July 24, 1899; 
Ituby N.. bom November ti, 1900; Sadie Pearl, 
iKirii March 10. 1'.ill2. an<l Cora Gretta. born 



772 



BOND COUNTY. 



June 23, 1904, all at home. Firm believers in 
the benefits of education, Mr. and Mrs. Stauffer 
have given their children excellent advantages. 
Their son Martin is a master of penmanshiij. 
Henry Arthur has assumed the heavy duties 
connected with the work of the homestead, and 
has proven himself capable of discharging them 
well, which is not a surprising fac-t consider- 
ing the teaching which he has experienced under 
his father. However, It may be said, that he 
shows a commendable zeal, and that, in his 
management of affairs, he displays a knowl- 
edge of new methods. The two oldest daugh- 
ters have for some time had charge of domes- 
tic affairs in the household, and it is safe to 
assume that there is not a better managed home 
in Mulberry Grove Township. 

The Dunkard Church has always numbered 
the members of the Stauffer family among its 
most loyal adherents. For long years a Re- 
publican. Mr. Stauffer has recently been inclined 
to vote for the man he deems best fitted for 
the office, regardless of party ties. He has 
served capably in various public offices, and 
shown his public-spirit and capability in numer- 
ous ways. His career, from the time he was a 
homeless, orphan lad, through the time that he 
worked his way upward, step by step, to the 
present time, when he is the head of an hon- 
ored family, is one that may be studied and 
emulated by the youths of the present and com- 
ing generations. 

STOUT, Phillip A., a representative citizen of 
Bond County, 111., who, for almost a quarter of 
a century has been more or less occupied with 
duties of a public nature, has spent his hon- 
orable life of sixty-two years in Bond County 
and always, in every way, has lent his influence 
to build up and improve his native section. He 
was born in the village of I'ocahontas, Bond 
County, 111., July 15, 1S50, and is a son of 
Andrew and Mary Magdalene (Bilyeu) Stout. 

Andrew Stout was born in Ohio and came 
to Bond County with his parents in boyhood 
and the family lived in a log cabin at first 
that had neither doors nor windows, patch- 
work quilts being hung up to break the force 
of the wind. On many an occasion wild beasts 
would draw uncomfortably near these unpro- 
tected openings but could be easily driven away 
by an unusual noise. Under these conditions 
Andrew Stout grew to sturdy manhood, became 
a farmer and raiser of stock, then married 
and reared a creditable family. For many 
years he followed farming in Pocahontas 
Township and then moved into the Village of 
I'ocahontas, where he went into the mercan- 
tile business and continued until is.'ifi, when 
he decided to move to Springfield, Mo. His 
wife had died in 1S53 but his children went 
with him but in the following summer they 
returned to Pocahontas. Mr. Stout started a 
brick yard and followed manufacturing and 
contracting in brick until the end of his life, 
dying at I'ocahontas. Both he and wife were 



active members of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. He married .Mary .Magdalene Bilyeu, 
who was a native of Bond County, and six chil- 
dren were born to them : Sarah E., who be- 
came the wife of Solomon Iliskey. who was a 
native of Ohio and they liM-ated in Donaldson 
County, Kans.. where she died in lOUO, leaving 
children : Jose|ih, who served three years in 
the Civil war. answering the first call for vol- 
unteers, a drummer during the entire jieriod 
and his brotlier treasures the drum sticks whicli 
so often had made music and given encourage- 
ment to weary soldiers: .Maranda, wh<i married 
John ('. Martin, of Itaymond. 111.; John W.. 
who is a railroad man ; Phillip A. : and Wil- 
liam J., who is a farmer in Bond Count.v. 

Philliii A. Stout attended the district school 
and learned his lessons in an elementary sjiell- 
ing book, of which he preserves a coiiy. He 
was young when both i)arents died and made 
his home in the neighborhood with different 
people. Althongli Mr. Stout never served his 
country as a suldier it was no fault of his for 
early in the Civil war he presented himself 
for enlistment and was refused, being told 
that he was seven years too young. Again, 
a long time afterward, when the Spanish-Amer- 
ican war broke out, he again presented him- 
self to the military authorities oidy to be 
again refused, as he was seven years too old. 
Nevertheless he found other ways in which t« 
prove the loyalty of a good citizen. He fol- 
lowed farm work until iscs. at which time he 
came to Creenville and went to work at the 
slioeniaker"s trade and continued until 1874, 
when he rented a farm in Ripley Township and 
in the same year put in a crop. 

On Janu.iry 14, 187ij, Mr. Stout was mar- 
ried to Miss Aiuiie Louisa Black, who was born 
at Greenville. 111.. January 1. is."j.";, a daugh- 
ter of William Black, a pioneer of Bond 
County. To .Mr. and .Mrs. Stout were born 
children as follows: Joseph F.. who was born 
December !», 1S75, conducts a furniture .store 
at Greenville : Emelia. who died in infancy : 
George W.. who was born Se|itember 23, 1879, 
is an artist of recognized ability, resides 
at Granite City; Daisy Pearl, who was born 
February 14. 18S0, lives at St. Louis: Nina May, 
who was liorn .March L ]ss4. married a Mr. 
Wood who was killed on a railroad in Kansas 
City, where she yet lives: and Charles, who was 
born June 27. is.v."i, and died when one year 
old. The mother of the above family died 
March 31, issii. She was an admirable woman 
in every relation of life and a faithful mem- 
ber of the Free Methodist Church. On August 
14, 1S91. Mr. Stout was married (second) to 
.Mary Jane Brown and they had the following 
children: Clai'ence, who was born M.-iy (i, 1892. 
died at the age of eight ye.irs : and True Mag- 
deline and Levina, born October 14. 1S94. Le- 
vina died in infancy. Jliss True is the capable 
home manager, and is an affectionate and duti- 
ful daughter. 

Jlr. Stout for many years was a voter with 



BOND COUNTY. 



773 



llii' Itoiiuliliiiui party, la.stiii;: his first presi- 
■ loiitial vote for T"l.\sses S. Grant. He is in 
synipatliy with tho pro^rpssive niovciuent and 
in l!n2 cast Ids vote for its leader. Theodore 
Iloosevelt. For twent.v-fonr .years he has .served 
in the otiice of constable and assistant depnt.v 
sheriff, at all times acting with discretion and 
flood judgment. He owns thirty acres near 
r.etterton .station in Lagrange Township lint 
n>> longer is active as a farmer. Mr. Stout is 
known as a tirni believer in the cause of tem- 
perance and on many occasions has testified to 
ills principles by his vote. 

STRAIN, James A., who is one of Bond 
Connty's most highly respected citizens, resides 
on his valuable farm of 209 acres, situated on 
Section 12. in Shoal Creek Townshiii. lie was 
born in Blount County. Teini.. .Vpril l.'i. is.'id. 
and j.s a S(m of Robert P.. an<l Klizalveth S. 
((Jreshami Strain. Itoliert I". Strain was born 
in Virginia. .lanuary 14. 1n2."i. a son of Allen 
Sti-ain. who removed with his family to Pdount 
County. Tenn. There Koliert B. Strain grew 
to manhood and in ]8(f4 the Strains came to 
Bond County, where .Tohn Strain, a brother 
of Kobert B.. bought 120 acres of land in .Shoal 
Creek Township. .\t first Kobert It. Strain 
and family rented the .loel I'aisley farm, but 
in the spring of INC.") moved on his brother's 
farm and here died, December 1(1. ISOri. In 
Blount County. Tenn.. he married Elizabeth S. 
(Jresham. who was born No\ember 2.5. 1S20. and 
.vet survives. Mrs. Strain is a daughter of 
.Vrchibalil and Mary iMcIteynolds) Gresham. 
and is a cousin of Hon. .Tames C. McReynolds. 
attorne.v general of the I'liited States, in the 
cabinet of I'resident Wilson. She lielongs to 
the same stock as did the late Hon. Walter 
(.luintou tiresham. once secretary of state. To 
Kobert B. Strain and wife four children were 
born, three in Tennessee and one in Bond 
("ounty. 111. Mary .Jane, born .March 4. l.s.'ll. 
came to Bond County with her parents in lS(i4. 
married Wesley I'. Armstrong, who died No- 
vember .S, 18.S.S. and she died September 30. 
11104 ; Blanche, who is the wife of Elmer I. 
.fohnson, lives in Colorado: .James .\. ; Martha 
("., who was born .Tanuar.v .~i. lNti2. died in in- 
faucy ; and John Allen, who was born .Tune (i. 
1804, in Bond County, is a merchant at Mul- 
berry Grove. 

James A. Strain accompanied his parents to 
Bond County and was eight .years old at that 
time. He gave his father assistance and later 
on. after his father died, he and his mother 
bought the farm of 120 acres in Shoal Creek 
Township from his uncle and here they have 
lived ever since. At that time a log house 
and a stalde represented aliout all the im- 
provements on the farm, the former .soon being 
replaced with a small but coml"ortal)le resi- 
dence and a barn with dimensions of ."lOxSO 
feet was put up in l!i07. with other fai-m build- 
ings. This was followed by the erection of a 
niodeiu two-storv residence, 2s.\2s feet in di- 



mensions and this is an attractive and comfort- 
alile home. Erom time to time .Mr. Strain has 
.idded field after liebl until now he owns 2(!t> 
acres of land, all in one tract. He has need 
for a large acreage because his stock interests 
are of nuich imjiortance, his high grade cattle 
and pure lired I'oland China hogs needing a 
wide range. He makes a feature also of rais- 
ing pure I'lyniouth Kock poultry. 

On November 4. IPOS. .Mr. Strain was mar- 
ried to .Mrs. .Martha I,. Woodall. a daughter 
of Benjamin and Elizalieth (Billingsley ) I'or- 
ter. .Mrs. Strain was boi'ii in .Tackson County. 
Tenn,. .\pril 2.'!, 1S70, and married .Toel Wood- 
all, in l,S!l.">, who died in Termessee, in 1896. 
leaving one child, Clara Woodall, who was 
born in that year. In 190s Mrs. Woodall came 
to Bond County an<I in November following 
was married to .Mr. Strain, as stated above. 
They b.-ive three children : .James Porter, born 
October is. p.ioo. and P.eulah Elizabeth, born 
February l."i. 1911. and .Nellie E., born Septem- 
ber 28. 191;',. For twenty-four years Mr. Strain 
has been one of the school directors of Reno, 
and for many years has been an elder in the 
Presbyterian Church in this village. He en- 
joys companionship and social intercourse and 
belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America 
.ind the Court of Honor, at Keno. In his poli- 
tical views he is a Ke|inblican. 

SUESS, Nicholas. Sciciitifii- agriculture has a 
worthy re|iresentative in Bond County in the 
person of Nicholas .Suess, who. while not SO 
long a resident of this community as some 
others, stands among the leaders in his chosen 
calling, his projierty on Section 17, Old Ripley 
Townshi]!, sliowing the beneficial effects of skill 
and goo<l management. Mr. >Suess is a .Swiss 
having been born in the Count.v Luzerne. 
.Xeuenkirk. Switzerl.md. September 2.3, 1872, a 
son of Melchoir and Catherine ( Baumgardner) 
Suess, natives of the same count.v. The father 
worked at his tr.ide of cooper in the old country 
until 1S74. when he brought his family to the 
I'nited States, landing at New York. On April 
2Sth of the same year the emigrants arrived 
in Madison County. 111,. Melchoir Suess finding 
eujployment at his trade in Highland, and in 
Iss.'i he turned his attention to agricultural 
imrsuits. renling ;i piece- of projH'rt.v. on which 
he contin\ied to be engaged in farming and 
stockraising until his death, December 11, 1891. 
His wife jiussed away November 10. 1881. Both 
had been reared in the Catholic faith, but 
before her death Mrs. .Suess had joined the 
Evangelical Clnir<-h, and after her demise the 
father uiiiteil with the Lutheran Church. Their 
eldest child was confirmed in the Evangelical 
Church .-it Highland. The children were: .Mel- 
choir, born May 19. Is(i7, now a farmer in Madi- 
son I'ounty, lil. ; Catherine, the wife of Gott- 
fried Yennie, a farmer in Lawrence County. 
Mo.: Verona, born December 24. 1.870. married 
(first) Wesley Clayton, who died .Tune 17, 1002, 
leaving six cbildren, and mai'ried (second) 



774 



BOND COUNTY. 



Henry Newman, a farmer near Lebanon. 111.; 
Nicholas; Joseph, liorn Novenil)er Hi, 1874, a 
farmer near Ilijxhland. 111. : I.oiii.sa. horn In 
1S77. wife of Christ .\mlnieh!. a farmer near 
rierron. III. ; and Henry, horn May ."i, ISM, also 
a farmer in that vicinity. Katherine and Ver- 
ona were Catholiis hut are now members of the 
Kvanwlical Clnirch of (Ud liipley Township. 
Althonsh the father was jxissessed of hnt lim- 
ited means when he eame to this country, he 
manajied to jiive his children jtood educational 
advantajies, and all grew up sturdy men and 
women, a credit to their rearing and to the 
comnninity in which they resided. 

Nicholas Suoss was hut twelve years of age 
whi'U he liogan to assist his father in the work 
of the home jilace. and in the meantime he 
attended the district schools during the win- 
ter months. His first wages aggregated about 
seven dollars per month, but when he was 
nineteen years old he commanded fifteen dol- 
lars for the same period, this money, np to 
the time of his father's death. l)eing given 
to the family supiiort. Thereafter, by thrift 
and good management, he was able to save 
$."(Hi. and with this as a capital he began to 
rent land, and felt himself capable of supporting 
a home of his own. Accordingly, March 22, 
l.sno, he was married to Jliss Catherine M. 
Schrumpli, who was born in Bond County. 111.. 
September 20, 1877, daughter of I'eter 
.*<cluiiinph. a iiioneer of this county, who died 
.\pril H. 11112. Immediately after their mar- 
riage. -Mr. and Mrs. Suess located on a farm 
near (irand Fork. Madison County, and fiu- 
eight .vears Mr. Suess operated this property 
successfully. In lOiHi he purchased 240 acres 
of tine land on section 17, Old Ripley Township. 
known as the old Thomas Hines farm. At the 
time he jiurchased this ia-o|ierty. which was 
one of the first settled in P.ond County, the 
impi'ovenients were cons]iicuous liy their 
absence. Mismanagement had made the land 
deterior.ite in value, but Jlr. Suess soon l)ronght 
aliout a change in .-iffairs. and today it is doubt- 
ful if there is a uku'c desirable farm of its 
size in this jiart of the county. His splendid 
dwelling is fitted with all modern imjirove- 
ments: he has a substantial barn. :!2.x(;2 feet, 
and his other buildings are large and well built. 
Scientific in his methods, every fifth year finds 
Mr. Suess' farm In clover, the rest of the time 
being put into corn, wheat and oats. He keeps 
an excellent grade of livestock, and is known 
among his associates as a skilled judge of cat- 
tle and horses. 

Five children have been horn to Mr. and .Mrs. 
Suess, namel.v: Maud; .Vlvina L.. born I lecem- 
ber 10. isilit. "was continued .Vpril .-.. Iin4. in the 
Kvangelical Church: Orville N.. horn .Inly 2.'j, 
llHIl; Henrietta (".. born Deiember 11. i'.l(l."i: 
Kdith K.. bom April Ki. VMts; and Herbert 
M.. born .Tune 17. 1!>1:>. Mr. and Mrs. 
.Siu'ss .-ire consistent members of the Evangeli- 
cal Church of Old I!ii)ley. of whi<'h Mr. .Suess 
has Iteen treasurer for two ye.iis. Fraternally 



he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of 
.\merica. He is a friend of education, a mem- 
ber of the school Ixiard of district Xo. 4.S, and 
has alwa.vs been in favor of retaining the liest 
teachers. Since att;iiiung his majorit.v he has 
been a stanch su]iporter of Itepublican can- 
did.-ites and principles. .Vs an earnest advocate 
of gooil govermnent he has assisted other zeal- 
ous citizens in promoting and forw.-inling pro- 
gressive measures, and nocitizen in the com- 
munity stands higher in genera! public esteem. 

SUGG, Noah. It womM be diiruidt to find more 
beautiful or iimductive farms than those of 
liond Count.v. for not only is the soil excel- 
lent, but the farmers here are proud of their 
homes and active in their endeavors to imiirove 
them, anil keep them np to standard. One of 
the prosperous farmers of I'urgess Township 
is Xoah Sugg, who was born in the county 
.Vpril l.'J. 1S72. a son of Wilson Willie and Eliz- 
abeth (Miles) Sugg, natives of Bond County, 
the father's birth occurring in 1847. and the 
mother's in 1S4S. F(n' many years the father 
f.irmed in Bond Comity, dying in 1n84. He 
was linried in Smith (Irove Cemeter.v. as was 
bis wife. In religions faith he was a Bajitist, 
.-ind die<l firm in his beliefs. 

.Vfter jiassing through an orilinar\- boyhood, 
during which he attended Sunth's .School at 
Smith's drove, and worked for his father. Noah 
.•■lugg commenced farming, which he has since 
continued. He carries on genei'al farming, and 
his premises show the result of his care and 
enterprise. He owns VM acres in Burgess 
Township. 

(Ml February 2. IMIH. Mr. Su.gg was united 
in marriage with Emma Haun. born .July 31, 
1s7."i. .1 thnighter of Marion and Stacey Ann 
( Itay » Haun. the former born in l,s:iO. ami the 
latter .Inly 2!l. ^^^M. Mr. S\igg's attention has 
been given largely to his f.-irming interests, hut 
be believes in the general im|n'ovenient of the 
liicality if it will be Ix'iieficial to the nm.iority. 
.■ind he has a number of warm. ]iersonal friends 
III the neighborliood where he has lived all his 
life. 

SWANN, Francis H., ;i wortliy ic|iics<'ntative 
• if the best interests of Bond County, chairman 
of the bo:ird of education of Sorento. is suc- 
cessfully o|ier,\ting a tine farm of 1."s acres, 
wliich is situated in Shoal Creek 'Township, 
lie was born in .lersey Comity. III.. March 11. 
isci. and is a son of .lames <iodfrey and Eliza- 
beth .lane (Khoades) Swann. .lames Oodfrey 
Swann was born near Fort Chambers, in St. 
Clair Cimnty. 111., a son of Francis Swann. who 
was born in North Carolina .•ind in 18((!) moved 
first to Christian Cinmty. Ky.. and in the same 
year to what is now St. Clair County. HI. In 
1S2.'! he removed Ui Creene County and made 
his home for three years near Carrollton, then 
moved to Township 7. Hange 11. where he re- 
sided until his death in l.S4."i. in .Jersey County. 
irancis Swann li;id live sons and four daiigh- 



BOND COUNTY. 



77[ 



ters. the oldest of the cluldrcii heiiii; James 
(!. Otliers were: Miiry. who iiiiiriied .Taeoli 
Xutt : .Tolin v.: Klizalietli. wlio was tlic wile of 
William lilmdes: and Sopliroiiia, who married 
(". S. Whitcomh and they iiioveil to San Fran- 
cisco and died there. Frani-is Swann and wife 
were of the .Methodist faith. .lames (!. Swann 
settled on a farm in Jersey t'oiinty in ls;iH and 
devoted it largely to horticnltnre. settin.i; ont 
TOO acres in frnit trees. lie followed fruit 
growing during the greater i)art of his life. His 
death occurred in 1N71.'. He was married tlrst 
on Octoher ;!(». is;'.!), to lOlizaheth Kalston, a 
daughter of Matthew and Nancy Kalston. of 
Todd t'ounty, Ky. She died June .'!, ISol. the 
mother of five children, two of whom died in 
infancy. Alonzo F. in the Civil war : John, 
who was also a soldier in the Civil war and 
is now deceased; and James K. Mr. Swann 
married for his second wife. Flizaheth Jane 
Khoades. who was horn in Virginia, went from 
there to Kentucky and tlience to Jersey County. 
111., where she was married. Two children were 
liorn t() that marriage: Francis II. and JIary 
I'',lizalieth. the latter of whom is deceased. She 
was the wife of Frederick W. White, wlio also 
died in St. I/Juis. Mo., leaving two children : 
Edna G., deceased : and Arthur, a resident of 
St. Louis. The mother of Francis H. Swann 
survived initil ItNM. dying when aged eighty- 
four years. Moth she and hnshand were faith- 
ful mcmlii'rs of the .Methodist ('hnr<-h. 

I>'rancis II. Swann lost his father when he was 
hut twelve years old and remained with his 
mother for some time after at lOlsah, 111., and 
when she moved liack to the farm he assumed 
the resixnisihility and looked after the jilace 
until iss(i. He and mother moved then to 
Macoupin Comity wheiv they lived until ISSS 
and then went to (irafton and later to Alton, 
at lioth places, lieing railroad towns, he found 
railroad work. In l.sso the.v moved to St. 
Louis and for twelve years worked for the 
hoard of education there. In l'.l(l."i he came to 
Hond Count.v to resume farming, renting l.")S 
acres situated in Shoal Creek Township. He 
carries on profitahly a geneial farming line 
growing grains and raising stock. 

On July S. IMIl. .Mr. Swann was marrie(l in 
Jersey Ciamty. Til., to Jliss I,illi.-in .M. Stevens, 
who was horn in Chestertield. Macoupin County. 
111., March .">. 1S(;!>. a daughlci- of Richard J. 
and Francena (Chandler) Stevens. The parents 
of Mrs. Swann were liorn in Knghiud hut were 
married at Fast St. Louis, III. They resided 
on their farm in Maconiiin County, the parents 
of sixteen children. Mrs. Swann heing the 
youngest. Six of this family grew to maturity 
and fonr of these suivive. To Mr. an<l Mrs. 
Swann have heen horn the following chihlren : 
.Tames H.. horn .\iiril 17. T-'.ili. a tireman on the 
Clover Leaf Railroad : Ricliard F., horn Octoher 
22, 1S'.)4, also a tireman with the Clover Leaf: 
Theodore F., horn Septeniher 2."), Isiis; Rohert 
H., horn May 4, 1!Mll : and Thomas W.. horn 
Aju-il .-., r.Kls. 



JIis. SwaTin is an .ictive meniher of the Meth- 
ixlist K|iisi'opal Church, to the sujiport of which 
.Mr. Swjinn suhscrihes as he does to other de- 
noniinalioMs. I'rior to the launching of the 
Progressive party in lillU. Ml-. Swann was a 
Re|inlilican hut since tlien his political .allegiance 
is with the new organization. .Since coming to 
Slioal Creek Township he has shown interest 
in all pulilic matters ;uiil has gained the full 
conHdence of his fellow citizens. In May. 1!)14, 
he was nominated for the ollice (jf chairman of 
the hoard of education of Sorento to fill the 
lilace left vacant hy the death of his valued 
friend. Rufus Crnthis. Largely through his 
efforts was a Carnegie medal secured for heroic 
acts in a mine near Sorento. .Mr. Swaun is a 
<iuiet. sensilile man, one who inspires contideuee 
and while he makes few jirotestations his fel- 
low citizens have learned that lie will always 
he found, in every emergency, on the side of 
right and .justice. 

THACKER, Finis F. riicrc arc few families in 
Hond County with :) more interesting early his- 
tory th.an that of Thackei' ;ind the present 
reiiresentatives take .iiist ]iride in [ireserving the 
family records. .\ prominent representative 
is Finis F. Thacker. for many years a success- 
ful teacher in the jaihlic schools and now a 
resident of Sccrento, his farm of KJO acres lying 
a short distance from the village. Finis F. 
Thacker was horn in .Montgomery County, 111., 
Decemher 2. IsCd. .and is a son of T. Allen 
and Sarah R. (McCaslini Thaiker, the latter a 
native of F.ond County ,ind a memher of a 
prominent old family the history of which is 
given on another )iage of this work. 

The Thacker family history leads hack to 
the reign of M.-iry, (^ueeii of Scots, when Cecil 
Tracker was martyred for his religious helief, 
heing one of the followers of John Kiiox. He 
was hurned .-it the stake. i>xhiliiting the coura.ge 
;iiid Christliki- ipialities wliicli have ever since 
marked his descendants, all of whom have 
heen noted for their zeal in advancing the 
work of the I're.shyteri,in Church. Three cen- 
turies later the Thackers still lueserved their 
n.ime and high standing, and in old lihraries 
may he found a school history in which is re- 
iiirded details of the War of 1S12 and con- 
l.iining an illuslration that must ever hring a 
feeling of pi-ide to the hearers of this name. 
( >u the dangerous hreastworks at the hattle of 
Xew Orleans, in ISl.", stood Kli.jah Thacker and 
every shot from his trusty musket hrought low 
an enemy, an<l his work was <'ontinuous for 
,pist lielow him was his hrother .Vllen, a less 
sure marksman, who loaded the muskets as fast 
as Klij.-ili discharged them. 

This .\llen Thacker was the grandfjither of 
Fiids F. Thacker. of Sorento. He was a na- 
tive of Virginia and there married Harriet 
Vaughn, after which they migrated to Harren 
County, Ky.. hoth riding the same horse, .\fter 
his ndlit.ary service was over he returned to 
l!;irren Coinitv hut evideiitlv w;is not contented 



776 



BOND COUNTY. 



for soon after we find biiii iiiiikiiig prepara- 
tions to seek a new home still farther on the 
frontier. A.s others of his kind he was re- 
sourceful and when he had succeeded in mak- 
ing a cart out of logs, he liitched his cow and 
bullock together for a team, and with this 
means of transixirtation brought his wife and 
their children to Illinois. In this primitive 
way the.v jtiurne.ved until the.v found a good 
spring of water, northeast of what is now 
Greenville, and thereupon decided to locate 
there. Such minor hardships as having no 
cabin and no neighbors did not disturb such 
sturdy pioneers as these and very soon after 
entering land a log hut was built and there 
both be and wife passed the remainder of their 
lives, which extended far beyond the usual 
span, he completing the century mark and she 
being aged ninety-five years when she followed 
bini to the grave a few days later. 

T. Allen Tbacker. son of Allen and father of 
Finis F. Tbacker. was Iwrn in Barren County, 
Ky.. and died in Bond County. 111., when aged 
seventy-five years. By trade be was a black- 
smith. His wife survived him, dying at the 
age of seventy-nine years and their ashes rest 
in the Mount Moriah graveyard in JIulberry 
Grove Townshi|i. The.v bad the following chil- 
dren : Robert E.. who is deceased ; Edward L., 
who lives at Tecumseb. Xeb. : Timothy A., who 
is a resident of Greenville. 111. : Edwin F., who 
is a farmer near Donnellson, 111. : Henry H.. 
who is a resident of Brazil. Ind. : Warren P. and 
Henry, twins : Frederick W., who lives on the 
old homestead ; Lurama r>.. who is the wife c(f 
W. A. Lewy, living at Woodsboro. 111.: Katie, 
who is the wife of P. L. Warlick. of north of 
Greenville, 111.: Bertha E.. who lives near Don- 
nellson. 111. ; Flora A., who dieil in infanc.v : and 
Finis F. 

Finis F. Tbacker attended the district schools 
and remained <in the home farm until he was 
twenty-four years of age. Then, with a rela- 
tive, be went by team to Southwestern Kansas 
and took up a claim in Jleade Count.v, on which 
he built a sod bouse and lived there alone until 
he had proved up his homestead, pre-emption 
and tree claim. 4N0 acres in all. For throe 
.years it was a lonel.v life and be remembers 
the unpleasant visits of rattlesnakes and the 
howling of the prairie wolves at night. This 
isolation proved at last unbearable and he re- 
turned to bis boyhood home and old friends 
and on Xoveniber Ll2. 1887. he was united in 
marriage with Jliss Adda E. Denney. She was 
horn near Sorento. 111., June 10, ISfiT. and is a 
daughter of Cyrns P.. and Ellen (Boyd) Den- 
ney, pioneers of Bond County. 

After marriage Mr. and Jlrs. Tbacker went 
to Kansas and began housekeeiiing in the old 
sod house on his farm and continued to live 
there until January, LSlCi. when they returned 
to Bond C(Uinty and located in Sorento. mainly 
to take advantage of the school privileges for 
their children. Mr. Tbacker .sold bis western 
land in lf)0.3 and now owns the 1(!0 acres before 



mentioned and also a tract in the village on 
which he erected a comfortable residence. Mr. 
and Mrs. Tbacker have had the following chil- 
dren : Velma I., who was born in Kansas, is 
now the wife of Thomas Stevenson, who 
operates Mr. Tbacker"s farm, and they have two 
children. Mabel and Rowena : Nellie P., who 
was graduated from the Sorento school, 
is attending school at Lincoln College : and 
Marie I,., who is a high school student at 
Sorento. Both Mr. and Mrs. Thacker have 
been members of the Cumberland Presb.vterian 
Church since they were children and he was 
only seventeen years old when he was elected 
chorister and served as such for thirty years. 
He has been a teacher in the Sunday school 
since he was twent.v years old and for fifteen 
years has been an elder in the church. Like 
bis father before him he has lieen faithful to 
the principles of the Reiiublican party and in 
I'.ios was elected police magistrate, an office 
he has since filled satisfactorily to all concerned. 
For man.v years Jlr. Tbacker has made the 
breeding of fine Jersey cattle a feature of his 
agricultural activities and has some fine speci- 
mens on his farm. Personally be is much re- 
spected and during his .vears of educational 
work as a teacher, made friends who have re- 
mained such to the present time. 

THOMPSON, Moses E. The citizens of La- 
<;ram;e Townsbiji need no introduction to Moses 
E. Thomiison. a citizen who has won universal 
resi)ect and esteem through a long and honor- 
alile career, filled with industry and well-di- 
rected effort. Although now living practically 
retired, the labor of bis earlier years having 
brought to him a comfortable competency, he 
.-•till takes an active and intelligent interest in 
all matters that affect the welfare of his com- 
munity, and is justly regarded as one of Bond 
County's most representative farmer-citizens. 
Mr. Thompson was born in Section .32, LaGrange 
Township, Bond County, 111., on the farm now 
owned by John H. Sbutt. April 0, 1S63, and is 
a son of Joseph Patterson and Elvira (Hoop- 
ingarner) Thompson, the former a native of 
Tennessee and the latter of Indiana. 

Joseph Thompson was a lad when he accom- 
]ianied his father. Jacob Thompson, to Indiana, 
and there grew to manhood and was married. 
There bis father died in lS.">(i. and in that year 
Joseph Thomjison came to Bond County, 111., 
and entered land in the following year. He 
first settled in Old Ripley, where he engaged 
in the mercantile business, but eventually set- 
tled on his farm in section .■>2. now LaGrange 
Township, where be develoi>ed the land and 
erected a brick house, which has since been 
rei)laccd by the present home of John H. Shutt 
Joseph Thompson became a substantial farmer 
and was one of the leading men of his locality. 
A stanch Republican, for bis uprightness and 
loyalty he was known far and wide as "Squire" 
Thompson, serving as justice of the peace for a 
long period of years. He and his wife were 



BOND COUNTY. 



777 



Methodists in their religiou.s Iielief, and reared 
their children in that faith along the lines of 
honesty, integrity and morality. Mr. Thomp- 
son was a plain, home-loving man. charitable 
in a high degree, loyal to his friends, generous 
to his enemies and an important factor in the 
building of the church and school. He 
passed away .Tune L'O. 1004. Mr. Thomp- 
son's first wife died in 1S64, when the son 
Moses E. was but fourteen months of age. and 
he has no recollection of her. nor has he a 
picture of her to cherish. Mr. Thompson was 
married (second) to Permelia Hoopingarner, 
(Henderson) sister of his first wife. By the 
first union there were the.se children : Mary 
.7aue, deceased, who was the wife of Thomas 
Foster, of Greenville. 111. : Thomas B., a farmer 
operating near Sorenton. 111. ; John M., deceased, 
who married Jane Walker, also deceased ; Jo- 
seiih Patterson, now residing at Whittler, Cal. : 
George F., a farmer residing south of Green- 
ville ; and Moses E. By the second union of 
Mr. Thomijson there were born children as 
follows : Alice, who died in childhood ; Mag- 
gie, the wife of Shelton Jett. of Snyder. Okla. ; 
Ida. the wife of Henry Blizzard, of Greenville; 
Cary M.. living at Terre Haute, Ind. ; Elva, the 
wife of Charles Ilerron, of St. Louis, Mo. 

Moses E. Thomiison received his early educa- 
tional training in the district schools of his 
native locality, and was reared to agricultural 
pursuits. At the time of his father's retire- 
ment, in ISSI, Moses E. Thompson, with his 
two brothers. Milton and George, purchased the 
old homestead of .'540 acres, and subsequently 
Moses iiurcha.sed the interest of the others, be- 
ing now the owner of the original homestead on 
Sections 11 and 14. LaGrange Township. To 
this he has since added, having 400 acres in one 
body, and another tract of l(i7 acres, lying in 
Sections 14 and 2.3, making his total acreage 
iii'i't. all under a high state of cultivation. Mr. 
Thompson began farming as soon as he could 
reach the plow handles, and this has been his 
vocation throughout life. Although now some- 
what retired, it being unnecessary for him to 
continue doing the actual labor, he is alert to 
.ill new methods, carefully st:pervises the work- 
ing of his property and keeps himself well in- 
formed as to the manner in which it is pi'o- 
ducing. 

On September 2.''p, 1SS4, Mr. Thompson was 
married to Miss .Martha Icephene Watts, who 
was born in Indiana. November 12. 1N(!2. daugh- 
ler of Tlmmas .iinl Margaret Watts, who came 
to Bond County. 111., about the year 1SS2 and 
are both now de<eased. Mr. and Mrs. Watts 
were agricultural people, were faithful mem- 
bers of the Ba|)tist Church, and left many 
friends to mourn their loss. After their mar- 
riage Mr. and Mrs. Thompson began their mar- 
ried life in a log cabin in .section 11. I..aGrauge 
Township, on the present farm of their son 
liwight. This cabin was sulise<piently replaced 
by a hand.some cottage, in which Mr. Thompson 
lived until March. lOi;!. Two sons were born 
11 



in the little log cabin : Joseph T., born June 
12, isso, married Maude Englis, has two chil- 
dren, Xaomi I. and Rachel A., and is farming 
a part of the old homestead; and Dwight M., 
born February 1, 1880, who married Mildred 
Booher, daughter of John Booher, a prominent 
Bond County farmer. They have one daugh- 
ter: Geneva. Mr. Thompson is now farming 
the property where he was born, a tract of 
120 acres, just to the north of his father's land, 
while his brother. Joseph, has 120 acres just 
to the .south. In the spring of 1913, Mr. Thomp- 
son remodeled the old home, as it is his inten- 
tion to remain on the farm instead of remov- 
ing to the city. Here, surrounded by his chil- 
dren and grandchildren, who love and respect 
him, he may pass the remaining years of his 
life in the enjoyment of the rewards that only 
come from a life of industry and honest toil. 
He has ever been identified with those things 
which have made for progress, and while he 
has been very busy preparing for the future 
of himself and his family, he has found time 
al.so to ally himself with other earnest and 
public-spirited citizens in promoting the welfare 
of his county. He is a zealous member of 
the Christian Church, while his wife is a Bap- 
tist. In politics a Reptiblican, he has filled 
various public otiices, being assessor for two 
years, four years a member of the board of 
supervisors of Bond Count.v, and one year chair- 
man of that body, and throughout his public 
service he displayed a conscientious devotion 
to the duties devolving upon him. Successful 
as a business man, with a record in public 
life that is beyond reproach, surrounded b.v 
friends that have been drawn to him by his 
many admirable qualities of mind and heart, 
he :nay be taken as a true type of the repre- 
sentative citizenship which has made Bond 
County what it is today. 

TISCHHAUSER, John. Switzerland has given 
this country some of its most upright and rep- 
resentative men. not afraid of work, but will- 
ing to labor hard, and alwa.vs able to save 
from their earnings. One who has made a suc- 
cess of his work, and is now living retired, 
is John Tischhauser of Millersburg. He was 
born at Sefelen, Sanglegalen, Switzerland. Feb- 
ruary .",. 184,'i. a son of Nicholas and Elizabeth 
(Engler) Tiscliliauser, the former l)orn in 180,3. 
and both were natives of Switzerland. The 
mother died at Sebastopol. in 1840. The father 
was educated in the public schools of his na- 
tive place, and entered the army when he was 
1wenty-<)iM> to .serve his term. In 1840, after 
the death of his wife, he came to Bond County, 
111., and began farming and continued it suc- 
cessfully until his death. Ho passed away 
at Carlyle, 111., in July. is.")4. In religious faith 
he was a Presbyterian. Kiuing his service as 
a soldier he achieved promotion being made 
quartermaster and serge.int, and always did 
faithfully, whether in military or private life, 
whatever was given him to perform. 



778 



BOND COUNTY. 



John TisihlKiuser was only allowed to attend 
school two iiioiiths each year, Imt he made the 
best of his oiiportunities ami studied hard. On 
July -'(), INlil, he enlisted and served until 
.TmI'v 22. istri. in the Fifteenth Missouri Vol- 
unteer Infantry, and iiarticipated in the fol- 
Idwin- Iiattles: I'ea lMdj,'e, I'erryville, Stone 
Kiver. Liberty (iap, Chickamauf^a, Missionary 
Itid^'e. ISoekyFall, Resaca, New Hope, Dallas, 
Kenesaw Jlountain. I'eacli Tree Creek, Siege of 
Atlanta, .Touesboro, Lovejoy, Spring Hill, Frank- 
lin, Nashville and Columbia. After his dis- 
charge in .Tuly 22, Isd."), he moved to High- 
land, Madison "county. 111., and from there went 
to Edgewnod, EHinghani Coiuity. He had 
learned the wa.gon making trade, and worked 
at it before entering the army, and in 1807 re- 
sumed this work. In ]8(J'.) he came to Millers- 
Inirg, Bond County, where he opened up a .shop. 
an(i operated it until ls,S4. Soon thereafter, 
he began farming and was engaged in that 
work until his retirement in Is'.)!). 

On Septeinlier '■'>. ISCilI, he married Kossina^ 
Dirtier, born April s, 1S4'.), died April 2:!, li)10, 
aged sixty years and fifteen days, a daughter 
of Cliristian and Anna (Ilousley) Entler. ilr. 
and ilrs. Tischhauser liave had the following 
children: Anna Louisa, horn .lune Hi, ls(i7; 
Rosa, born July 2(), istii) ; John, born July '!. 
1.S71, died Septendier 2!), ]S71 ; an unnamed i)i- 
fant liorn August ]S, 1S72. and another un- 
named infant, born August !.'>, l.S7o. He mar- 
ried (second) on .March I), 11)11, r.arl)ai'a 
Weith, born at Ilillcrest, Calhoun County, 111., 
July 21, 18.jS, 

Mr, Tischhauser lias done his duty as a 
citizen and has faitlifully disdiarged the duties 
of the following utlices ; School director for 
eight years, school trustee for eight .rears, con- 
stalile'for eight years from 1S7'.) to issi). super- 
visor for ten years in succession, re-elected to 
the same office in 11)01 for two years, and in 
l!l()7 once more re-elected, and he is still 
supervisor. He was one of the first men to 
serve on the village hoard of Millersburg. In 
IM).'!, he was elected president of the board 
and still holds that office. His line farm of 22.% 
acres is one of the best in the county and he 
owns other property, being one of the sul)stan- 
tial men of this locality. He is a I'resbyteriaii 
and is sti'ong in his s\ipport of his church. His 
social .-ind fraternal associations .are with the 
Modei'ii Woodmen ,ind the (J. A. i:. No man 
in Hond County is more universally respecteil 
or honored than he, and all he has has been 
earned through his own efforts and strict 
economy. 

TSCHANNEN, Fritz Jacob. The fanners of 
Hond County are as a cl.iss very industrious 
and thrifty and they have made good farms out 
of their land. One of them who has always 
worked hard and saved his n)oney, is Fritu 
Jacob Tschanuen, who owns 240 acres of good 
land in Burgess Township. He was born in 
Carlvle. Clinton County. 111.. S<>ptembcr 2.">. 



lS(iO, being a son of John B. and Anna (Hoff- 
man) Tschannan, the former boiii in Switzer- 
land, died in 11)01, while the latter was born 
In Switzt'rland, February lit, 1S20. The father 
was a farmer and carjienter, working at Car- 
lyle. at his trade, but later when he went to 
Highland, iladison County, he farmed until 
1.S02, when he retired, and made that place 
his home until his demise. His education was 
secured in the (Jerman sclnxils. In religious 
faith, he was a CJerman Lutheran. 

Fritz Jacob Tschannen went to school in 
his native jilace. and later at Highland. He 
commenced fai-ming in Is!)." in Bond County, 
locating two miles east of I'ierson in Burgess 
Township, and has developed a good farm, of 
which he is very proud. Fraternally he is a 
member of the Modern Woodmen. His relig- 
ious faith makes him a member of the (lennan 
Liitheran Church. 

On May s, 1NS4, Mr. Tschannen married 
Eliza I'.ellm, a d;iughter of I'etei' Itellm. and 
she died in September, 11)04, having borne him 
seven cliildren : Leo Fritz, Edgar Joseph. Os- 
car, deceased, Xelsou, deceased, Ou.ssie, Elsie 
and Fremont, deceased. In 10O4, Mr. Tschan- 
nen married Jidia Belhn. a sister of his first 
wife. 

Mr. Tschannen has always tried to do what 
he believed was his duty, worked hard for all 
he has, and he has succeeded i-emarkably well. 
.Vniong bis neighbcjrs he is I'egarded as ,'i good 
business man and farmer, and be h.is many 
friends in Bond Count.v. 

TURNER, James Eugene, a well kiiuwii busi- 
ness man of Sorento 111., a contractor and 
builder, also a miner, is a native of this state, 
born at East St. Louis, March 20, 1S(17. and 
is a son of J<ihn K. and Harriet M. (Cole) ' 
Turner. The father was born in I'ennyslvania 
and the mother at New Haven. Conn. Her 
parents moved from Connecticut to Pennsyl- 
vania, settling near the Turners, and there her 
marriage to John K. Turner took place. In 
1S.5S they began to look for a desirable luune 
pla<-e f;irtlier west, jiansing first i)i Illinois and 
then going on to Missouri and lived in Warivn 
County until ISCO. 

John K. Turner was a railroad m.in to some 
e.\teiit and tor three years was employed in 
getting out timber for the old North Missouri 
Railroad, now the Wabash and Western Rail- 
road. Earl.v in l.siio he foresaw the trouble 
then aliproaching between the free ami slave 
States and huiried his wife and children from 
.Missouii to the home of his mother-in-law. 
He early eidisted for service in the I'nion army 
.•md while being drilled at St, Louis, during 
,•1 storm was struck by lightiung. this accident 
in.iui'ing him so severely that he was lnuioiably 
disch.irged from the service. Three of his 
brothers also became .soldiei's, one of whom was 
killed by a canno)i ball at the battle of I'ilot 
Knob: anolher died after his release from -Vu- 
dei-siiiivillc Prison: while the third died in the 



I50ND COUNTY. 



77'J 



iiniiy from tho olfpcts of oxiiosmc AI'Iit the 
war closed Mr. Tiiriier and family icliiiiicd to 
Warren Coiint.v. Mo., and (here lie died, Feb- 
ruary 7. I^Tii. The family I'emaiiied on the 
farm nntil issl. when all retnrned to Illinois 
.•md lived at (Jillespie. in .Maeonpin Connty 
nntil tlie fall of lss."i. wlien they located in 
Sorento and liere the mother died .Tnly s, T.lOd. 
Slie was horn Septendier l.">. ls.'!."i, and was 
married .Tannary 1.5. lN."i2. and lier life was 
one of many Christian virtues. Botli she and 
linsliand were memliers of the Metliodist Kpis- 
copal Clinn-h. 'I'welve children were horn to 
them. si.\ sons and six dan^'hters. hve of the 
family dyin^' when yonn;^. The survivors are: 
.So]ilironia, who is the wife of Kichard I love, of 
Ward. III.: .John 1$., of Warrenton, Mo.: Clara, 
wife of .Terry Yowl, of Litchlield. 111.: .Tames 
Kufiene: William H.. of .Sorento: Ilattie. wife 
of .losepli Hnracionuh. of Sorento: and Kdith 
Mav. wife of a .Mr. Itennett, of JCast St. I.nuis. 
111. 

.Tames Kn;;ene Turner was .a child when the 
family I'cturned to Warren County. -Mo., and 
there he attended school, .\fter the death of 
the father the sons carried on the farm and 
worked in the tindier until ISSI, as mentioned 
above. .Vfter comini; to Sorento. Mr. Turner 
ft)llowed carjjenterinK and Imildinu and is now 
a contractiu' in tlu^ same line and during the 
winter seasons lie worlcs at times in the mines. 
He (jwns a comfortable residence at .Sorento 
and is looked upon as a sulist.'intial citizen. 

At Greenville. 111.. Septeiiiher l^d. issil, Mr. 
Turner was married to Miss liose K. Crithth. 
who was born on a farm just north of Sorento. 
()ct<iber 14. 1S7(|, ,\ dau^diter of .Tames .M. and 
Eliza .T. (Ilolbniokl Critlitli. .Mr. and Mi's. 
Turner have tlie followiic.; children: Leila 
Edna, who was born in isiil. is the wife of 
William Shores, of Sorento. .-iiid they have one 
son. Frank K. : Mabel Irene, wllo was born 
Si"ptemlier Is. ]S'.l4. is a trraduate of the Sorento 
Hifjh School and for two years lias bei'ii a suc- 
cpssful te.iclier here: and Itosa May. who was 
born .Tannary 2:>, Isiis. is a student in the 
Sorento Ilijjli School. The family belon^'s to 
the Methodist Kpiscopal Church. Il<> was reare<l 
in his father's jiolitical faith and has always 
iliveii his supjiort to the Uepnlilic:in party, but. 
with the exception of serving; once on the scIkkpI 
hoard, has never been willing to accept politi- 
cal office. For nian.v years lie lias been iden- 
tified with the Odd Fellows. He has made 
fiis own way in the world and the sui-cess that 
has attended his efforts lias been tli(> result 
of industry anil ^'ood Judfiment. 

VAUGHAN, Schuyler B., wlios,. enterprise, 
.activity and pnbiir spirit in advancinu' his own 
fortunes as well .-is those of his connty and 
State, have served to lirin;; him ipiile promi- 
nently to the attention of his fellow citizens, 
is a resident of <;reenville and was born .\pril 
1!», 187!i. at Smitlihoid. I'.ond County. III. He 



is a son i<( .\o;ili .\. and Mary .\. dintlcri 
\an;;lian. 

.N'oali .\. \an^han w.is born in IJond County 
anil his wife in I,;iwrence County, Ind., both 
coming' from a;;riciiltural families.' They reside 
at Smithboro. III., where Mr. Vauirhan is a 
ttiirdener and fruit irrower. He is a veteran 
of the Civil war. in which he served for four 
.rears, during' nineteen months sufferin;; im- 
prisonment at Tyler, Tex. He took part in 
many liard fonj;lit battles and marched we.arily 
over many miles of country and finally received 
an honorable discharf;e. He returned then to 
liolid County .-ind has lived a ipiiet, useful life 
here ever since. .\n active worker in the tem- 
perance cause, he voles with the I'roliibition 
party. II(> and his wife are Rood Christian 
jieople. devout members of the Free .Methodist 
Church. To his first marriau'e one dani;liter 
was born. .Tennie, who is the wife of Ansnstus 
Campbell, who is a farmer in Fayette Connty. 
III. Six children weri' born to his second mar- 
riage, namely: .Vbbie. who is the widow of 
I'eter Smith, lives at San I''rancisco: I'la : IJz- 
zie. who died in iiif.incy: .Nina, who is the wife 
of Ilai'ry Sapp. of St. .lacob's. 111.: Schuyler 
r.. : and JIamie. wlio lives at home. 

Schuyler K. Vaushan attended school at 
Smithboro until he was thirteen .rears of af;e, 
when he became a clerk ill a seneral store, 
beinK very ambitions to be self-sujipoitiuf;. 
I"or seven ye.-irs tliidni;h fidelity to liis em- 
ployer's interests, he contiiincd in that first place 
of business, winnim; the esteem and confidence 
of the firm. In lN7ii lie went to oklalinma and 
entered the employ of a mercantile house at 
Sapul|ia. Indian Territory, where he remained 
until 1!l(M» and then returned to Illinois. Here 
he entered the mercantile establishment of his 
brother-in-law, I'eler Smith, later buyini; a oiie- 
li.-ilf interest and .after the death of Mr. Smith 
continned in that euter]irise until IfiOL', when 
he sold out his stock. He flicii became a trav- 
eling; salesm.in for the Haas. Lieber (iroeery 
Company, of St. I.ouis. JTo.. with which liou.se 
he is yet identilied, controlling' a larse territory 
of patronage and bein;,' held in very liifih reijard 
.■is to business c.-ipacity and personal intei;rit,v 
by the firm. 

On .Tune 21. 1!HH, Jlr. \am,'haii was married 
to Miss Mai-fiaret I.. Davis, 'who was born at 
Kewanee. III.. February 11. 1s7!l. .a daii;;liter 
of Kvan ,111(1 Mary ( I'.ieck ) Davis, the former 
of whom is deceased. Prior to liHi" Mr. and 
Mrs. VaiiKlian resided at Smithboro but in that 
year they purchased their handsome residence 
on South Second Street, (ireenville, which they 
have eii.ioyed ever since. They have three 
ihildren : .Melville, born December 2S, ItKl.-i; 
Schuyler 1'... born October .'ll. IIMI.S; and Les- 
lie, born .lannary Id, lull. .Mr. and .Mrs. 
X'au^han beloni; to the .Methodist Kpiscojial 
Church. He is identilied with the .Masons. 
Kniilhts of I'yfhias. the Woodmen of the World 
and the liiited Commercial Travelers. From 



780 



BOND COUNTY. 



early mauljooil until litll'. Uo liad lieeu a hearty 
supporter of the principles clairaecl by the Ke- 
puhlican party but changes came about that 
caused him to assist in the organization of the 
Progressive party and later lie was nominated 
in the 47th senatorial district for the state leg- 
islature, making a strong canvass in spite of 
the great odds. He is a clear headed, out- 
spoken man, a good type of the earnest Ameri- 
can citizen of today who desires to serve his 
country patriotically and unselfishly. In 1914 
Mr. Vaughan was again selected by the Pro- 
gressive party as the candidate for the 47th 
senatorial district for representative this includ- 
ing Bond and Madison counties. 

VEST, Eugene W., who is one of the well 
known men of P>ond County and the ow-ner of 
a highly cultivated farm of 147 acres, situated 
one-half mile west of Mulberry Grove, for many 
years has also been associated w'ith one of the 
large business firms of St. Louis, Mo., the Ma- 
jestic Manufacturing Company, for which he 
has been a traveling salesman since 1800. His 
territory covers the Pacific coast and British 
Columbia. He sold the first Majestic range. 
Mr. Vest was born in Mulberry Grove, Bond 
County. 111., December 17, 1850. His parents 
were Thomas I. and Nancy (Woolard) Vest. 
The former was born in Alabama, September 
9, 1S2.5, and came with his father to Indiana 
then to Illinois in 1839 or 1840. He was edu- 
cated in the public schools and at McKendree 
College and for a number of years was a suc- 
cessful school teacher. In early life he was a 
Democrat in politics but did not believe in 
the extension of slavery and in 1858 allied 
himself with the Republican party. On August 
13, 1861, he enlisted for service In the Civil war, 
entering Company C, Twenty-sixth Illinois In- 
fantry, of which he was commissioned first lieu- 
tenant by Governor Yates, but resigned on !ic- 
count of hemorrhoids after serving six months. 
He always took an active interest in public 
improvements and at one time was a director of 
the Vandalla Railroad Company. In youth he 
iniited with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
and to the day of his death was a faithful 
member. He died October 29, 1912. He mar- 
ried Nancy Woolard, who was born in Maury 
County, Tenn., February 22. 1828, and died 
July 2, 1903. She was a woman of fine pres- 
ence, admirable in every way and home an<I 
social circles were brightened by her iiresence. 
She was the eldest daughter of Rev. .Tames B. 
Woolard. who was born in Beaufort C-ounty, 
N. C December Ifi, 1804, and died May 4. 
1887. He came to Bond County, 111., in 1829 
and entered and settled on the farm that now 
belongs to his grandson, Eugene W. Vest, who 
has greatly Improved the property. Mr. Wool- 
ard w-as a" minister and presiding elder in the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. At one time he 
served his district in the lower house of the 
Illinois legislature. I'p to the time of the bom- 
bardment of Fort Siuuter in 1801. he was 



stanch in his adherence to the Democratic party 
but he was patriotic and espoused the cause of 
tLe ("nion and In 1802 was couunlssioned by 
Governor Yates, chaplain of the One Hundred 
and Eleventh Illinois Infantr.v and served for 
over two years when he resigned on account 
of failing health. There are those still living 
in Bond County who have known every individ- 
ual mentioned in the above record for sixty- 
five years and their unimpeachable testimony 
declares that Bond County has lieen lienefited 
by lives such as these. 

WADE, Albert, who ii5 a well known resident 
nf Bond Count.v. a successful farmer in Shoal 
Creek T\)wnship and a prosperous merchant at 
Sorento, was born on a farm that he now owns, 
situated on Section IG, Shoal Creek Township. 
December 1, 1861, and is a son of .John D. 
and Rebecca J. (Brewer) Wade. John T. Wade 
was borji in 18.30, in Wayne County, Ky.. and 
in 18.33 was brought to Bond County by his 
jiarents who died in his boyhood, .\fter being 
t>rphaned he went to live with William Cruthis, 
southwest of Reno, in Shoal Creek Township, 
and worked on the farm until the beginning 
of the Mexican war. Although but sixteen 
years old at the time he enlisted in Company 
E, Third Illinois Infantry, in 1840, and served 
faithfully during the war. After coming back 
to Bond County he worked on farms by the 
month until the fall of 1848, when he entered a 
tract of land on Section 15, Shoal Creek Town- 
shiii, on which he built a log cabin and in the 
spring of 1S49 was married to Rebecca Jane 
Brewer. He subsecpiently sold his first farm 
of forty acres and bought on section 10. where 
he erected a frame building, in which his sou, 
-Vlbert Wade was born. Later John T. Wade 
sold that property and for a time rented land 
and then purchased adjoining his first farm, 
on Section IG. and there made his home con- 
tinuously with the exception of a few months 
jiassed in Madison Count.v until he sold to his 
son Albert, following which he bought on Sec- 
tion 20. and there his death occurred in Feb- 
ruary, 1899. For many years he had suffered 
from wounds received in the Mexican war and 
trouble so occasioned in his left leg hastened 
his death. He was an excellent man In every 
relation of life and was universally respected. 
His widow survived until the spring of 1908. 
Her father and mother were born in North 
Carolina but she was born after they came to 
Bond County. 

The following children were born to John T. 
Wade and wife: (Jeniza. who is the wife of 
Franklin Thompson, of Old Ripley: Caroline, 
who is the wife of James P. Oakley, a farmer 
in Shoal Creek Township: Albert: and seven 
who died in infancy. 

.\lliert Wade spent his youth on the home 
farm and secured a district school education. 
Until his marriage he remained at home as- 
sisting his father and afterward settled on the 
farm situated on section 10. and on May 1. 



P.OXI) COUNTY. 



781 



1!)01. Mr. AVadi' li()\i.i;lit the oUl liuiiif.sto:nl on 
Section 20. on which he resides. Me is one ol' 
the substantial men of Bond Connt.v atid now 
owns 217 acres situated on Sections 10, 20 and 
21, Shoal Creelj Townshiji. On Februarv l."p. 
I'JOS. Mr. Wade added to his resiionsiliilities li.v 
enilinrkini; in a y;eiieral mercantile hnsiness at 
."<orento. in iiartiiershi]) with Charles U. Ciirr.v. 
under the tirm name of Curr.v & Wade. The.v 
carr.v a full line of well selected nierchaiulise. 
includin;: dry fjtoods. boots, shoes, notions and 
liroeeries. He has be(;n au active business man 
for man.v .vears but in all this time he has 
never had a law suit, never sued any one nor 
has ever been called into court himself. 

In March, 1802, Mr. Wade was united in 
uiarria.ae with Miss Elizabeth .\. I'.rown, who 
was born near Staunton. Madison <'ounty, 111., 
in December. IstH, and died April 1. IMOl. She 
was a devoted member of the rresbyterian 
Church and a model of Christian virtues. Her 
parents were II. C. and Elizabeth (Mcl'ar^iiid i 
Brown, both prominent pioneer fanulies of the 
county. Two of the children liorn to Mr. and 
Mrs. Wade died in infancy, those surviving,' 
being: Amy, who was born June 'i. ISO."! ; Wil- 
lard, who was born December 10. 1.N07 : Lester, 
who was born Xovemlier IS, ISll.S; and Floyd 
who was born February 10. IS'M. Mr. 
Wade has been somewhat prominent in ]ioli- 
tics and on the Democratic ticket has been 
frequentlj- elected to responsible iiublic otlices. 
Twice he has been townshi]) collector, served 
one term as assessor, four times has been 
elected supervisor, in 1S"J5 being chosen chair- 
man of the board of supervisors, a i)Osition hv 
still mis. 

WALLACE, Elmore D., contractor and biiiMci. 
at Greenville. 111., is nniver-sally recojinized as 
a skilled mechanic and a good citizen. He 
was born in Sumner County, Tenn., May 2ii. 
1S41, and is a .son of Samuel S. and Sarah Jf. 
(Carri Wallace, both of whom were born in 
Sumner County. .Joseph Wallace, the great- 
grandfather, was born in S<(>tland and accom- 
panied bis two brothers to the .\merican colo- 
nies. They all took part in the Uevolutionary 
war and thus became .separated, the where- 
abouts of one brother never having been found 
out. One settled in Virginia while .Iosc|ib 
Wallace settled in Teniu'ssee. In all proli 
ability, the distinguished Oeneral I.eu' Wallace 
belonged to this family. 

.losejih Walla<-e was born .Vngust o, IT.'iI. .-iiid 
married Mary .Me;iks. who was born SeplcniluT 
4. 17.">ii. and they had the following children : 
Elizabeth, born .Tainiary 22. 1777: .lames, born 
December 21. 177S: .lane. November o, 17.S(): 
Sarah, Sei>tember :!0, 17S2 : Adam, boin Xovem- 
ber 13. 17N4, died in Tennes.see. September 24. 
1S.-I4: Anna, born October 13, 17s(i: .lohn, born 
.lanmiry 24, 17N!»: Mary. .January 21. 17!)1 ; Ma- 
tilda. August n. 17!i:i: .losepli, February 1!). 
17!i."i: i;i\an. .Tamiary :?!•. 1707: and Samuel. 
.NovemlK'r 1, 1700. .Vdam Wallace niarric(l 



Sarah Steward and tliey bad children as fol- 
lows: Fintha, born November 0, 1800; E. E., 
born September 7, ISOJS: Adam E., born Octo- 
ber l(i, 1S12; William E., horn January 10, 
1S14; and Samuel S.. born November 18, 1815. 

In 183S Samuel S. Wallace married Sarah 
.M. Carr, of Irish extraction, and the Carr family 
record as far li;ick as it can be traced reads as 
follows: John C.-irr mai'ried Sarah Cage. He 
was born September .'i, 177.'{ and died June 7, 
18.">1, and she was born January 20, 1774 and 
ilied August 2;i, 1840. They had children as 
follows: I'atsey, horn August 31, 1702, died 
Dccemlier 28, 1821; I'riscilla. born Seijtember 
20. 1703, married ;i Sir. Murry. and died July 
2. Is.lS; .\nnie, born September 22. 170."i. mar- 
ried liobert Allen and died July 11. 187.".: Wil- 
liam ('., born Janu.iry 17. 170s. died in 1835: 
James, born April 27, 1700, <lieil June 7. 1857: 
John L., born November .3, ISCMl died May 21, 
1872; Wilson, born in 1M).3. died in 1851: Kuce, 
born Seiiteniber 1, 18o2 ; Ora L.. born Septem- 
ber 1, 1.S07: Hryce M.. born April 10. IslO. died 
in 1.SS7: I'atty. born November 24, 1812. mar- 
ried a Mr. Crenshaw: Jesse D.. born June 10, 
1S14, died Decemlier 11. 1003: and Sarah M. 

Sanniel S. Wallace was a farmer and car- 
penter in Teiniessei> until ISIO when he loaded 
ills tamil.v and elTects on a wagon and thus 
went to Te.xas and bought land in Gra.vson 
County where he followe<l farming and stock- 
raising initil his death. September 8, 1878, Two 
children are recorded: I'llmcn-e 1).: and Louisa. 
The last named was born July -0, 1830. and 
liecami' the wife of W. C. English of (Irayson 
County, removing since the Civil war to Cook 
County, Tex. To .Mr. .ind Mrs. English the 
following children were born: Jeinue. born in 
1N5N, died in isci; ; Calla, born in Istil, mar- 
ried William Turner and they moved to Cook 
County. Te.x., where she died: Bailey, born 
in lsi;5. of Cook County; Maud, born in ls70. 
is married and lives at Gainsville. Tex.: Sam- 
uel W.. born in 1n72, resides at .Vustin. Tex.: 
Itobert ]■;.. born in 1S7(;. is a merchant in Okla- 
homa : and Ethel, born in 1878. is the wife of 
a Mr. (iilbert. of Hale County, Texas. 

Elmore D. Wallace acionipanied his jiareut.s 
to Te.xas in 1840 and obtained his first school- 
ing in (irayson County. He helped his father 
.m the farm until the ojieniug of the Civil war 
in the second year of which be became .-i soldier 
in the Confederate army, in 1sCi2 joiiung the 
ICtb Texas Cavalry C. S. .V. and served with 
his regiment until June, ls(i."i. .Vfter the close 
of the war he returned to his lionie in Texas 
and from there, with his fandly. in IstiO came 
to Bond County, III. He engaged in farming 
initil 1873 when he removed to Greenville and 
has been engageil in building and contracting 
here, having learned his tr.-ide with his father. 
He has been .-i very successful man in this 
line and has ere< ted many of the linest resi- 
dences ami most substantial busi.ie.ss blocks 
in this city and section, examples being the 



Wis 



i\ >V: 



Titus business block and the Sea- 



Ib^ 



BOND COUNTY. 



man business house. Fur forty-six .vears he has 
been identitied with the iicst interests of Green- 
ville. For many years he served in the office 
of eity marshal and his administration was one 
that iienetited the city in every way. Always 
a Kemocrat. he served several years as a useful 
memlier of the city council and also fur four 
years was a justice of the jieace. 

(»n Hecember 2t;. Isiil. Mr. Wallace was mar- 
ried to .Miss Jane Floyd, who was born in 
Illinois. November 2'). 1^44. a dau;;hter of C. W. 
and Fliza Floyd. They were natives of Bond 
Conuty. 111., and moved to Texas but returned 
to Bond County in INC.",. where both died. To 
Mr. and Mrs. Wallace four children were born : 
Klla. born November -27. ^Xi^:2. is the wife of 
.\. O. Downald. of (Jreenville. and they have 
one child. Kdward: Uichard F.. who was born 
.January 1. IsTl, died (htober 7. 1!(13: MoUie. 
who was liorn .July 4. IST:.'. is the wife of .John 
T. Kirkhani. drussist and iiostmaster at Jveyes- 
|Mirt. Jll.. and they have two children. ISuth 
and Wallace: and Samuel W.. who was born No- 
vendier \T,. ls7s. who is engaged in the hard- 
ware business at (Jreenville. He married iliss 
.Josephine Seawald. and they have two chil- 
li ren. t'liristine and Sanniel. 

WATSON, Warren, one of the well known men 
of Bond Count.v. residing on his well improved 
farm situated on Section 14. Shoal Creek Town- 
ship, was born in .Jefferson Count.v. X. Y.. May 
:\\. ls4:!. a son of Hudson and lOlvira (.Jackson i 
Watson. The Watsons are of Scotch-Irish an- 
lestry but the i-arly records do not tell in what 
year" the family settled in .New York. There 
Hudson Watson was born in lsl4. His moth- 
er's name was Alice Buggies, born in New York 
and fathers was .Vdam Wat.son. In is:!2 Hud- 
son Watson married Klvira .Jackson, who was 
l)orn in ISIT. a d.iugliter of .James and I'ersis 
iTarballi .Jackson, the Tarballs of Canada, the 
.l.icksons of New York, belonging to the same 
fandly that produced President .Andrew .Tackson. 
Jlrs. Watson had two brothers: (Jeorge. who 
died at I.itchtield. III.: ami .Tames, who settled 
near Cli.imi>aign. At death he left two chil- 
dren and his wiilow. the latter subseipiently 
marrying a resident there. Mr. W.itson of this 
sketi-h preserves among his cherished family 
possessions, an old .Masonic charm or medal, 
showing that .James .Jackson, his m:iternal 
granilfather. was a member of the first chap- 
ter ..f the A. F. & A. M.. Chapter No. 1. New 
York, established in .\merica. .\fter the death 
of .Janu>s .Jackson his widow married I'rank 
Jioland and they had a number of ihildren 
liut none ever settled in Illini>is as far as known, 
lieorge .Jackson established himself in the 
city of St. Louis as a contracting iilasterer and 
de< orator and in JV4;i sent for his sisters hus- 
band. Hudson Watson, of the same trade, to 
join him and they later formed a partnership 
:uid o)H'rated together in St. I.onis. until IM.d. 
In that year .Mr. Watson came to Illinois and 
bought a' farm in Sbi>al Creek Township. Bond 



County. He had formed the acijuaintance of 
Sijuire .James Olive, for whom the township 
of that title in Madison County was named, and 
in ]N."ii Watson iV: .Jackson had plastered a large 
brick hon.se for Squire <llive. a house that yet 
stands intact, the plastering as solid as ever. 
.\fter settling in Shoal Creek Township, Hud- 
son Watsini engaged in farming but also com- 
lileted large contracts in the way of plastering 
and lirick work. He had the contract for Imild- 
iiig the Methodist Episco]ial Church at New 
iHniglas. Madison County, and many of the 
finest residences there, a large number of which 
yet stand. In his early political life he was 
a Whig but when the Uepublican party was 
organized became a member. I.ate in life he 
left the farm and moved to New Douglas, where 
lie beiame a man of importance and where he 
dien liecember l:!. issii. The village board of 
trustees, of which he had been a member, held 
a meeting and prepared a memorial testifying 
to the fine qualities of Mr. Watson at length 
and furnishe<l copies of the same to his family 
and to the newspapers. He united with the 
Christian Chunli after moving tt> New I>ouglas, 
afterward was a<-tive in church and Sunday 
school work. His wife survived him, dying 
.March 2."«. 1!M>4. at the age of eighty-seven 
years. She also was a mendier of the Christian 
Church. They had the following children: 
Mar.v. widow of B. F. Shaw, of Chicago: Syl- 
vester A., of Oklahoma : Warren : Alice, widow 
of .T. .1. Valentine, of St. I.onis; Sarah, deceased, 
widow of I>r. W. W. Sharp of New Douglas: 
(ieorge. a resident of Colorado: James, a resi- 
dent of Coloradi> City. Colo.: and William, a 
resident of New Douglas, 111. 

Warren Watson was six years old when the 
family moved to St. Louis. Mo., and therefore 
he had excellent school ailvantages and then 
worked at the printer's trade. In l.sr>n he ac- 
companied his parents to Bond County, after 
which he worked on the home farm until I.SCk'i. 
when he enlisted for service in the Civil war. 
entering Company G. l.")Oth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry. His regiment was sent to Nashville. 
Teim.. and then to Dalton. (ia.. used maitdy on 
guard duty in the rear of (ieneral Sherman's 
army, the veteran fighters being sent to the 
front. There was a large amount of skirmishing 
and considerable danger but Mr. Watson escaped 
and received his honorable discharge on Janu- 
ary 11!. iscii. after which he returm'd to Shoal 
Creek and rejoined his brother on the farm, 
which they had previously been conducting to- 
gether. 

On March 7. 1N<;7. Mr. Watson was united in 
marriage with Miss Martha S. I.ong. who was 
lM)rii at Carlinsville. Macoupin County. 111.. June 
24. isr.o. a daughter of Benjamin Long, one 
of the prominent families of the cimnty. Mr. 
Watson then bought his brother's interest in 
the farm on section 11. Shoal Creek Township, 
and continued to o|ierate that land until 1*^74. 
when he bought eighty acres on section 14. 
Shoal Creek Township: on which the family has 



BOND COUNTY. 



78:5 



siiic-i- Ihfcl. lie liMs c.-irrifil oil ^iMii'i'til fann- 
ing' and stiK-k i-aisiiii: and has leil a busy life 
in sjiiti' of pli.vsical disaldlities caused by army 
strain and exposure, sufferiii!; from varicose 
veins. For a iiuniber of years lie has added 
dairying to his otiier farm industries. 

-Mr. and Mrs. A\'atson have Iiad clijidreii as 
follows: Charles I,., who was born .lanuary 11. 
IMiS, Is an extensive farmer in Mont;;oiiiery 
t'ouiity. marrieil Ollie li. Kvaiis. and has three 
'hildreu. Inez .Marie. liobert W. and I.etha 
.Mildred ; Beiijamin Hudson, who was born .Taii- 
uary 7. ].s7(i. lives at Itiverton. 111., married 
Fannie Kosebuiy and they have one sou. Clar- 
ence C. a teletrraiih operator; Fannie E.. who 
was born March 7. 1S7L'. resides at (Jillespie. 
III., the widow of Frank A. Isaacs and has two 
.•biblreii. liichard .M. and lola May: Albert K.. 
who was born .\u.i;nst !l. 1n74. lives at Spriu^- 
lield. III., an eufrineer on the Wabash line, mar- 
ried I.elah Martin; AVilliam M.. who was born 
Xovember 14. lS7ti. lives at Houston. Te.\.. in 
the real estate business and travels extensively; 
AVarreu W.. who was born Deceuilier s. 1S7S. 
is a hoistini; eu.t;ineer at the Riverton Coal 
Works at Itivertou. III., married Mrs. Anna 
(Knox) Cruser: Walter L.. who was born .lauu- 
ary .'^. Is.s.'i. died Ajiril 7. I.'^IIO; .Tolin F.. who 
was born Aiiril 1!4, ISSli, is a real estate sales- 
man at Sioux City. Iowa ; Hattie lola. who was 
born March 18. issil, died May 14. lildS; Finery 
( irlo. who was horii April 2."i. is'.tl. is a resident 
of New Iioui;las. married Fva West and they 
had twill dau,i;liters. Mabel lola and Marie 
Irene, who is deceased. 

.Mr. Watson not only has jiiveii his own chil- 
dren educational advautajies but has taken a 
deep interest in securing the best s<liool facili- 
ties and teachers for his district, serving; for 
twenty years as a. schoid director and for the 
past fifteen .rears as school trustee of the Willis 
.School District, a district tliat is noted for bav- 
iui; sent out more teachers than any other in 
the county. Outside of school oHices he has 
never been willing to accept positions jnirely jio- 
litical. While he is not a member of any 
relisious body he };ives liberally to all and espe- 
cially to the Methodists to which cliurch .Mrs. 
Watson belongs. She is also a member of the 
local W. C. T. r. Mr. Watson belons;s to .Madi- 
son I.oditc \o. ."ii;i». X(>w l>ou;;las. 

WHITE, Samuel E., who i> one ol' the resjiccted 
r<'lire(l farmers of ('eiitral 'I'owiisliip. rcsiilin,i; 
on his line farm <if l:17 acres, siln.-itcd in Sec- 
tion ".). was born October 21. IS'J'.l. in Central 
'i'ownship. Hoiid Count.v. III., and is a son of 
.lohn I!, and .Maiwiiet ( Kobiiisoii ) White. .John 
I'.. White, who was one of the pioneers of I'.oiid 
County, was born in .N'cu-th Carolina and was 
a son of Thomas While, who was born and 
reare<l in I'eniisylvaiii.i. Hy |irofessioii he was 
a teacher and during' the Kevohitionary war 
he served with the rank of lieutenant in the 
patriot army and duriiit; one period w;is held 
as a prisoner of war on I,onj; Islaiiil. He mar- 



ried in his ii;ilivc slate .-iiid then move<l to Xorth 
Candina and from there, in ISKi, moved to 
Illinois, transportiii;; bis family and sroods prob- 
ably with ox teams. The land on which he 
settled was near water and was heavily tim- 
lu'i-ed, water and fuel beiii'; .iuslly n-uarded 
necessities of life. A part of his laud had been 
cleared at the time of his de.-ith. 

•Tohn H. White was a youiis; man when the 
fiiiiiily came to H(aid County jiiid he succeed(>d 
to the pioneer farm of KM)' acres and throunb 
personal toil cleared the greater part of it 
and kept on addini: tracts until he owned 3(il 
acres and additionally had investments in 
Texas. He carried on ;.'eneral faruiin<; and 
stock raisins;. lu .Madison County. 111., he inar- 
ri<'<l Marjiaret liobiuson. who w,-is born also iu 
.North Carolina and her father had been a Itevo- 
lutionary scdilier. Fii;ht children were born 
to .lolin li. White and wife: .Mary. Thomas. 
Wilson. F.eiiiali. Harriet. .lohn. .Samuel 10,. 
.lames and Fleazer II.. of whom Samuel F. is 
the only survivor. .Tohn 11. White was a AVliifi 
in his earlier years but later became a liepubli- 
lan. and was a worthy meniber of the I'resby- 
terian Cliunli. He was aged eighty-three years 
;it rime of de;itb. 

Samuel F. While was reared on the home 
f.irni and attended the district schools as oppor- 
tunity was afforded. Like liis father and iirand- 
father. farmiui: and slock raisinj; eirnaRed his 
attention all through his active years. With 
the assistaiue of his son, William T,, he has 
cleared l.'O acres of his farm and it is well ini- 
liriived. He married Martha (ioodsini. who was 
born ill Ceiilial T(iWiislii|i. a <l,-iu;;liti'r of .lolin 
(ioodsou. who was born. reare<l and m.irricd in 
Kentucky an<l from there came to Illinois and 
settled ill Central Townslii|), I'.ond County. -Mr. 
and Mrs. White have one sou and two daugb- 
lers: William T.. Margaret F.. Lovett and Fan- 
nie .M.. all born on the present farm. .Mr. 
White and his .son make a specialty of the 
dairy business. He has never been a seeker for 
public olhce but has been an active, watchful 
citizen ••ind has ;;iven his piilitii;il sujiport to the 
Uepiiblican party. 

WHITE, William Edgar. To the prolcssion of 
leacbini; some men are as naturally led as 
olliers to the counting room or the farm, an, I 
very often this inclination makes itself mani- 
fest in boyhood. William Fd;:ar White, one 
of the best known educators of Bond County, 
turned to books and study in early boyhood 
with ;i preference that ^'ralilied his wi<lowed 
mill her. for his father li:iil been a well edu- 
cated man and a successful le:iclicr. .Mr. White 
was born at Woburn. 111.. .Xuiiust 2"_'. 1N77, and 
is a sun of William Deneen and .Mary F. (Fran- 
lis) While. The patern.il ancestors of Mr. 
White, the Whites and Kradfords. were promi- 
nent in the earl.v settlement of Houd County 
and were leaders in reliL'ioiis and educational 
orKanizatious. Crandf.-itlier White was a local 
lire.-icher in the .Mclhndisl i;]iiscopal Church 



784 



BOND COUNTY. 



and built the tirst lUurcli iHlitite of that faith 
at Greenville. On the maternal side the simnd- 
jiarent.s \Yere eiiually active in the Methcnlist 
liody in southern Illinois. By trade the father 
of Mr. White was a tilacksmith but by choice 
a teacher. Dnrintr the Civil war he served 
as a soldier in the I'nion arin.v, being a member 
for three years of ('om|iany D. Twenty-second 
Illinois Infantry. His death occurred in the 
infancy of his son. William Kdaar. who. with 
three other children, was thus left fatherless. 
Mr, White tenderly pays tribute to this noble 
mother, who. throufrli her courase, indu.stry and 
care, l<e|it her little tlock with her and save 
them scho<il advantn,i;es. 

William Kdfiar White attended the imblii- 
schools of Woburn and afterward spent live 
years in (Jreenville College and is a graduate 
of the classical preiiaratory department of that 
institution. ISoth father and mother having 
been teachers, it was not suri>risiug that he 
cho.se the same field of effort for himself nor 
that he has found it a congenial one and has 
met with appreciation wherever he has been 
located. After teaching for two years at Dud- 
leyville. 111., he became principal of the schools 
of Reno, 111., remaining three years: superin- 
tendent of North Coal t'ity schools. Coal City. 
111., for three years; jirincipal of the normal 
school of (ireenville College. Oreenville. 111., 
for three .years; superintendent of the public 
schools at Cotfeen. 111., for one year and superin- 
tendent of the public schools at Pocahontas, 
111., for two years. Many times his friends 
have urged him to enter the jiolitical race for 
couut.v suiierintendent of schools, the.v knowing 
that he is eminently titttnl for the office ami 
could be sure of the support of the members 
of every conununity in which he has lived. 
Consequently, at the time of writing, he is a 
candidate for that otlii-e. Tublic matters have 
interested him since boyhood and he has fre- 
cpiently discussed measures jiublicly. Of an in- 
dependent nature, however, he never completely 
identitied himself with any jiarty although be 
voted for President on the Prohibition party 
ticket in I'.KIil and l!iiM. Kecouiing dis,<atisfied 
as to that party's attitude toward the Anti- 
sjiloon League and local option, he withdrew 
all allegiance to it though still unalterably 
opposed to the llipior tratiic. Having always 
worked with the Itepublicans locally he very 
naturally allied bimselt' with the National Ite- 
imblican jiarty. 

Mr. White was married at Oreenville, 111.. 
July -W. 101)7, to Miss Leta Alice Hull, who 
was born al Wisetown, 111.. March i;. lS8,"i. a 
da\iglitcr (if Thomas .1. and Margaret (Harris) 
llnll. Her grandfather, \\ B. Harris, was a 
captain in the I'nion army during the Civil war 
and later a lu'ominent business man of tJreen- 
ville. Mrs. White had vocal n)usic training 
at lireenville College and studied under com- 
petent teacheis in St. Louis and Chicago and 
was vocal instructor at (ireenville College for 
seV(M-al vears. Mr. an<l Mrs. White have three 



children: Alice Genevieve lAlogene) White, 
born at (ireenville. 111.. .Vpril 27. 1009; and 
Harris Hull White, born May 14, 1911, at Green- 
ville and William Marden White, born June 13. 
1013, also at (ireenville, Mr. White has been 
a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
for many years and several times has been a 
class leader in the Greenville church, and has 
been active in the Sunday ,school, having charge 
of a men's Bible class at Pocahontas, 111,, with 
an enrollment of sixt.v-tive. He owns his com- 
fortable residence at (treenville and is recog- 
nized as one of the city's enterprising, useful 
and progressive men. 

■VVHITWORTH, James Franklin, who has been 
identitied with the best interests of Bond Coun- 
ty all his life, is a representative business man 
of Sorento. where he has been engaged as a 
merchant for more than thirty years. He was 
born at Mulberry Grove. 111., December I.'!, 
tSitl. and is a son of Marcus Lafa.vette and 
Nancy (White) Whitworth. Marcus Lafayette 
Whitworth was born in Tennessee, on the ma- 
ternal side coming from the Hardins, a leading 
family of the South, particularly prominent 
in Kentucky, large slave owners before the 
('ivil war. The '^'hitworths also were leading 
l>eoi)le, well known in Tennessee. One of a 
family of eight children, Marcus L. was the 
cmly one to come to Illinois, some time in the 
'.30s. He married Xancy White, a native 
of Ccntralia, Marion County, 111,, and took 
her back to Tennessee, After the birth of 
three children, they returned to Illinois and 
about ls."i(i settled at ilulberry Grove, renting 
land at first but later he bought a farm and 
at the time of his death owned 2,10 acres of 
valuable land. His death occurred on his home 
farm in ISSl. Some time afterward his widow 
went on a visit to a daughter at Cherryvale. 
Kans., and there her death took place, her 
burial being by the side of her husband in the 
cemetery south of JIulberry (irove. 

Nine children were born to Marcus L. Whit- 
worth and wife, and the family record reads 
as follows: Sary Jane, who is now aged seven- 
ty-seven yeai's. lives at Cherryvale. Kans.. and 
is the widciw of Hein-y Parrott: Marcus L,. 
who is a farmer in Mullierry Township; James 
Fraidvlin ; Mary It., who is the wife of William 
N. Anthony, of (ireenville: Florence, who is 
deceased, was the wife of Walter Mitchell, of 
Panama. Montgomery County. 111. : Martha J., 
who was the wife of Edward Moss, both de- 
ceased; and John and George, both of whom 
died in infancy. The parents were members 
of the Presbyterian (."hurch. In iwlltics the 
father was a Democrat. 

James Franklin Whitworth remained on the 
home farm until he was sixteen years of age. 
in the meanwhile attending the district schools. 
■\'ery early he was given certain duties to per- 
form and he remembers well when he herded 
sheep and cattle on the prairie, with the wild 
grass growing .'is high as his head, on the pres- 



BOND COUNTY. 



785 



ent site of Siuithboro. Suakes were not lacking; 
in the swampy places and a certain kind of 
green fly cruelly tormented the cattle and made 
the horse he rode almost unmanageable. When 
sixteen years old he hired out by the month 
to Manuel Cox, a neighboring farmer, for fifty 
cents a day and board. In 1S73 he went to 
Macoupin County and secured a school to teach. 
Although he was then too young to permit the 
county superintendent to lawfully issue him a 
certificate, that astute educator mentally noted 
the youth's qualifications and told him he could 
teach if the school directors hired him. He was 
ambitious and spent his evenings in stud.v and 
later was thus enabled to enter Shurtleff Col- 
lege, at I'pper Alton and worked his way 
through the course. In 18T0 he went to Kansas 
and there rented a farm but one year later 
returned to Illinois, on account of his father's 
death. 

Mr. Whitworth then took charge of the borne 
farm and administered the estate to the satis- 
faction of all concerned. He was not successful 
in all he planned but it was through no lack 
of his judgment or industry but because of a 
severe and continued drouth that fell on the 
state and caused many thousands of dollars 
loss in produce during the two years it pre- 
vailed. In 1883 he came to Sorento and bought 
the grocery stock of Emory Wright and as he 
prospered expanded the scope of the business 
and first added a general stock of dry goods, 
boots and shoes and later added clothing. In 
ISSS he erected a store building, two stories 
high, with dimensions 24x00 feet, where he 
continued his merchandising but later found 
more space needed and built additions on the 
north side and now has a front of 40x80 feet. 
Every dejiartment is well stocked and the rule 
of the house is summed up in the Golden Rule 
and honestly controls every transaction. 

Mr. Whitworth was married October 27. 
1887, to Miss Anna Sudolph, a daughter of 
Henry Sudolph, a native of Germany and a 
large landowner in Bond Count.v. Eight chil- 
dren have been born of this marriage, all at 
Sorento : Delia, who was born August 31, 1888, 
married Orlin Keown and they live at Glenn 
Carbon, 111. ; George A., who was lioru October 
26, 1890, is bookkeeper for 'a lumber compan.\- 
in North California ; Francis, who was born 
October 6, 1892, is the wife of Henry Johnson, 
and both are theatrical artists; Grover H., who 
was born September 28, 1894, is a student Jn 
college at Valparaiso, Ind. ; Margaret, who was 
born January !), is97: Marcus L., who was born 
May 30, 1898; and Earl and Fern, twins, who 
were born Se])tember 3, 1903. These children 
have all been given excellent educational ad- 
vantages, including instruction in music. While 
not particularly identified with any church 
body, they give supimrt to religion and en- 
courage morality. Mr. Whitwortli owns stock 
in the Sorento lUiilding and Loan Association 
and in the Sorento Coal .Mining and Prosiiect- 
ing Company. .Mr. Whitworth h.is served as 



I)resident of the village board and is one of 
the men who has encouraged outside money to 
be invested here, which is generally beneficial. 
Personally ho is very approachable, having a 
kind word and pleasant smile for every one 
and invariably looks on the bright side of every 
situation. 

WILKINS, David Roscoe, M.D. The medical 
lirofession has many able representatives in 
Hond County, many of whom are graduates 
of leading colleges and prepared for their worlc 
liy .vears of careful study and hospital e.xperi- 
ence. They understand tlieir profession thor- 
oughly, and give to their jiatients faithful and 
"onscicntious care. Such a man is Dr. David 
Uoscoe Wilkins of rocahontas. He was born at 
•Medarysville, Ind., March 28, 185.o, a son of 
David D. and Maria (Guinn) Wilkins. The 
father was born at Terre Haute, Ind., .March 28, 
1829, and the mother was liorn at La Porte, 
Ind.. Mav 25, 1836, and her death occurred 
March 3, 190S. 

The father was a physician, who secured his 
education in the schools of Terre Haute and the 
T'niversity of Michigan, from which he was 
graduated in 1853. Following this he located 
in Greenville, 111., where he began practicing 
until the Civil war. when he enlisted in the 
One Hundred and Thirtieth Illinois Volunteer 
Infantry, and served until his discharge in 
186.5. .Vfter the war he returned to his Green- 
ville home to resume the practice his jiatriotism 
had interrupted. He continued in it until 1902, 
when bis health failed and he retired, dying 
July 22, 1905, aged seventy-six years three 
months and twenty-four days. His remains wei'e 
interred in Mt. Rose Cemetery, and the fu- 
neral was in charge of Greenville Lodge No. 
245, A. F. & A. M.. with Colby Post, G. A. R., 
as escort. In religious views, he was a Bap- 
tist. His fraternal relations were with the 
.Masons and he also belonged to the G. A. R., 
Colby I'ost No. 301. For a number of years he 
was president of the board of pen.sions at (Green- 
ville, and its examiner. 

Dr. David Roscoe Wilkins attended the Green- 
\ille schools, and then for four years was clerk 
in Watson's drug store of that city. He then 
entered the Missouri Medical College at St. 
Louis, from which he was graduated in March, 
187S. He then settled at Old Ripley, where 
be practiced for two years before moving |o 
• ireenville, and entered into a ]iartncrship with 
his father. In 18S5, he moved to Pocahontas, 
which has since been his home. 

On September 5, 1881, Dr. Wilkins was mar- 
ried to Jennie Harnel. born in Bond County, 
.\pril '22, ISGl. son of John Wesley Harnel, who 
was born on the Red River, in the county of that 
name, Texas, January 2(i, 1819, and came to 
Bond County. He was a farmer, justice of 
the peace, school director and treasurer of the 
.Methodist Church to which he belonged. His 
death occurred on a farm near Greenville, in 
.\pril, 1904. His wife's maiilcn name was Ma- 



86 



BOND COUNTY. 



rildii Nelson. mikI slio \v;is Iiorii near (ireen- 
villo. Aviirust U"«. l^-i'. Iti'itof jinii Mrs. Wilkiiis 
liavc luul tlie follmviii,:; ihiUiivii : Lillian Mav- 
siuerite. born Novoniber !•. ls^.■>: John David, 
liorn l-Vbrnary IV. lss."i: I'anl Nelson, born 
.March LMt. 1.><!m\ Mrs. Wllkins is vii-e iire.sident 
of the W. C. T. r.. lis well as seeretary and 
treasnrer. 

I>oetor Wilkins was nia.vor of IVuahontas in 
IS'.H! and is now seeretary of the Hoard of 
\"nited States Kxaminers of Bond County. Ile 
is a Mason, fraternally, and in a professional 
way lielonirs to the Bond Tounty Medical So- 
ciety, of which he Is secretary. Since 1800 
he has been treasnrer of the Hnrsess Town- 
ship SchtHtl. His rcliiiions proclivities make 
him a member of the Methodist t'hvirch. which 
he heartily supports, lie is an excellent physi- 
cian, a public-spirited man. and one of the most 
enterprisins: citizens of I'ontUontas. 

WILLEFORD. Elder John Harvey. Tliero are 
few men of did Kiplcy Township. Bond County. 
111., better known or more highly regarded than 
Kuier .Tohn Harvey Willeford. for he not only 
belon.as to a prominent family of this section 
but since liHU has been pastor of Mt. Nebo 
Primitive Baptist Church, a iM>sition of dignity 
;ind heavy responsibility. ICld.T Willeford was 
born March :!. is.'.i!. on the old Willeford home- 
stead on which he still ivsides, this land havini: 
been entereil from the Covernment in ls27. by 
his srandfalher. .lames Willeford. who was a 
son Of .lordan Willeford. who served in the 
Uevolutionarv war under (Jeneral Washington. 
i:ider Willcf.'.rd is a son of Willis and I'olly .\. 
(Lons) Willeford. the latter of whom is de- 
ceased. The former resides on the old home- 
stead in Section 2. tMd Kiplcy Township and 
an extemled sketch of this representative citi- 
zen of Bond County will be fonml in this work. 
Klder Willcfords "ancestry can be traced far 
ba<k and. althouirh he is a man of peace, he 
inidonbtedly comes of men who. when patriotic 
ilutv called them, did not hesitate to take up 
arms. As noted, his j:reat-!;r:indfathcr Wille- 
ford served in the war of the IJevolution and 
his iireat-srandfather I'ricc was a soldier in 
the war of IMl'. Me was of Welsh ancestry 
but was born in Vir^riiua in ITTn. settled in 
Illinois in 1S27 and died in Bond County .\pril 
i;."., 1s4."i. The maternal sirandfather. Klder 
I'eter l.on^. was one of the orsanizers of the 
Mt. Nebo Chuifh. 

Klder .lohn 11. Willeford was reared on the 
farm on which both he and father had been 
born and durinsr boyhood was called upon to 
jierform the usual tasks that fall to the sons 
of farmers and. while he had other ambitions, 
he doubtless performed his duties with care- 
fulness as such is his habit of life, lie at- 
tended the district schools and by clo.se atten- 
tion prepared himself for teaching and besran 
teachins: in .Tanuary. IsTii. the lirst one to have 
chariie in the new school buildins; in the Terra- 
pin Kidw school district. Later he completed 



his own edmatioM in Ihe university at Lin- 
coln, 111., and continued to teach in the county 
for thive years, continuini; to reside with his 
parents and irivins his father assistance on the 
farm, .since tlie death of his mother the father 
has continueil his residence here and to?;ether 
they own 4.*>0 acres of hiirhly cultivated laud. 
Since the au'e of fifty years Klder Willefoi'd 
has not eniiaired personally in farniini.'. at that 
time placing it under rental but still resides 
here. 

One of the most ini|H>rtant events in the 
life of Klder .lohn Harvey Willeford took plaie 
in .Tune. IsTll. when he united with the I'rimi- 
tive Baptist Chunh. this occurrini; on the third 
Salunlay: he was baptized the next day by 
Klder .V. .T. Willeford. a cousin of his father. 
On the third Sunday in December. liKi.'i. he was 
ord.uned elder, by the church |iresbytery. con- 
sisting of the followini: otiicials : IMder .lohn .\. 
Coulee, of Waverly, 111.: Klder D. M. Masters, 
of Barnett, and Klder W. K. Wright, of Mont- 
gomery County: Klder S. 11. Wright, of Mul- 
berry (Jrove. Bond County, and Deacon .lere- 
niiah t\iyle. For many .vears the church body 
has met on the Saturday before the third Sun- 
day of eaih month and from the time he united 
with the Mt. Nebo Chunh. .Inne. IsTii. until 
the present, Klder Willeford has missed but 
six of these meetings, which are maiidy of a 
business nature. In .Vpril. 1s>0. he was elected 
moderator and has held that position more than 
thirty-fimr .vears. and in HUM was called to the 
pastorate of the Mt. Xebo I'rimitive Baptist 
Church, one of the old religions organizations 
of the county. It was fomidcd February !>. 
1^".'!. Much interest was shown in the cele- 
bration of the eightieth anniversary of the 
church, on Febrnarv '.», I'.IK?, one of the three 
services of the day being held at the home of 
Mrs. Coyle. now eighty-seven years of age. who 
is the oldest surviving mend>er. the next oldest 
being Willis Willeford. father of Klder Wille- 
f<u-d. The active nuMubership of the church 
is thirty hut each Sabbah there is a large at- 
tendance. Klder Willeford iH'Ing able to give 
religious instruction in a way to interest as 
well as benelit. 

On September i:'.. 1S77. he was united in 
marriage with Sariih K. Hunter, who was horn 
in Bond County. 111.. JIarch 22. 1S.".!>. a daughter 
of Marshall Hiuiter. who was horn in Bond 
County, March 1, 1S20, and died February 27, 
l!n2, lacking but three days of having spent 
ninety-two years in Bond County. He married 
Klizabelli Clenn. who was born in North Caro- 
lina in .Inly. ls2i;. came to Biuid County with 
her parents in cliiblhood. and dieil here Febru- 
ary 17. ls>-.".. The Hunters were of the Cum- 
berland I're.sbyterian faith. Two davighters 
have been born to Klder and Mrs. Willeford : 
I'olly .\my. who was born .\ugust -1, IMH. who 
is a graduate of the eighth grade in county 
school work and is now a student in the high 
school at Oreeuville. HI.: and Kuih .M, .1., who 
was born Mav 2:i. 1>!«». Both daughters are 



BOND COUNTY. 787 

imMiilit'i's c.r Ml. .\cIhi I'liiiiilh !■ I!:i|ili.sl l.diif,'. I.iirkiii Cnii^. ('min-li ;iij(l .hnU.sdii, nil 

< Inirch, Ittitli iiliiliiiK iil llii' ;icc of twelve well kiidwii iiinoii;; cni'l.v .^icttli-i'.s here, 
.vfiil'.-i 1111(1 Aiii.v wIk'II iiKcd seventeen years. Imtli On the I'eiii-ce side, Mrs. Wlllet'ord Is ile- 

lieins liaiitlzi'il li.v llieii- fatlier on the third scended ri-diii one id' the old and hundred lanii 

Siilida.v in .Nnvenihei-. 11111. KIder Willel'md lies. ( Ir.iiidlather I'earce was horn in Ken 

has heen a nieiiilier of .Mt. .Velio ("hiirili sinee tuck.v. and in IM.'i iiii>.'i;ite(l to Illinois, setlliliK 

ISTli, liis fatlier liaviii;; Joined in Is.'iS; his in Leaf 'I'ou iislii|i, .Madison Coiint.v. where lio 

wife in iss.s; and liis daughters, I'olly .\niy heeaine widely liiioun as a suecessfiil aKricnl- 

aiid Itutli M. .1., in 1!I11. making; a remarkable liirist and as a leadin;; niemher of tlie rriiiil' 

record liotli as to family and elninli. lOlder tive Itaptist Chnreh. His ehlldreii were: 

Wlllet'ord has always deemed it liis duty to .Matliias, a resident of .Silver <'reek; 'I'homas 

;;ive his political sii|iiinr( to the Democratic N.. of Itiirleson. Tex.: .Sar.-ili K., wife of l)r. 

parly in nation.il aff.iirs Imt in local matters. William Olive, of Houston Heights. Te.\. ; and 

where he understands all the conditions pre- U.o hel .M., of Ia;;o. Tex. One of the most in- 

vailini; :it the time, lie uses his own ^ood JiidK- tercsl ins; and liifilily-prizeil relics owned hy .Mrs. 

nieiit. Willeford is an anvil, made hy hand, which 

was hoiifiht hy the progenitor of the Talior fam- 

WILLEFORD, Wilham Willis. .\ native son ily from i:n;;land more than a ci.|jtiiry a«o. 
of I'.ond Coiiiit.x, Williaiii Willis Willeford, pro- The children horn to .Mr. and .Mrs. Willeford 

prietor of llidfie I'oint Farm, on section 11. Old are as follows: Myrtle, horn .May 11, IS.ss, 

Kipley Townshiii. has steadil.v niaiiilained his who was for seven .vears a successful teacher in 

leadeiship aniom; the a;,'ricultiirists of this part llie Itond Coiinly schools, the last two years 

of the state. He is a native son also of the heiii'; ideiitilied with the flreenville Hiyh .School, 

soil, liavini; heen liiirn on a farm on se<'tion 1!. married ('larence K. r.rewer, .lime 1!», IDK!. and 

Old Itiple.v Township. I'.ond Count.v, HI.. .May has a ilamihler. ( 'larico W., horn .Inly IS. l!ll 1 : 

■_•!». ISdll. a son of Willis Willeford. .i sketch of \'iolct, hia'ii .March 111. isiiil, married Deceni- 

wliose career will he found on another iia^'c her 'Si. I'.iKi. Wa.vne File, son of .Tohn .1. File, 

of this volume, .Mr. Willefonl's ediic.ition lie- a fanner of Old Ui|iley 'J'ownship, and has had 

t;an in the little loj; schoolhouse at Terrapin two ihildren, .(uanita, honi f)ctoher 2(i. 

Itldse, hut later he was ^'ranted ailvantaijes in Hill ; and .Marie. Septemlier (i, ini.'i; Willis .T., 

the new frame schoolhouse which was hiiilt. horn llecemher -, ISitl ; .lohn Thomas. Ixirn 

He was reared on the home farm and assisted .Vovemher 11. IS!!."!; I'aul I... horn Deceniher 111. 

his father until the time id' his iiiairmt'i". .\ii- ls'.i."i; and .Milton K., horn Fehriiary 111. 1S!iv. 
;:ust 1. ISST. to Miss Learli It. Tahor. wlio was .\fter their marriage. .Mr. and .Mrs. Willeford 

liorn in Madison ('oiinty. 111.. Heccmlier III. c.-imc to their iircscnt home on section 11. set- 

IstiT. daiit.'litcr ni .lames if. and Itachcl ,M. tlin^ in a small frame house which was at 

(I'earce) Tahor. .Mr. Tahia- was horn at Silver that tinii' siiiiuunded li,\- iiiiderlirush and tim- 

Creek, Madison County, III., .Iiine 4. 1s4:i, and her. The progress that has since heen made 

his wife at Saline. Ili.it county. .luly 10, Ispi. on this property ina.v he adduced h.v coinpar- 

Tliey were married Se|ileiiiher L'4. 1Ni;.'l. .iiid he- iii'; llie little one-room dwellin;; which has civen 

lame the parents of these children: .I.iiiies .\.. way to the handsome seven-room residence, 

horn .\ii;:usl 11. IsiM, now a retired farmer of which is titled with all modern conveniences 

W'arieiisliur;;. .\|o. : I.earh, now .Mrs. Wiilelnrd : and is one of the line homes of the township. 

ICIIeii A., horn .May s, 1S7II. the wife of Leonard Cement walks lead to this home, and around 

Hunter, a farmer of Shoal < 'reek Township: 11 are shade and ornainental trees, the whole 

Olive M., hia'ii .Ma.v 1,'!. 1s7.'!. a miliiner .•iiid a|ipearance of the jiropert.v testifyint; to the 

dressmaker of Sa^o. Tex.: Nora I'.elle. horn ]iresence of prosperity and K'X'd nian.iKcment. 

Auf.'iist 211. 1S74. the wife of Lee Under, a .Mr. Willeford cultivates .TSO aiaes and makes 

farmer of Itichnioiid. Mo. : Liiia >[.. horn .Ian- each acre produce its full share. He is <'ssen- 

uary 1. ISTT. the wife of I!. L. Kell. a fanner tially a husiness man and has not cared for puh- 

and stockraiser near Uichmonil. .Mo,: Uachel lie ollice. hut has done his duty as a citizen 

.\L. horn r)ecenilier .'ll. 1S71I. the wife of .Vrtliur hy .serving: as a niemher of the school hoar.l 

lto;;ers. a farmer near la;ro. Tex.: .Maurice H.. for foiii' years. With his famil.v. he attends the 

horn Fehriiary L'O, 1SS4. a niacliinisl of Heloil. I'rimilive I'aptist Chiircli. 
Wis,: and Loraii I'., horn Deceniher 2\. Iss,",, 

ill ciiaryc of the home place near layo. Tex. WILLEFORD, Willis, who is one of Horn! 

.lames .M. Tahor was a son of .John and Isalielle ('oiiiil.v's most lii;;lily respected citizens is one 

(Kell I Tahor. natives of .North Carolina. He of the lifelong residents of Old Kipley 'i'own- 

was horn in the Olil .Vortli Slate in 17117. and ship, where he was horn .January :;<i. IVili, He 

in 1.S2.S cjime to HIiiiois. settling "n Silver is a son of .lames and Nancy (I'ricel Wille- 

Creek. Madison County, His fallu'r. a minister. ford, and a grandson of .lorday Willeford. The 

organized tlie lirst church of the Christian faith grandfather was horn in Vir;;inia .May in. 17.V.». 

on Silver Creek, while on the iiialernal side and was sixteen years old wlieii he enlisted for 

Mrs. Willefonl's ;,'randpareiits were I'.aptists. service in the Kevolutioiiary war under (jeneral 

and ainouK tlioir early quests were lOlder.s IVter Washin^'ton. .\fter the war was over he mar- 



788 



BOND COUNTY. 



i-ied a Miss Hullomaii. He died in lSo5. James 
Willefoid, father of Willis Willefoid, was Ijoiii 
in Northauiiiton County, Va.. Novemljer 30, 17!)]. 
In 1827 he eame to Bond County, 111., and en- 
tered land where few had yet settled and made 
the tirst improvements. During his lifetime tho 
Indians frequently visited his farm to show 
their children where the triles had once, held 
their camp lire.s. In 1827 James Willeford n^ar- 
rled Nancy Price, who was horn in Franklin 
County, Va., February 0, 1801. She was the 
sister of his first wife, who was Sally Price, 
who died in Itutherford County, Tenn., where 
he houcht land in 1811. The children of James 
Willeford ljy his two marriages were : Robert, 
who was horn June (1, 1818, accompanied his 
Iieople to Illinois and served in the Mexican 
war in 1840; Elizabeth, who became the wife 
of Aquilla ."^ugg, died at the age of sixty-three 
years, leaving a daughter, who married John 
Bouillon and both are deceased; Ellen, who 
married William Turner, died in March, 1S9S, 
aged seventy-six years and the Turner children 
wlio grew to maturity were : Robert B.. born in 
Bond County in 184o, died in 1010 ; Willis, born 
in April, 184ti. residing in Schuyler County, 111. : 
William N., born in 1.S48, died in 1901 in Old 
Ripley Townshiji; Malinda Jane, wife of Archi- 
bald Wald of Shoal Creek Township ; James 
H. Willeford, born in May, 1825, died in ISSO 
at the age of sixty-five years, left two sons 
and five daughters : William W.. Stephen H., 
Sarah E., Malinda, Mary -Vnn, Martha, and 
Xaney Ellen, who became the wife of Samuel 
Laurner, Jr.. both deceased ; the children of 
second marriage being Rhoda, Caroline, William 
and Willis, the last named being the only one 
that survived infancy. 

Willis Willeford attended the sub.seription 
schools in his boyliood as was the general cus- 
tom of the time, his father paying a certain 
sum and taking his turn in boarding the teach- 
er, but as soon as he was old enough to be use- 
ful on the farm his days began to be very toil- 
some ones. In his youth there were few im- 
proved farm implements and the laborious work 
of cultivating and getting in the crops was a 
great test of i>hysical strength. On Feln'uary 
22, 1855, he married Polly A. Long, who was 
born in Madison County, May 15, 1836. and 
she accompanied lier parents to Bond County 
when young. Her father was Rev. Peter Long 
a Baptist preacher of the old school. He was 
well known for he expounded the faith for 
sixty years and wrote many hymns and was 
the publisher of the '•Western Harp," a Baptist 
hyuni book. He died in 1891 at the age of 
eiglity-seven years. After marriage Mr. W^ille- 
ford settled on the old jilace where he had 
been born in a log cabin and has spent his 
life within a mije of the same place. In early 
days he many times drove his horses, cattle, 
hogs and sheep a distance of fifty miles to St. 
Louis to find a market. He has witnessed won- 
derful changes during his lifetime and remem- 
bers when he paid at least twenty-five cents 



to send a letter which now costs but twiv cents 
and is carried from his door by the rural 
mail man. An automobile can be called in a 
moment to carry him distances which once 
seemed impossible to cover and he can stand 
at the telephone in liis own comfortable sitting 
room and talk with friends living miles away. 
To the first twenty acres of land that he owned 
he kept on adding and .still has 500 acres and 
at one time owned 1,800 acres. To each of his 
children he gave assistance and has en.io.ved 
seeing them well placed in life. On May 5, 
1873, he was called on to part with his faithful 
helpmate, a woman of Christian life iind beau- 
tiful character. To them the following chil- 
dren were born: John Harvey, who was born 
on March 3. 18.50; Xancy E., who was born 
July 11, 1857, is the wife of Robert Hunter, 
who is a farmer in Oklahoma and they Iiave 
children: Lewis, George L., Jessie. William. 
Alvin, Jolin and Ollie; James, who was born 
February 23, 1859, a farmer in Old Jtipley 
Township; Martha, who was born March <i. 
1SU3, who is the wife of B. M. File, a farmer 
in Rif)ley Township: William, who was born 
May 29," 1800, married Learh R. Tabor ; and 
Mary Jane, who was born October 4. 1808, is 
the wife of Thomas S. File, a farmer in this 
township. At the age of twenty-eight years 
Mr. Willeford joined the Baptist Church and 
his home has always been open to ministers of 
that faith. In association with otlier members 
of his family lie owns about 2.0(Xl acres of laud 
in Bond County. 

WILSON, Jeremiah Calfee, M. D. Greenville is 
the home of some of the most progres.sive 
physicians and surgeons in this part of the 
state. They are men whose training has been 
careful and thorough, and their subsequent 
work demonstrates their ability beyond any 
(juestion. Dr. J. (\ Wilson of this city is an 
excellent example of his profession. He was 
born in Montgomery County, 111., February 24. 
1800, being a son of George W. and Jane (Cox) 
Wilson, the former horn in Monroe Count.v. 
Tenn., May 14, 1S27, and the latter in the same 
county. Februai'y 4, 1829. The father was a 
tanner by trade, and when twenty-two years old 
he moved to Macoupin County, 111., where he 
split rails. Later he went to Montgomery Coun- 
ty and began farming. He was a Methodist in 
religious belief. The mother raised sheep, from 
\\hich she cut the wool. This .she carded and 
spun into thread from \\hich she wove cloth 
with which to clothe her family. Her death 
occurred December 23, 1900. 

After attending school in Montgomery County. 
Doctor Wilson on October 4, 1881, entered the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons at St. Louis, 
and following his graduation February 28, 18S3. 
practiced medicine at Dounellson. III., for eigh- 
teen years. On October 31, 190.".. however, he 
came to Greenville, where he has since re- 
mained, building up a very valuable practice. 
He was luesident of the board of trustees of 



BOND COUNTY. 



789 



tlio village of iKniiit'llsnn. .iiul ;i prinniiU'iit iiiuii 
there. He is ii lueiiiliei- of the .Melhoilist Church. 
On Octdlier :.'. lss4. Hortoi- Wilson was mar- 
ried to Lanni Ta.vlor Yoiins;, liorn at I)onnell- 
son. 111., in isc.-t. a ilaii;;hter of William J. 
YounL;. Ijorn in Allen Coiint.v. Ky.. Deeember 12, 
1.S30. He was a justice of the peace, commls- 
siouetl b.v the elder Itichard Yates, and held 
office for fort.v-four years, and he "as also a 
notary pulilie. The mother of Mrs. Wilson bore 
tlie maiden name of Dorcas W'allier. and she 
too was horn in .\llen County. Ky. I)o<tor and 
Mrs. Wilson have had three children : Merle 
Younir. horn November "li. IssS. married P. L. 
Caddis: .Toy Bell, born May 11, ISOT. and George 
William, born .Tune l."i, 1!I05. Doctor Wilson 
is not only an excellent physician, he is a pub- 
lie-spirited man. interested in the development 
of Greenville and the advancement of good gov- 
ernment. Whenever called upon he has borne 
his part in the securing of good government and 
improvements, and is justly proud of the place 
which he now considers his permanent home. 

ZBINDEN, David H. To see a real florist sur- 
rounded with his beautiful blossoms, tempts 
one to envy what seems so delightful a life, 
for apparently the tlowers on every side bloom 
at his touch and seem glad to respond to his 
care. The sentiment is beautiful, this spend- 
ing one's life amid flowers, but, nevertheless 
there are inan.v very jiractical things to lie 
learned and hours of hard labor involved in 
order to make this life proHtable and worth 
while. It is doubtful, however. If any one can 
be an expert florist without a natural love for 
growing things and this love is felt by David 
II. Zbinden, who owns a number of fine green- 
houses at Greenville, and who, for a long time, 
has suplilied plants and flowers for every occa- 
sion all through this section. He was born 
.It Highland, in Madison County. III.. December 
1. l.STi:. and is a son fif Sylvia and Ellen (Trt)l- 
liet) Zbinden. 

Sylvia Zbinden was born iu Switzerland and 
was brought to the United States when a child 
of three years. He was an unusual man In 
many ways, developing ph.vsicall.v to over six 
feet iu height and mentally was gifted with 
inventive powers that enabled him to add im- 
provenients to locomotives and to discover and 
repair faults in other machinery. At the time 
of his marriage in 1871, he was a merthant at 
Highland, III., from which place he moved, 
in 187"), to .Vlton and afterward to Indianapolis, 
Ind.. iu which city he died in ISSO. His widow 
survives and lives in Hond County, being now 
in her sixtieth year. They had three sons and 



one daughter, the latter dying in infancy. The 
sons are David II., Krnest and Kdwin. Ernest 
is a contractor and builder at Highland, and 
Edwin is a farmer near Greenville. 

David II. Zbinden was two years old when 
the family moved to .\lton and did not begin 
to attend scliool vintil removal was made to 
Indianapolis. After the death of his father 
the family returned to Highland, III., and the 
mother later became the wife of Armand 
Calame. In ISS.j David II. was sent to Knox- 
ville, Teiui., to make his home witli his paternal 
grandfather, who was one of the large florists 
in that part of the state, and yomig David 
soon recognized from whom he had inherited 
his love of and sm-cess with flowers. He gave 
his grandfather hearty and willing help. It 
was just at the time wlien the propagation and 
development of that exijuisite flower, the carna- 
tion, was daindng the attention of florists all 
over and securing the admiration of all flower 
lovers. I"nder his grandfather, Mr. Zbinden had 
the special training that developed him into a 
real florist, an expert not onl.v iu growing car- 
nations but all choice flowers and it has been 
his good fortune to produce some rare varia- 
tions of his own. W'hen the grandfatlier died 
in 1SS7 he was laid to rest amid his flowers, 
just as he would have desired. 

In 18S8 David II. Zbinden returned to Illi- 
nois and for three years worked on his step- 
father's farm in Bond County and afterward 
bought land and engaged in farming until 
.Tanuary -, lMt3. when he sold his farm and 
bought a harness shop at Pocjihontas, 111,, which 
he afterward sold and returned to the farm. 
He had never, however, given up his intention 
of Anally returning to his flowers and in l!i()8 
he came to Greenville and rented land in what 
is known as the Douglas addition. Here he 
began to build a hothouse, t.aking in Emile 
Corboz as a partner to whom he subsetpiently 
.sold his interest and then Imught two lots on 
South Street. In 1911 he bought his former 
partner's plant and consolidated the two. and 
in February. 1912, bought three and one-half 
acres iind has three greenhouses, one 12x8(1, 
one Sx.'"iO, and one just comi)lete<l. 12x80 feet, 
giving him o.-^'^O square feet under glass. He 
gives his entire attention to his plants and 
flowers and is making .i great suece.ss of his 
liusiness. 

Mr. Zbinden was married first to Miss Sarah 
TJndley. His second marriage was to Mrs. Ida 
(Haenney) Pacatte. She had two children: 
Scott Ij. and Melva V. They are members of 
the IMvmouth Brethren Church at Greenville. 



H22 7 



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